Title: TheEconomist_4K-6K

Word: birthday
Front: birthday
[ˈbɜ:θdeɪ] (中高 2433/2488 -K3)
Vocabulary: birthday
(once / 372 pages)
n
Your birthday is the day of your birth! It’s the yearly anniversary that marks the day you were born. Not everyone celebrates, but a birthday is a good excuse for a party and cake.
You can use birthday both to refer to the specific day of a baby's birth, and the annual marking of that day throughout the years that follow. Sometimes people talk about the birthday of a country, group, or even a building: "It's the art museum's fiftieth birthday next year." The Old English byrddæg originally referred to the celebration of a king or saint's birth, but over the years it was extended to include everyone.
WORD FAMILY
birthday: birthdays
USAGE EXAMPLES
MacDill officials say the uniforms were bought for a Marine Corps birthday pageant.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A birthday cake will be the exception, not the rule.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“This place would be perfect for my next birthday,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生日; 诞辰; 成立纪念日
分布：生日(100%)
n.生日;(成方)纪念日Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US ['bɝ:θ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the day that is exactly a year or number of years after a person was born 生日
• Happy birthday! 生日快乐！
• Are you going to Ellen's birthday party next week? 下周你会参加爱伦的生日派对吗？
• It's her 21st birthday. 这是她21岁的生日。
UK ['bɜ:θ.deɪ] US ['bɝ:θ-] noun countable
in your birthday suit humorous
■not wearing any clothes 赤身裸体

Word: expenditure
Front: expenditure
[ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5170/1658 -2)
Vocabulary: expenditure
(once / 281 pages)
n
In a trip budget, you need to add up all your expenditures, such as hotel, car rental and food costs against the money you have brought to spend. An expenditure is money spent on something.
Expenditure is often used when people are talking about budgets. It is the government's job to decide what to do with tax money collected, or in other words, to determine the expenditure of public funds. The word is more than a long way of saying expense. In business, an expenditure implies an investment, something that will bring value over time.
WORD FAMILY
expenditure: expenditures+/ expend: expendable, expended, expender, expending, expenditure, expends, expensive / expendable: unexpendable/expended: unexpended/ expensive: expensively, expensiveness, inexpensive/inexpensive: inexpensively, inexpensiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new law requires committees to report any donations or expenditures over $25 twice a year following an election.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Then expenditures began swamping revenues in 2014, and by the end of 2015, all of the foundation’s assets were depleted.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their combined research expenditures were more than $1.7 million last year.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 花费，支出; 费用，经费; （尤指金钱的）支出额; （精力、时间、材料等的）耗费
分布：开支(89%)，消耗(11%)
→来自expend, 花费。
支出,开销(expend+iture)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
支出(expend花费)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.花费;(时间,金钱等的)支出,消耗I spend money on expensive things endlessly; so the expenditure trends up.我无休止地花钱买昂贵的东西,所以开支趋向上升.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the total amount of money that a government or person spends （政府或个人的）全部开支，花费
• It's part of a drive to cut government expenditure. 这是削减政府开支的一个方法。
• The government's annual expenditure on arms has been reduced. 政府已经缩减了年度军备开支。
uncountable
■the act of using or spending energy, time or money （精力、时间或钱的）耗费，花费
• The expenditure of effort on this project has been enormous. 已经在这项工程上付出了重大的努力。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. [会计] 支出，花费；经费，消费额
 - spending, payout

Word: cripple
Front: cripple
[ˈkrɪpl] (研四六托雅宝 9401/11135 -2)
Vocabulary: cripple
(once / 506 pages)
vn
To cripple is to leave someone unable to walk. Terrible car accidents, for example, can sometimes cripple their victims.
Use the verb cripple to describe what is done to a person whose legs are so badly injured that they can't be used. You can also use the word in a figurative way, as when a parent's criticism and high expectations cripple a child's self esteem. In other words, they take away his strength and make him feel useless and unsuccessful. In the thirteenth century, cripple meant "to move slowly," from the Old English root crypel, "to bend."
WORD FAMILY
cripple: crippled, cripples, crippling+/crippling: cripplingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The prosecutors we see now,” he wrote on his Facebook page, “are nothing more or less than a pack of hyenas attacking a crippled lion.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Online sign-ups for his health care law were crippled by massive technical issues, resulting in one of the most embarrassing episodes of his presidency.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The past year was the year of “Crippled America,” the title of our new president-elect’s book.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使跛; 受伤致残; 严重削弱; 使陷于瘫痪
n. 跛子，瘸子; 瘫子，残疾; <美方>杂木丛生的沼地; 脚蹬
时态：crippled, crippling, cripples
分布：削弱(77%)，残废(17%)，跛者(3%)，使...瘫痪(3%)
→词源同creep.
n.跛子,残疾人v.使跛,使残疾The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
【记】creep（v 爬）－爬的人－瘸子cr哭，ipple＝apple：一脚踩到了苹果上，然后就哭了，那还用问吗？肯定是瘸了！
noun countable offensive old-fashioned
■a person who cannot use their arms or legs in a normal way 手臂残废者；瘸子，跛子
emotional cripple informal
■someone who finds it difficult to have or express feelings 感情残废者，感情有缺陷的人
['krɪp.l] verb transitive
■to injure someone so that they are unable to walk or move in a normal way 使受伤致残；使跛
■to cause serious damage to someone or something, making them weak and not effective 严重损坏；严重削弱
• a country crippled by war 因战争而元气大伤的国家
cripple, lame
这组词都有“使跛，使残废”的意思，其区别是：
cripple: 正式用词，语气较强。多指因伤、体弱或疾病等所导致的永久性残废，常为肢体不全，行走不便，甚至移动身体也困难。
lame: 普通用词，指因受伤或本身的生理缺陷而使人的身体致残，着重行走时的不便。
vt. 削弱；使跛； [医] 使残废
 - break, to weaken
n. [医] 跛子；残废
 - disablement, lameness
adj. 跛的； [医] 残废的
 - disabled, spavined

Word: narrowly
Front: narrowly
[ˈnærəʊli] (8064/6884)
Back: adv. 狭窄地; 勉强地; 严密地; 仔细地
分布：勉强地(38%)，严密地(31%)，狭窄地(31%)
→来自narrow,狭窄，引申义勉强的。
US [-oʊ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■only by a small amount 勉强地；差一点儿
• She narrowly missed winning an Oscar. 她与奥斯卡奖失之交臂。
■in a limited way 狭义地；严格地
• a narrowly interpreted law 狭义诠释的法律
■formal
■carefully or in a way that shows doubt 仔细地；质疑地
• The officer looked at him narrowly through half-closed eyes. 那个员警眯起眼睛仔细打量他。
adv. 仔细地；勉强地；狭窄地；严密地
 - closely, grudgingly

Word: strand
Front: strand
[strænd] (托宝 5344/4562 -2)
Vocabulary: strand
(once / 757 pages)
1n 2vn
A single hair, a noodle, even a line of thought — any of these things could be called a strand, a long thin length of something.
The noun strand describes things that are long and thin like a rope, or a strand of spaghetti, hair, or thread. Strands are often twisted together to form thicker, stronger things like cables. As a verb, the meaning is very different: "to leave helpless," like unreliable cars that strand their drivers, or a snowstorm that strands people at airports.
WORD FAMILY
strand: stranded, stranding, strands
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The host business for the engineering strand will be Viking Pump.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It will be fun watching it all unravel — particularly the single 10-mile-long hair strand.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （绳子的）股，绞; 海滨，河岸; （思想等的）一个组成部分
vt. 使滞留，使搁浅; 使陷于困境
vi. 搁浅; 陷入困境
时态：stranded, stranding, strands
分布：缕(51%)，使陷于困境(21%)，弄断(14%)，使落后(14%)
→来自古英语 strand,海岸，海滨，来自 Proto-Germanic*strandaz,岸，边，来自 ster,展开，
noun countable
THREAD 线
■a thin thread of something, often one of a few twisted around each other to make a string or rope （线、绳等的）缕，股
• a strand of cotton 一股棉线
• She tucked a loose strand of hair behind her ears. 她把一绺松下来的头发收到耳后。
[strænd] noun countable
PART 部分
■a part which combines with other parts to form a whole story, subject or situation （完整故事、主题或情况的）部分，方面
• There are so many different strands to the plot that it's quite hard to follow. 故事情节的头绪纷乱，很难搞清楚。
[strænd] noun countable
COAST 海岸 literary
■a shore
n. 线；串；海滨
 - string, thread, cluster
vt. 使搁浅；使陷于困境；弄断；使落后
 - ground
vi. 搁浅
 - beach, take the ground

Word: evident
Front: evident
[ˈevɪdənt] (高研四六托 3466/2975 -2)
Vocabulary: evident
(once / 29 pages)
adj
If something is evident, it's visible. If you blush furiously and start shaking every time your crush comes near, your infatuation will be evident to everyone.
Evident means conspicuously visible, often the mark of an action or a feeling. If a room is in total disarray, with everything pulled out of the drawers, it's evident that someone has been searching for something. If you leave the room in the middle of a tense meeting, your frustration will be evident. Evident can also simply mean visible. If you look closely at a key hole of your car door, small scratches will be evident in the paint.
WORD FAMILY
evident: evidence, evidenter, evidently, self-evident+/ evidence: evidenced, evidences, evidencing, evidential, evidentiary/ evidential: evidentially/self-evident: self-evidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills was shocked that it was so evident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Patient’s strong emotional ties with his manic phase were very evident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Evident by all the highlight catches this season - 91 receptions for 1,427 yards and 18 TDs - he did just that.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 明显的，明白的; 昭著; 彰
分布：明显的(84%)，明白的(16%)
明显的(e出+vid+ent→看出来了→明显的)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.明显的,明白的It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
['ev.ɪ.dənt] slightly formal
adjective
 ADVANCED
■easily seen or understood; obvious 显然易见的；明白的，明显的
• The full extent of the damage only became evident the following morning. 直到第二日早上，人们才全面了解到破坏程度有多严重。
• From the smell it was evident that the drains had been blocked for several days. 散发出的气味证明下水道显然已经被堵塞好几天了。
• Harry's courage during his illness was evident to everyone. 生病期间哈利表现出的勇气大家有目共睹。
• Her love for him was evident in all that she did. 她所做的一切都清楚地表明她爱他。
⇒ See also self-evident
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 明显的；明白的
 - obvious, distinct, visible

Word: morale
Front: morale
[məˈrɑ:l] (托宝 7507/5631 -2)
Vocabulary: morale
(once / 1436 pages)
n
Morale is the spirit a group has that makes them want to succeed. It's a sense of well-being that comes from confidence, usefulness, and purpose.
We often talk about the morale of groups in tough situations, and we can describe them as having "good morale" or "low morale." If too many members of a combat unit are killed and the surviving soldiers start to doubt they’ll make it home alive, then their morale is very very low. We can also talk about individual morale. In order to succeed, a sailor on a solo trip around the world needs plenty of ways to keep her morale up.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
moral / morale
Choose your words:
Moral/Morale of the story: If you became a middle school football coach so you could trick little kids, shame on you.
Posh needed a moral-/morale-boosting win after a couple of insipid home displays and credit to the players for providing it.
In our first sentence, we want a word that means the lesson of the story, especially a lesson of right and wrong. That word is moral. In the plural, it refers to the rules by which one conducts one's life. Some more examples that use moral:
However, here are 10 moral character failings destroying our nation that I feel, like the mayor, we ought to be up in arms about addressing.
Saudi Arabia Blocks Facebook on Moral Grounds, Promptly Unblocks It
The second sentence describes a win that will make the team feel more confident and enthusiastic. Here the choice is morale. If your department or team has a strong sense of common purpose or dedication, your morale is high; if there's a lot of bickering going on and people are quitting the company or just not doing their jobs, morale is low.Some more examples:
Perks keep morale high at Michigan's top workplaces
To improve officer morale, Sheppard said he will repair union relations, address concerns that officer discipline is handled unfairly and solicit more officer input while improving training..
WORD FAMILY
morale: morales
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morales is charged with stealing 16 guns from a U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
James Morales, 35, suspected of stealing weapons from a U.S.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Former Army reservist James Morales was reported missing Saturday night and remains at large.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 士气; 精神面貌
分布：士气(89%)，斗志(10%)，道德准则(1%)
→来自moral,道义，道德，-e,阴性格。用于军事行话指士气，道义力量，正义之师。
土气,风气(mor+ale→[一群人]有道德精神→士气)[mor=moral,表示"道德：]
noun uncountable
■the amount of confidence felt by a person or group of people, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation （尤指险境或困境下的）士气，精神面貌
• A couple of victories would improve the team's morale enormously. 如果能取得几次胜利，队伍的士气就能大大提高。
• There have been a lot of recent redundancies so morale is fairly low. 近来裁员很多，所以士气很低。
n. 士气，斗志
 - fight, martialism

Word: vicious
Front: vicious
[ˈvɪʃəs] (研六雅宝 6247/5926 -2)
Vocabulary: vicious
(once / 476 pages)
adj
Vicious is an adjective that means intentionally harmful or nasty. If you spread vicious rumors about a person, you're telling people things that will hurt her feelings or ruin her reputation. Cut it out!
If you're described as vicious, you're someone who does brutal things on purpose, out of ill-will towards others, like beating up defenseless puppies or poisoning the drinking water for a town. You're worse than just mean if you are vicious — in fact, you're evil! People (and puppies) will be wise to keep their distance. Other things, like gossip, animals, or cars from horror movies can be vicious, too.
WORD FAMILY
vicious: viciousest, viciously, viciousness+/ vice: vices, vicious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Journalists who tried to investigate Ms. Choi suffered a vicious official backlash.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What resulted was a vicious car crash, several broken bones and surgeries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After Bennett’s “vicious, high-speed direct slam,” as the Times put it, Alabama seized the momentum and won, 28–10.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 邪恶的，恶毒的; 有恶意的; 凶猛的; 有缺点的
分布：恶毒的(54%)，恶意的(16%)，堕落的(16%)，剧烈的(14%)
→来自vice,罪行，邪恶，引申词义恶性的。比较virtuous circle.
a.恶毒的,凶残的,邪恶的The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
【记】vic＝vice（n 罪恶），ious－邪恶的
【反】benignant（adj 仁慈的）
adjective
■describes people or actions that show an intention or wish to hurt someone or something very badly 邪恶的；恶毒的；凶暴的
• a vicious thug 凶残的暴徒
• a vicious dog 恶狗
• The police said that this was one of the most vicious attacks they'd ever seen. 警方说这是他们所见过的最为残暴的袭击之一。
• He gave her a vicious look. 他恶狠狠地瞪了她一眼。
■describes an object, condition or remark that causes great physical or emotional pain 严重的；剧烈的，恶毒的
• a large collection of vicious medieval torture instruments 大量中世纪的酷刑刑具
• I've got a vicious headache. 我头痛得厉害。
• Make sure you wrap up warmly - there's a vicious (= extremely strong and unpleasant) wind out there. 一定要穿暖和了——外面的风刮得很厉害。
• a vicious lie/accusation/rumour 恶意的谎言／指控／谣言
adj. 恶毒的；恶意的；堕落的；有错误的；品性不端的；剧烈的
 - severe, fallen, malicious, poisonous

Word: participate
Front: participate
[pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt] (高研四六托雅 1482/2783 -3)
Vocabulary: participate
(once / 278 pages)
v
If you take part in an activity or organization, you participate in it. For example, you participate in a conversation by listening to and talking with others, or you participate in a sport by joining a team and taking part in practices and games.
You can use the verb participate to mean "be involved in" or "share in." Sometimes it is easy to figure out who participates in something — the runners in a race, the people waiting their turn to audition for a part in a play. Sometimes it isn't so obvious. If two students cause trouble but the teacher punishes the whole class, it might be that in not stopping the troublemakers, she views everyone as having participated — just being there means they were involved.
WORD FAMILY
participate: participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory +/ participation: nonparticipation, participations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was the face of the franchise and participated in the profits, but he was Mr. Burnett’s hired gun.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 参加某事; 分享某事
vt. 得到或接受某部分东西
时态：participated, participating, participates
分布：参与(54%)，参加(44%)，分享(2%)
→part,部分，-cip,承担，抓住，词源同capable,anticipate.即承担一部分，成为其中的一部分，引申词义参加，参与。
参加,参与(parti+cip进入+ate→进入一部分→参加)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
v.(in)参与,参加;分享,分担;含有,带有The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US [pɑ:r'tɪs.ə-] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to take part in or become involved in an activity 参与，参加
• She never participates in any of our discussions, does she? 她从不参加我们的任何讨论，不是吗？
UK [pɑ:'tɪs.ɪ.peɪt] US [pɑ:r'tɪs.ə-] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  participate When participate is followed by a direct object, remember to use the preposition in. Don't say 'participate something' or 'participate to something', say participate in something :
✗ She participates to a lot of sports activities. She participates in a lot of sports activities.
share, participate
这组词都有“分享，分担”的意思，其区别是：
share: 普通用词，指与他人共同享受拥有或共同使用某物，或共同承担某项工作或费用等。
participate: 主要指参与某事。
take part in, attend, participate, join
这组词都有“参加，加入”的意思，其区别是：
take part in: 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。
attend: 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等。
participate: 正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。
join: 普通用词，指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等。
vi. 参与，参加；分享
 - mix, take part in
vt. 分享；分担
 - share in, partake in

Word: dynasty
Front: dynasty
[ˈdɪnəsti] (高研 10552/7797 -1)
Vocabulary: dynasty
(once / 585 pages)
n
A dynasty is a series of leaders in the same family, like the British Royal Family, or a local business dynasty, in which four generations have made their fortune at the family store.
The word dynasty, pronounced "DIE-nas-tee," comes from the Greek word dynasteia, meaning "power, lordship, sovereignty." If you are part of a dynasty, you probably do have power — and also wealth, privilege. But there is also pressure to achieve as much as your parents, grandparents, and other relatives. Another kind of dynasty is found in sports — a team that wins many championships is a dynasty.
WORD FAMILY
dynasty: dynastic, dynasties+/dynastic: dynastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Half-a-dozen revolts that he helped organise against an ossified Qing dynasty were failures.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But Trump used his reality-TV-burnished fame to scale new heights, with help from people like the Robertsons of “Duck Dynasty.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The victory places Alabama on the edge of furthering what already may be the greatest dynasty in modern college football history.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 王朝; 朝代
分布：王朝(84%)，朝代(16%)
→来自希腊语dynamis, 力量，权力，统治者。引申词义朝代。
王朝(dynast+y)[dyn,dynam=power,表示"力量"]
n.王朝,朝代He was a mandarin of the Qin dynasty.他是秦朝的官吏.
US ['daɪ.nə-] noun countable
■a series of rulers or leaders who are all from the same family, or a period when a country is ruled by them 王朝，朝代
• The Mogul dynasty ruled over India for centuries. 蒙兀儿王朝统治印度数世纪。

Word: formation
Front: formation
[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn] (研四六托宝 3045/2062 -2)
Vocabulary: formation
(once / 267 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A formation is an arrangement of people or things. Planes flying in formation make a deliberate, specific pattern in the sky.
Some formations are on purpose, or deliberate — like military troops marching in formation or a cheerleading squad arranging itself in formation. Others just arrange themselves in a particular way by chance, like a striking cloud formation overhead. You can also talk about the formation — or establishment — of something less physical, like the formation of a new government. The Latin root, formationem, means "a shaping."
WORD FAMILY
formation: formations, re-formation+/deform: deformation, deformed, deforming, deforms/deformation: deformational, deformations/deformed: deformedly, deformity / deformity: deformities/ form: biform, deform, formation, formative, formed, forming, formless, forms, multiform, preform, reform / formative: formatively, formatives/formed: ill-formed, re-formed, unformed/formless: formlessly/preform: preformation, preformed, preforms/preformation: preformations/ reform: reformable, reformation, reformative, reformatory, reformed, reformer, reforming, reformism, reforms/reformable: unreformable/ reformation: counterreformation, reformations, self-reformation/reformatory: reformatories/ reformed: reformedly, unreformed/reformer: reformers/reformism: reformist/reformist: reformists/unformed: unformedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 形成; 构成，结构; 形成物; 编队，队形
分布：形成(85%)，编队(7%)，队形(6%)，构造(2%)
形成;培养(form+ation→形成形式)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.形成;构成;组织;构造;编制;塑造Clouds are formations of tiny drops of water in the sky.云是由空中极细微的水滴构成.
【记】form（n /v 形状；形成）
【参】formative（adj 格式化的；发展的）
US [fɔ:r-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■the way something is naturally made or the way it has been arranged 结构；形状；形成方式；组成方式
• a rock formation 一块岩石的结构
• cloud formations 云的形状
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the development of something into a particular thing or shape 形成，构成
• the formation of a crystal 晶体的构成
in formation
■Activities which are done in formation are done in a pattern by a number of people, vehicles, etc moving together 编队，以…队形
• marching in close formation 以紧凑的队形前进
n. 形成； [水文] 构造；编队
 - constitution, fabric, becoming, structure, build

Word: turnover
Front: turnover
[ˈtɜ:nəʊvə(r)] (研六雅 6125/2796 -2)
Back: n. 翻滚，翻倒，弄翻，逆转，转向; 半圆形的小馅饼; 营业额，成交量，证券交易额; [体育运动] 易手，失球
adj. 可翻下的，或折转的
分布：营业额(59%)，流动(21%)，成交量(14%)，半圆卷饼(2%)，可翻转的(2%)，翻覆(2%)
n.翻倒(物);人员调整;(资金等)周转;营业额At the turning the turtle met a turkey and made a turnover on the turnips.在拐弯处海龟遇见了火鸡,在萝卜上翻了个身.
US ['tɝ:nˌoʊ.vɚ] noun
BUSINESS 生意
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the amount of business that a company does in a period of time （一定时期内的）营业额，成交量
• Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). 大型超市的货品销售量很大。
• The business has an annual turnover of £50 000. 这家公司的年营业额达5万英镑。
UK ['tɜ:nˌəʊ.vər] US ['tɝ:nˌoʊ.vɚ] noun
EMPLOYEES 员工
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new people 员工更替率；人员调整率
• The large number of temporary contracts resulted in a high turnover of staff. 临时合约多，人员变更率就很高。
• US They've had a lot of turnover at the factory recently. 最近他们工厂人员变动很大。
UK ['tɜ:nˌəʊ.vər] US ['tɝ:nˌoʊ.vɚ] noun
CAKE 饼
countable
■a small cake made from a folded piece of pastry with fruit inside 小馅饼
• an apple turnover 苹果馅饼
n. [贸易] 营业额；流通量；翻覆；半圆卷饼
 - volume of business, rollover
adj. 翻过来的；可翻转的
 - upturned, eversible

Word: compliance
Front: compliance
[kəmˈplaɪəns] (研雅宝 4547/4818 -1)
Vocabulary: compliance
(once / 931 pages)
n
Compliance is what you do when you try to fit standards set down by someone else. A restaurant chef's compliance with a new sugar-free menu might inspire even the pastry chefs to follow the recipes.
Plywood helps illustrate the "pli" in compliance, because if you've ever stepped on a piece of plywood stretched across something, you've felt how it gives underneath your feet. It has flexibility. Compliance means being flexible or yielding and giving in to a situation or order. "Pliant" is part of the word compliance, and it means yielding. Agreeing or bending to something like a plan, rule, or direction is compliance.
WORD FAMILY
compliance: compliances+/ compliant: compliantly, noncompliant / comply: compliance, compliancy, compliant, complied, complies, complying/ noncompliant: noncompliance, noncompliants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jones says that ensuring all counties are in compliance will bring in more state revenues from property taxes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The United States, in other words, ranks with countries that conspicuously are not in full compliance with their international obligations.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Before drinking my first cup of coffee, I like to get my cell in compliance.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 服从，听从; 承诺; 柔软度; 顺度
分布：柔度(34%)，灵活性(25%)，屈服(25%)，顺从；服从；遵守(16%)
noun uncountable formal
■when people obey an order, rule or request 服从；遵守；依从
• It is the job of the inspectors to enforce compliance with the regulations. 强制人们遵守法规是督察的责任。
• The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. 该公司称其一向遵守环境法。
■mainly disapproving
■when you are often too willing to do what other people want you to do 顺从，屈从
• It's his compliance that amazes me. 让我吃惊的是他言听计从。
n. 顺从，服从；承诺
 - commitment, obedience

Word: embark
Front: embark
[ɪmˈbɑ:k] (研六雅 6575/4496 -2)
Vocabulary: embark
(once / 333 pages)
v
When you embark on something, you are starting it — and it's exciting. You might embark on a new career or embark on a trip to the Galapagos Islands. You wouldn't embark on a trip to the grocery store.
The verb embark can be used specifically to refer to boarding a ship for a journey. When used for general travel, the verb embark often implies a longer journey: "She embarked on a trip around the world." Besides, physical journeys, embark can be used to mean to start other kinds of journeys as well. You might embark on a spiritual journey or embark on the path to enlightenment. Pack well.
WORD FAMILY
embark: disembark, embarkation, embarked, embarking, embarkment, embarks+/ disembark: disembarkation, disembarked, disembarking, disembarkment, disembarks/disembarkation: disembarkations/embarkation: embarkations/embarkment: embarkments
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the past year, as America embarked on the treacherous task of selecting a new president, Canada selected, for the first time, a national bird.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Police commander John Rutagira told AFP news agency most passengers were drunk by the time they embarked on the boat.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Then the rink embarked on its four-tier plan to eventually reach net zero.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vi. 上飞机，上船; 着手，从事
vt. 使…上船或飞机; 使从事，使着手; 投资于
时态：embarked, embarking, embarks
分布：着手(50%)，从事(36%)，乘船(9%)，装载(5%)
→em-, 进入，使。bark, 船，驳船，同barge。
v.(使)上船(或飞机,汽车等);着手,从事In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
【记】e声bark狗叫，说明要上船了！Em，bark树皮－用bark做成船－上船
【反】conclude（v 中止；结束）
US [-bɑ:rk] formal
verb intransitive
■to go onto a ship 上船
• We embarked at Liverpool for New York. 我们从利物浦登船，前往纽约。
Opposite disembark
UK [ɪm'bɑ:k] US [-bɑ:rk] formal
verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  embark on/upon sth
■to start something new or important 开始，着手做（新的或重要的事情）
• We're embarking upon a new project later this year. 今年晚些时候我们会着手进行一个新企划。
vi. 从事，着手；上船或飞机
 - wage, occupy in
vt. 使从事；使上船
 - imbark

Word: millennium
Front: millennium
[mɪˈleniəm] (托雅宝 5666/12504 -1)
Vocabulary: millennium
(once / 1537 pages)
n
A decade means ten years, a century means a hundred, and millennium means a thousand. Think: a decade of marriage, the new millennium.
In Latin, in the Romance languages, and in the metric system, mille refers to a thousand. A millimeter is a thousandth of a meter, a milliliter a thousandth of a liter, a millennium is a thousand years. Think of the number "one million" as a thousand thousands, and you'll get the idea.
WORD FAMILY
millennium: bimillennium, millenarian, millennia, millennial, millenniumism, millenniums+/bimillennium: bimillenial/ millenarian: millenarianism, millenarians/millennial: millennially, postmillennial
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were washboard abs and dad bods, tattooed torsos and blinding white chests that seemed as if they hadn’t seen the sun this millennium.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
They studied 300 specimens from different species spanning 400 million years to see how bones changed subtly over millennia.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
DNR says Millennium Bulk Terminals would need additional agency authorization for the project, noting that the state’s lease is with another party not with Millennium.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 一千年; 千年期; 千禧年; 全人类未来的幸福时代
分布：一千年(69%)，太平盛世(31%)
→来自拉丁语mille,千，词源同million,annus,年，词源同annual.即一千年，千禧年。
【记】mill＝mile（n 千米）；enn＝ann年，ium－一千年源于：《启示录》第20章提到的神圣的一千年，在此期间耶稣及其信徒统治着世界。
noun countable (plural millennia or millenniums)
 ADVANCED
■a period of 1000 years, or the time when a period of 1000 years ends 一千年，千周年；千周年纪念日
• The corpse had lain preserved in the soil for almost two millennia. 那具尸体在地下保存了近两千年。
• How did you celebrate the Millennium? 你们是怎么庆祝千禧年的？
Compare century
n. 千年期，千禧年；一千年，千年纪念；太平盛世，黄金时代
 - chiliad, Golden Age

Word: embargo
Front: embargo
[ɪmˈbɑ:gəʊ] (雅宝 6354/10673 -2)
Vocabulary: embargo
(once / 1977 pages)
nv
An embargo is an order stopping the movement of trade ships into or out of a country. If you can’t get those yummy Swedish fish, perhaps there has been an embargo on trade with Sweden!
The fact that ships cannot move during an embargo makes sense from the Latin root of the word, a verb meaning impede with barriers. If one government places a trade embargo on another, it can be an act of war between the two countries. But if an arms embargo is in place, many countries refuse to sell arms to a particular country because it is especially violent. As a verb, the use of embargo is a little broader. If you write an impassioned plea for peace, but the government embargoes it, no one will read your writing.
WORD FAMILY
embargo: embargoed, embargoes, embargoing, embargos
USAGE EXAMPLES
The resolution also ordered the embargo of about $640 million in Mrs. Kirchner’s assets.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
But with the ongoing embargo, ingredients are limited, and even the finest chef would be hard-pressed to dazzle any eater.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The four weren’t identified, but one of them, a Belgian, was charged with belonging to a criminal organization and breaking an arms embargo.
Seattle Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 禁运（令）; 停止通商（令）; 禁止; 限制
vt. 封（港），禁止（船只）出入港口; 禁运，停止; 扣留征用
时态：embargoed, embargoing, embargoes
分布：禁运(97%)，封港令(3%)
→em-, 进入，使。bar, 阻止。-g, 来自形容词后缀-ic.
禁运(em进入+bar禁止+go状态[barr=bar(栅栏)]
【记】bar障碍，阻挡，go通过－阻船通过－封港令em，bar，go：酒吧搬走了－因为封港令
US [-goʊ] noun countable (plural embargoes)
■an order to temporarily stop something, especially trading or giving information （尤指暂时禁止贸易或提供消息的）禁令，禁运；限制
• They have put an embargo on imports of clothing. 他们已经禁止进口服装。
• The police asked for a news embargo while they tried to find the kidnapper. 员警要求在他们搜捕绑架者期间，停止相关的新闻报道。
UK [ɪm'bɑ:.gəʊ] US [-goʊ] verb transitive
■to officially stop trading with another country 禁止与（另一国家）通商；对…禁运
• They are planning to embargo oil imports. 他们正在计划禁止石油进口。
n. 禁令；禁止；封港令
 - ban, prohibition

Word: musical
Front: musical
[ˈmju:zɪkl] (高研四六雅 2097/2771 -K3)
Vocabulary: musical
(once / 174 pages)
adjn
Anything musical has to do with music. Tra la la! If you’re really musical, try out for a musical so you can sing on the big stage. And, if you’re playing musical chairs, better find a seat before the music stops!
Musical things have a tune or rhythm, like a robin’s song or “La Cucaracha.” Musical instruments, like clarinets and guitars, make music. Or hope to. The bands you’re into reflect your musical tastes. If your parents are musicians, you come from a musical family. When musical is a noun, it's short for “musical drama.” The Sound of Music is a musical (film) about a the musical (talented singing) Von Trapp family. Guess what they’re into.
WORD FAMILY
musical: musicality, musically, musicalness, musicals, nonmusical, unmusical+/ music: musical, musician, musics/ musician: musicians, musicianship/unmusical: unmusicalest, unmusically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The winners will tour the UK with the new musical for a year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
How instrumental was he in your musical education?
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 音乐的，用于音乐的; 喜爱[精通]音乐的; 音调优美的; 悦耳的
n. （社交性的）音乐会; [影视]歌舞片; 音乐（喜）剧 = musical comedy
分布：音乐的(59%)，悦耳的(21%)，音乐片(16%)，喜欢音乐的(4%)
→来自music,音乐，乐曲。
a.音乐的;有音乐才能的n.音乐片She's not at all musical.她根本不喜欢音乐.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to or connected with music 音乐的；用于音乐的
• musical instruments 乐器
• Mozart's musical compositions include symphonies and operas. 莫劄特的音乐创作包括交响乐和歌剧。
 IMPROVER
■If you are musical, you have a skill in or great liking for music 有音乐天赋的；爱好音乐的
• The family all play instruments - they're all very musical. 这家人都会演奏乐器——他们都很喜欢音乐。
['mju:.zɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a play or film in which part of the story is sung to music 音乐剧；音乐（影）片
adj. 音乐的；悦耳的
 - harmonious, sweet

Word: poem
Front: poem
[ˈpəʊɪm] (中高研四六 2494/2181 -K3)
Vocabulary: poem
(once / 97 pages)
n
A poem is written by composing lines of metrical feet (those are like beats or counts of syllables), arranged rhythmically. If you're looking to impress your crush, try penning a poem.
Poetry is literature in metrical form, and a poem is what we call a piece of poetry. There are so many different kinds of poems it's almost impossible to define, but usually poems are written in short lines, and sometimes don't have too many lines. What counts in a poem is distilling something down, and finding the right words. If someone tells you that your Tweets are like little poems, then you must be a lovely writer.
WORD FAMILY
poem: poems
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem is, his poems fade in the fifth stanza.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Today, the poem reads like an eerie anticipation of liberal incredulity at Brexit and Trump and the other recent upheavals.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗; 韵文; 诗一样的作品; 富有诗意的东西
分布：诗(98%)，韵文(2%)
→来自拉丁语poema,诗，诗歌创作，来自希腊语poiein,产生，制造，创作，来自kwei,建造，制造，词源同onomatopoeia.
n.诗He recited the poem to the class.他背诵那首诗给全班听.
【参】poetaster（n 打油诗人；劣等诗人）poet诗人，aster星星：像星星一样多的诗人－打油诗人
US ['poʊ.əm] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a piece of writing in which the words are arranged in separate lines, often ending in rhyme, and are chosen for their sound and for the images and ideas they suggest 诗
• a book of love poems 爱情诗集
• The poet recited some of her recent poems. 诗人朗诵了她最近写的几首诗。
verse, poetry, poem
这组词都有“诗”的意思，其区别是：
verse: 多指诗句、诗行或诗节，也可作诗歌、韵文的总称。
poetry: 指诗的总称。
poem: 通常指一首诗或诗体文。
n. 诗
 - poetry, verse

Word: emperor
Front: emperor
[ˈempərə(r)] (高研四六雅 7060/3161 -2)
Vocabulary: emperor
(once / 76 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Forget prime ministers, presidents or even kings or queens: an emperor was the biggest, baddest ruler of them all — the leader of undisputed power who controlled a nation or, more usually, a number of subjugated nations known collectively as an empire.
Nowadays the emperor is no more, replaced by humbler and usually more democratic leaders, but the notion of an all-conquering larger-than-life figure lives on in the way we give the prefix emperor to particularly magnificent specimens of living things: the Emperor Butterfly, Emperor Moth and Emperor Penguin, most famously. The Roman emperors would be proud.
WORD FAMILY
emperor: emperors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nascent republic soon shattered and Yuan crowned himself emperor.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“It’s very hard for us ever to get the satisfaction of MacArthur and the emperor meeting, and a war being officially over,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Nanki-Poo, the son of the Japanese emperor Mikado, disguises himself as a minstrel to avoid being married off to Katisha, an older woman.
The New Yorker(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 皇帝，君主
分布：皇帝(100%)
→em-, 进入，使。-per, 命令，使准备，词源同prepare. 即使所有人听候命令，听候差遣的人。参照king, 词源同kin, 原指一个家庭或一个氏族的首领。
皇帝(emper+or人→命令之人→统治者)[emper,imper=command,表示"命令,统治"]
n.皇帝The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
US [-pɚ.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a male ruler of an empire 皇帝
⇒ See also empress
n. 皇帝，君主
 - sovereignty, Kaiser

Word: pretend
Front: pretend
[prɪˈtend] (高研四六托宝 2905/2885 -K2)
Vocabulary: pretend
(once / 127 pages)
vadjn
To pretend is to act as if you're someone else. If you pretend to be your mother for a phone conference with your math teacher, try putting on her high heels to help you get into character.
When children or actors are pretending, it's fine, just playing. But if you pretend to someone who doesn't know you're just playing, you're likely to be condemned for it. No one likes it of you pretend to be a good member of the community just so people won't suspect you when you steal things from their houses. You might pretend you went to Harvard to impress someone, but if he finds out you didn't, he'll be very unimpressed.
WORD FAMILY
pretend: pretended, pretendedly, pretender, pretending, pretendingly, pretends+/pretender: pretenders/pretending: pretendings, unpretending/unpretending: unpretendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, I buried it, pretended that it did not exist.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“You act to nothing, really. You pretend there’s someone there, which is fun and kind of challenging.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In both cases pretending happens, and I am interested in that progression from “pretending to be” to “turning into.”
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 假装，伪装; 假称; 装扮
vi. 扮演; 自称; 假装，矫作
adj. 仿制的
时态：pretended, pretending, pretends
分布：假装(88%)，装作(11%)，自以为(1%)
→pre-,在前，向前，-tend,延伸，伸展，词源同tend,tense.引申诸相关词义。
假装,借口(pre提前+tend→提前伸出[想好借口])[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.假装,假托,借口,(在演戏中)装扮The attendants attend the meeting and pretend to be attentive.侍从们出席会议并装出专注的样子.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not, especially in order to deceive people or as a game 假装，伪称；（游戏中）装扮
• [+ (that)] He pretended (that) he didn't mind, but I knew that he did. 他假装不在乎，但我知道他很介意。
• The children pretended (that) they were dinosaurs. 孩子们装扮成恐龙。
• [+ to infinitive] Were you just pretending to be interested? 你只是在假装感兴趣吗？
• She's not really hurt - she's only pretending. 她并不是真的受了伤——她只是在装。
• Of course I was angry - I can't pretend otherwise. 我当然生气了——怎么可能会是假装的。
not pretend to do sth formal
■to not claim something that is false 不想妄称…
• I don't pretend to be an expert on the subject. 我不想妄称自己是该学科的专家。
simulate, feign, pretend
这组词都有“假装”的意思，其区别是：
simulate: 主要指模仿他人或他物的样子，假装具有他人或他物的特点。
feign: 常和pretend换用，一般指言行上的“装做，假装”如装无知、悲哀；装死、疯或装做睡眠等。
pretend: 指公开表示的与心里想的与客观实际不符合，含公开承认其虚假的意味。
vt. 假装；假扮；伪称
 - simulate, come
vi. 假装；伪称
 - act, fox
adj. 假装的
 - affected, assumed, simulate

Word: brush
Front: brush
[brʌʃ] (中高 3223/3418 -K3)
Vocabulary: brush
(once / 170 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Use the noun brush when you want to refer to a quick, light touch. If you are comforting someone you don't know well, you can give their arm a quick brush to show sympathy.
The noun brush can refer to a thick growth of scrub vegetation. You'll have to clear away the brush if you want to plant a garden there. As a verb, brush can mean to sweep, either literally or metaphorically. You can brush the dirt from the floor, but you can't just brush away your past misdeeds. The verb also means to touch lightly. If you are baking and you brush your hand across your cheek, chances are you'll leave a trail of flour there.
WORD FAMILY
brush: brushed, brushes, brushing, brushlike, brushy, underbrush+/brushed: unbrushed/brushing: brushings/underbrush: underbrushes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, the scopes are brushed and washed with disinfectants in preparation for the next patient.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Brushing aside quibbles about costs, he once advised a colleague: “A few million dollars are lost in the sands of time.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
He painted the border in a rich red and put down his brush.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 刷子，画笔; 灌木丛; 小冲突
vt. 刷; 掠过; 擦; 轻触
vi. 刷; 擦过
时态：brushed, brushing, brushes
分布：刷(60%)，刷子(13%)，画笔(9%)，擦(6%)，掠过(3%)，灌木丛(3%)，掸(2%)，轻触(1%)，轻擦(1%)，小冲突(1%)，争吵(1%)
→词源同bristle, 刺毛，broom, 金雀花，扫帚。指用灌木枝扎的刷子。
n.刷(子),毛刷;画笔v.刷,擦,掸,拂;掠过I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
noun
TOOL 工具
 IMPROVER countable
■an object with short pieces of stiff hair, plastic or wire fixed into a usually wooden or plastic base or handle, which is used for cleaning, tidying the hair or painting 刷子；画笔
• I can't find my brush, but I still have my comb. 我找不到发刷，不过我还有梳子。
• You'll need a stiff brush to scrape off the rust. 你需要用硬刷子把锈迹刷掉。
• a clothes brush 衣服刷
• a nail brush 指甲刷
• a scrubbing UK/scrub USbrush 硬毛刷
• a pastry brush 软毛刷
 IMPROVER countable
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）
• a hairbrush 发刷
• a toothbrush 牙刷
• a paintbrush 油漆刷
only singular mainly UK
■an act of cleaning with a brush 刷
• These shoes need a good brush. 这些鞋子需要好好刷一下。
• Don't forget to give your hair a brush before you go out. 出门前别忘了梳一下头发。
[brʌʃ] noun
TOUCH 触
countable usually singular
■a quick light touch 轻擦，轻碰
• He felt the brush of her hand on his. 他感觉到她的手轻擦过自己的手。
a brush with sth
■when you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant 和…的小冲突；与…的摩擦
• Jim had a brush with death (= was nearly killed) on the motorway. 吉姆在高速公路上差点丧命。
• Was that your first brush with the law (= experience of being in trouble with the police) ? 那是你第一次和员警打交道吗？
[brʌʃ] noun
BUSHES 灌木丛
uncountable US
■small low bushes or the rough land they grow on, or brushwood 灌木丛
• We spotted a jackrabbit hidden in the brush. 我们看见一只长耳大野兔躲在灌木丛中。
• The dry weather has increased the risk of brush fires. 干旱的天气增加了灌木丛着火的危险。
[brʌʃ] noun
TAIL 尾巴
countable
■the tail of a fox 狐狸尾巴
[brʌʃ] verb
TOUCH 触
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to touch (something) quickly and lightly or carelessly 轻轻地碰；轻触
• Charlotte brushed against him (= touched him quickly and lightly with her arm or body) as she left the room. 夏洛蒂离开房间时轻轻碰了他一下。
• His lips gently brushed her cheek and he was gone. 他的嘴唇轻触了一下她的脸颊后便离去了。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move something somewhere using a brush or your hand （用刷子或手）拂，掸，擦掉
• Jackie brushed the hair out of her eyes. 积奇把头发从她眼睛上拨开。
• He brushed away a tear. 他拭去一滴泪水。
• She stood up and brushed the wrinkles from her dress. 她站起来，拉了拉弄皱了的裙子。
[brʌʃ] verb
CLEAN 清洁
transitive
■to clean something or make something smooth with a brush 刷；刷净；刷平顺
• When did he last brush his teeth , she wondered. 她想知道他上次是甚么时候刷的牙。
• She brushed her hair with long, regular strokes. 她一下一下有规律地梳着头。
• [+ obj + adj] My trousers got covered in mud, but luckily I was able to brush them clean. 我的裤子上沾满了泥，不过幸运的是我能够把它们刷干净。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sb/sth aside
■to refuse to consider something seriously because you feel that it is not important 对…置之不理；漠视
• She brushed their objections aside, saying "Leave it to me." 她对他们的反对置之不理，说道：“交给我吧。”
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sb/sth off
■to remove dust or dirt from someone or something by using your hands or a brush （用手或刷子）把…刷干净，把…掸净；刷掉，掸去
• He brushed the snow off his coat. 他掸去大衣上的雪。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sth off
■to refuse to listen to what someone says, or to refuse to think about something seriously 漠视，不理睬
• He just brushed off all their criticisms. 他对他们的一切批评都置之不理。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  brush past sb
■to walk quickly past someone, usually because you do not want to speak to them 从（某人）身边径直走过
• Ignoring their protests, Newman brushed past waiting journalists. 纽曼不顾守候记者的抗议，从他们身边径直走过。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  brush up on sth
■to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten 温习，复习
• I thought I'd brush up on my French before going to Paris. 我想应该在去巴黎之前温习一下法语。
n. 刷子；画笔；毛笔；争吵
 - argument, dispute
vt. 刷；画
 - draw, picture
vi. 刷；擦过；掠过
 - glance off, skate over

Word: logistic
Front: logistic
[lə'dʒɪstɪkl] (14538/22598 -1)
Vocabulary: logistic
(once / 40617 pages)
adj
Anything logistic has to do with organizing and managing a situation. You failed to solve the logistic problem of the mechanical claw game, leaving you without the stuffed koala you longed for.
The base of the word logistic is, logically, logos, the Greek word for reason, which can be found in logistikos, "pertaining to logic." You'll see this word in other forms, including the more common adjective, logistical and the noun logistics. As the manager of a large company, you face logistic tasks such as the hiring of workers and the movement of materials from one place to another. Not to mention planning your 3-month vacation.
WORD FAMILY
logistic: logistically+/ logistics: logistic, logistical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most experts agree that it would be too logistically complicated for the Supreme Court to overturn Obergefell v.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The mission, however, is supported financially and logistically by the United Nations, United States and European Union.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
While logistically challenging at times, this experiment was mostly delightful.
Slate(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 逻辑的; [军]后勤学的
n. [逻]数理逻辑; 符号逻辑; [军]后勤学
分布：后勤的(50%)，符号逻辑的(50%)
ADJ
后勤的；物流的；组织管理的
or logistical /lə'dʒɪstɪkəl/ Logistic or logistical means relating to the organization of something complicated.
例：Logistical problems may be causing the delay...可能是物流问题造成了延误。
例：She described the distribution of food and medical supplies as a logistical nightmare.她把分配食物和药品的工作说成是组织管理上的噩梦。

Word: sap
Front: sap
[sæp] (托宝 14653/12781 -1)
Vocabulary: sap
(once / 753 pages)
1n 2v
To sap something is to drain or deplete something over time. If you sap a maple tree, you drain the liquid inside it to make maple syrup. But if you sap a person of strength, you've rendered him defenseless.
Whether used as a noun or verb, sap is rarely a good thing. If your energy or will is sapped, it’s not meant lightly; it means you have been exhausted of all your reserve energy, you’re reduced to a shell. If someone calls you "a sap," it suggests you lack strength and character. And if you get sap — the sticky liquid inside a tree — on your hands, good luck getting it off in the middle of a forest without a bar of soap and running water. Yuck.
WORD FAMILY
sap: sapless, sapped, sapper, sapping, sappy, saps+/sapper: sappers/ sappy: sappier, sappiest, sappily
USAGE EXAMPLES
He likens it to maple syrup, where you tap a maple tree and collect sap.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
SAP SE and Oracle Corp. are encroaching on its turf.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
“These trees and plants were once so important that caravans stopped to buy their products, either as oil or raw sap,” she said.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 精力，元气; 树液; 活力; 坑道
vt. 使衰竭; 使伤元气; 挖掘使倒塌
vi. 挖坑道
时态：sapped, sapping, saps
分布：树液(38%)，汁液(31%)，精力(13%)，削弱(12%)，地道(2%)，挖地道(2%)，逐渐耗竭(2%)
→来自古英语 saepm,来自 Proto-Germanic*sapam,来自 sab,液体，汁液，来自 sap,品尝， 品味，词源同 savor,insipid.sap 挖地道，挖坑道，削弱，破坏
【记】sa三，p屁：使劲放了三个屁，精力耗尽。
【参】sapless（adj 枯萎的；无生气的）
【反】bolster（v 支持）；fortify（v 增强；使坚强）；invigorate（v 鼓舞）
verb transitive (-pp-)
■to make someone weaker or take away strength or an important quality from someone, especially over a long period of time （尤指经过一段很长的时间）使伤元气；削弱；使耗尽
• Constant criticism saps you of your confidence. 不间断的批评会消磨信心。
• Looking after her dying mother had sapped all her energy. 照顾临终的母亲耗尽了她的全部精力。
[sæp] noun
LIQUID 液体
uncountable
■the liquid that carries food to all parts of a plant （植物运送养分的）汁，液
• Maple syrup is obtained from the sap of the sugar maple tree. 枫糖浆是从糖枫树的树汁中提炼的。
[sæp] noun
PERSON 人
countable mainly US informal
■a stupid person who can easily be tricked or persuaded to do something 笨蛋，傻瓜；容易上当的人
• He's a sap for (= He can easily be persuaded to buy) any new machine. 他很容易上当，新款机器一推销他就买。
[sæp] noun
the sap is rising humorous
■said to describe a feeling of increased interest in and energy for romance and sex （对恋爱和性）兴致勃勃起来，起劲
n. [植] 树液；精力，元气；活力； [军] 坑道
 - energy, vitality, tunnel, spring, steam
vt. 使衰竭，使伤元气；挖掘以破坏基础
 - deplete

Word: clan
Front: clan
[klæn] (托雅 5636/7945 -2)
Vocabulary: clan
(once / 625 pages)
n
A clan is an extended family. Your clan might include your parents and siblings, but also your cousins and second cousins, aunts and uncles, and grandparents.
Families that are related to each other, whether through marriage or as distant cousins, are members of the same clan. If you get together with a big family group every summer, you can say you vacation with your clan. In Scotland, a person's clan has a specific name, like "clan MacLachlan." The word comes from the Gaelic clann, "family" or "offspring," with the Latin root planta, "offshoot."
WORD FAMILY
clan: clannish, clans+/clannish: clannishly, clannishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
These nations are bounded by mountains and forests and buttes, with embracing clans, leaders and spiritualism woven deep.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Droz clan’s New Year’s card is more than a mere family portrait.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
And that was just some of the clan’s style news.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 宗族; 氏族; 庞大的家族; 宗派
分布：氏族(65%)，宗族(30%)，党派(5%)
→来自苏格兰盖尔语clann,家族，种族，来自拉丁语planta,新枝，植物，后代。因盖尔语字母 p 不能用做首字母，因而用字母c 代替。比较pole,collar,cycle,来自kwel,转。
【记】clan不仔细看是dan拼：党－党派
【参】clannish（adj 宗族排外的，团结心很强的）
noun countable + singular or plural verb
■a group of families, especially in Scotland, who originally came from the same family and have the same name （尤指苏格兰的）宗族，氏族，家族
■informal
■a large family, or a group of people who share the same interest 家族，氏族；（享有共同利益的）群体，集团
• Is/Are the whole clan coming to visit you for Christmas? 你那一大帮亲戚圣诞节都要来探望你吗？
[klæn] noun countable + singular or plural verb
a/the gathering of the clans
■when a large group of family or friends meet, especially in order to enjoy themselves 家族聚会；亲朋聚会
n. 宗族；部落；集团
 - nationality, collective, tribe

Word: annoy
Front: annoy
[əˈnɔɪ] (高托雅宝 9844/7731 -K1)
Vocabulary: annoy
(once / 189 pages)
v
The verb annoy means to bother or irritate. Your habit of constantly talking about your cats might annoy your friends more than you realize.
When you annoy someone, you really rub them the wrong way. Often, the things that annoy people the most are those that are repeated again and again, like your habit of snorting every time you laugh or the screeching sound that your dishwasher makes day after day. Although the word annoy comes from the Latin phrase esse in odio, "it is hateful to me," its meaning now is less "hateful" and more "bothersome."
WORD FAMILY
annoy: annoyance, annoyed, annoyer, annoying, annoys+/annoyance: annoyances/ annoyed: annoyedly/annoyer: annoyers/ annoying: annoyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I don’t want to become an annoying vegan,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“And at first it was kind of annoying,” she said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s an offensively annoying mix of saccharine, schmaltz and soap.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 打扰; 干扰; 使烦恼; 使恼怒
vi. 惹恼，令人讨厌，打搅
n. 烦恼（等于annoyance）
时态：annoyed, annoying, annoys
分布：骚扰(65%)，使烦恼(20%)，使恼怒(15%)
→来自拉丁短语in odio, 厌恶。词根od, 难闻，见odor, 气味。字母d, y 音变。
vt.使恼怒,使生气;打扰vi.招人讨厌These files are annoying me.这些文件很烦人.
【源】中古英语anoien；古法语anoier；民间拉丁语inodiar
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone angry 烦扰，打搅，使烦恼
• Tim really annoyed me in the meeting this morning. 在今天上午的会上，蒂姆真是把我气坏了。
• I'm sorry - is my cough annoying you? 对不起，我咳嗽打扰你了吧？
• [+ that] It annoys me that she just expects us to help. 她只是眼巴巴地指望我们去帮她，我真是气得慌。
• It really annoys me when people expect me to tip as well as pay a service charge in a restaurant. 在饭店里，付了服务费后他们还想要小费，这很让我恼火。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
vt. 骚扰；惹恼；打搅
 - harry, ply with
vi. 惹恼；令人讨厌；打搅
 - brown off
n. 烦恼（等于annoyance）
 - worry, trouble

Word: tissue
Front: tissue
[ˈtɪʃu:] (高研四六托雅宝 2688/2784 -3)
Vocabulary: tissue
(once / 499 pages)
1n 2nv
Tissue is part of the body of a living thing that is made of similar cells, like the cardiac tissue of your heart. A tissue is also a soft, thin piece of paper used for wiping noses and tear drops.
The noun tissue comes from the Old French word tissu, meaning “a ribbon, or belt of woven material.” In fact, as a verb, tissue means "weave fabric strands." Today, we think of tissues as the disposable paper for blowing our noses or packing presents. A different kind of tissue is found in the body — the groups of cells that have the same job, like scar tissue that protects a wound as it heals.
WORD FAMILY
tissue: tissued, tissues
USAGE EXAMPLES
When you lose weight, your RMR should fall a small amount, as you are losing some muscle tissue.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
These drugs are trained to target fast-growing cells in the body because cancer cells typically divide much more quickly than healthy tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 薄纸，棉纸; [生]组织; 一套
时态：tissued, tissuing, tissues
分布：纸巾(81%)，薄绢(11%)，织物(8%)
→来自拉丁语 texere,编织，纺织，词源同 texture,textile,-ss,过去分词格。引申词义织物，纺织 品，后用于指纸巾，手巾纸及科技术语细胞组织等。
n.织物,薄绢,纸巾;(动,植物的)组织It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
noun
CELLS 细胞
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other, have the same purpose and form the stated part of the animal or plant 组织
• human tissue 人体组织
• plant tissue 植物组织
• brain/lung/muscle/fat tissue 脑／肺／肌肉／脂肪组织
• His face is covered with scar tissue where he was badly burned. 他脸上严重烧伤的地方满是疤痕。
['tɪʃ.u:] /'tɪs.ju:] noun
PAPER 纸
countable or uncountable
■soft paper which is used for cleaning, especially your nose, and is thrown away after use, or a small rectangular piece of this （尤指擦鼻子用的）纸巾，手巾纸，面纸
• She handed me a tissue just as I sneezed. 我打喷嚏时，她递给我一张面纸。
• I always keep a box of tissues in the car. 我总是在车里放一盒面纸。
• He used a piece of tissue to clean his sunglasses. 他用一张面纸擦太阳镜。
Compare handkerchief
uncountable (also tissue paper)
■thin light paper used especially for wrapping delicate things （尤用于包裹易碎物品的）薄纸
• The shop assistant wrapped the vase carefully in tissue paper. 店员用薄纸将花瓶仔细地包好。
n. 纸巾； [纺] 薄纱；一套
 - set, gauze

Word: nudge
Front: nudge
[nʌdʒ] (宝 7726/9837 -1)
Vocabulary: nudge
(once / 1998 pages)
vn
Sometimes you just need a little nudge or slight push to get your day going. It might be a coffee, or your favorite song, or your mom stripping the covers and standing over your bed. Take your pick.
Some people believe the word nudge comes from the Norwegian dialect nugga meaning "to push, rub." This makes sense, since a nudge is a push of sorts. But it's more of a gentle push. Think of nudging coals around in a fire or a crowd of people nudging to the stage at a concert. When you gently annoy your husband so he'll mow the lawn, you're nudging him along.
WORD FAMILY
nudge: nudged, nudger, nudges, nudging+/nudger: nudgers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The white guy, who happened to be the only white guy at the bar besides the bartender, nudged me.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
While this might nudge you toward a traditional calorie-restrictive diet, more and more people are considering a juice cleanse or other detoxification diet.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This was the final nudge that Lee says he needed.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 用肘轻推; 推动
vt. （用肘）轻推; 推进
时态：nudged, nudging, nudges
分布：轻推(57%)，推进(35%)，轻触(8%)
→词源不详。
【记】读：拿纸，用肘nudge你一下，帮我拿纸。Nudge你一下，让你注意有个nude（n 裸体）
verb
transitive
■to push something or someone gently, especially to push someone with your elbow (= the middle part of your arm where it bends) to attract their attention （尤指用肘部）轻推，轻触
• The children were giggling and nudging each other. 孩子们咯咯地笑着，互相推来推去。
• He nudged the cat off the sofa so that he could sit down. 他把猫轻轻推下沙发，这样自己可以坐下来。
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to move slowly and almost reach a higher point or level 接近（更高点或水准）
• Oil prices continue to nudge higher. 油价持续上涨。
• Peter must be nudging 40 now. 彼得现在肯定将近40岁了。
[nʌdʒ] verb
nudge nudge (wink wink) UK informal
■something you say when you want to suggest that there is a sexual meaning in something that has just been said （用于暗指刚说的话与性有关）
[nʌdʒ] noun countable
■when you nudge someone or something 轻推
• I gave him a nudge to wake him up. 我轻轻推他，叫醒他。
n. 推动；用肘轻推；没完没了抱怨的人
 - motivation, boost
vt. 推进；用肘轻推；向…不停地唠叨
 - propel, push forward
vi. 轻推；推进；唠叨
 - push forward, push on

Word: eve
Vocabulary: eve
(once / 597 pages)
n
An eve is the day — or night — just before some event. You might call the day before your birthday your "birthday eve."
Some holidays are well-known for having the proceeding days distinguished as eves: many of us celebrate New Year's Eve, others gather for meals on Christmas Eve or Passover Eve, and the word "Halloween" comes from "All Hallow's Eve." The word eve is sometimes also a shortened form of evening, the last part of the day: "It stays light so late on a summer's eve."
WORD FAMILY
eve: eves
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then Jeff Carter saved the Kings again, on the eve of his 32nd birthday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Health reform, they’ll claim, was always a failure, and it was already collapsing on the eve of the GOP takeover.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
On the eve of his last day in office, McCrory discussed a wide range of topics, including the law, referred to as House Bill 2.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: likewise
Front: likewise
[ˈlaɪkwaɪz] (研四六托雅 4530/5011 -2)
Vocabulary: likewise
(once / 165 pages)
1adv 2adv
Likewise means "similarly." Your attempt to bypass security with a fake ID was unsuccessful, and your guise as a pizza deliverer was likewise ineffective.
Likewise is an adverb with three different senses. One is "similarly." You were unimpressed with your brother's poetry, and likewise unimpressed with his taste in music. Likewise can also mean "in addition," and "equally." Your new t-shirts sold well at the beach boutique, and likewise they sold well on line. If you want to tell someone you feel the way he does, say, "I feel likewise."
WORD FAMILY
likewise: likewises
USAGE EXAMPLES
Likewise, the roundabout at Range and Griswold roads opened - and worked exactly as intended.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Guardiola, between the new year wishes, admitted he is unsure when City will do likewise.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
When nitrogen compounds run off into rivers, they likewise promote the growth of some organisms more than others.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 同样地; 也，而且
分布：同样地(88%)，此外(12%)
→like,相似，-wise,朝向。
同样地(like相像)[-wise表副词"方向,状态"注:有些单词,wise可以换成ways,意义不变,如:]
ad.同样地,照样地;又,也,而且He is our friend and likewise our leader.他是我们的朋友并且也是我们的领袖.
adverb
■in the same way 同样，照样，也一样
• Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. 这些植物一周浇两次水，睡房里的那些也一样。
• informal "I haven't got time to spend hours preparing one dish!" "Likewise (= It's the same for me)." “我没有功夫花好几个小时去做一个菜！”“我也一样。”
either, likewise, as well, also, too
这组词都有“也”的意思，其区别是：
either: 用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。
likewise: 是书面语用词。
as well: 一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。
also: 比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。
too: 语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。
adv. 同样地；也
 - equally, too, similarly, also, same

Word: injury
Front: injury
[ˈɪndʒəri] (高研四六托雅 1553/1334 -K4)
Vocabulary: injury
(once / 113 pages)
n
Injury is a noun with several similar meanings, all involving physical harm or wrongdoing. If you’re not careful, your reckless bike riding could result in a crash that causes injury.
Injury often refers to physical damage, but it can be used more figuratively to describe something that's unjust or that causes harm that isn't physical. For example, your estranged grandfather might do you the injury of leaving you out of his will. The word injury comes from the Latin in-, meaning “not,” and jus or jur, meaning “right.” So an injury is something that's not right — it's something that has gone wrong that leads to damage.
WORD FAMILY
injury: injuries, injurious +/ injure: injured, injures, injuring, injury / injured: injuredly, uninjured / injurious: injuriously, injuriousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
No one was on board the rocket, and there were no injuries.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say the toddler suffered a brain injury on Sept. 5, 2015, and died the next day.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He re-aggravated the injury during a November loss to Georgia and missed the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伤害，损害; 受伤处; 伤害的行为
分布：伤害(77%)，损害(23%)
→来自injure,伤害。
伤害;不法行为(in不+jury法→不法行为)[jur,juris=swear,law,表示"发誓,法律"]
n.伤害,损害My durable endurance made me endure the injury during insurance.我持久的忍耐力使我忍受了保险期间的伤害.
US [-dʒɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or an attack 伤害，损伤
• a head/back/knee injury 头部／背部／膝盖受伤
• Several train passengers received/sustained serious injuries in the crash. 在这次撞车事故中火车上几名乘客受重伤。
• Injuries to the spine are common amongst these workers. 脊椎受伤在这些工人中是很普遍的。
• They were lucky to escape (without) injury. 他们很幸运，没有受伤。
UK ['ɪn.dʒər.i] US [-dʒɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
do yourself an injury UK informal
■to hurt yourself 使（自己）受伤
• Don't even think about lifting me up, Ted, you might do yourself an injury. 特德，千万别想把我举起来，你会弄伤自己的！
n. [植保] 伤害，损害；受伤处
 - harm, damage

Word: petition
Front: petition
[pəˈtɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 5959/4356 -2)
Vocabulary: petition
(once / 256 pages)
nv
If you're angry about the new rule that you have to wear bright pink shoes to work every day, why not write up a petition, get all your co-workers to sign it, and submit it to your boss.
Petition comes from the Anglo-Norman word peticiun, meaning "demand, request," and when you petition someone, you ask them to consider your request. If you write up a statement, say against the town's approval of a new carnival district, and collect signatures from 100 neighbors to turn in to the city government, that's a petition. If you pray to the carnival gods to reign down ruin on the carnival, that's also a petition — and no signatures needed.
WORD FAMILY
petition: petitionary, petitioned, petitioner, petitioning, petitions+/petitioner: petitioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
A handful of other states’ petitions reached the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hoang, a mother of three who worked at the salon for nearly a decade, organized 30 workers to sign a petition opposing the new classification.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One online petition referred to the refugees as “the same people who hate us.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 请愿书，; 请愿，请求; 上诉状
vi. 祈求，请求; 请愿
vt. （向法庭）申诉
时态：petitioned, petitioning, petitions
分布：请愿(52%)，请愿书(29%)，申请(14%)，祈求(5%)
→来自拉丁语petere,努力，寻求，渴望，祈求，来自pete,展开，追寻，词源同feather,propitiate.引申词义祈求，请愿。
请愿,申请(pet+ition→追寻状态→请愿)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
请愿(pet追求)[-iteon表名词"行为过程,状态"]
n.请愿书,申请书v.(向...)请愿,正式请求The competent petitioner thinks the perpetual impetus is petty.有能力的请愿者认为永久的动力是细小的.
noun countable
■a document signed by a large number of people demanding or requesting some action from the government or another authority 请愿书
• I signed a petition against the proposed closure of the local hospital today. 今天我在反对关闭当地医院的请愿书上签了名。
■legal
■a formal letter to a court of law requesting a particular legal action （向法院递交的）申诉书，诉状
• She's filing a petition for divorce. 她将要递交离婚诉状。
[pə'tɪʃ.ən] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make a formal request for something, especially in a court of law （向法院）递交申诉书，申请
• They're petitioning for/about better facilities for disabled people on public transport. 他们正在请愿，希望当局能在大众交通工具上为残障人士安装更好的设施。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think we should petition the government to increase the grant for the project. 我认为我们应该请求政府增加对该专案计划的拨款。
• legal She is petitioning for a re-trial. 她将上诉要求重审。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
n. 请愿； [法] [专利] 请愿书；祈求；诉状
 - imprecation
vi. 请愿； [专利] 请求
 - demand, apply for
vt. 请愿； [专利] 请求；恳求
 - apply for, pray for

Word: rattle
Front: rattle
[ˈrætl] (六托宝 5452/6515 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）发出格格的响声，（使）作嘎嘎声; 喋喋不休地说话
vi. 迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动，堕下或走动
vt. 使紧张，使恐惧; 给（桅索）扎梯绳
n. 嘎嘎声; 发出嘎嘎声的儿童玩具; 呼噜声; 音响构造
时态：rattled, rattling, rattles
分布：喋喋不休(31%)，使恼火(20%)，嘎嘎声(12%)，使惊惶失措(10%)，嘎嘎作响(7%)，拔浪鼓(5%)，嘎嘎响的东西(5%)，使作响(5%)，急促地谈讲(5%)
→拟声词，-le,表反复。
【记】读：rat偷，老鼠偷东西要把门咬一个洞－使格格作响
【参】rattlesnake（n 响尾蛇）
US ['rætˌ-] noun
only singular
■a sound similar to a series of quickly repeated knocks （连续重复的）嗒嗒声，嘎嘎声；连续短促的碰撞声
• From across the town came the rattle of machine-gun fire. 从城镇的另一边传来机关枪开火的嗒嗒声。
countable
■a toy which makes a noise like a series of knocks （玩具）拨浪鼓
• The baby was waving around a plastic rattle. 婴儿正挥舞着一个塑胶拨浪鼓。
countable
■a wooden device that when turned round and round produces a noise like a series of knocks （转动时发出嗒嗒声的木制）响板
countable
■the part of a rattlesnake's tail that produces a noise （响尾蛇尾部的）角质环
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
WORRY 使担心
transitive
■to worry someone or make someone nervous 烦扰；使慌乱；使紧张
• The creaking upstairs was starting to rattle me. 楼上发出的吱嘎声使我开始紧张不安起来。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
SOUND 声音
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) make a noise like a series of knocks （使）发出连串的敲击声；（使）发出嘎嘎声
• The explosion rattled the cups on the table. 爆炸将桌上的杯子震得叮当作响。
• The dying man's voice rattled in his throat. 那个垂死者的喉咙里发出阵阵急促的声音。
• [+ adv/prep] The car rattled over the cobblestones. 汽车在鹅卵石路上哐啷哐啷颠簸着前进。
• My car engine is making a strange rattling noise. 我的汽车引擎发出一种奇怪的嗒嗒声。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rattle sth off informal
■to say or read aloud very quickly a list of names or things, or something you have learned 快速大声说（或读）出；不假思索地说出；快速背出
• She rattled off the names of the people who were coming to the party. 她一口气说出了要来参加派对者的名字。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rattle on/away informal
■to talk for a long time, especially about things that are not important 喋喋不休地说，没完没了地唠叨（尤指鸡毛蒜皮的事）
• She was on the phone for hours last night, just rattling on to her friends. 昨晚她打电话没完没了地跟她那些朋友们唠叨了好几个小时。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rattle through sth informal
■to do or say something very quickly 迅速完成；匆匆做完（或讲完）
• I'm going to rattle through my work today so that I can go home early. 我今天要尽快做完我的工作好早点回家。
• He rattled through the list of countries he had visited. 他一口气说出了他去过的那些国家的名称。
vt. 使发出咯咯声；喋喋不休；使慌乱，使惊慌
 - harp on, go on about sth
n. 喋喋不休的人；吓吱声，格格声
 - jay, chatterer

Word: manoeuvre
Front: manoeuvre
[məˈnu:və(r)] (研六托 41423/6389 -2)
Back: n. 调遣，换防，对抗演习，操纵; 技术动作; 策略，巧计; 花招，伎俩
vt. 调遣; 操纵，控制; 诱使，策划
时态：manoeuvred, manoeuvring, manoeuvres
分布：操纵(44%)，策略(32%)，调动(21%)，策划(3%)
→来自法语manoeuvre,调遣，操控，来自拉丁语manu operari,用手操作，来自manu,手，词源同manual,operari,操作，词源同operate.原用于军事术语调兵遣将，后词义通用化。
US [-vɚ] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
countable
■a movement or set of movements needing skill and care 精巧动作
• Reversing round a corner is one of the manoeuvres you are required to perform in a driving test. 驾照考试中的一个规定动作是倒车转弯。
UK (ALSO US maneuver) UK [mə'nu:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
MILITARY OPERATION 军事行动
countable usually plural
■a planned and controlled movement or operation by the armed forces for training purposes and in war 军事演习
• military /naval manoeuvres 军事／海军演习
• We saw the army on manoeuvres in the mountains. 我们看到军队在山区演习。
UK (ALSO US maneuver) UK [mə'nu:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
CLEVER ACTION 明智之举
countable
■a cleverly planned action which is intended to get an advantage 策略；花招；妙计
• A series of impressive manoeuvres by the chairman had secured a lucrative contract for the company. 董事长采取了一系列十分巧妙的策略，使公司得到了一份利润丰厚的合同。
UK (ALSO US maneuver) UK [mə'nu:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
room for manoeuvre
■the opportunity to change your plans or choose between different ways of doing something 挽回、调解的余地
• The law in this area is very strict and doesn't allow us much room for manoeuvre. 这个地方的法律非常严格，很难有转圆的余地。
UK (ALSO US maneuver) UK [mə'nu:.vər] US [-vɚ] verb
MOVE 动
intransitive or transitive
■to turn and direct an object 操纵，控制
• Loaded supermarket trolleys are often difficult to manoeuvre. 满载的超市购物车往往很难控制方向。
• This car manoeuvres well at high speed. 这辆汽车高速行驶时操作性能很好。
UK (ALSO US maneuver) UK [mə'nu:.vər] US [-vɚ] verb
MAKE SB DO STH 使（某人）行事
transitive
■to try to make someone act in a particular way 努力使（某人）以特定方式行事
• The other directors are trying to manoeuvre her into resigning. 其他董事在设法逼她辞职。
vi. [军] 调动；演习；用策略
 - set in motion, dry run
vt. 诱使；操纵；耍花招
 - man, guide
n. 策略（等于maneuvre）
 - strategy, device, game plan

Word: junta
Front: junta
[ˈdʒʌntə] (16031/17630 -1)
Vocabulary: junta
(once / 2660 pages)
n
When a government is overthrown, the coalition or group that forms and takes control is called a junta. If the military has seized control, as so often happens, then the group is called a military junta.
Junta is pronounced with an initial h sound, which gives you a clue to its origins. It’s from the Spanish junta, for a military or political group ruling the country after it has been taken over. Spanish got junta from the Latin jungere, to join. Remember, all the players in the junta must join together to overthrow the government.
WORD FAMILY
junta: juntas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those divisions are being held in check by a military junta that seized power in 2014.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
BANGKOK—Thailand is bracing for a wave of hacker attacks Tuesday to protest the ruling junta’s recent moves to more closely police the internet.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Trump’s ‘junta’ is another media furor that isn’t worth worrying about.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 小集团; 政务审议会
分布：团体(58%)，派别(42%)
→来自西班牙语junta,议会，市政委员会，来自拉丁语iuncta,联合，词源同join,juncture.引申词义联合会议，联合政府，特别用于指武力夺取政权的军人集团。
/'hʊn-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a government, especially a military one, that has taken power in a country by force and not by election （以武力夺取政权的）军政府
• The military junta has/have today broadcast an appeal for calm. 军政府今天在广播中呼吁人们保持镇静。
n. 团体，派别
 - organization, community, group, body, wing

Word: houston
Front: houston
['hjuːst(ə)n] (-/10186)
Back: n. 休斯顿
分布：名词(100%)

Word: protectionism
Front: protectionism
[prəˈtekʃənɪzəm] (15973/17058)
Vocabulary: protectionism
(once / 4012 pages)
n
When a government limits its trade with other countries, especially by taxing imported goods, it's called protectionism.
A country's protectionism restrains competition from foreign companies. In other words, it may cost more for a US company to make a t-shirt than a Chinese company, but if the US's protectionism means a high tax on the Chinese t-shirts (making them more expensive to US buyers), they won't threaten the American company's business in the same way. Quotas and regulations are other tools of protectionism. Protectionism comes from the idea that the government is protecting its industries.
WORD FAMILY
protectionism: protectionist+/ overprotect: overprotected, overprotecting, overprotection, overprotects/ protect: overprotect, protected, protecting, protection, protective, protector, protects/protected: unprotected/protecting: protectingly/ protection: protectionism, protections, self-protection/protectionist: protectionists/ protective: overprotective, protectively, protectiveness, unprotective/ protector: protectors, protectorship/unprotected: unprotectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The last time mass protectionism was tried as economic stimulus was the 1930s; the experiment did not end well.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
European citizens began voting in national parliamentary elections for parties that advocated economic protectionism.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 保护主义，贸易保护制度
分布：贸易保护主义(100%)
→来自protection,保护，-ism,主义。
[prə'tek.ʃən.ɪ.zəm] disapproving
noun uncountable
■the actions of a government to help its country's trade or industry by taxing goods bought from other countries 贸易保护主义

Word: denial
Front: denial
[dɪˈnaɪəl] (研六雅 4743/6046 -2)
Vocabulary: denial
(once / 520 pages)
n
A denial is a refusal, and often means a refusal to believe or accept something as the truth. "When asked if he ate the powdered doughnut, he gave a flat denial. Since his face was covered with powdered sugar, the denial was ludicrous."
To be "in denial" is to be fooling yourself about the reality of your situation. If you stay up late watching TV on the eve of your AP Biology final, you are probably in denial about your lack of preparation for the test. Now, "self-denial is a whole other thing; that is when someone puts others first: "During the drought, Mary made sure all her neighbors had enough water and she lived in a state of self-denial — relying on Mountain Dew as her only source of hydration."
WORD FAMILY
denial: denials, self-denial+/ deniable: undeniable /denier: deniers/ deny: deniable, denial, denied, denier, denies, denying, denys/denying: self-denying/ undeniable: undeniablest, undeniably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food should not be about denial, guilt or killing ourselves.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs officials' claims that the rice seized in Lagos last week was "plastic" sparked confusion and official denials.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 否认，否定; 克制; 拒绝，拒绝接受
分布：否认(53%)，拒绝(47%)
n.否认;拒绝;否认某事或某事实的声明Denial is useless.否认是没有用处的.
noun
NOT TRUE 不对
 IMPROVER countable
■a statement that something is not true or does not exist 否认，否定
• The prime minister issued a denial of the report that she is about to resign. 首相发表声明，对她将辞职的报道予以否认。
• [+ that] Officials did not believe the runner's denial that he had taken drugs. 那位赛跑选手声称自己没有服药，但官员们并不相信。
• His denial of responsibility for the accident was unconvincing. 他声称自己毋须为这次事故负上责任，但他的说法并不令人信服。
countable
■a statement that someone has not done something （某人）否认（做过某事）
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
NOT ALLOW 拒绝
uncountable
■when someone is not allowed to do or have something 拒绝；剥夺
• a gross denial of justice 对正义的粗暴践踏
⇒ See also self-denial
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
NOT ACCEPT 不接受
■when someone does not accept that something unpleasant is true （某人）拒绝相信；难以接受
• He's still in denial about the break-up of his relationship. 他仍然无法接受他们分手的事实。
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
AGAINST BELIEFS 反对信念
■when someone acts in a way that goes against their beliefs and what they think is right 违反，背叛（原则，信念）
• If I did what you ask, it would be a denial of everything I stand for (= believe in). 如果我照你说的做了，那就等于背叛了我的信念。
n. 否认；拒绝；节制；背弃
 - contradiction, rejection, repudiation

Word: poetry
Front: poetry
[ˈpəʊətri] (研四六 2959/2772 -K3)
Vocabulary: poetry
(once / 102 pages)
n
Poetry is a form of literature that follows specific forms to create a rhythm and/or rhyme scheme. Without those elements we have the poetic form known as “free verse,” but it retains an elevated language that still makes it poetry.
The noun poetry goes all the way back to the Latin poesis, meaning both "poetry" and "making." It usually refers to the specific genre of poetic works, a wide variety of styles tied together by the structured use of the language, but is also used to describe any especially beautiful language. The French writer Voltaire once said, “Poetry is the music of the soul, and, above all, of great and feeling souls.”
WORD FAMILY
poetry: poetical, poetiser, poetries+/ poet: poetic, poetise, poetize, poets/ poetic: poetically, poetry /poetise: poetised, poetises, poetising/poetize: poetized, poetizer, poetizes, poetizing/poetizer: poetizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s 55 minutes of poetry and prose, at the Public Theater.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Berger was the author of art criticism, novels, poetry, screenplays and many less classifiable books.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And like all good poetry, hangovers resist interpretation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗，诗歌; 诗意，诗情; 作诗; 诗歌艺术
分布：诗歌(79%)，诗意(13%)，诗集(8%)
→poet-,诗人，-ry,集合名词后缀。
诗歌(poet诗人)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.诗歌,诗集Her dancing is pure poetry.她的舞蹈非常富于诗意.
US ['poʊ.ə-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■poems in general as a form of literature （总称）诗，诗歌
• contemporary poetry and prose 当代诗歌散文
• She started writing poetry at a young age. 她年纪很小就开始写诗了。
■a very beautiful or emotional quality 诗意
• This film has a savage poetry and brilliance. 这部电影具有野性的诗意和才情。
verse, poetry, poem
这组词都有“诗”的意思，其区别是：
verse: 多指诗句、诗行或诗节，也可作诗歌、韵文的总称。
poetry: 指诗的总称。
poem: 通常指一首诗或诗体文。
n. 诗；诗意，诗情；诗歌艺术
 - poem, verse

Word: prejudice
Front: prejudice
[ˈpredʒudɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 5235/4112 -2)
Vocabulary: prejudice
(once / 187 pages)
nv
If you have a negative attitude towards someone based on race or ethnicity rather than personal experience, you might be accused of prejudice.
Prejudice is remarkably similar to its Latin root in form and meaning; the Latin praejudicium means "judgment in advance." A racial prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group of people based on race — not on direct knowledge or experience. If you prejudice someone, you cause them to have a negative attitude towards someone else. Lawyers are not allowed to bring certain types of evidence such as rumors into a trial because it might prejudice the jury.
WORD FAMILY
prejudice: prejudiced, prejudices, prejudicial, prejudicing+/ prejudiced: unprejudiced/ prejudicial: prejudicially/unprejudiced: unprejudicedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As they bear witness, the Dukakises face decades of prejudice against a treatment that Dukakis credits with saving her life.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
As they bear witness, the Dukakises face decades of prejudice against a treatment that Mrs. Dukakis credits with saving her life.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By creating interactions that encourage consumers to understand the objects that serve them as women, technologists abet the prejudice by which women are considered objects.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 成见，偏见，歧视; 侵害; 伤害
vt. 使有偏见; 不利于，损害
时态：prejudiced, prejudicing, prejudices
分布：偏见(95%)，伤害(4%)，使 ... 存偏见(1%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-judic,判断，裁决，词源同judge,judiciary.引申词义偏见，偏心。
偏见(pre预先+judice→预先判断→偏见)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
n.偏见,成见;损害,侵害v.使抱偏见,损害The judge has prejudice to the juicy fruit.法官对这种多汁水果怀有偏见.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge 成见，偏见，歧视
• Laws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced. 禁止种族歧视的法律必须严格执行。
• [+ that] The campaign aims to dispel the prejudice that AIDS is confined to the homosexual community. 这项运动旨在消除爱滋病仅限于同性恋群体的偏见。
• He claims that prejudice against homosexuals would cease overnight if all the gay stars in the country were honest about their sexuality. 他主张如果国内所有的同性恋明星都能对自己的性向开诚布公，那么对同性恋者的偏见就会立即消失。
without prejudice to sth formal or legal
■If a decision or action is made without prejudice to a right or claim , it is made without having an effect on that right or claim 对…没有不利，无损于
• My client accepts the formal apology without prejudice to any further legal action she may decide to take. 我的委托人接受了正式道歉，这不会影响她将来可能会采取的法律手段。
['predʒ.ʊ.dɪs] verb transitive
■Someone or something that prejudices you influences you unfairly so that you form an unreasonable opinion about something 使有成见，使有偏见，使产生歧视
• His comments may have prejudiced the voters against her. 他的评论可能已经使选民对她有了偏见。
■formal
■Something or someone that prejudices something else has a harmful influence on it 对…不利，损害
• The fact that you were late all this week may prejudice your chances of getting a promotion. 本周你一直迟到，这可能会影响到你的升迁。
prejudice, bias
这组词都有“偏见，成见”的意思，其区别是：
prejudice: 侧重指在缺乏理由或证据之前就形成怀疑的、有恶感的偏见。
bias: 指因个人的好恶或偏见，对人或物作出的不正确、或好或坏的判断或意见。
n. 偏见；侵害
 - violation, bias
vt. 损害；使有偏见
 - hurt, blast

Word: quest
Front: quest
[kwest] (研六托雅宝 4067/6427 -2)
Vocabulary: quest
(once / 442 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
A quest is all about seeking something important, and it often involves a journey. You would travel the world in a quest for gold. You would not travel to the front of the lunchroom in a quest for tater tots.
Knights in the Middle Ages were forever taking on quests––most famously to find the Holy Grail. In modern times, you can quest without ever leaving home, thanks to the Internet. A scientist might embark on a quest to find the cure for cancer. A detective might quest for the truth.
WORD FAMILY
quest: quested, quester, questing, quests+/quester: questers
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the evidence of the movie, Saroo’s remarkable quest was not.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not somber scientists who drive human ingenuity, nor the warrior class and its quest for a better spear.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This is without seeing the script or anything,” D'Onofrio said of his quest.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 探索; 追求; 远征; 验尸陪审团
vt. 寻找; 探索
vi. 进行探求; （猎犬等）跟踪搜寻
时态：quested, questing, quests
分布：探索(41%)，寻求(29%)，寻找(27%)，搜索(3%)
→来自拉丁语quaere, 疑问， 询问， 查问， 可能来自kwo, 疑问代词词干， 词源同 quality,quantity,who,how.-st,过去分词后缀。
探求,寻找[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
n.探寻,探求;寻求,追求The dogs were questing for rabbits.猎狗正在搜寻兔子.
[kwest] literary
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a long search for something that is difficult to find, or an attempt to achieve something difficult 探索；寻求；追求
• Nothing will stop them in their quest for truth. 没有甚么可以阻止他们对真理的追求。
• She went to India on a spiritual quest. 她为了追求宗教而去印度。
• [+ to infinitive] She does aerobics four times a week in her quest to achieve the perfect body. 为了锻炼完美的身材，她一周做四次有氧健身操。
n. 追求；寻找
 - pursuit, looking for
vi. 追求；寻找
 - pursue / pursuit, go after
vt. 探索
 - explore, search after

Word: franchise
Front: franchise
[ˈfræntʃaɪz] (4357/6188 -2)
Vocabulary: franchise
(once / 448 pages)
nv
A franchise is a right granted by a government or corporation to an individual or group of individuals. One of the most important government-issued rights — so important it's known simply as "the franchise" — is the right to vote.
In its more commercial meaning, the fast-food chain McDonalds is a franchise. So are Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken and the New York Yankees. In other words, businesses from which you can buy a license in order to sell or use their products. More recently, the term has come to have an intellectual meaning as well, as in a particular series of books or films, such as the Harry Potter franchise.
WORD FAMILY
franchise: disfranchise, enfranchise, franchised, franchises, franchising+/ disenfranchise: disenfranchised, disenfranchisement, disenfranchises, disenfranchising/disfranchise: disfranchised, disfranchisement, disfranchises, disfranchising/disfranchisement: disfranchisements/ enfranchise: disenfranchise, enfranchised, enfranchisement, enfranchises, enfranchising/enfranchisement: enfranchisements
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should they use the franchise tag again, paying him $24 million for one year?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Not just to Cousins, but to the franchise?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Brown said the team would prefer not to use franchise tags on either player.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 选举权; 参政权; 特许权; 经销权
vt. 赋予特权; 赋予公民权
时态：franchised, franchising, franchises
分布：特权(44%)，选举权(29%)，特许经销权(14%)，赋予公民权(8%)，赋予特权(5%)
→来自古法语franc, 非奴役的，自由的，来自拉丁语francus, 法兰克人，自由人，词源同Frank. 其原词义即使享有自由权，后引申词义选举权，特许经销权等。
noun
BUSINESS 商业
 ADVANCED countable
■a right to sell a company's products in a particular area using the company's name 特许经销权
• a fast-food franchise 速食特许经销权
• a franchise holder 拥有特许经销权者
['fræn.tʃaɪz] noun
VOTE 选举
the franchise only singular
■the right to vote in an election, especially for representatives in a parliament or similar law-making organization （尤指投票选举议员等立法机构成员的）选举权
• In 1918 the suffragists won the franchise for UK women over the age of 29. 1918年参政权扩大论者为年满29岁的英国妇女赢得了选举权。
['fræn.tʃaɪz] verb transitive
■to give or sell a franchise to someone 向…授予（或出售）特许经销权
n. [贸易] 特权；公民权；经销权；管辖权
 - jurisdiction, special privilege
vt. 给…以特许（或特权）；赋予公民权
 - citizenize

Word: tsunami
Front: tsunami
[tsu:ˈnɑ:mi] (10936/-)
Vocabulary: tsunami
(once / 3744 pages)
n
A tsunami is an enormous sea wave that erupts and reaches land. You should be afraid of them, because a tsunami can destroy a coastal region in minutes.
Japan has had the misfortune of experiencing many tsunamis. They're caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. In Japanese, tsu means "harbor" and nami means "wave." We sometimes use tsunami metaphorically, to describe really destructive events. After your parents came home, they compared the mess from your party to a tsunami.
WORD FAMILY
tsunami: tsunamis
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the March 2011 nuclear crisis at Fukushima, sparked by an earthquake and tsunami, brought the company to its knees.
Reuters(Dec 27, 2016)
But the warning was downgraded to a tsunami watch.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
The 9.15 magnitude Dec. 26 earthquake triggered a tsunami across the Indian Ocean in one of the biggest natural disasters in history.
Reuters(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 海啸
分布：海啸(100%)
→来自日语 tsunami,可能为日式汉语，来自 tsu,津，nami,波。字面意思即吹向港口的大波浪， 即海啸。
noun countable
■an extremely large wave caused by movement of the Earth under the sea, often caused by an earthquake (= when the Earth shakes) 海啸
n. [地震] [海洋] 海啸
 - ground sea, groundswell

Word: substitute
Front: substitute
[ˈsʌbstɪtju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 5613/4548 -K3)
Vocabulary: substitute
(once / 220 pages)
nvadj
Something or someone that takes the place of another is said to be a substitute. You may be sent into a game as a substitute for an injured player, or you might substitute chocolate chips for blueberries in a pancake recipe.
Substitute can be used as an adjective to describe something or someone that takes the place of another. Teenagers are notoriously hard on substitute teachers, sometimes giving them fake names or wrong information about classroom work. Substitute can also be used as a verb. So if you are asked to substitute for a teacher, you probably shouldn't believe everything the students tell you!
WORD FAMILY
substitute: substitutable, substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution +/substitutable: substitutability/ substitution: substitutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
And despite my willingness to experiment with substitutes, there’s nothing like the real thing when the real thing is at its best.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A full-time substitute will replace Weichmann at the high school for second semester.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“The world will be laughing at us. He’s like a substitute president. Trump is the substitute teacher of presidents!”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 代替，替换，代用
n. 代替者; 替补（运动员）; 替代物; [语法学]代用词
vi. 用…替代
时态：substituted, substituting, substitutes
分布：代替(76%)，代用品(14%)，代替者(7%)，代以(2%)，用 ... 代替(1%)
→sub-,在下，向上，-stit,站立，词源同 stand,institute.即站在下面的，随时准备站上去的，引申 词义代替，替代。
替代人员v.代替(sub下面+stitute→在下面放着→代替)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.代替者;替身;代用品v.(for)代替,替换Home-made parts are being substituted for imported ones.国产零件取代进口零件.
US [-tu:t] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to use something or someone instead of another thing or person 用…代替，代之以
• You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. 这道菜中你可以用食用油代替牛油。
• Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match. 下半场比赛戴顿上场取代了威廉斯。
substitute for sth
■to perform the same job as another thing or to take its place 取代，代替
• Gas-fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal-fired equipment. 以煤气为燃料的发电站将会代替效率较低的燃煤装置。
UK ['sʌb.stɪ.tju:t] US [-tu:t] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person 替代品，代替物
• Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes. 素食食谱中豆腐可用以替代肉类。
• Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet. 维他命不应用于替代健康饮食。
 ADVANCED (informal sub)
■in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player （体育比赛中的）替补队员
• Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the match. 约翰逊在比赛接近尾声时作为替补队员上场。
• The manager brought on (US alsosent in)another substitute in the final minutes of the game. 比赛还剩下最后几分钟时，主教练又换上了一位替补队员。
there is no substitute for sth
■nothing is as good as the stated thing …是无可替代的
• You can work from plans of a garden, but there's no substitute for visiting the site yourself. 你可以从花园的设计图入手，但最好还是亲自到实地看一看，仍是有必要的。
(also substitute teacher) (informal sub) US for * supply teacher
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
displace, replace, substitute
这组词都有“替代、取代”的意思，其区别是：
displace: 侧重指用另外的人或物强行取代并非称职的人或无用之物，指人时往往暗含带不满情绪的意味。
replace: 最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。
substitute: 指某人因故不在时，由别人代理其职，有时也可指由一物去代替另一物。
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思，其区别是：
replace: 的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute: 则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
exchange: 指“互相交换”。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
n. 代用品；代替者
 - replacement, proxy
vi. [计] 替代
 - supply, fill in
vt. 代替
 - replace, cover for, take the place of somebody, stand in for sb

Word: locate
Front: locate
[ləʊˈkeɪt] (研四六托 1682/2303 -K2)
Vocabulary: locate
(once / 143 pages)
v
If you wanted to decide where to locate your car wash, you might locate a spot on a map with lots of traffic, a parking lot, and a ready source of water. Locate means to find or place.
If your mother can never locate her keys, it means she loses them all of the time and has to look all around the house before going out. If you move to a new place, usually for a job, you relocate. But if you decide to find a job that is located in your town, you call that staying local, which, like locate, derives from the Latin locus meaning "place."
WORD FAMILY
locate: dislocate, located, locater, locates, locating, location, locator, relocate +/bilocation: bilocations/ dislocate: dislocated, dislocates, dislocating, dislocation/dislocation: dislocations/located: unlocated/locater: locaters/ location: bilocation, locations/locator: locators/ relocate: relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation / relocation: relocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say crews soon after located two woman dead on the riverbank below.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Right now, Charles Town needs to be looking to differentiate itself from the Maryland casinos including MGM National Harbor, located outside of Washington, D.C.,”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The care station is closely located next to two surgical suites, one for scopic procedures, such as colonoscopies, and another for general surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 位于; 说出来源; 查找…的地点; 确定…的位置
vi. 定位; 定居
时态：located, locating, locates
分布：找出(79%)，住下来(11%)，使坐落于(5%)，把 ... 设置在(5%)
→来自locus,地点，-ate,动词后缀。引申词义定位。
坐落,位于(loc+ate)[loc=place,表示"地方"]
v.查出,探出,查找...地点,使...坐落于,位于The educator located the local location allocated to him.教育家定出了分配给他的局部的位置.
US [loʊ-] verb
BE SITUATED 坐落
be located in/near/on/etc. slightly formal
 ADVANCED
■to be in a particular place 位于／在附近／坐落在…等
• Our office is located in the city centre. 我们的办事处位于市中心。
UK [ləʊ'keɪt] US [loʊ-] verb
FIND 发现
 ADVANCED transitive slightly formal
■to find or discover the exact position of something 确定…的位置，发现…的位置
• Police are still trying to locate the suspect. 员警仍在努力寻找嫌疑人。
UK [ləʊ'keɪt] US [loʊ-] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition US
■to move to a place to do business 搬至…办公
• The company hopes to locate in its new offices by June. 该公司希望在六月前搬进新的办公楼。
relocate, locate
relocate: vt 重新安置，改放；
locate: vt 确定……的位置，在，位于（用被动语态）
vt. 位于；查找…的地点
 - lie on, stand on
vi. 定位；定居
 - beach, make one's pitch

Word: populous
Front: populous
[ˈpɒpjələs] (托宝 13571/19124 -1)
Vocabulary: populous
(once / 1297 pages)
adj
A populous place is full of people. If you left your cabin in the Maine woods to spend the weekend in New York City, you'd be particularly aware of how populous the city is.
Anything that's dense with people can be described as populous, like the country of China or the city of Mumbai or even a crowded airport. Populous is a Latin word that means simply "people." It was adopted by English in the 15th century to mean "full of people." The adjective populous is easy to confuse with the noun populace, "the people who live in a country," especially since they are homonyms, or words that sound exactly the same.
WORD FAMILY
populous: populously
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the campaign, Trump referred to Chicago, America’s third most populous city, as an example of rising inner-city crime.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The court was hobbled from the beginning, Nice said, by the world’s most populous states’ refusal to ratify the treaty.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
In Egypt—a populous, young country, with cheap labor and great access to shipping lanes—manufacturing is only sixteen per cent of a weak G.D.P.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 人口众多的; 人口稠密的
分布：人口稠密的(87%)，人口多的(13%)
[popul人民→居民,-ous...的]人口稠密的[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
人口稠密的(popul+ous)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
US ['pɑ:.pjə-] formal
adjective
■A populous country, area or place has a lot of people living in it 人口稠密的
• China is the world's most populous country. 中国是世界上人口最稠密的国家。

Word: conceal
Front: conceal
[kənˈsi:l] (研四六托雅宝 5148/3994 -2)
Vocabulary: conceal
(once / 102 pages)
v
When you conceal something, you are keeping it from being discovered: “To avoid another argument with his cousins, Jonathan worked hard to conceal his disappointment at the outcome of the race.”
The verb conceal can be used to describe the hiding of feelings (as in “to conceal anger”) or facts (as in “to conceal identity”). Conceal also can be used to describe the act of hiding or covering an item to prevent discovery. If you eat the last piece of chocolate cake, for example, you may want to conceal the evidence by removing the icing-stained plate from your room.
WORD FAMILY
conceal: concealed, concealing, concealment, conceals+/ concealed: concealedly, unconcealed/concealing: concealingly, concealings/ concealment: concealments/unconcealed: unconcealedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Pratt also vouched for the concealed carry legislation from Rep. Richard Hudson, the North Carolina Republican who introduced the bill in the House.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People are either concealed in shadow or seen at some distance, as lonely silhouettes in a big, uncaring land.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A bill allowing for the carrying of concealed weapons on school grounds was expected to return.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 隐藏，隐瞒，遮住
时态：concealed, concealing, conceals
分布：隐藏(36%)，隐瞒(34%)，掩盖(30%)
→con-, 强调。-ceal, 隐藏，词源同cell, hole.
隐藏[ceal=hide(藏)]
v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
【反】evince（v 表明）；unearth（v 发现）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent something from being seen or known about; to hide something 隐藏；隐匿；隐瞒；隐蔽
• The listening device was concealed in a pen. 窃听装置藏在笔里。
• I tried to conceal my surprise when she told me her age. 她告诉我她的年龄时，我尽力掩饰自己的惊讶。
• It was said that the police concealed vital evidence. 据说警方隐瞒了关键的证据。
• Is there something you're concealing from me? 你是不是有事瞒着我？
deceive, cheat, hide, conceal
deceive: 不告诉实情
cheat: 不诚实手段获取个人利益；
hide: 不含故意的意思；
conceal: 故意隐藏；
screen, hide, conceal
这组词都有“隐藏，隐蔽”的意思，其区别是：
screen: 指把处于被发现的人或物掩盖起来，使其不被发现。
hide: 普通用词，既可指有意地隐藏，又可指无意或偶然地藏匿。
conceal: 正式用词，多强调有目的、有意识，巧妙地进行隐藏或隐瞒。
vt. 隐藏；隐瞒
 - lock, pocket, to hide

Word: starve
Front: starve
[stɑ:v] (高研四六托雅 7450/7555 -2)
Vocabulary: starve
(once / 206 pages)
v
The verb starve means suffering or death caused by a lack of food, though people also use it as a dramatic way to say they are hungry, as in, "If we don't start cooking dinner now, I think I'll starve."
The word starve has origins in the Old English word steorfan, meaning “to die.” It is true that if you don't eat for a period of time, you could starve, meaning die from hunger. Today, starve is also used to describe less severe limitations on food, such as when you tell your friend, "I have to go to lunch now. I'm starving." This is a way of describing discomfort caused by hunger.
WORD FAMILY
starve: starvation, starved, starves, starving+/starvation: starvations/starved: starveder, starvedly/starving: starvingly, starvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The pre-shelter story of Lizzy — starved, abused, locked outside — raises some of the biggest questions and perhaps answers them, too.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“We never got an official notice, but two people that escaped from there said that he starved to death there,” Raney said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We then jumped at the opportunity as the kids were starving. The mac and cheese was phenomenal,” Rosen reported in an email.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: vi. 挨饿; [非正式用语] 饥饿; 受饿; [古语] 冻死
vt. 使挨饿; 饿死
时态：starved, starving, starves
分布：挨饿(78%)，使饿死(10%)，使挨饿(8%)，受饿(3%)，极度匮乏(1%)
→来自古英语 steorfan,死去，死掉，字面意思为身体变僵硬，来自 Proto-Germanic*sterban,变僵 硬，来自 ster,僵的，硬的，固定的，词源同 startle,sterile.后词义弱化为慢慢饿死，再弱 化为使挨饿，饥饿。
v.(使)饿死,饿得慌,挨饿--"What a marvelous carving!" the starving harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
【反】sate（v 使饱足）；surfeit（v 使饮食过度）
US [stɑ:rv] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become very weak or die because there is not enough food to eat （使）挨饿；（使）饿死
• Whole communities starved to death during the long drought. 在这场漫长的大旱中，整个村落的人都饿死了。
• From talking to former prisoners in the camps, an obvious conclusion is that they have been starved. 透过和从集中营出来的囚犯谈话，一个很明显的感觉就是他们一直在挨饿。
transitive often passive
■If you are starved of something necessary or good, you do not receive enough of it （使）缺乏
• People starved of sleep start to lose their concentration and may hallucinate. 睡眠严重不足的人开始注意力不集中，而且可能会产生幻觉。
vi. 饿死；挨饿；渴望
 - rare, die form hunger
vt. 使饿死；使挨饿
 - famish

Word: genius
Front: genius
[ˈdʒi:niəs] (研四六托雅 4065/5000 -2)
Vocabulary: genius
(once / 105 pages)
n
Genius is an exceptional talent or skill, something above and beyond the norm. A genius is someone who possesses this brilliance, like a child prodigy who learned the piano at age 3 and played sold-out concerts by age 5.
Genius comes from the Latin word of the same name, meaning "guardian deity or spirit which watches over each person from birth" or "innate ability." Your genius — your superior talent — at the game of chess could make you a world champion. Your amazing genius would also make you a genius. The word can be used more lightheartedly to describe a natural ability or flair for something. You may have a genius for putting together stylish outfits.
WORD FAMILY
genius: genii, geniuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The intertwining of madness and genius remains an essential part of his posthumous legend, and Lowell himself saw the two as related.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And that, in many ways, was George Michael’s true genius.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 天才; 天赋; 天才人物; （特别的）才能
分布：天才(85%)，天赋(15%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate.原义为守护精灵，传说中每个人出生时都会有守护精灵相伴而生，并一生陪伴成长，引申义天资。参考电影《黄金罗盘》。
天才(geni+us→生出[就有]→天才)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
n.天才,天赋,天资The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
['dʒi:.ni.əs] (plural geniuses)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■very great and rare natural ability or skill, especially in a particular area such as science or art, or a person who has this （尤指在某科学或艺术领域中的）天赋，天资；天才，天才人物
• (an) artistic/creative/musical genius （一个）艺术／创新／音乐天才
• Einstein was a (mathematical) genius. 爱因斯坦是个（数学）天才。
• From the age of three, she showed signs of genius. 从三岁起，她就表现出了天赋。
• It was such a brilliant idea - a real stroke of genius. 这主意太妙了——真是天才的设想。
evil genius literary
■a person who has a strong bad influence over other people 对别人产生严重坏影响的人
• The film was about an evil genius who wanted to control the world. 那部电影讲的是一个想要控制全世界的恶魔的故事。
have a genius for sth
■to be especially skilled at a particular activity 在…方面有天分
• She has a genius for raising money. 她很善于筹款。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 天才，天赋；精神
 - energy, gift, spirit, soul, mind

Word: bidder
Front: bidder
[ˈbɪdə(r)] (11394/8203)
Back: n. 出价者，投标人; 命令者，嘱咐者; [牌]叫牌人
分布：投标人(87%)，出价人(13%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■someone who offers to pay a particular amount of money for something 出价最高的人
• In an auction, goods or property are sold to the highest bidder (= the person who offers the most money). 在拍卖中，货物或地产会卖给出价最高的人。
n. [金融] 投标人；出价人；命令者
 - tenderer, dictator

Word: insure
Front: insure
[ɪnˈʃʊə(r)] (高研四六雅 6180/5378 -2)
Vocabulary: insure
(once / 152 pages)
v
To insure is to guarantee or protect the monetary value of something with, as you might imagine, insurance.
We insure, or protect, our homes and cars and other valuables against loss or damage from accidents by taking out insurance policies. To insure is to pay an insurance company regularly so that if something goes wrong, they’ll help cover the costs. Although it’s certainly reassuring to have insurance, the word insure always has a financial aspect.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assure / ensure / insure
Although these three often show up at the same party, giving hugs, they're not the same, thank you very much. To assure is to tell someone everything's ok, to ensure is to make certain, and to insure is to protect financially. Have it straight now? Are you sure?
To assure is to remove doubt, or confidently tell someone about something. It's generally followed by an object, so you assure someone. You can also tell someone to rest assured when you know everything's under control:
"Rest assured that Brazil will have a great World Cup in 2014," Rebelo said. (Washington Post)
I assure you I meant no harm. (V for Vendetta)
He considered retirement before doctors assured him he could still fight. (Newsweek)
Ensure, on the other hand, means to make certain a thing will (or won't) happen:
Aides said the leaders conferred by telephone to ensure that their speeches, while different in tone, would not be incompatible. (Reuters)
Roast Brussels sprout mixture on sheet pan for 12 to 15 minutes, shaking pan about halfway through to ensure even cooking. (New York Times)
The "feed kids first" policy is designed to ensure that parents can eat in peace. (New York Times)
Finally, use insure when you need insurance. To insure is to arrange for financial compensation against the loss of something or against someone getting hurt or dying. You might insure your health, your Cadillac, your beachside condo, or your stocks and bonds:
Very well then, listen: You know our house was insured for a good deal of money — fifteen thousand dollars. (Gabrielle Emile)
Euro-area finance chiefs meeting tonight also will discuss using the European Financial Stability Facility to insure bonds of troubled governments. (Business Week)
Remarkably, younger and healthier individuals in other industrialized countries have long accepted the mandate to be insured in return for community-rated premiums and guaranteed issue. (New York Times)
Sometimes people say ensure or insure when they really mean assure, to remove doubt. Bryan Garner points out in Garner's Modern American Usage that the usage has become "ubiquitous." Harrumph! We assure you that there is a difference, and by reading this you've ensured that you know your homonyms, but alas we can't insure you. It's just not that kind of party.
WORD FAMILY
insure: coinsure, insurable, insurance, insured, insurer, insures, insuring, reinsure+/coinsure: coinsurance/insurability: uninsurability/insurable: insurability, uninsurable/ insurance: insurances, self-insurance/ insured: uninsured/insurer: insurers/reinsure: reinsurance, reinsured, reinsures, reinsuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the papers won concessions that insured long-term profitability and eventual control over their own pressroom operations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In Yakima County, most of the newly insured are working-class men, said Russ Myers, CEO of Virginia Mason Memorial Hospital.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
All of the moving companies it works with are licensed and insured, Mr. Pittenger said.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 保证; 确保; 为…保险; 投保
vi. 买卖或卖保险
时态：insured, insuring, insures
分布：确保(57%)，保险(40%)，买保险(3%)
→in-,进入，使，sure,确认，保证。引申词义投保。比较ensure.
保险;保证(in进入+sure→进入肯定→不担心→保险)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
vt.保险,给...保险;保证I insure that you will succeed.我保证你会成功.
US [-'ʃʊr] verb
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to protect yourself against risk by regularly paying a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you are killed or injured or if your home or possessions are damaged, destroyed or stolen （给…上）保险，（为…）投保
• The house is insured for two million pounds. 该房子投保了200万英镑。
• All our household goods are insured against accidental damage. 我们家里所有的物品都保了意外损失险。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I'm not insured to drive his car. 我没有相关的保险，不能开他的车。
transitive
■to provide insurance for someone or something 为（某人或某物）提供保险；承保
• They refused to insure us because they said we're too old. 他们拒绝为我们提供保险，因为他们认为我们年纪太大了。
• Many companies won't insure new or young drivers. 许多公司是不会为新司机或年轻司机提供保险的。
UK [ɪn'ʃɔ:r] US [-'ʃʊr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  insure against sth
■to do something in order to prevent something unpleasant from happening or from affecting you 对…采取预防措施
• We thought we'd insure against rain by putting a tent up where people could take shelter. 我们想为了以防万一要架起一个防雨帐篷，这样大家就可躲雨了。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
vt. 确保，保证；给…保险
 - undertake, assure
vi. 确保；投保
 - to ensure, snake stare

Word: litigation
Front: litigation
[ˌlɪtɪˈgeɪʃn] (宝 5216/6754)
Vocabulary: litigation
(once / 2078 pages)
n
Litigation is what goes on in court; it is the name for the process of suing someone or trying them for a crime. When families fight over their inheritance, the assets they want may end up being tied up for decades in litigation.
If you paid a man to repair your roof and he never finished the job, and he ignores your calls, the best option is to bring litigation against him: take him to court! We can use litigation to talk about one court case, or about cases in general. When the Congress debates health care, they try to find ways to reduce for medical malpractice litigation, which is one of the most expensive aspects of medicine.
WORD FAMILY
litigation: litigations+/ litigious: litigation, litigiously, litigiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brown soon was entangled in litigation accusing him of being a District slumlord.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But the door is still open for litigation, he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As he did in last year’s report, Chief Justice Roberts welcomed recent revisions to the rules governing civil litigation in the federal courts.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <律>打官司; 诉讼
分布：诉讼(94%)，起诉(6%)
US [ˌlɪtˌ-] legal
noun uncountable
■the process of taking a case to a law court so that an official decision can be made 诉讼，起诉
• The company has consistently denied responsibility, but it agreed to the settlement to avoid the expense of lengthy litigation. 公司一直在推卸责任，但同意这一调解方案以避免漫长的诉讼所带来的花费。
n. 诉讼；起诉
 - prosecution, legal proceeding

Word: communicate
Front: communicate
[kəˈmju:nɪkeɪt] (中高研四六托宝 2672/3006 -K3)
Vocabulary: communicate
(once / 72 pages)
v
To communicate is to exchange words, feelings, or information with others. They did communicate through texting and picture sharing, but the hug he gave his mom when he came home from college communicated more love than any instant message.
There are countless ways to communicate! Using an exclamation point in the first sentence is a way to communicate excitement at the many ways to use communicate. A facial expression can communicate joy or anger, and something written can communicate ideas and instructions. Cave men learned to communicate by drawing on cave walls, and people in modern times communicate electronically. Up close or far away, humans and animals — and some would say extraterrestrials, too — are born to communicate.
WORD FAMILY
communicate: communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communicative, communicator, communicatory, intercommunicate+/ communicable: communicably, noncommunicable/ communication: communicational, communications / communicative: communicatively, communicativeness, incommunicative, uncommunicative /communicator: communicators/intercommunicate: intercommunicating, intercommunication/intercommunication: intercommunications/ uncommunicative: uncommunicatively, uncommunicativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was communicating and everything - looked positive before he left the field,” coach Mike McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was communicating and everything — looked positive before he left the field,” coach Mike McCarthy said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 传达，表达; 显示：清晰地揭示; 表明; 传染：扩散
vi. 通讯; 交际; 相连; 相通
时态：communicated, communicating, communicates
→com-, 强调。-mun, 改变，交换，公共，词源同mutable, common.
交流;通知(commune交流+ic+ate→[大家]交谈→交流)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
v.传达,传送;交流;通讯,通话The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
【记】commun＝common（adj 共有的）－大家共有－交流
verb
SHARE INFORMATION 交流资讯
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body or using other signals 交流，沟通（资讯）
• We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world. 我们现在可以与生活在地球另一端的人进行即时交流。
• Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with (= using) his hands. 那种语言他一窍不通，只好用手势来沟通。
• Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? 消息传达给员工了吗？
• As an actor he could communicate a whole range of emotions. 作为一名演员，他能表达各种情感。
intransitive
■to talk about your thoughts and feelings, and help other people to understand them 传达，表达，传递，沟通（思想或感情）
• I find I just can't communicate with her. 我发现我和她就是无法沟通。
[kə'mju:.nɪ.keɪt] verb
DISEASE 疾病
transitive specialized
■to pass a disease from one person or animal to another 传染，传播（疾病）
[kə'mju:.nɪ.keɪt] verb
ROOMS 房间
intransitive formal
■If one room communicates with another, it connects with it through a door （房间）互通，相连
• The bedroom communicates with both toilet and hall. 卧室与厕所和门厅都是相通的。
• communicating rooms 相通的房间
vi. 通讯，传达；相通；感染
 - contract, intercommunicate
vt. 传达；感染；显露
 - affect, catch, contract, convey

Word: despair
Front: despair
[dɪˈspeə(r)] (研四六雅 5427/4747 -2)
Vocabulary: despair
(once / 117 pages)
nv
Despair is the feeling of not having any hope left. If you completely forgot to study for your final exam in math, you might feel despair when your teacher passes out the test.
Despair can also refer to someone or something that causes you to worry or be sad. Unfortunately, some children are the despair of their parents. The verb despair means to lose hope. Despair is from Latin desperare "to be without hope," from the prefix de- "without" plus sperare "to hope," from spes "hope."
WORD FAMILY
despair: despaired, despairing, despairs+/despairing: despairingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I scrolled back through the last 12 months of columns, as journalists do this time of year, and thought I’d found mostly reasons for despair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The election of Mr. Trump left climate activists and environmental groups in despair.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If an hour or more of intense exercise seems daunting — and it does to me — don’t despair.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 绝望; 使人绝望的人（或事物）
vi. 绝望
时态：despaired, despairing, despairs
分布：绝望(84%)，失望(16%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-spair, 希望，词源同speed, prosper. 即没有希望的，绝望。
绝望(de去掉+spair[=sper希望])[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
n.绝望;失望;令人失望的人(事物)v.绝望I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
【记】de去掉，spair＝sper希望
【参】desperado（n 暴徒；早期美国西部的亡命之徒）；desperate（adj 不顾一切的；拚死的；令人绝望的）
US [-'sper] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the feeling that there is no hope and that you can do nothing to improve a difficult or worrying situation 绝望
• a mood/sense of despair 绝望的情绪／感觉
• They're in (the depths of) despair over/about the money they've lost. 他们对找回丢失的钱已经不抱（任何）希望了。
• To her teacher's despair, Nicole never does the work that she's told to do. 妮歌从不做功课，这让她的老师感到非常失望。
• Their fourth year without rain drove many farmers to (= caused them to feel) despair. 第四年仍然没有雨水，让许多农民感到非常绝望。
be the despair of sb
■to cause someone such difficulties that they do not know how to deal with you 成为（某人）的心病，使（某人）头痛
• He's the despair of his parents because he shows no interest in getting a job. 他对找工作没有任何兴趣，让父母感到非常头痛。
UK [dɪ'speər] US [-'sper] verb intransitive
■to feel despair about something or someone 绝望；失去希望
• Don't despair! We'll find a way out! 不要绝望！我们会想到办法的！
• I despair at/over the policies of this government. 我对该政府的政策感到失望。
• They began to despair of ever being rescued. 他们开始对获救失去了希望。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 绝望；令人绝望的人或事
 - hopelessness, acedia
vi. 绝望，丧失信心
 - throw up one's hands, lose heart

Word: cheque
Front: cheque
[tʃek] (高研四六 31750/2753 -K2)
Vocabulary: cheque
(once / 1384 pages)
nv
A cheque is a written order directing a bank to pay out money, and it's exactly the same thing as a check, but with more exciting letters.
The American English word for the slip of paper that authorizes your bank to make a payment is check, which is the adjusted spelling of the British English cheque. That word comes from exchequer which is like a bank, and so a cheque is a note that has the seal of the bank: an official piece of paper. Cheque can be used as a verb meaning "withdraw."
WORD FAMILY
cheque: chequed, cheques
USAGE EXAMPLES
His Wimbledon run ended with a cheque for £30,000.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
"To my nan, the cheque is in the post because you pressed redial so many times."
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
“If someone signs a marketing deal with Fifa they get much more than a cheque; it’s not like endorsing a car.”
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. <英>支票
na. “check”的变体
分布：支票(100%)
→来自check, 棋盘，棋子。因支票格式形如棋盘而得名。
n.(check)支票,空白支票;总收入At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
UK (ALSO US check) [tʃek] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a printed form, used instead of money, to make payments from your bank account 支票
• I wrote him a cheque for £50. 我给他开了一张50英镑的支票。
• I don't have any cash on me, so could I pay with a/ by cheque? 我没带现金，能用支票付款吗？
• Who should I make out this cheque to (= Whose name should I write on it) ? 我应当把这张支票开给谁？
• Please make your cheques payable to The Brighter Toyshop Ltd (= Please write this name on them). 请把支票开给布赖特玩具有限公司。
n. 支票
 - check

Word: inventory
Front: inventory
[ˈɪnvəntri] (研六托雅宝 3967/7219 -2)
Vocabulary: inventory
(once / 1131 pages)
nv
An inventory is an itemized list of everything you have. So you better take inventory of what’s in the fridge before going grocery shopping. Otherwise you'll end up with more jars of mustard that you don't need.
The noun form of inventory developed in the early 15th century from the Middle French inventaire, meaning “detailed list of goods.” It's most commonly used in retail: a shop's inventory is everything that they have in stock, ready to sell. You can also use inventory as a verb when you want to describe the act of listing out the merchandise or supplies you have on hand.
WORD FAMILY
inventory: inventoried, inventories, inventorying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As she unpacked gloves, socks, hats, mugs and ski goggles, Meddles said the inventory is “based on what everyone forgets or loses while they’re here.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Meanwhile, Mr. Putin, with his large nuclear inventory and even larger insecurities, is a problem to be managed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 存货清单; 财产目录，财产目录的编制; 存货总值; 清查
vt. 编制…的目录; 开列…的清单; 盘存; 总结
时态：inventoried, inventorying, inventories
分布：详细目录(100%)
→in-,进入，使，-vent,来，来到，词源同advent,venture.即来到，到达，引申词义找到，发现，后用于指发现的存货，清单等。
清单,财产目录(in进+vent+ory→进来的[全部财产]清单)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
财产清单,概括(in进＋vent走...走进来的东西)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
n.详细目录,存货,财产清册,总量Some stores inventory their stock twice a month.有些商店每月盘货两次.-.
【记】列inventory不需要invention（n 创造发明），要如实记录
US [-tɔ:r.i] noun
countable
■a detailed list of all the things in a place （地方的）物品清单
• A set of twenty-four carved and gilded chairs appear on the inventory of the house for 1736. 这幢房子1736年的物品清单上列有一套雕花镀金椅子，共24把。
uncountable US
■the amount of goods a shop has, or the value of them （商店的）存货；存货价值
• Our inventory of used cars is the best in town. 我们卖的二手车是城里最好的。
uncountable US for * stocktaking
n. [贸易] 存货，存货清单；详细目录； [会计] 财产清册
 - goods in stock, stock-sheet

Word: recipe
Front: recipe
[ˈresəpi] (高研六托雅宝 2509/3661 -2)
Vocabulary: recipe
(once / 859 pages)
n
A recipe is directions for making a dish or dessert, like your mother's award-winning recipe for chocolate chip cookies.
The word recipe is most often used when talking about cooking. It includes two things: a list of ingredients that you'll need and the steps to take in order to make it. You can find recipes in cookbooks, on Web sites, in newspapers and magazines — or handed down in your family. Other than cooking, a recipe can also be a formula: the recipe for success is hard work, good timing and a little luck.
WORD FAMILY
recipe: recipes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are 33 separate recipes, preserved on three different cuneiform tablets,” said Tate Paulette, a postdoctoral fellow at Brown University who studies Mesopotamian cuisine.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Recipes were judged on flavor, creativity and originality, accuracy and methodology.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I created many of the recipes on the menu, and they are heavy on yogurt, chilies and saffron.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 食谱; 处方; 秘诀
分布：食谱(80%)，秘诀(16%)，药方(4%)
→re-,向后，往回，-cip,抓住，词源同 receive,participate.引申词义食谱，秘诀。
n.烹饪法,食谱;诀窍,方法I use the ripe recipe to wipe the pipeline.我用成熟的配方来擦拭管道.
【记】re反复，cip掉，e饿：反复掉入饿的状态，因为总是看食谱！
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of what food is needed for this 食谱；烹饪法
• For real South Asian food, just follow these recipes. 要做地道的印度饭菜，只需遵照这些食谱即可。
• Do you know a good recipe for wholemeal bread? 你知不知道怎样做很棒的全麦面包？
['res.ɪ.pi] noun countable
be a recipe for disaster/trouble/success, etc.
■to be very likely to become a disaster/success, etc 是灾难的祸因／麻烦的源头／成功的诀窍等
• All those children unsupervised sounds to me like a recipe for disaster. 那些孩子全都没人看管，在我听来这会出大乱子。
n. 食谱； [临床] 处方；秘诀
 - secret, tips

Word: stern
Front: stern
[stɜ:n] (研四六托雅宝 10140/9588 -2)
Vocabulary: stern
(once / 158 pages)
1adj 2n
You know when you've done something really wrong, and the person who gets you in trouble has that unforgiving look on his face? The best word for that look is stern, meaning "strict" or "severe."
Stern, strict, severe, harsh, unforgiving — they all more or less mean the same thing, which is very tough and exacting, with a little helping of seriousness thrown in for good measure. What does this have to do with the stern of a boat, also known as the rear area? Um, nothing? But it's good to know about that meaning too, since it could come in handy some day when you're giving directions on a ship.
WORD FAMILY
stern: sterner, sternest, sternly, sternness, sterns+/sternness: sternnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The many jurisdictions, combined with a lack of legal precedent, present a stern challenge to athletes who want the prize money they are owed.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The coaches were stern, urging the players not to back down and to hit anyone who hit them.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Two security guards at the door were controlling entry via stern mien and green button.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 严厉的，严峻的; 坚定的，不动摇的; 严肃的
n. 船尾，艉; 末端; 斯坦恩，英语男子名
分布：船尾(41%)，严厉的(28%)，严峻的(13%)，尾部(12%)，苛刻的(4%)，坚决的(2%)
→来自古英语 styrne,严厉的，严苛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*sternijaz,硬的，强硬的，来自 ster, 固定的，坚固的，僵硬的，词源同 sterile,stark.stern 船尾
a.严厉的;坚决的,坚定的n.船尾,舟尾Our team made a stern resolve to win.我们队下定决心取胜.
【记】船尾是整个船最重要的部分，制作时要求特别严格。
【反】bow（n 弓；船头）
US [stɝ:n] adjective
■severe, or showing disapproval 严厉的，苛刻的
• a stern look/warning/voice 严厉的目光／警告／语气
• She is her own sternest critic. 她对自己非常苛刻。
• Journalists received a stern warning not to go anywhere near the battleship. 记者受到严厉警告，不得靠近军舰。
■If something, such as a job, is stern, it is difficult （工作等）严峻的，棘手的
• The President is facing the sternest test of his authority since he came to power five years ago. 总统的威严正面临着上任五年以来最严峻的考验。
UK [stɜ:n] US [stɝ:n] adjective
made of sterner stuff
■If someone is described as being made of sterner stuff, they are very strong and determined 坚强的，坚毅的
• I was ready to give up the fight, but Nicky was made of sterner stuff and wanted us to carry on. 我准备放弃争取了，但是尼基非常坚定，要我们坚持下去。
UK [stɜ:n] US [stɝ:n] noun countable
■the back part of a ship or boat 船尾；艉 Compare bow
n. [船] 船尾；末端
 - terminal, bottom, extreme
adj. 严厉的；坚定的
 - severe, committed, firm, confirmed, tight

Word: eta

Word: remittance
Front: remittance
[rɪˈmɪtns] (雅宝 16559/17349 -1)
Vocabulary: remittance
(once / 3354 pages)
n
A remittance is a payment that gets sent somewhere else. If you get a bill in the mail, you will usually have at least a week to send your remittance.
To "remit" is to send money or make a payment and what you send is called remittance. Buying anything from a website involves a remittance — usually from a grownup's credit card, just as keeping your cell phone going requires a regular remittance to cover minutes and messages. If you go on a trip and run out of money, you might need an emergency remittance for a plane or train ticket to get home.
WORD FAMILY
remittance: remittances+/ remission: remissions/ remit: remission, remitment, remits, remittance, remitted, remittent, remitting/remitting: unremitting / unremitting: unremittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the possibility is affecting migrants' remittance decisions.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
If remittances are seized, he forecasts a $25bn loss for Mexico, concentrated in poor areas.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 汇款; 汇款额; 支付（金额）; [法]（案件的）发回，移转
分布：汇款(100%)
【记】re反复，mit送，tance－反复送出的money－汇款
US [-'mɪtˌ-] formal
noun
countable
■a sum of money which you send to someone 汇款；汇款额
• She sends a small remittance home to her parents each month. 她每月寄回家一小笔钱给她父母。
uncountable
■when you send payment to someone 汇付；汇款
• remittance advice/information 汇款通知／消息

Word: removal
Front: removal
[rɪˈmu:vl] (研四六雅 4711/3305 -K2)
Vocabulary: removal
(once / 447 pages)
n
The word removal is the noun version of the verb to remove. When you "re-move" a sofa, you move it again by getting rid of it. You've seen to its removal.
Carpet removal is the specialty of companies that come and take your old rugs away. When someone is asked to step down from a job or position, it's referred to as their removal. And why not? Why is a city council member's removal from office any different from a drunken idiot's removal from a nightclub? Congratulations! You've overseen the removal of the hated chairman of the board. Now we can install a new, truly lovable one in his place.
WORD FAMILY
removal: removals+/irremovable: irremovably/ removable: irremovable/ remove: remotion, removable, removal, removed, remover, removes, removing/remover: removers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The president of the FBI Agents Association asked for its removal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Administration officials said Friday that the latest “removal” figures reflect a concerted policy shift to target convicted criminals over others.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 免职; 除去; 移走; 搬迁
分布：除去(43%)，搬迁(23%)，移动(21%)，开除(13%)
n.移动,迁居;除去That company does removals.那家公司承办搬运业务.
noun uncountable
TAKING AWAY 去除
 ADVANCED
■when you take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something 移开；拿开；去掉；除去；调动
• stain removal 去污
• furniture removal 搬运家俱
removals [plural]
■the business of transporting furniture and other possessions when people move to a new home 搬家；搬迁；迁移
• Does your firm do removals? 你们公司承接搬家业务吗？
[rɪ'mu:.vəl] noun uncountable
ENDING JOB 开除 formal
■when someone is forced to leave an important position or job 免职；开除；解职
• There have been calls for the president's removal. 一直有要求总统下台的呼声。
n. 免职；移动；排除；搬迁
 - move, shift, migration, motion

Word: stroke
Front: stroke
[strəʊk] (研四六托雅宝 3108/3619 -K3)
Vocabulary: stroke
(once / 154 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6n
It's a stroke of luck, or chance event, to find a terrific parking space on a rainy day, but no one feels lucky when their grandfather has a stroke, a sudden debilitating loss of oxygen to the brain.
Stroke is a high value word — many meanings, yet rarely misunderstood in context. You can swim a certain stroke (or just doggie paddle), you can stroke a cat's fur, you can figuratively stroke your boss's ego by flattering him, or you can have a stroke of brilliance and solve world hunger. Hopefully you won't suffer a stroke and need hospitalization. Its origin as a medical term goes back to the 1500s when it was shortened from "the Stroke of God's Hand."
WORD FAMILY
stroke: stroked, strokes, stroking+/stroking: strokings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi's mother, who was also home at the time, reportedly suffered a stroke and later died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一击; 击球; 划水动作; 中风
vt. 划掉; 轻抚; 轻触; 敲击
vi. 击球; 作尾桨手，指挥划桨
时态：stroked, stroking, strokes
分布：中风(90%)，轻抚(6%)，击打(2%)，意外的运气(1%)，奉承(1%)
→来自 strike 对词形式，引申词义击球，击打，笔画等。
n.击;报时的钟声;一击/划/笔;中风v.抚摸The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
【记】源于：strike（v 打击；军事进攻；铸造；敲钟；罢工）
US [stroʊk] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable
■a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body 中风
• She suffered/had a stroke which left her unable to speak. 她中风了，不能开口说话。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
MARK 符号
countable
■(a line or mark made by) a movement of a pen or pencil when writing or a brush when painting （书写或绘画的）一笔，一画；笔画
• a brush stroke 毛笔的笔触
• With a few bold strokes, she signed her name. 她粗粗几笔签下名字。
countable UK
■used in spoken English to mean an oblique or slash in punctuation （用于口语中）斜杠，斜线
• Please complete form D7/8 (= 'D seven stroke eight'). 请填写表格D7/8。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
HIT 击
countable
■an act of hitting a ball when playing a sport 击球
• She returned the volley with a powerful stroke to win the game. 她奋力将凌空球击回，赢得比赛的胜利。
countable slightly old-fashioned
■an act of hitting someone with a weapon （使用武器的）击，打
• The punishment was twenty strokes of the lash. 惩罚是抽20下鞭子。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
SWIMMING 游泳动作
countable
■(a particular movement which is usually repeated in) a method of swimming 泳姿；（游泳的）划水动作
• What's your best stroke when you're swimming? 你最擅长哪种泳姿？
⇒ See also backstroke;breaststroke;sidestroke
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
EVENT 事件
a stroke of luck/genius, etc.
■when something happens or succeeds suddenly by luck, intelligence, etc 幸运／高明的举动等
• By a stroke of luck, someone else was walking along the path and heard my shouts for help. 幸运的是，刚好有人从小径经过，听到我的呼救。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
WORK 工作
only singular informal
■a small amount of work 一点工作
• She's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke (of work) all morning. 她整个上午都在闲聊，半点工作都没做。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
ACTION 行动
countable
■a quick forceful action 断然之举
• Ending negotiations was seen as a bold stroke by many commentators. 终止谈判被很多评论者视为大胆妄然之举。
• By computerizing we could, at a (single)/in one stroke, improve efficiency and reduce costs. 电脑化能使我们一下子既提高效率，又降低成本。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
CLOCK SOUND 钟表声
countable
■one of the sounds which some clocks make at particular times, especially by ringing a bell once for each number of the hour 钟声，钟鸣；（尤指）整点报时声
• How many strokes did you count? 你听见钟敲了几下？
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
TOUCH 触摸
countable
■an act of moving your hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Don't be frightened, just give the horse a stroke. 别怕，你去摸一摸那匹马。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at the stroke of a pen
■describes something that is done quickly and easily by someone, as if they were writing their name on a piece of paper 轻而易举（描述某人做某事快速而容易，好像在一张纸上签名一样）
• Politicians know they cannot create a lawful society simply at the stroke of a pen. 政治家们都知道，他们无法轻而易举地创建一个法制社会。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at/on the stroke of sth
■exactly at a particular time 刚好在…时，正当…的时候
• Fireworks started at the stroke of ten. 烟火在十点正开始燃放。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
TOUCH 触摸
 ADVANCED
■to move a hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Stroke the dog if you like, it won't bite. 想摸这条狗就摸，它不会咬人。
• She lovingly stroked Chris's face with the tips of her fingers. 她深情地用指尖抚摸着克里斯的脸庞。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
HIT 击
■to hit a ball 击球
• The batsman stroked the ball effortlessly to the boundary. 打击手毫不费力地将球击到边线上。
n. 中风；冲程；笔画；打击；尝试；轻抚
 - blow, shock, experiment, go, strike
vt. 抚摸；敲击；划尾桨；划掉
 - dong, daut
vi. 击球；作尾桨手；敲击键盘
 - hit the ball

Word: autonomous
Front: autonomous
[ɔ:ˈtɒnəməs] (高托宝 7499/5495 -2)
Vocabulary: autonomous
(once / 3857 pages)
adj
Autonomous describes things that function separately or independently. Once you move out of your parents' house and get your own job, you will be an autonomous member of the family.
This adjective autonomous is often used of countries, regions, or groups that have the right to govern themselves: Vatican City, where the Catholic pope lives, is an autonomous territory located within the city limits of Rome. The corresponding noun is autonomy, referring to the state of existing or functioning independently. Autonomous is from Greek autonomos "independent," from autos "self" plus nomos "law."
WORD FAMILY
autonomous: autonomously, nonautonomous+/ autonomy: autonomies, autonomous
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seriously injured civilians were sent to Irbil, capital of the autonomous Kurdish region east of Mosul.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But it’s useful to remember that, while autonomous vehicles are on the near horizon, they are not quite at the door.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Shares rose further in September when Nvidia said it will work with Baidu, a Chinese e-commerce company, to develop an autonomous driving system.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 自治的; 有自主权的; [生，植]自发的
分布：自治的(100%)
US [ɑ:'tɑ:.nə-] adjective
■independent and having the power to make your own decisions 自治的，有自治权的；自主的，有自主权的
• an autonomous region/province/republic/council 自治地区／省／共和国／委员会
adj. [生物] [植] 自治的；自主的；自发的
 - initiative, spontaneous

Word: argentine

Word: wrongdoing
Front: wrongdoing
[ˈrɒŋdu:ɪŋ] (8769/20158 -1)
Back: n. 坏事，不道德的行为; 犯罪
分布：不法行为(47%)，不道德行为(28%)，坏事(25%)
US ['rɑ:ŋ-] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■when you behave badly or illegally 做坏事；违法犯罪
• She has strenuously denied any criminal wrongdoing. 她坚决否认有任何违法行为。
n. 坏事；不道德的行为
 - bad, rascality

Word: emotional
Front: emotional
[ɪˈməʊʃənl] (四六托 1617/2389 -K3)
Vocabulary: emotional
(once / 357 pages)
adj
If it has anything to do with feelings like happiness or anger, then consider it emotional. A co-worker who cries at the drop of a hat is overly emotional.
If someone says "Stop being so emotional!" they're telling you to calm down because your feelings are out of control. When you're emotional, you're feeling lots of feelings, or emotions: happy, sad, afraid, lonely, mad. An emotional speech makes you stand up and cheer. An emotional movie tugs on your heartstrings. The opposite of emotional is logical: logical things have more to do with your head, while emotional things are all about your heart.
WORD FAMILY
emotional: emotionalism, emotionality, emotionally, overemotional, unemotional+/ emote: emoted, emotes, emoting, emotion, emotive / emotion: emotional, emotionless, emotions/emotionalism: emotionalisms/emotionality: unemotionality/emotionless: emotionlessly, emotionlessness/unemotional: unemotionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
See a doctor if your symptoms don’t resolve or if they cause discomfort or emotional distress.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Louisville captures N.C.A.A. men’s basketball championship, placed on probation in emotional ceremony while cutting down net.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or to consider the emotional impact of the children seeing their father demean their mother in such a way.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 表现强烈情感的; 令人动情的; 易动感情的; 感情脆弱的
分布：感情的(50%)，情绪的(50%)
US [-'moʊ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the emotions 情绪（上）的，情感（上）的
• a child's emotional development 孩子情感方面的发展
• My doctor said the problem was more emotional than physical. 我的医生说问题主要出在情感方面而不是身体机能上。
• Amnesia can be caused by emotional trauma. 情感创伤可以使人罹患健忘症。
 ESSENTIAL
■having and expressing strong feelings 激动的；感情强烈的
• He's a very emotional man. 他是个感情易冲动的人。
• I felt quite emotional during the wedding ceremony. 在婚礼上我无比激动。
• He became very emotional when I told him I was pregnant. 当我告诉他我怀孕了的时候，他非常激动。
• The President has made an emotional (= full of emotion) plea for the killing to stop. 总统恳切地呼吁停止屠杀。
adj. 情绪的；易激动的；感动人的
 - excitable, nervy

Word: tame
Front: tame
[teɪm] (研四六托雅宝 10816/11503 -1)
Vocabulary: tame
(once / 370 pages)
adjv
If something is tame, it cannot surprise or injure you. It’s predictable. Tame can be used as an adjective or verb. A circus lion is tame (adjective) because it’s been tamed (verb). A “lion-tamer” beat the wildness out of it.
Sometimes tame isn’t fun — and not just for the bears who ride bicycles under the Big Top. Tame isn’t appealing when you’re going on a rollercoaster or seeing a fireworks display. If a friend tells you a concert is tame, will you rush out for tickets? Tame, however, is not all bad. Some people take anger management courses to learn to “tame their tempers.” Others work to “tame their tongues” after hurting another person with a careless comment.
WORD FAMILY
tame: tamable, tameable, tamed, tamely, tameness, tamer, tames, tamest, taming+/tamed: untamed/tamer: tamers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to tame inflammation, is an option, too.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Although set in Australia with vivid wilderness descriptions, his theme that you “attempt to tame nature at your peril” is universal.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Cue Card tamed him with ease and was 15 lengths clear at the line.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 驯服的; 平淡的; 无精打采的
v. 驯服; 抑制
时态：tamed, taming, tames
分布：驯服的(40%)，驯养(25%)，乏味的(13%)，使驯服(8%)，压制(6%)，变得驯服(6%)，柔顺的(2%)
→来自古英语 tam,驯服的，畜养的，来自 Proto-Germanic*tamaz,驯服，畜养，来自 deme, 驯服，畜养，来自 dem,家，家园，词源同 domicile,domesticate,adamant.
a.驯服的,温顺的;沉闷的,乏味的vt.驯服The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
【反】racy（adj 保持原味的；活泼的）
adjective
NOT WILD 温顺的
 ADVANCED
■(especially of animals) not wild or dangerous, either naturally or because of training or long involvement with humans （尤指动物）温顺的，驯化的
• After a few months' contact the monkeys become very tame. 经过几个月的接触，那些猴子变得非常温顺了。
[teɪm] adjective
NOT EXCITING 不令人兴奋的 disapproving
■not interesting or exciting 平淡的，乏味的
• It was a tame film in comparison to some that she's made. 较她之前拍摄的其他一些影片，这一部显得平淡乏味。
[teɪm] verb transitive
■to make a wild animal tame 驯化，驯服（动物）
■to control something dangerous or powerful 控制，制服；驾驭
• He'll need to tame his temper if he wants to succeed. 如果他想取得成功，就得改改自己的脾气。
adj. 驯服的；平淡的；乏味的；顺从的
 - stupid, docile
vt. 驯养；使变得平淡；制服
 - domesticate, bring under

Word: contender
Front: contender
[kənˈtendə(r)] (托 6684/7968 -2)
Vocabulary: contender
(once / 1861 pages)
n
Baseball players, boxers, politicians: each is a contender in that they compete or campaign to win something.
Contender has a slightly different meaning than competitor, often implying a more vigorous, even scrappier, sense of taking on every unexpected challenge. The most famous use of contender is Marlon Brando's quote in the film On The Waterfront. Brando plays a once promising boxer whose career has been ruined by a fixed fight. "I coulda been a contender!" Brando cried, implying he could have been the boxer whom everyone wanted to defeat.
WORD FAMILY
contender: contenders+/ contend: contended, contender, contending, contends, contention / contention: contentions, contentious / contentious: contentiously, contentiousness, noncontentious
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the first 30 minutes of the first round, Tech looked like a Big 12 contender.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But eventually we eliminated the contenders whom we considered to be unqualified or disagreeable, whittling our choices down until only two major candidates were left.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It would soon become apparent that he was, and as the campaign unfolded, Priebus began talking to Trump far more frequently than the other contenders.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （冠军）争夺者，竞争者; 打孔装置; 钻机
分布：竞争者(100%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone who competes with other people to try to win something 竞争者；争夺者
• Now aged 42, he is no longer considered a serious contender for the title. 他今年42岁，人们已不再认为他是夺冠的热门人物了。
n. 竞争者；争夺者
 - competitor, rival

Word: ken
Front: ken
[ken] (托宝 -/2727)
Vocabulary: ken
(once / 436 pages)
n
The noun ken means "range of vision or comprehension." If quantum mechanics is beyond your ken, you don't understand it, or it is beyond your scope of knowledge.
Ken is rarely used today outside of the phrase, "beyond one's ken." It goes all the way back, however, to Proto Indo-European, the reconstructed ancestor of most European, Near Eastern, and South Asian languages. Coming from the root *gno- "to know," ken has many relatives in modern English such as incognito, cunning, and know itself.
WORD FAMILY
ken: kenned, kens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Swansea Mayor Ken Mueller says his family raised chickens when he was a child.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Which led Ken Charney to ask me if the Columbia Heights eatery, awarded 3½ stars in my fall dining guide, is suitable for a vegetarian.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Aides to Republican Texas attorney general Ken Paxton did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 视野; 知识范围; 理解范围; 人的理解能力之外
vt. <苏格兰>知道; 懂得; <古>看到; <方>认出
vi. <苏格兰>知道，懂得
分布：视野(31%)，知识范围(25%)，知道(22%)，了解(12%)，眼界(10%)
→来自古英语cennan,使知道，词源同can,know.引申词义视野，知识范围。
【记】读：看
noun old-fashioned
beyond your ken
■not in your area of knowledge 在（某人的）知识范围之外
• Financial matters are beyond my ken, I'm afraid. 金融方面的事，我恐怕不懂。
[ken] verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous] (-nn-) Scottish to know someone or something 认识；知道

Word: endorsement
Front: endorsement
[ɪnˈdɔ:smənt] (5296/8096)
Vocabulary: endorsement
(once / 1883 pages)
1n 2n
An endorsement is a form of public support or approval. Endorsements are given to politicians and products.
If you give something an endorsement, you're basically saying "I approve of this person or product." Celebrities give politicians an endorsement if they think you should vote for them. When celebrities do commercials for products, those are also endorsements. If someone puts their fame or name behind something, they're endorsing it and giving their approval. That goes for checks, too: when you sign one you've just written, you've endorsed it.
WORD FAMILY
endorsement: endorsements+/ endorse: endorsed, endorsement, endorser, endorses, endorsing/endorser: endorsers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final text dropped an endorsement of the Syria cease-fire agreement brokered by Moscow and Ankara.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
But the fact that they describe a teetering world of rigid class boundaries and vanishing deference is often mistaken for a tacit endorsement.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He dismisses Rasputin’s crude endorsement of vigilantism against Jews — so they “won’t even dream about asking for equality” — as an isolated utterance.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 背书; 担保; 认可
分布：支持(46%)，认可(33%)，背书(21%)
US [-'dɔ:r-] noun
APPROVAL 认可
countable or uncountable
■when you make a statement of your approval or support for something or someone 支持，认可
• The campaign hasn't received any political endorsements. 此活动未得到任何政治支援。
• He hoped to secure quick endorsement of the plan from the President. 他希望从总统那里快速获取这项计划的批准。
countable or uncountable
■when a famous person appears in an advertisement saying that they use and like a product 名人为某一商品做广告（代言）
• products which carry an endorsement from a famous person 名人代言做广告的商品
UK [ɪn'dɔ:.smənt] US [-'dɔ:r-] noun
DRIVING LICENCE 驾驶执照
countable UK
■a mark on a driving licence that shows the driver is guilty of driving in an illegal way 违规驾驶纪录
• He's got a couple of endorsements on his licence already. 他的驾照上已经有好几次违规记录了。
n. 认可，支持； [金融] 背书；签注（文件）
 - approval, holding, support, authorization, adhesion

Word: dissolve
Front: dissolve
[dɪˈzɒlv] (研四六托雅宝 4295/4108 -K2)
Vocabulary: dissolve
(once / 243 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v 5v
To dissolve something is to break it up or weaken it, making it no longer recognizable. You could dissolve your book club or you could even dissolve a pill by dropping it into a glass of water.
You can use the verb dissolve to describe things that are coming apart or diminishing. Dissolve goes back to the Latin root dissolvere, meaning "to loosen," and it came into English in the 14th century. Physical objects dissolve, as when bubbles dissolve in the tub or a cube of sugar will dissolve in hot tea, and intangible, or non-physical, things can fade away too: "Their friendship started to dissolve when he moved across country and they communicated less frequently."
WORD FAMILY
dissolve: dissolution, dissolvable, dissolved, dissolvent, dissolver, dissolves, dissolving+/ dissolution: dissolutions/dissolved: undissolved/dissolvent: dissolvents/dissolver: dissolvers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
There were rumours that the Empress Alexandra and Protopopov were planning to dissolve parliament - the Duma - introduce a state of emergency and sue for peace.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
And a groove that dissolves and hardens again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使溶解; 使（固态物）溶解为液体，使液化; 使消失，使消逝，消除; 使终止
vi. 溶解; 融化，液化; 解散，散去; 分裂，分解
时态：dissolved, dissolving, dissolves
分布：溶解(61%)，解散(20%)，消散(6%)，消除(4%)，使溶解(4%)，液化(2%)，叠化画面(2%)，变得模糊(1%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-solv, 松开，词源同solve. 即松散开，引申词义液体溶解。
溶解;分解(dis分开+solve→松开分散→溶解)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
v.(使)溶解,(使)融化;解散,取消Salt dissolves in water.盐溶解于水.
【记】dis分开，solve＝release释放，免除－释放开－溶解
【参】dissolution（n 分解；解散）
【反】consolidate（v 巩固）；coagulant（n 凝结剂；凝血剂）
US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
BE ABSORBED 被吸收
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■(of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid （使）溶解
• Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water. 将两勺粉末溶解在温水中。
• Nitric acid will dissolve most animal tissue. 硝酸能溶解大部分动物组织。
UK [dɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
END 终止
transitive often passive
■to end an official organization or a legal arrangement 解散；解除；终止
• Parliament has been dissolved. 议会已被解散。
• Their marriage was dissolved in 1968. 他们的婚姻于1968年走到了尽头。
intransitive
■to disappear 消失
• The tension in the office just dissolves when she walks out. 她出去之后，办公室里的紧张气氛顿时烟消云散。
UK [dɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
dissolve into tears/laughter
■to suddenly start to cry or laugh 情不自禁地哭／笑了起来
• When she saw his photograph, she dissolved into tears. 看见他的照片，她情不自禁地哭了起来。
diffuse, dilute, disperse, dissolve
diffuse: 使扩散（气体或热量等的扩散或弥漫）
dilute: 稀释，减少事物的强度，浓度，纯度
disperse: 扩散，消散
dissolve: 溶解，固体溶解于水中
fuse, dissolve, melt
这组词都有“融化，溶解”的意思，其区别是：
fuse: 可与melt换用，但侧重指在高温下使两种或两种以上金属的熔合，也可作引申用。
dissolve: 多指固体溶于溶剂的过程。
melt: 最常用词，指任何固体的熔化过程，常引申作“消散、淡化或消失”解。
vt. 使溶解；使分解；使液化
 - hemolyze, haemolyze
vi. 溶解；解散；消失
 - melt, disappear

Word: ghost
Front: ghost
[gəʊst] (研四 3266/3541 -2)
Vocabulary: ghost
(once / 133 pages)
1nv 2nv
A ghost is the spirit of a person who's died. In most stories and myths, ghosts are pale, translucent, and wispy.
Throughout history, the idea that a person's soul or spirit can remain visible after her death has been common. Some of us long to see the ghost of a loved relative, while others are terrified of the very idea. From this main idea, the word ghost has also come to mean the hint or shade of something: "The ghost of a smile remained on her lips." The Old English root is gast, "spirit," and also "breath."
WORD FAMILY
ghost: ghosted, ghosting, ghostlike, ghostly, ghosts+/ ghostly: ghostlier, ghostliest, ghostlily, ghostliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For many Taiwanese, the Republic of China, Taiwan’s official name, is a figleaf for independence; Sun is an old ineffectual ghost.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
As 2017 dawns, the ghost of Lord Balfour still haunts us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Flames swept through the Ghost Ship, an illegally converted warehouse in Oakland where a concert was underway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鬼，幽灵; （尤指可怕事物的）记忆; 隐约的一点点; （电视屏幕上的）重影
vt. 悄悄地行进
vi. 替人代笔
时态：ghosted, ghosting, ghosts
分布：鬼魂(52%)，幽灵(48%)
→来自gheis, 兴奋，恐惧，臆想，词源同ghastly, zeitgeist.
n.鬼魂,幽灵Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US [goʊst] noun
SPIRIT 鬼魂
 ADVANCED countable
■the spirit of a dead person, sometimes represented as a pale, almost transparent image of that person, which some people believe appears to people who are alive 鬼，幽灵
• Do you believe in ghosts? 你相信有鬼吗？
• The gardens are said to be haunted by the ghost of a child who drowned in the river. 据说一个溺死在河中的孩子的幽灵经常在这些花园出现。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
MEMORY 记忆
only singular literary
■a memory, usually of something or someone bad （通常指对不好的事或人的）记忆，回忆；摆脱不掉的往事
• The ghost of the old dictator still lingers on. 那个老独裁者在人们的记忆中阴魂不散。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
give up the ghost
■to die 死 humorous
■If a machine gives up the ghost, it stops working （机器）坏了，不能运作，完蛋
• We've had the same TV for over ten years and it's just given up the ghost. 我们一台电视用了十年多，刚刚才坏了。
■to stop trying to do something because you know that you will not succeed 放弃…；对…绝望
• All I'd cherished from early childhood had been denied me, so I simply gave up the ghost. 我自童年起所珍惜的一切都被夺走了，我只好放弃。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
look like/as though you've seen a ghost
■to look very shocked （某人）看上去非常震惊
• Whatever's the matter? You look as though you've just seen a ghost! 到底怎么啦，看你一副惊魂未定的样子！
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
not have a/the ghost of a chance informal
■to have no chance at all 毫无机会
• They haven't got a ghost of a chance of winning. 他们毫无胜算。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] verb transitive (also ghost-write)
■to write a book or article etc. for another person, so that they can pretend it is their own or use it themselves 为…代笔，给…做枪手，替…当捉刀人
• His autobiography was ghosted. 他的自传是别人代写的。
soul, spirit, ghost
这组词都有“灵魂，心灵”的意思，其区别是：
soul: 指超越身体之外，永远存在的无形的东西，即所谓灵魂，亦可作人解。
spirit: 当指与body相对而言的所谓灵魂时，可与soul互换使用，但强调人的精神素质，也指神仙、精灵等。
ghost: 普通用词，主要指死者的灵魂。
n. 鬼，幽灵
 - shadow, jumbie

Word: chaotic
Front: chaotic
[keɪˈɒtɪk] (托 7411/8576 -1)
Vocabulary: chaotic
(once / 2070 pages)
adj
Something chaotic is really out of control or disorganized. Chaotic starts with a hard "K" sound (kay-AH-tick), but things that are chaotic are usually not OK, they're crazy disordered, like your crammed locker at the end of the school year.
Chaotic is an adjective that comes from the noun "chaos," meaning complete and total confusion or lack of order. Your teacher might find it chaotic inside the bus on the way home from a field trip, with so much talking and singing and stored up energy bouncing around. A classic example of something chaotic is the running of the bulls in Spain, an event that lets people run the streets with a bunch of huge, sharp-horned bulls. It's totally chaotic!
WORD FAMILY
chaotic: chaotically+/ chaos: chaoses, chaotic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seconds later, he re-emerged, holding on to a chaotic mess of flapping flippers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eve Valkyrie, meanwhile, is a full-blown multiplayer space combat sim, throwing the player into chaotic dogfights around the rusting hulks of dead spaceships.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Even when his father eventually brought him back to Paris, Roughol’s adolescence remained chaotic.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 混沌的; 一片混乱的; 一团糟的; 无秩序的
分布：混乱的(100%)
混乱的(chao混乱+t+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
混乱的(chao混乱)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
US [-'ɑ:.tˌɪk] adjective
■in a state of chaos 混乱的；毫无秩序的
• The house is a bit chaotic at the moment - we've got all these extra people staying and we're still decorating. 房子里现在有点混乱——我们让这么些多余的人住着而且还在进行装修。
• He's a chaotic sort of a person - always trying to do twenty things at once. 他是那种做事没有头绪的人——总想同时做20件事情。
adj. 混沌的；混乱的，无秩序的
 - troubled, confused

Word: tuition
Front: tuition
[tjuˈɪʃn] (研四六托雅 5817/8818 -1)
Vocabulary: tuition
(once / 1491 pages)
n
Tuition is a fee paid for instruction or teaching, usually for higher education. Many students need to get part-time jobs to pay their college tuition.
The word tuition comes from the Anglo-French word tuycioun, meaning "protection, care, custody." Some people say college protects you from the "real world," at least while you are in school, but tuition is a reality all students face. Tuition can describe any payment made for instruction, however, even for a knitting class. That tuition can probably be covered without student loans or scholarships, though.
WORD FAMILY
tuition: tuitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another would provide free in-state college tuition for law enforcement officers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is also likely to be a struggle over what to do about tuition, with the university pushing for an increase after a four-year freeze.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not just about tuition, fees, room and board.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 学费; 教学，讲授
分布：学费(96%)，教学(3%)，教诲(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tuitus,看护的，教导的，过去分词格于 tueri,看护，词源同 tutor,tutelage.引申词义 教导，教学等。
学费;教导(tuit+ion→受教育的费用)[tut,tuit=protect,表示"保护"]
n.学费;(某一学科的)教学,讲授,指导In the suitcase, the guitar tutor found the tuition by intuition.在小提箱里,吉他导师以直觉发现学费.
US ['tu:-] noun uncountable mainly UK teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university （尤指一对一或小班进行的）教学，讲授，指导
• All students receive tuition in logic and metaphysics. 所有学生都学习逻辑学和玄学。
• tuition fees 学费
■mainly US
■the money paid for this type of teaching 学费
• Few can afford the tuition of $12 000 a term. 很少人能支付得起每学期12 000美元的学费。
n. 学费；讲授
 - schooling

Word: victor
Front: victor
[ˈvɪktə(r)] (托 11139/6131 -2)
Vocabulary: victor
(once / 287 pages)
n
The victor is the winner of a contest, usually one that requires physical skills or strength, like in battle or sports. Calling someone the victor implies that he or she triumphed in a difficult competition.
The origin of the noun victor is in the Latin word vincere, meaning “conquer.” If you conquer your opponents, in a weekend-long chess showdown, the wrestling match, the beauty contest, the debate, or a 5K run, you are the victor. It means you won — victory is yours. Whenever an opponent is defeated, the winner is the victor.
WORD FAMILY
victor: victors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last year's victor was Jack Garratt, who praised the "very diverse" range of acts on the 2017 list, and encouraged fans to embrace new talent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Victor, a professor at the University of California at San Diego, is one of the closest observers of global climate politics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In is Victor Gruen, a European socialist and the unlikely father of the modern American mall.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 胜利者，获奖者
分布：胜利者(100%)
→来自拉丁语vincere,战胜，击败，克服，来自weik,战斗，词源同convince,convict,vanquish.可能进一步来自wei,弯，转，扭打，词源同wring,wrest。
胜利者(vict+or)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
【记】源于：victory（n 胜利）
【反】loser（n 失败者）
US [-tɚ] noun countable
■the winner of a game, competition, election, war, etc. 胜利者，获胜者；成功者
• The victor in/of the 1960 US Presidential election was John F. Kennedy. 1960年美国总统大选的获胜者是约翰．甘乃迪。
n. 胜利者
 - winner, conqueror

Word: vendor
Front: vendor
[ˈvendə(r)] (宝 4625/3171 -1)
Vocabulary: vendor
(once / 1970 pages)
n
If you are a vendor, it means you’re a person selling something, whether it’s hot dogs from a food cart or computer software for a tech company.
The word vendor comes from the Latin word vendere, meaning “to sell.” Vendor is a name for people who sell things on the street, such as a hot dog vendor, but it can describe those who sell any kind of goods or services, especially a specialized product. A store at the mall isn't usually called a vendor, but you could use the word to describe the person or group that supplies the store with special products or services.
WORD FAMILY
vendor: vendors+/ vend: vendable, vended, vender, vendible, vending, vendition, vendor, vends/vender: venders/vendible: unvendible, vendiblest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gaskin is an employee of G2 Secure Staff, a United vendor based in Texas, airline officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 摊贩，小贩; 卖主; [贸易]自动售货机; <正式>供应商
分布：小贩(60%)，卖方(23%)，自动售货机(7%)，供货商(6%)，=vender(4%)
→来自vend,出售。
小贩(vend出售)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】v表示胜利，end结束，or人：总是以胜利结束的人－小贩
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone who is selling something 小贩；摊主；卖主
• For the past few months she's been working as a street vendor, selling fruit and veg. 几个月以来，她一直在街头卖水果和蔬菜。
• legal The vendor of the house wants to exchange contracts this week. 这栋房子的卖主想在本周办理房产过户手续。
n. 卖主； [贸易] 小贩；自动售货机
 - peddler, packman

Word: proposition
Front: proposition
[ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 5428/3544 -2)
Vocabulary: proposition
(once / 224 pages)
1nv 2n
A proposition is a proposed plan of action, a detailed suggestion. You might consider your friend's suggestion to set up a neighborhood snow-shoveling business after the blizzard a winning proposition.
The noun proposition means something presented for consideration. In some contexts, that something being offered is sexual. Therefore, don't use the term proposition loosely. If you say that you made a proposition to your teacher, people could misinterpret you. It's safer to stick with suggestion.
WORD FAMILY
proposition: propositioned, propositioning, propositions+/counterproposal: counterproposals/ proposal: counterproposal, proposals/ propose: proposal, proposed, proposer, proposes, proposing, proposition /proposer: proposers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gutierrez testified that what he said to the employee was a compliment, not a sexual proposition.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Proposition 66 squeaked by with 51 percent, while Proposition 62 lost by 53 percent to 47 percent.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Catching up on your Netflix queue while flying to Grandma’s house for Christmas is a dicey proposition with spotty airplane Wi-Fi.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 命题; 建议; 主张
v. 提议; 建议
时态：propositioned, propositioning, propositions
分布：命题(77%)，提议(20%)，事业(2%)，向 ... 调情(1%)
n.主张,建议;陈述,命题This is not profit-making proposition.这不是个赚钱的事业.
US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an offer or suggestion, usually in business （通常指商业上的）提议，建议
• He wrote to me last week regarding a business proposition he thought might interest me. 他上周写信给我，提出一项他认为我会感兴趣的提案。
• I've put my proposition to the company director for his consideration. 我已将我的提议交给公司主管考虑。
■an idea or opinion 主张；观点；见解
• They were debating the proposition that 'All people are created equal'. 他们正就“人人生而平等”这一命题展开辩论。
UK [ˌprɒp.ə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] verb transitive
■to ask someone who you are not having a sexual relationship with if they would like to have sex with you 要求与（某人）发生性关系，向…提出猥亵的要求
• I was propositioned by a complete stranger. 一个素不相识的人提议想和我上床。
n. [数] 命题；提议；主题；议题
 - sentence, theme, subject, offer

Word: swim
Front: swim
[swɪm] (中高 2848/3038 -K3)
Back: v. 游泳; 游动; 旋转; 眩晕
n. 游泳
时态：swam, swum, swimming, swims
分布：游泳(100%)
→来自古英语 swimman,游泳，来自 Proto-Germanic*swimjan,游泳，来自 swem,移动，运动， 可能来自 swei,弯，转，摇摆，词源同 swing,sweep.
vi.游泳;游;漂浮;眩晕;充溢vt.游过n.游泳The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
verb (swimming, swam, swum)
MOVE IN WATER 在水中移动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move through water by moving the body or parts of the body 游泳，游水
• We spent the day on the beach but it was too cold to go swimming. 我们一整天都在海滩上，但天气太冷，不能游泳。
• Her ambition is to swim (across) the English Channel. 她的目标是游泳横渡英吉利海峡。
• I swam two miles this morning. 我今天早上游了两英哩。
be swimming in/with sth disapproving
■If food is swimming in/with a liquid, it has too much of that liquid in it or on it （食物）浸泡在…中，充溢着
• The salad was swimming in oil. 沙拉里面的油太多了。
[swɪm] verb (swimming, swam, swum)
SEEM TO MOVE 好像在动
intransitive
■(of an object) to seem to move about （物体）仿佛旋转
• Getting up too suddenly made the room swim before her eyes. 因为起身太猛，她瞬间觉得整个房子好像都在旋转。
intransitive
■If your head swims, you feel confused and are unable to think or see clearly （头）晕眩，发晕
• After the second or third drink, my head began to swim. 两三杯酒下肚之后，我就开始觉得头晕。
[swɪm] noun
 IMPROVER only singular
■a time when you swim 游泳
• Shall we go for/have a swim this afternoon? 我们今天下午去游泳吧?
vi. 游泳；漂浮；浸；眩晕
 - ride, float off
vt. 游过；使浮起
 - buoy up
n. 游泳；漂浮；眩晕
 - natation, flotage

Word: wisconsin
Front: wisconsin
[wɪs'kɒnsɪn] (-/21971)
Back: n. 威斯康星州（美国州名），威斯康星河（密西西比河支流）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: comparable
Front: comparable
[ˈkɒmpərəbl] (研四六托雅 4639/3741 -2)
Vocabulary: comparable
(once / 621 pages)
adj
Use comparable to describe two things that are alike. If you are offered two jobs with comparable salaries, you might take the one where the weather is nicer.
Comparable can also mean exactly what it looks like: things you are “able” to “compare” are comparable. When you say that comparing two things is “like comparing apples and oranges,” you're saying the two things in question are not comparable. When you pronounce this word, remember that, unlike with “compare,” you emphasize the first syllable and swallow the first “a”: COM-pra-ble. The sounds of the two words aren't really comparable.
WORD FAMILY
comparable: comparability, comparably, incomparable, uncomparable+/comparably: uncomparably/ comparative: comparatively, comparatives/ compare: comparable, comparative, compared, compares, comparing/ incomparable: incomparablest, incomparably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The odds on getting anybody nearly as good, or with a comparable ceiling, are lousy.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The price of the drug would be comparable to some other drugs that treat rare diseases.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
There may not be a comparable championship in sports history to this football fairy-tale.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可比较的; 比得上的
分布：可比较的(68%)，比得上的(32%)
a.(with,to)可比较的,比得上的I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
【记】compare（v 比较），able能…－能比较的
【参】comparability（n 可比性，相似性）；comparison（n 比较，对照）
US ['kɑ:m.pɚ-] adjective
■similar in size, amount or quality to something else （大小、数量或品质上）类似的，相当的，可比的
• The girls are of comparable ages. 这群女孩年龄相仿。
• Our prices are comparable to/with those in other shops. 我们的价格和其他商店的差不多。
• The two experiences aren't comparable. 这两段经历不能相比。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。

Word: chiefly
Front: chiefly
[ˈtʃi:fli] (托 11035/7032 -1)
Vocabulary: chiefly
(once / 156 pages)
adv
Use the adverb chiefly to mean "mostly" or "primarily." You could say your history class is chiefly focused on 18th century American history if all your teacher wants to talk about is the American Revolution.
If you usually ride your bike to work, you can say, "I'm chiefly a bicycle commuter," and your neighbor's obituary might mention that she'll be chiefly remembered for her work as a civil rights activist in the 1960s. You can also use chiefly to mean "for the most part," when you talk about the contents or composition of something: "My granola is chiefly almonds." The word comes from the Old French chief, "principal" or "first."
WORD FAMILY
chief: chiefest, chiefly, chiefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Illegal ivory ends up on the legal market after being smuggled into the country, chiefly by criminal syndicates.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Chiefly, that’s smaller companies, which tend to do more of their business within the United States.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The latter say they favor spending more chiefly for two reasons: to protect America from epidemics and to improve the nation’s image abroad.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adv. 首先，第一; 主要; 尤其
adj. 领袖（般）的
分布：主要地(100%)
adverb
■mainly 主要地；大部分地
• The island chiefly attracts upmarket tourists. 这个岛屿所吸引的主要是高消费阶层的游客。
• magazines intended chiefly for teenagers 以青少年为主要对象的杂志
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 主要地；首先
 - mainly, basically, primarily, largely, mostly, firstly

Word: uncomfortable
Front: uncomfortable
[ʌnˈkʌmftəbl] (高四六雅 3640/4465 -K2)
Vocabulary: uncomfortable
(once / 369 pages)
adj
If it's very hot or very cold in the room, chances are you are going to feel uncomfortable or ill-at-ease.
The word uncomfortable comes from the prefix un- meaning "not" and comfortable meaning "affording comfort." When something is uncomfortable, it doesn't allow you to relax. A hard chair can be uncomfortable. So can a tense situation in which two people are arguing. Someone can make you feel uncomfortable by saying something inappropriate.
WORD FAMILY
uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably+/ comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort / comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is uncomfortable to be naked and helpless, with our humanness showing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Early in his major foreign policy speech last Wednesday about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, US secretary of state John Kerry promised to tell some “uncomfortable truths”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不舒服的; 令人不舒服的; 不自在的; 不安的
分布：不舒服的(80%)，不自在的(20%)
US [-'kʌmp.fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not feeling comfortable and pleasant, or not making you feel comfortable and pleasant 不舒服的；令人难受的
• I've eaten so much, I'm really quite uncomfortable. 我吃了这么多，实在感觉很不舒服。
• These shoes are really uncomfortable. 这双鞋子穿在脚上实在难受。
■slightly embarrassed, or making you feel slightly embarrassed 有点儿尴尬的；令人不自在的
• an uncomfortable silence 令人不自在的沉默
adj. 不舒服的；不安的
 - troubled, uneasy

Word: filling
Front: filling
[ˈfɪlɪŋ] (7254/7724 -1)
Back: n. 装满，填满; 填充物; （糕点内的）馅; （织品的）纬纱
v. 填满(fill的ing形式)
分布：馅(73%)，充填物(11%)，装满(11%)，动词fill的现在分词.(5%)
填料(fill填)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
noun
uncountable
■any material used to fill something 填充物，填料
• duvets with synthetic filling 用合成填充物填充的羽绒被
countable or uncountable
■the layer of food inside a sandwich, cake, etc （三明治、蛋糕等的）馅料
• pies with sweet or savoury fillings 甜味或咸味的馅饼
• sandwich fillings 三明治馅料
countable
■the artificial substance put into holes in teeth to repair them （补牙的）填料
['fɪl.ɪŋ] adjective
■If food is filling, you feel full after you have eaten only a little of it. 容易填饱肚子的
n. 填充；填料
 - stuffing, gasketing
v. 填满；遍及（fill的ing形式）
 - infilling

Word: constituent
Front: constituent
[kənˈstɪtjuənt] (研六托雅宝 5746/4050 -2)
Vocabulary: constituent
(once / 472 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
Constituent means part of a whole, as in "we'll break this down into its constituent parts." The word comes up often in political contexts: constituents are the people politicians have been elected to represent.
To understand constituent, look at constitute, which means to make up. A politician's electorate is constituted of individual constituent voters. Chex Party Mix is constituted of a delightful mix of constituent parts: Chex cereal, pretzels, cheese doodles and those little orange stick things no one has a name for.
WORD FAMILY
constituent: constituency, constituents+/ constituency: constituencies/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Legislators are elected to represent their constituents and act in their best interests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Aldermen expressed concerns that constituents, particularly those who live or own businesses on that street, were not involved in the decision to change it.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Unfortunately, Republican Party leaders are sending cues of doubt and denial to their constituents.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 选民; 成分，构成部分; 委托人
adj. 构成的，组成的; 选举的; 有选举权的
分布：成分(73%)，选民(11%)，构成的(8%)，组织的(5%)，构成物(2%)，立宪的(1%)
组成的(con+stitu+ent)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.选民;成分,组分a.组成的,构成的Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】con共同，stit＝stat站－站在一起－一个整体的各个成分才会站在一起。
【参】institute（v 创立；n 学院）
noun countable
PART 成分
■one of the parts that a substance or combination is made of 成分；构成部分；要素
• What are the basic constituents of the mixture? 这种混合物的基本成分是甚么？
[kən'stɪt.ju.ənt] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a voter (= person who can vote) in a particular area of the country （某选区的）选民，选举人
• The senator worked hard, always talking to his constituents and hearing their problems. 这位参议员工作卖力，总是跟本区选民交谈，听取他们的难处。
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
n. 成分；选民；委托人
 - element, client, component, principal
adj. 构成的；选举的
 - component, electoral

Word: deregulation
Front: deregulation
[ˌdi:ˌreɡjʊ'leɪʃn] (8683/10630)
Vocabulary: deregulation
(once / 9657 pages)
n
A regulation is basically a rule or directive made by an authority. Deregulation is the removal, or cancellation, of certain rules or directives. (The prefix "de-" here means "remove.")
Governments set lots of regulations to create order and uniformity in a particular industry, like banking or manufacturing. When bankers and manufacturers don't like these regulations, they ask the government for fewer controls and restrictions, or deregulation. If your parents are constantly meddling in your life and you would like them to give you a little more freedom, you might consider asking them for deregulation. Your vocabulary might just impress them enough to grant it.
WORD FAMILY
deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation +/ regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/ regulation: regulations/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps the first thing that will happen in the new Congress is the push for deregulation.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
We’ve seen this movie before: tax cuts, deregulation, crony capitalism.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The incoming administration’s focus on deregulation and support for domestic energy production strengthens the argument against a sudden surge in prices.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 违反规定，反常; 解除管制规定
分布：解除管制(59%)，自由化(34%)，撤消管制规定(7%)
N-UNCOUNT
撤销管制规定;解除控制
Deregulation is the removal of controls and restrictions in a particular area of business or trade.
例：Since deregulation, banks are permitted to set their own interest rates.管制撤销之后，银行可以自行设定利率。
n. 违反规定，反常；撤消管制规定
 - perversion, abnormalcy

Word: dispatch
Front: dispatch
[dɪˈspætʃ] (六托雅宝 7363/8486 -2)
Vocabulary: dispatch
(once / 365 pages)
1nv 2n
Anything that needs to be mailed, sent off, or quickly shipped needs to be dispatched. Letters, official reports, teams of police — if it has somewhere to be, you can dispatch it to get there.
Sometimes spelled despatch, this word was first used in the early 1500s as a verb meaning “to send off in a hurry.” These days we get hurried dispatches in noun and verb form, from journalists sending in their war zone stories to emergency squads getting dispatched to the scene of an accident. And in its most sinister sense, dispatch means to kill off without delay.
WORD FAMILY
dispatch: dispatched, dispatcher, dispatches, dispatching+/dispatcher: dispatchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Aaron Rodgers threw four touchdown passes, and the Packers calmly dispatched Detroit 31-24 on Sunday night to win the NFC North title.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the age of ten, Gregor was dispatched to a boarding school of truly Dickensian awfulness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Ms. Damrau dispatched the aria with rosy sound, agile coloratura and girlish glee.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 派遣，调度; （迅速地）发出; 迅速处理，迅速了结; 处决（罪犯等）
n. （使者等的）派遣; 急件; 迅速办理，快速处理; （记者发回的）新闻报道
时态：dispatched, dispatching, dispatches
分布：派遣(62%)，发送(22%)，急件(6%)，处死(4%)，新闻报道(4%)，迅速完成(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-patch, 锁住，脚链，词源存争议，可能来自拉丁语pedica, 脚链，词源同expedite, impeach, 或来自pangere, 固定，锁住，词源同compact, impinge. 引申词义解开，派遣。
【记】dis离开，patch妨碍－离开妨碍－迅速处理
【参】patch（n 补丁）妨碍外观
【反】leisureliness（n 悠然；从容）
(UK also despatch) [dɪ'spætʃ] verb transitive
SEND 发送
■to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose 发送，派送
• Two loads of woollen cloth were dispatched to the factory on December 12th. 12月12日两车毛料被发到工厂。
(UK also despatch) [dɪ'spætʃ] verb transitive
KILL 杀死 literary or old-fashioned
■to kill someone 杀死，结果…的性命
• Our handsome hero manages to dispatch another five villains. 我们英俊的男主人翁设法又杀死了五个坏蛋。
(UK also despatch) [dɪ'spætʃ] noun
uncountable
■when someone or something is sent somewhere 发送，派送，遣送
• the dispatch of troops 派遣部队
countable
■a newspaper report sent by someone in a foreign country, often communicating war news, or an official report, often on a military matter （常指驻外记者发来的军事方面的）新闻报道，电讯
• In her latest dispatch, Clare Duggan, our war correspondent, reported an increase in fighting. 我们的战地记者克莱尔‧达根在其最新报道中说战事正在加剧。
be mentioned in dispatches UK
■to be given a lot of praise for actions you have performed as a soldier 在战报中受到高度赞扬
• Sergeant Havers was mentioned in dispatches for his courage. 哈弗斯中士的英勇行为受到了通报表扬。
(UK also despatch) [dɪ'spætʃ] noun
with dispatch old-fashioned formal
■quickly and effectively 迅速而有效地
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
haste, hurry, speed, dispatch
这组词都有“迅速，急速”的意思，其区别是：
haste: 中性词，用作褒义指动作迅速，事情做得又快又好；作贬义用时，指做事急躁，行为鲁莽，得不到预期的结果。
hurry: 指急速从事某项活动或匆忙对付一件事情，含明显慌乱的意味。
speed: 多用于褒义，指行动敏捷快速，效果好。
dispatch: 指迅速、敏捷地结事某事，强调敏捷和及时。
n. 派遣；急件
 - urgent-mail
vt. 派遣；分派
 - mission, send along

Word: electron
Front: electron
[ɪˈlektrɒn] (研四六托 5566/4252 -2)
Vocabulary: electron
(once / 2528 pages)
n
If you take chemistry, you will learn about electrons. Electrons are the smallest of the particles that make up an atom, and they carry a negative charge.
The number of protons and electrons is equal in each atom. The hydrogen atom, for example, has just one electron and one proton. The uranium atom, on the other hand, has 92 protons, and therefore, 92 electrons. The atom's atomic number is the number of protons in the atom, which by default is also the number of electrons. An electron is so small that it cannot be seen with the naked eye, but neither can the atom itself.
WORD FAMILY
electron: antielectron, electrons+/antielectron: antielectrons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Atomic clocks use ultraviolet signals emitted in the change of electron energy levels to tell the time.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Nonetheless, Sesame, a type of machine called an electron synchrotron, is about to open for business.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
When particles of light from the sun hit a panel’s cells, electrons are knocked free from their atoms, leaving a hole.
Salon(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 电子
分布：电子(100%)
→electro, 电。-on, 离子，来自ion.
电子(electr电＋on)[-on表名词,指人,物和一些物理学上的名词]
n.电子Atoms are made up of electrons and protons.原子由电子和质子构成.
US [-trɑ:n] noun countable
■an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge 电子 Compare neutron ; proton
n. [物] 电子
 - elektron

Word: essay
Front: essay
[ˈeseɪ] (高研四六雅 2536/3147 -K2)
Vocabulary: essay
(once / 205 pages)
1n 2vn 3v
A composition that is usually short and has a literary theme is called an essay. You should probably start writing your essay on "To Kill a Mockingbird" sometime before the bus ride to school the day it is due.
As a noun, an essay is also an attempt, especially a tentative initial one. Your essay to make friends at your new school would probably work better if you actually spoke to other students. As a verb, to essay is to make an attempt. If you essay to run for student council, you might lose to the girl who promises more recess, longer lunches, and less homework.
WORD FAMILY
essay: essayed, essayer, essaying, essayist, essays+/essayer: essayers/essayist: essayists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Running year-round in four-week sessions, the program consists of 12 levels of language attainment, with components including grammar and vocabulary, essay writing, and conversational English.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Do you think the essay collection will change the way you approach your fiction in the future?
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The essay was meant to provoke conservatives, and it succeeded.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验
vt. 尝试; 试验
时态：essayed, essaying, essays
分布：论文(59%)，散文(22%)，尝试(11%)，试图(7%)，短评(1%)
→来自拉丁语exigere, 尝试，测试，来自ex-, 向外，ig-, 做，尝试，词源同agent. 英国学者弗朗西斯·培根用该词命名一种新的写作文体。assay为其拼写异体词，但词义发生了变化。
n.文章,短文Initially I kept silent to the essential essay.起初我对这个重要的短评保持沉默.
noun countable /ˈes.eɪ/ UK (US paper)
 ESSENTIAL
■a short piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one done by students as part of the work for a course （尤指学生写的作为课程作业的）短文，论说文，小品文，散文
• For homework I want you to write an essay on endangered species. 我想让你们写一篇关于濒危物种的文章作为作业。
verb transitive /eˈseɪ/ old-fashioned
■to try to do something 企图；尝试
• The procedure was first essayed in 1923. 1923年有人首次尝试这种做法。
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
n. 散文；试图；随笔
 - attempt, prose
vt. 尝试；对…做试验
 - sample, have a try

Word: enlarge
Front: enlarge
[ɪnˈlɑ:dʒ] (高研四六 7530/6348 -2)
Vocabulary: enlarge
(once / 286 pages)
v
When you enlarge something, you make it bigger. If you build a huge addition on the side of your house, you enlarge it.
You can enlarge a sand castle by dumping another bucket of sand on it, or enlarge your hairdo by curling and teasing it. When a photographer enlarges a photograph, she blows it up, or prints a much larger copy of it, and you can also enlarge an idea, or someone's understanding of it, by clarifying or explaining it. The Old French root of enlarge is enlargier, "to widen, increase, or make larger."
WORD FAMILY
enlarge: enlarged, enlargement, enlarger, enlarges, enlarging+/enlargement: enlargements/enlarger: enlargers/ large: enlarge, largely, largeness, larger, larges, largest, largish, overlarge/largeness: largenesses/larger: largerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
At various points of time, doctors diagnosed Stephanie with an enlarged heart, a blood clot and severe liver and kidney damage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We welcome an investigation, but the government should be very careful not to enlarge or politicize it.”
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Court records show that expert witnesses for the defense contended that Towns was in ill health from an enlarged heart and high blood pressure.
Reuters(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 扩大，放大; 扩展，扩充; 拉长说，详述
时态：enlarged, enlarging, enlarges
分布：扩大(86%)，增大(10%)，详述(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。large，大。
vt.扩大,放大,增大The tormentor enlarged the engagement garment.折磨者加大了订婚服装.
US [-'lɑ:rdʒ] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to become bigger or to make something bigger （使）增大；（使）扩大；（使）扩充
• They've enlarged the kitchen by building over part of the garden. 他们占用一部分花园扩建了厨房。
• an enlarged spleen 肿大的脾脏
transitive
■to print a bigger copy of a photograph or document 放大（照片或档）
UK [ɪn'lɑ:dʒ] US [-'lɑ:rdʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  enlarge on/upon sth formal
■to give more details about something you have said or written 详述；详细说明
• Would you care to enlarge on what you've just said? 您能否再进一步阐述一下您刚才讲过的内容？
enlarge, magnify, increase, expand, multiply, augment, amplify
这组词都有“增加，增大”的意思，其区别是：
enlarge: 主要指面积或体积等的扩大。
magnify: 可指用光学仪器使物体看上去显得变大；也指事实上把某物增大，有时用于夸张意味。
increase: 指数量、强度和大小等方面的扩大或增加。
expand: 指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加。
multiply: 通常指自然繁殖而产生的增长，有时也指同类事物数量的成倍增加。
augment: 较正式用词，一般指在原有的基础上增加含量而扩大。
amplify: 在科技中常指声音的扩大或电磁波的增强。也指补充了细节、详述或扩大内容等。此词系正式用语。
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vi. 扩大；放大；详述
 - extend, broaden
vt. 扩大；使增大；扩展
 - extend, grow

Word: emit
Front: emit
[iˈmɪt] (研四六托雅宝 6273/7914 -1)
Vocabulary: emit
(once / 560 pages)
v
To emit means to give off or let out, and it usually has a lot to do with gases, smells and noises. All of which could be potentially embarrassing, depending on where they're coming from.
Lots of things can be emitted: body heat from your hands, high pitched sound waves from a dog whistle, nasty odors from your mouth after a garlic-heavy lunch. Coming from the Latin emitter, it simply means to “send forth.” Since global warming is such a hot topic, you've probably heard people talking about how much CO2 cars emit or how many greenhouse gases factories emit into the air.
WORD FAMILY
emit: emission, emits, emitted, emitter, emitting+/ emission: emissions/emitter: emitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also for the sake of balance we should note that throughout June Donald Trump continues to emit a steady stream of truly idiotic statements.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Rich Little said it’s all worth it when customers close their eyes and emit little sounds of satisfaction when savoring their treats.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Atomic clocks use ultraviolet signals emitted in the change of electron energy levels to tell the time.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 发出; 发射; 颁布; 发表
时态：emitted, emitting, emits
分布：放射(84%)，吐露(16%)
→e-, 向外。-miss, 派遣，发送，见mission.
发光;发出(味等)(e出＋mit→送出［气味］等)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
vt.发出;放射;吐露;散发;发表;发行The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
【记】e出，mit＝miss送－送出－放出（味道等）
【参】emission（n 散发；发射）
【反】absorb（v 吸收）
[ɪ'mɪt] (-tt-)
verb transitive
■to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas 发出，射出，散发（光、杂讯、气味或气体）
• The alarm emits infra-red rays which are used to detect any intruder. 警报器能发出红外线探测入侵者。
• The machine emits a high-pitched sound when you press the button. 一按这个按钮，机器就会发出尖厉的鸣叫声。
vt. 发出，放射；发行；发表
 - deliver, ray

Word: feeble
Front: feeble
[ˈfi:bl] (研四六托雅宝 12083/9622 -1)
Vocabulary: feeble
(once / 187 pages)
adj
You know how you feel when you can’t open a jar of pickles? And then grandma walks in and does it in one shot without even grunting? That’s called feeling feeble, or lacking strength.
In fact, feeble, comes from the Latin word flebilis, which means "lamentable" or "unsatisfactory." But don’t let it get to you. Your puny, inferior muscles are nothing compared to the guy who makes feeble attempts at humor. Lame-o jokes are way more lamentable than inadequate biceps.
WORD FAMILY
feeble: enfeeble, feebleness, feebler, feeblest, feebly+/ enfeeble: enfeebled, enfeeblement, enfeebles, enfeebling/feebleness: feeblenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
We humans are born in a feeble state, very much needing our parents to help us survive.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 15, 2016)
Mr. Gentiloni confirmed that his government will, like his predecessor’s, push for pro-growth policies in Europe to support Italy’s feeble economic recovery.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 13, 2016)
His completion rate over the past three games is a feeble 44.7%.
The Guardian(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: adj. 虚弱的，衰弱的; 无效的，无意的; 缺乏决心的，缺乏活力的
分布：虚弱的(52%)，无力的(48%)
→来自拉丁语flebilis的拼写异化词，呻吟，哭叫，词源同bleat, blare.
a.虚弱的,无力的The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
【记】小fee象ball一样的滚没了－虚弱
【反】hardy（adj 艰苦的；健康强壮的；勇敢的）
adjective
■weak and without energy, strength or power 虚弱的；衰弱的，无力的
• He was a feeble, helpless old man. 他是一个虚弱无助的老人。
• The little lamp gave only a feeble light. 这盏小灯只发出一点微弱的光。
• Opposition to the plan was rather feeble. 对这个计划的反对声音相当微弱。
■not effective or good 无效的；不佳的
• a feeble joke/excuse 干巴巴的笑话／站不住脚的借口
fragile, weak, frail, feeble
这组词都有“虚弱的，乏力的”的意思，其区别是：
fragile: 可与frail换用，但语气强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病，指物容易破碎。
weak: 普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
frail: 多指因经常生病而身体纤弱。
feeble: 指身体衰弱无力，精力几乎耗尽，含令人怜悯的意味。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
adj. 微弱的，无力的；虚弱的；薄弱的
 - weak, small, thin

Word: speculate
Front: speculate
[ˈspekjuleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4809/6395 -3)
Vocabulary: speculate
(once / 152 pages)
v
When you speculate, you use what you know to make a prediction about an outcome, like when you speculate that the injury of two key players will prevent your favorite team from going far in the playoffs this year.
The verb speculate has a specialized meaning in the world of finance — it means to take a financial risk, in the hopes of monetary gain. For example, a business owner may speculate that a brand-new kind of frozen yogurt will be really popular, so she buys a huge order of it for her ice cream store. Someone who speculates goes looking for next big thing, as seen in the word's Latin origin, speculatus, meaning "to spy out, examine."
WORD FAMILY
speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator +/ speculation: speculations/ speculative: speculatively, speculativeness/ speculator: speculators
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I speculated that they might exist in the embryos of dinosaurs as well,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Some speculate that it represents temporal-lobe epilepsy, others schizophrenia; auditory hallucinations are common in both conditions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, Maneker says it’s too soon to speculate on the art market under Trump.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 思索，猜测，推测
vi. 投机; 推测; 思索
时态：speculated, speculating, speculates
分布：推测(74%)，投机(25%)，深思(1%)
→来自拉丁语 speculari,看，观察，来自 specere,看，观察，词源同 spectate,aspect.引申诸相关 词义。
思索;投机(spec+ulate→看准了→思考,投机)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
vi.思索;推测vt.投机;思索,推测He speculated that this might lead to a success.他推测这可能会成功.
verb intransitive
GUESS 猜测
 ADVANCED
■to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain 猜测；推测，推断
• I don't know why she did it - I'm just speculating. 我不知道她为甚么那么做——我只是猜测。
• A spokesperson declined to speculate on the cause of the train crash. 一位发言人拒绝就火车相撞事件的原因作出推测。
• Journalists are speculating about whether interest rates will be cut. 记者们在猜测是否会降息。
• [+ that] The newspapers have speculated that they will get married next year. 报纸猜测他们明年会结婚。
['spek.jʊ.leɪt] verb intransitive
TRADE 买卖
■to buy and sell in the hope that the value of what you buy will increase and that it can then be sold at a higher price in order to make a profit 投机，做投机买卖
• He made his money speculating on the London gold and silver markets. 他在伦敦黄金市场和白银市场上做投机生意赚了钱。
• The company has been speculating in property for years. 这家公司做房地产投机生意已经有好几年了。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
vi. 推测；投机；思索
 - guess, venture
vt. 推断
 - understand, conclude

Word: moody
Front: moody
[ˈmu:di] (宝 11802/14318 -2)
Vocabulary: moody
(once / 1456 pages)
adj
If you're in a bad mood, especially when you were in a pretty good mood this morning, you can say you're moody. A moody person's emotions change unpredictably and often.
Someone with erratic moods is moody — you could also call them temperamental or changeable. If you describe a painting or a piece of music as moody, you probably mean that it has a dark, gloomy nature. A moody play, for example, might be a little depressing, or at least melancholy. Moody, from the Old English modig, began by meaning "arrogant or proud," and around the late sixteenth century became "subject to gloomy spells."
WORD FAMILY
moody: moodier, moodiest, moodily, moodiness +/ mood: moods, moody / moodiness: moodinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even the diary bits are not very revealing, being the moody musings, including poetry, of a young woman on the cusp of 20 years old.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The moody contrition of his recent run as Batman seem to be fitting him more and more.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
He was gregarious sometimes, moody others, perfectly happy to be alone as he once was on the bus in Los Angeles.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 喜怒无常的; 忧悒的; （无缘无故）不高兴的; 脾气坏的
adv. 喜怒无常地，情绪多变地
n. 喜怒无常
级别：moodier, moodiest
分布：喜怒无常的(57%)，情绪化的(25%)，易怒的(18%)
→来自mood,情绪，心情，心境。即有情绪的，引申词义情绪多变的，反复无常的。
adjective
■If someone is moody, they are often unfriendly because they feel angry or unhappy 心情多变的，喜怒无常的；闷闷不乐的
• a moody teenager 情绪多变的少年
• He can be quite moody. 他有时脾气很坏。
adj. 喜怒无常的；易怒的；郁郁寡欢的
 - passionate, temperamental

Word: aluminium
Front: aluminium
[ˌæljəˈmɪniəm] (高四六托宝 32731/5580 -2)
Back: n. 铝
adj. 铝的
分布：铝(100%)
[ˌæl.jʊ'mɪn.i.əm] UK (US aluminum)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a light metallic element which is silver in colour and used especially for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts 铝
• an aluminium saucepan 铝制炖锅
• Cover the fish with aluminium foil and cook over a low heat. 把鱼用铝箔包好，然后用文火烤。
• We take all our aluminium cans for recycling. 我们把铝罐全部拿来回收利用。

Word: fascinate
Front: fascinate
[ˈfæsɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5834/6429 -1)
Vocabulary: fascinate
(once / 209 pages)
v
Anything that sparks your interest or makes you wonder has the ability to fascinate. If you catch someone's interest, and then hold it, you fascinate them. Be careful.
The word fascinate actually comes from Latin and French words meaning "witchcraft," and although these days fascinate is used under much tamer circumstances, there is some sense in the word that the person's appeal is not quite normal: there might be a spell-like quality to his or her charms. Thus, the word is often used to describe a new love. On the other hand, you might find the study of exotic beetles fascinating. To each his own.
WORD FAMILY
fascinate: fascinated, fascinates, fascinating, fascination +/ fascinated: fascinatedly/ fascinating: fascinatingly/ fascination: fascinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these shortcomings detract from what is a fascinating work of revisited history with all the narrative traction of a good mystery.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
No book published this year holds up a more fascinating mirror to these questions than Paul Cartledge’s Democracy: A Life.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms Henderson, the conservation manager at the Holkham Estate, said while seeing a dead whale was sad it was also "fascinating".
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使着迷; 使神魂颠倒; 蛊惑
vi. 入迷
时态：fascinated, fascinating, fascinates
分布：吸引住(40%)，有吸引力(30%)，使 ... 入迷(30%)
→来自拉丁语fascis, 带子，绷带，缘自古罗马时期的生殖器崇拜文化，人们把一根阴茎(fascinum)状的器具作为护身符随身携带，同时，巫师对该物念动咒语以唤醒其神力和召唤生育神(Fascinus)的保护。引申词义着迷，入魔。
使…入迷[fascin=enchant(迷住)]
v.迷住,强烈吸引The monkeys in the zoo fascinated me.动物园里的猴子使我着了迷.
verb transitive
■to interest someone a lot 深深吸引；迷住
• Science has always fascinated me. 科学一直令我着迷。
• Anything to do with aeroplanes and flying fascinates him. 一切有关飞机和飞行的东西都令他着迷。
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒
 - enthrall, beguile
vi. 入迷
 - be carried away

Word: airway
Front: airway
[ˈeəweɪ] (10799/6111 -2)
Back: n. 航线; （矿井的）风道; （肺的）气道; 通气道
分布：气道(94%)，空中航线(4%)，通风孔(2%)
US ['er-] specialized
noun countable
■the passage through the mouth and throat that carries air to the lungs （肺的）气道
n. 导气管；空中航线；通风孔
 - ventilation slot, aspirail

Word: subsequently
Front: subsequently
[ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli] (六托 5011/2357)
Vocabulary: subsequently
(once / 376 pages)
adv
Subsequently means "afterward": You might be bummed if you bought a book for a friend and subsequently discovered that she'd already read it.
Subsequently derives from a Latin verb meaning "to follow." We use subsequently to describe something in time that follows something else. You ran off to Mexico with your boyfriend but subsequently discovered he was interested only in your sports car. Thousands of people showed up for the rock concert and the town subsequently changed its laws to prevent such large gatherings.
WORD FAMILY
subsequent: subsequence, subsequently, subsequentness+/subsequence: subsequences
USAGE EXAMPLES
He subsequently started an independent insurance business and sells insurance today.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Conrad, 30, rose to fame in the reality TV show Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and subsequently got her own spinoff show, The Hills.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The supreme court subsequently declined to hear the case.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 其后，随后，接着; “subsequent”的派生; 嗣后; 尔后
分布：随后(56%)，后来(44%)
ADJ
随后的;后来的
You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to.
例：...the increase of population in subsequent years...随后几年人口的增长
例：Those concerns were overshadowed by subsequent events.随后发生的事使之前所关注的那些问题显得无足轻重。
PHRASE
在…之后;继…之后
If something happened subsequent to something else, it happened after that thing.
例：They won only one more game subsequent to their Cup semi-final win last year.继去年在杯赛半决赛中获胜后，他们仅又赢过一场比赛。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 随后，其后；后来
 - after, since

Word: postal
Front: postal
[ˈpəʊstl] (六托 7070/7078 -2)
Back: adj. 邮政的; 邮政局的
n. <美口>明信片
分布：邮政的(67%)，明信片(33%)
邮政的(post+al)[post-①表示"在后面"②表示"邮件,邮政"]
US ['poʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to post or to the public service that collects and delivers the post 邮件的；邮政的
• postal charges 邮资
• the postal service 邮政服务
• a postal strike 邮政罢工
• postal workers 邮政工人
UK ['pəʊ.stəl] US ['poʊ-] adjective
go postal US informal
■to become very angry and do something violent 非常愤怒而做出狂暴行为的
• The man went postal and shot twelve of his colleagues. 这个男人完全疯了，枪击了他的十二个同事。
n. 明信片
 - post card

Word: spiritual
Front: spiritual
[ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl] (高研四六托雅宝 2096/3233 -K3)
Vocabulary: spiritual
(once / 99 pages)
adjn
Spiritual things are concerned with sacred matters or religion, affecting the spirit or the soul. Spiritual entities like ghosts lack a material body or substance.
Spiritual is the adjective form of the word spirit, which comes from the Latin word for "breath," and means the thing that animates life. Spiritual can be used to talk about anything that goes beyond mere physical existence, from ghost spirits to religious feelings. As a noun, spiritual describes a religious song originating in the African-American culture of the American South.
WORD FAMILY
spiritual: spiritualise, spiritualism, spirituality, spiritualize, spiritually, spirituals+/dispirit: dispirited, dispiriting, dispirits/ dispirited: dispiritedly, dispiritedness/dispiriting: dispiritingly/ spirit: dispirit, spirited, spiriting, spiritise, spiritism, spiritize, spiritless, spirits, spiritual /spirited: spiritedest, spiritedly, spiritedness/spiritless: spiritlessly, spiritlessness/spirits: spiritous, spirituous/spiritualise: spiritualisation, spiritualised, spiritualises, spiritualising/spiritualism: spiritualisms, spiritualist, spiritualistic/spiritualist: spiritualists/spiritualistic: spiritualistically/ spirituality: spiritualities/spiritualize: spiritualization, spiritualized, spiritualizes, spiritualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the refreshing lack of jargon, either medical or spiritual.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There is almost a spiritual quality to it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s almost what you would do in some spiritual practice,” she said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 精神的; 心灵的; 高尚的，崇高的; 宗教的
n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）; 教会事物
分布：精神的(64%)，心灵的(32%)，与上帝有关的(4%)
→spirit,精神，灵魂，-al,形容词后缀。
精神的;宗教的[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
a.精神(上)的,心灵的The old call for spiritual tend.老人有很大的精神上的需要.
【记】源于：spirit（n 精神；灵魂）
【反】corporeal（adj 肉体的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to deep feelings and beliefs, especially religious beliefs 精神的，心灵的；（尤指）宗教的
• Traditional ways of life fulfilled both economic and spiritual needs. 传统的生活方式满足了经济和精神的双重需求。
['spɪr.ɪ.tju.əl] noun countable (also negro spiritual)
■a type of religious song, originally developed by African Americans in the US 灵歌（源自美国黑人的一种宗教歌曲）
spiritual, mental
这组词都有“精神的”的意思，其区别是：
spiritual: 侧重人内心深处的思维对客观事物的反映，而不是人的身体对事物的反应而构成人的精神因素。
mental: 侧重指某人对周围环境所具有的内心，情绪上及智力方面的反映。
n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）
 - motet, canticle
adj. 精神的，心灵的
 - mental, inner

Word: relieve
Front: relieve
[rɪˈli:v] (研四六托 3764/4260 -2)
Vocabulary: relieve
(once / 56 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To relieve is to ease a burden or take over for someone. An aspirin can relieve a headache, and a substitute can relieve the teacher who fell asleep on her desk after lunch.
Relieve comes from the Latin word relevare meaning "to help" or "make light again." An ice pack might relieve a pain in your elbow, but you can also be relieved of your duties if you get fired (or taken out to lunch). A thief might even relieve you of your wallet. Like thief, relieve is the rare word that actually follows the "i" before "e" rule ("i" before "e" except after "c" or when sounded as "a" as in "neighbor" and "weigh"). Aren't you relieved?
WORD FAMILY
relieve: relief, relieved, reliever, relieves, relieving+/ relief: reliefs/ relieved: relievedly, unrelieved/reliever: relievers/unrelieved: unrelievedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was ready to get his teeth extracted to relieve the pain.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The cities argued in a November hearing that it should be relieved from the 1994 court order.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Relieved at my innocence, but amused by my stupidity, they laughed for roughly 17 years.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 解除; 缓解; 换班; （去厕所的一种委婉说法）方便
时态：relieved, relieving, relieves
分布：减轻(71%)，解除(20%)，救济(7%)，偷(2%)
→来自拉丁语 relevare,减轻，来自 re-,表强调，levare,举起，词源同 lever,lighten,relevant.
减轻;解除(re再＋lieve→再轻→减轻)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
v.减轻,解除,援救,救济,换班I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
verb
MAKE BETTER 减轻
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong 缓解，减轻，解除（疼痛或担忧）；使宽心，使宽慰
• She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain. 医生给她注射了一针吗啡来止痛。
• She relieved her boredom at home by learning how to type. 她在家学打字来打发无聊的时光。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to improve an unpleasant situation 缓和，缓解（令人不快的局势）
• The council is considering banning vehicles from the town centre to relieve congestion. 市政会正在考虑禁止车辆驶入市中心，以缓解交通拥堵的问题。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
HELP 救援
transitive
■to provide relief for a bad situation or for people in need 救济；救援；救助
• emergency food aid to help relieve the famine 为了救济饥民而提供的紧急食品援助
transitive
■to take the place of someone and continue doing their job or duties 接替；换…的班；替下
• I'm on duty until 2 p.m. and then Peter is coming to relieve me. 我要值班到下午两点，两点以后彼得就会来替我的班。
transitive formal
■to free a place that has been surrounded by an enemy army by military force 将（某地从敌人的围困中）解围；解救
• An armoured battalion was sent to relieve the besieged town. 那个城市被困，一个装甲营被派去解围。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
URINATE 小解
relieve yourself [R] polite word for
■ urinate
• He proceeded to relieve himself against a tree. 他走到一棵树旁小解。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  relieve sb of sth
TAKE formal
■to take from a person something that they are carrying, in a helpful or polite way （热心或礼貌地）替（某人）拿，帮助（某人）减轻（负担）
• May I relieve you of that heavy bag? 那个袋子很重，我来帮你搬好吗？
■humorous
■to steal something from someone 偷窃…的（东西）；从…窃取
• The pickpocket delicately relieved him of his wallet. 扒手巧妙地偷走了他的钱包。
END JOB [usually passive] formal
■to remove someone from their job or position because they have done something wrong 把（某人）从（工作岗位上）开除；解除（某人）的职务
• Following the scandal, he was relieved of his post as deputy finance minister. 丑闻曝光后，他被解除了财政部副部长的职务。
• The committee's chairperson is to be relieved of her duties. 该委员会的女主席将被解职。
• The general was relieved of his command in 1941. 这位将军于1941年被解除指挥权。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换…的班；解围；使放心
 - moderate, release from

Word: defect
Front: defect
[ˈdi:fekt] (研四六托雅宝 5946/4403 -2)
Vocabulary: defect
(once / 216 pages)
nv
A flaw in something is a defect. At certain stores you can buy clothes with slight defects. You have to be careful because the defect can be minor, like a missing button, or major, like sleeves of uneven lengths.
In a person, a defect is an imperfection, which can manifest itself mentally or physically. If you are diagnosed with a heart defect, you will have to seek the advice of specialists. A hearing defect might leave your dad deaf in one ear. If you are becoming forgetful, you can joke that you are developing a mental defect, but if it continues, you'll probably want to have your head examined.
WORD FAMILY
defect: defected, defecting, defection, defective, defector, defects+/ defection: defections/ defective: defectively, defectiveness/defector: defectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it would be a titanic fight, some Republican senators would defect on principle, and Mr. Trump would almost certainly lose.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The brain defect may occur when a mother is infected with Zika while pregnant.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Both parents must carry the defect to pass it on to their children.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 瑕疵，毛病; 欠缺，缺点
vi. 叛逃; 背叛
时态：defected, defecting, defects
分布：缺陷(83%)，缺点(14%)，背叛(3%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-fect, 做，词源同fact, effect. 即没做好的，缺陷。
缺点,缺陷;变节(de坏+fect→做坏了→缺陷)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.过失;缺点;不足His affection for the defects is affected by the infectious perfect effect.他对缺点的钟爱受到具有感染力的完美效果的影响.
【记】de坏，fect做－做坏－缺点
【参】defection（n 缺点；背叛；变节）；defective（adj 智商或行为有欠缺的）
noun countable /ˈdiː.fekt/
■a fault, problem or lack (= something that is missing) in something or someone that spoils them or causes them not to work correctly 缺点；缺陷；瑕疵
• All R45 aircraft have been grounded, after a defect in the engine cooling system was discovered. 自从发现引擎冷却系统有缺陷之后，所有R45型飞机都已经停飞了。
• There are so many defects in our education system. 我们的教育制度有太多缺陷了。
• It's a character defect in her that she can't ever accept that she's in the wrong. 她在性格上有缺陷，因为她从来都不承认自己有责任。
■a physical condition in which something is wrong with a part of someone's body 生理缺陷；生理障碍
• She suffers from a heart/sight/speech defect. 她的心脏／视力有缺陷／她有语言障碍。
• The drug has been shown to cause birth defects. 那种药物已被证明可导致新生儿先天性缺陷。
• Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic defect. 囊胞性纤维症是由基因缺损引起的。
verb intransitive /dɪˈfekt/
■to leave a country, political party, etc., especially in order to join an opposing one （尤指为加入敌对国家、政党等）脱离，退出，叛逃
• When the national hockey team visited America, half the players defected. 国家曲棍球队访问美国时，有一半队员都叛逃了。
• The British spy, Kim Philby, defected to the Soviet Union/defected from Britain in 1963. 英国间谍金‧菲尔比于1963年投奔到了苏联。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 缺点， [晶体] [材] 缺陷；不足之处
 - deficiency, disadvantage, vice, fault, shortcoming
vi. 变节；叛变
 - apostatize, rise up

Word: inadequate
Front: inadequate
[ɪnˈædɪkwət] (六托雅 5006/3218 -2)
Vocabulary: inadequate
(once / 676 pages)
adj
Something inadequate doesn't cut it. If you lack just a few centimeters to reach the low mark on the wooden sign, your height is inadequate for riding the big roller coaster. Wear heels next time.
The Latin root of adequate means "equal to," so inadequate refers to things that aren't equal to what is expected or needed. Something can be naturally inadequate, as in "inadequate rainfall to stop the fire," or it can result from lack of effort, as when someone avoids a question: "Your response was totally inadequate. Tell me what really happened."
WORD FAMILY
inadequate: inadequately, inadequateness+/ adequacy: adequacies, inadequacy / adequate: adequacy, adequately, adequateness, inadequate / inadequacy: inadequacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A state audit released in September found the number of liquor stores in Utah so inadequate that adding 19 would just keep up with demand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There, many complain of rain and other severe winter conditions, or inadequate supplies of heating oil and medicines.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不充足的; 不适当的; 不足胜任的; 信心不足的
分布：不充分的(54%)，不适当的(46%)
→in-,不，非，adequate,足够的。
adjective
■not good enough or too low in quality 不够好的；劣质的
• This work is woefully (= extremely) inadequate - you'll have to do it again. 这工作做得非常糟糕——你必须重做。
■too small in amount （数量）不够的
• She rejected the $2 million offer as totally inadequate. 她认为200万美元的出价完全不够，因而拒绝了。
■not confident enough to deal with a situation （处理事情）信心不足的
• Maddie's a real expert on art, so I feel completely inadequate whenever I talk to her about it. 麦迪在艺术方面是个真正的专家，因此每次和她谈论艺术我都觉得自己不够格。
adj. 不充分的，不适当的
 - deficient, unhappy, wrong, inappropriate, improper

Word: reap
Front: reap
[ri:p] (研四六托雅宝 7589/8430 -1)
Vocabulary: reap
(once / 537 pages)
v
When you reap something, you enjoy the rewards of your efforts. When your great audition gets you cast in your dream role, you reap the benefits of all that rehearsing you did.
Reap can also describe the act of harvesting crops. The farmer will then sell the crop, reaping a profit. Here, reap means the same as gain. You may have heard the expression "what you reap is what you sow," which comes from the New Testament and can apply to farming and everything else — if, for example, you are patient with other people, they in turn will be patient with you.
WORD FAMILY
reap: reaped, reaper, reaping, reaps+/ reaper: reapers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most cancer patients who try immunotherapy will fail to reap any benefits from it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
USC will also reap the usual benefits from being at home during bowl week before playing at the venerable stadium 14 miles from campus.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Whether God or Saban deserves prime responsibility, Alabama is reaping the rewards.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 收割; 获得; 得到（报偿）
时态：reaped, reaping, reaps
分布：收获(44%)，获得(40%)，收割(16%)
→来自古英语 ripan,收割，来自 Proto-Germanic*ripana,抓取，来自 rep,抓走，夺取，词源 同 rape,rip.
v.收割,收获The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
verb intransitive or transitive
■to cut and collect a grain crop 收割，收获；获得
[ri:p] verb intransitive or transitive
reap the benefit/reward, etc.
■to get the benefit, etc. that is the result of your own actions 得到收益／报酬等
• She studied every evening and reaped the benefit at exam time. 她每天晚上都坚持学习，考试时受益匪浅。
• We sold them most of their modern weapons and now we are reaping the bitter harvest. 他们大部分的现代化武器都是我们卖给他们的，现在轮到我们自食其果了。
[ri:p] verb intransitive or transitive
reap what you have sown
■to win or lose as a result of something you did in the past 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆；善有善报，恶有恶报
vt. 收获，获得；收割
 - acquire, earn, buy, find, make
vi. 收割，收获
 - crop, to harvest

Word: stiff
Front: stiff
[stɪf] (研四六托雅宝 4084/4115 -K2)
Back: adj. 严厉的; 僵硬的，坚硬的; 呆板的，拘谨的; 顽固的
adv. <口>极度地，非常
n. 死尸; 笨蛋，傻瓜; 流动工人; 吝啬鬼穷光蛋
vt. 诈骗; 失信
级别：stiffer, stiffest
分布：硬的(55%)，拘谨的(8%)，生硬的(7%)，僵直的(7%)，艰难的(5%)，死尸(5%)，僵硬地(5%)，极其(3%)，吝啬鬼(2%)，流浪汉(2%)，烈性的(1%)
→来自古英语 stif,硬的，僵硬的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stifaz,僵硬的，无弹性的，来自 steip, 压紧，打包，塞满，可能来自 steu,推，挤，击打，词源同 steep,stoop,stuff.
a.硬的,僵直的;拘谨的;呆板的;艰难的In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
【反】suppleness（n 柔软）－stiffness（n 坚硬）
adjective
FIRM 硬的
 ADVANCED
■firm or hard 硬的，挺的，坚实的
• stiff cardboard 硬纸板
• a stiff collar 硬领
• His clothes were stiff with dried mud. 他衣服上的泥巴干了，硬邦邦的。
• This hair spray has made my hair stiff. 这种发胶使我的头发变硬。
• Mix the powder and water into a stiff paste. 把粉末和水混合成稠糊。
 ADVANCED
■not easily bent or moved 不易弯曲的；不易活动的
• The handle on this door is rather stiff. 这扇门的把手相当紧。
• The man's body was (as) stiff as a board when it was found in the snow. 这名男子在雪地里被找到时，他的身体已经僵硬了。
■If you are stiff or part of your body is stiff, your muscles hurt when they are moved （人或身体部位）僵硬的，僵直的
• Sitting still at a computer terminal all day can give you a stiff neck. 在电脑前一动不动地坐上一整天，会令人颈部僵直。
[stɪf] adjective
NOT RELAXED 不放松的
■behaving in a way that is formal and not relaxed 拘谨的，局促的，生硬的
• The general is a tall man with steel spectacles and a stiff, rather pompous manner. 将军是个戴着金属框眼镜的高个男子，态度生硬，相当傲慢。
[stɪf] adjective
SEVERE 严厉的
■severe and difficult 严厉的，严格的；艰难的
• The athlete was given a stiff punishment for using drugs. 这名运动员因服用违禁药物受到严厉惩罚。
• They are campaigning for stiffer penalties for people who drink and drive. 他们正进行游说活动，要求对酒后驾车人士处以更严厉的惩罚。
• There has been stiff opposition/resistance to the proposed tax increases. 增加税收的提案遭到强烈反对／抵制。
• It's a stiff climb to the top of the hill. 要爬上山顶很费劲。
• Some college courses have stiffer entry requirements than others. 有些大学课程比其他课程有更严格的入门资格要求。
• Both companies are worried about losing business in the face of stiff competition. 两家公司都担心在激烈的竞争中损失生意。
a stiff breeze/wind
■a strong wind 强风
a stiff drink/brandy/gin, etc.
■an alcoholic drink that is very strong 烈性酒／白兰地／杜松子酒等
• A stiff whisky - that's what I need. 一杯烈威士卡——这是我真正需要的。
■A stiff price is very expensive （价格）高昂的，过高的
• We had to pay a stiff membership fee to join the health club. 我们支付了一笔高昂的会费后才得以加入这家健康俱乐部。
[stɪf] adverb
■very much, or to a great degree 十分，非常
• I got frozen stiff (= very cold) waiting at the bus stop. 我在公车站等车时差点冻僵了。
• I was scared stiff when I heard someone moving around upstairs. 我听到楼上有人走来走去时吓坏了。
[stɪf] noun countable
PERSON 人 US informal
■a person of the type described …的人
• a working stiff 工作狂
• you lucky stiff 你这个幸运的家伙
[stɪf] noun countable
BODY 身体 slang
■a dead body 死尸
• They found a stiff in the river. 他们在河里发现一具尸体。
adj. 呆板的；坚硬的；严厉的；拘谨的；拘谨的
 - mechanical, severe, wooden, rigid, dead
adv. 僵硬地；彻底地
 - thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully, tight
n. 死尸；令人讨厌者； [金融] 流通票据；劳动者
 - worker, dead body

Word: gravity
Front: gravity
[ˈgrævəti] (高研四六托雅宝 3956/4956 -2)
Vocabulary: gravity
(once / 287 pages)
1n 2n
In physics, gravity is the natural force that causes things to fall toward the earth. The noun gravity can also mean seriousness or solemnity.
Someone who conducts themselves with an air of gravity is someone who takes what they are doing seriously. You might be amused to see a three year old serving her dolls tea with an air of gravity appropriate to the Queen of England. Gravity was borrowed through French from Latin gravitās, from gravis "heavy."
WORD FAMILY
gravity: gravitate, gravities+/ grave: graved, gravely, graveness, gravest, graving, gravity / gravitate: gravitated, gravitates, gravitating, gravitation, gravitative/gravitation: gravitational, gravitations/gravitational: gravitationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Adding to the potential for tension is the fact that Trump’s White House is being set up with rival centers of gravity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Here too, the laws of gravity imply that the outer stars should move relatively slowly compared to those nearer the central mass.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So astronomers proposed that invisible dark matter must be providing the extra gravity needed to hold galaxies together.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 重力; 万有引力，地心引力; 重要性，严重性; 严肃，庄重
分布：重力(83%)，严重(9%)，严肃(5%)，庄重(3%)
→来自词根grav, 重，词源同barometer, guru, gravity. 用于科学术语。
庄重;地心吸力(grav+ity)[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.重力,引力;严肃,庄重Gravity is a form of magnetism.重力是磁力的一种表现形式.
【记】grav重
【参】aggravate（vt 使恶化, 加重）
【反】levity（n 轻率；轻浮；不稳定）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
FORCE 力量
■the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground （尤指地球的）重力，引力，地心引力
• the laws of gravity 万有引力定律
UK ['græv.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
SERIOUS 严重
■seriousness 严重性
• I don't think you understand the gravity of the situation. 我认为你没有明白到局势的严重性。
n. [力] 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄严
 - weight, seriousness

Word: falter
Front: falter
[ˈfɔ:ltə(r)] (研托雅宝 9324/8808 -1)
Vocabulary: falter
(once / 411 pages)
1vn 2v
Falter means to hesitate, stumble, or waver, and everything from faith to voices can do it. So if you want to keep your bride or groom happy, it's best not to falter when it's your turn to say "I do."
Experts may falter if you ask them where falter came from, because the origins are pretty unclear. But everyone agrees on the current meaning: someone who falters is unsteady, wobbly, or unsure. You might falter while reciting a poem if you forget some of the lines, or falter crossing a rickety rope bridge when fear gets the most of you. But you certainly won't falter when someone asks you the meaning of this word.
WORD FAMILY
falter: faltered, faltering, falters+/ faltering: falteringly, falterings, unfaltering / unfaltering: unfalteringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final part of the season is about positioning and staying relevant, but the Knicks must not falter before then.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From the outset, St. Thomas played stifling defense, but on offense the team faltered.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
According to the index, a key trend of 2016 was that the London housing market's above-average performance began to falter.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. （嗓音）颤抖; 支吾其词; 蹒跚; 摇晃
n. 支吾，结巴; 踌躇，不稳; 摇晃; 颤抖
时态：faltered, faltering, falters
分布：动摇(54%)，蹒跚地走(20%)，支吾地说(13%)，迟疑(13%)
→可能来自fold, 折叠，打弯。引申词义衰弱。
【记】f，alter（v 改变）－总是改变走路的方向－蹒跚
US ['fɑ:l.tˌɚ] verb intransitive
■to lose strength or purpose and stop, or almost stop 衰弱；动摇；犹豫；畏缩
• The dinner party conversation faltered for a moment. 晚宴上的谈话出现了一刻冷场。
• Her friends never faltered in their belief in her. 她的朋友从未动摇过对她的信心。
• Nigel's voice faltered and he stopped speaking. 奈杰尔的声音颤抖了，他没再继续说下去。
■to move awkwardly as if you might fall 蹒跚；摇晃
• The nurse saw him falter and made him lean on her. 护士见他站不稳，就让他靠着自己。
vi. 支吾；蹒跚地走
 - mouch
n. 踌躇；支吾；颤抖
 - hesitancy, vacillation

Word: voucher
Front: voucher
[ˈvaʊtʃə(r)] (雅 7245/6163 -2)
Vocabulary: voucher
(once / 4181 pages)
n
A voucher is a certificate or document that either allows you to purchase something or proves that you paid for something. A voucher is sometimes valuable.
When you can vouch for someone, you're willing to recommend them and say they're a good person. A voucher does something similar. For many workers, a voucher is a receipt that proves they spent money on something, like travel, which their company will later pay for. A voucher is also a type of coupon that allows you to purchase something for less or no money, even tuition to a school. Both types of vouchers allow you to save money.
WORD FAMILY
voucher: vouchers+/ vouch: vouched, voucher, vouches, vouching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also, federal housing vouchers and the D.C. rent subsidy program address that problem.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Democrats opposed to school choice often claim that charter schools and vouchers siphon taxpayer money from traditional public schools.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Seattle voters will receive “democracy vouchers” for the first time next week.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 证件; 凭证; 收据; 证人
分布：凭证(72%)，代金券(28%)
→来自vouch,担保。引申词义担保兑现的凭据，用于指票券。
US [-tʃɚ] UK
noun countable
■a piece of paper that can be used to pay for particular goods or services or that allows you to pay less than the usual price for them 现金卷，代金券，票券
• The voucher is valid between July and December and entitles you to 10% off all overseas flights. 该代金券在7月至12月间有效，凭此券所有国际航班可享受九折的优惠。
n. 收据； [法] 证人；保证人；证明者
 - guarantee, witness

Word: peacekeeper
Front: peacekeeper
[ˈpi:ski:pə(r)] (11145/29095 -1)
Vocabulary: peacekeeper
(once / 7467 pages)
1n 2n
The noun peacekeeper means exactly what it sounds like: a person who tries to keep things peaceful, often by mediating conflicts or calming people down.
You are a peacekeeper if you're the diplomat in your family, the one who negotiates between feuding siblings or placates a cranky grandfather to ensure that everyone has a pleasant Thanksgiving dinner. The most common way to use the word peacekeeper, however, is to talk about troops that are sent into another country for non-military purposes. For example, the United Nations often uses peacekeepers to calm tensions within countries in danger of civil war or violent uprisings.
WORD FAMILY
peacekeeper: peacekeepers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A nervous patrol of United Nations peacekeepers sweated in an armoured truck.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
They were now U.N. peacekeepers, sent from Burundi to help protect victims of a brutal war in the Central African Republic.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
This arrangement should be codified by negotiation and upheld in part by international peacekeepers.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 维和士兵
分布：维和人员(100%)
N-COUNT
维和士兵
Peacekeepers are soldiers who are members of a peacekeeping force.
例：There's been much fear that the United Nations peacekeepers would be under attack in a situation like that.人们非常担心联合国维和士兵在这种局势下会遭到攻击。
N-COUNT
和平维护国；和平维护组织
If you describe a country or an organization as a peacekeeper, you mean that it often uses its influence or armed forces to try to prevent wars or violent conflicts in the world.
例：They want the United Nations to play a bigger role as the world's peacekeeper...他们希望联合国发挥更大的世界和平维护者的作用。
例：Russia's record as a peace-keeper is mixed.俄罗斯作为维和国家的记录有好有坏。

Word: journalism
Front: journalism
[ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm] (托 4524/7754 -2)
Vocabulary: journalism
(once / 205 pages)
n
If your dream job includes writing for a newspaper or interviewing famous people for a magazine, you hope to someday work in the field of journalism.
Working for a radio or TV news show, a magazine, a newspaper, or a news-related website would all be considered journalism. Those jobs might include reporting, writing, editing, photography, or documentary film making. An individual newspaper or magazine is sometimes called a "journal," and the category of these publications is also called journalism. The first newspaper ever published was a German journal printed in Strassburg in 1605, called "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien."
WORD FAMILY
journalism: journalisms, journalist, journalistic +/ journalist: journalists/ journalistic: journalistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We live in the world of data journalism,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Herrera, one of seven siblings, says she grew up surrounded by journalism.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
You’ve worked in academia, finance, advertising, tech, activism and journalism.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 新闻业; 新闻学; 新闻工作; 报章杂志
分布：新闻业(64%)，新闻工作(28%)，新闻写作(8%)
→来自journal,新闻，-ism,主义，思想，行为。引申词义新闻业。
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the work of collecting, writing and publishing news stories and articles in newspapers and magazines or broadcasting them on the radio and television 新闻工作；新闻业
n. 新闻业，新闻工作；报章杂志
 - newspapering

Word: aspiration
Front: aspiration
[ˌæspəˈreɪʃn] (六托雅宝 5607/4763)
Vocabulary: aspiration
(once / 577 pages)
1n 2n 3n
If your aspiration, or ambition, is to climb Mt. Everest someday, you better start training, because it’s a long, hard climb that requires a lot of preparation.
Aspiration means "inhalation" or "breathing." So how did it come to mean "ambition" or "the will to succeed"? The Latin gives us a clue: spirare ("to breathe") and spiritus ("spirit"). It was once believed that our breath was our soul or spirit, which might explain why we talk about "breathing life into" something, or coming up with energy and ideas to invigorate it. How else to breathe life into something than with ambition and drive, in other words, "spirit"?
WORD FAMILY
aspiration: aspirations+/ aspirant: aspirants/ aspire: aspirant, aspiration, aspired, aspirer, aspires, aspiring /aspirer: aspirers/ aspiring: aspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The news was devastating: I assumed a lifetime of “difference” and exclusion, all my aspirations for my child seemingly in tatters.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He is determined to earn a degree from a prestigious university to back up his professional basketball aspirations.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Naypyidaw, the grand but empty capital Myanmar’s generals built for themselves, means “abode of kings”, a hint at their aspirations.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 强烈的愿望; 吸气，吸入; 发送气音; 发 h 音
分布：渴望(33%)，抽吸(24%)，抱负(15%)，志向(12%)，发送气音(6%)，吸引术(5%)，热望(3%)，吸气(2%)
渴望,热望(aspire+ation)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
【记】a非，无，spir呼吸－屏住呼吸等待－渴望
【参】respiration（n 呼吸，呼吸作用）；conspire（v 同谋）
US [-pɚ'eɪ-] noun
countable usually plural uncountable
■something that you hope to achieve 志向，抱负；渴望达到的目标
• I've never had any political aspirations. 我从来就没甚么政治抱负。
• It's a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants. 这个故事讲述了穷苦的爱尔兰移民的生活与抱负。
n. 渴望；抱负；呼气；吸引术
 - longing for, eagerness

Word: goldberg

Word: haifa
Front: haifa
[ˈhaifə] (-/34845)
Back: 海法（以色列港市）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: hairy
Front: hairy
[ˈheəri] (9707/10143 -1)
Vocabulary: hairy
(once / 1291 pages)
1adj 2adj
Hairy things are furry or fuzzy — covered with hair. If your hairy dog lies on your bed, your bed may end up hairy as well.
If your dad has a bushy beard, he has a hairy face, and while some kinds of caterpillars are sleek and smooth, others are hairy. Informally, you can also use hairy to mean "scary." The biggest roller coaster at an amusement park will probably have a few hairy loops and turns. This slang meaning has evolved from its original use as "difficult," dating back to the 1840s.
WORD FAMILY
hairy: hairier, hairiest, hairily, hairiness, nonhairy+/ hair: hairless, hairlike, hairs, hairy /hairless: hairlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the Bavarian town of Kirchseeon, residents dressed as hairy, masked monsters marched through the streets in a traditional "Perchten" parade on Sunday.
Reuters(Dec 19, 2016)
And yet Australia's "hairy panic" raised more than a few smiles around the world.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
His impressive stature – for his species – led researchers to nickname him Chewie after the towering hairy Wookiee in Star Wars.
The Guardian(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: adj. 多毛的; 毛制的，仿毛的; [俚] 险象环生的，危险的
级别：hairier, hairiest
分布：多毛的(70%)，长毛的(20%)，令人恐怖的(5%)，难对付的(5%)
US ['her.i] adjective
WITH HAIR 有毛发的
■having a lot of hair, especially on parts of the body other than the head （尤指头部以外的部位）多毛的，毛茸茸的
• hairy armpits/legs 多毛的腋窝／腿
• a hairy chest 毛茸茸的胸膛
UK ['heə.ri] US ['her.i] adjective
FRIGHTENING 吓人的 informal
■frightening or dangerous, especially in a way that is exciting 惊险的；（尤指）刺激的
• I like going on the back of Laurent's motorbike, though it can get a bit hairy. 我喜欢坐在劳伦特的摩托车后座上兜风，虽然有时有些惊险。
adj. [昆] 多毛的；毛状的；长毛的
 - comous, pileous

Word: radiation
Front: radiation
[ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn] (高研四六托 3652/3892 -2)
Vocabulary: radiation
(once / 1245 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Radiation is energy transmitted in waves or a stream of particles. The first thing you think of as radiation is probably X-rays, but what cooks your food in the microwave oven is also radiation.
Radiation has some important medical uses, especially in the treatment of cancer, as "radiation therapy." It’s also associated with such horrors as "radiation sickness" — observed in people exposed to high levels of radiation, as in the aftermath of the 1986 explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor, in the Ukraine. You can also use the word radiation, in more benign contexts, to describe something spreading out from a central point, as the radiation of warmth from your fireplace.
WORD FAMILY
radiation: radiations+/ radiance: radiances/ radiate: radiance, radiancy, radiated, radiately, radiates, radiating, radiatingly, radiation, radiator / radiator: radiators
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Ms. Muñiz stayed in the room with her husband while he received radiation treatment.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 辐射; 放射物; 辐射状; 分散
分布：辐射(98%)，放射线(2%)
→来自 radiate,放射，辐射。
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that can be very dangerous to health （核）辐射
• Many servicemen suffered radiation sickness after the early atomic tests. 很多军人在早期的原子弹试爆后患上了辐射病。
 ADVANCED
■energy from heat or light that you cannot see （光或热的）辐射（能）
• microwave/ultraviolet/electromagnetic radiation 微波／紫外线／电磁辐射
n. [物] 辐射；发光；放射物
 - irradiation, Geigers

Word: fray
Front: fray
[freɪ] (托宝 11825/14441 -1)
Vocabulary: fray
(once / 711 pages)
1v 2n
Fray is all about friction––a frayed rope has been rubbed so much its fibers are wearing away. People experiencing friction––fighting loudly––are involved in a fray.
If you have had a long day and feel like you're about to break down, you might say you are frayed. If students are arguing in class about whether nature or nurture is to blame for human problems, a teacher might stay out of the fray, letting the students reach their own conclusions.
WORD FAMILY
fray: frayed, fraying, frays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bible, its pages browned and frayed at their edges, seemed liable to crumble at the slightest touch.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Still, Israel is undergoing significant demographic changes that are fraying the idea of a common Israeli identity.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Donna Dye looked in the mirror not long ago and was stunned by the bags under her eyes, the frayed edges of her ponytail.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使布、绳等）磨损，磨破; 使（关系，神经等）紧张; 〈古〉吓唬，使惊恐; 〈古〉吵架，打架
n. 打斗，争吵; 争辩; （织物等的）磨损处
时态：frayed, fraying, frays
分布：磨损(36%)，紧张(20%)，吵架(20%)，磨损处(6%)，吵闹(6%)，争斗(6%)，恼火(6%)
→来自拉丁语fricare, 磨损，刮擦，词源同friction, dentifrice.fray 烦燥，恼火，吵架
【记】flay（vt 剥皮；抢夺；严厉批评）中的l像刀，可以剥皮，抢劫fray中的r像嘴－吵架
【区】foray（n 突袭）for ray：为了光明
verb
CLOTH 布料
intransitive or transitive
■to become or to cause the threads in cloth or rope to become slightly separated, forming loose threads at the edge or end （使）（布料或绳子）磨损，（使）磨散
• Denim frays so easily. 丁尼布很容易磨损。
• I'd frayed the edges of my jeans as that was the fashion in those days. 我把牛仔裤的边磨毛了，在那个时代这样很时髦。
[freɪ] verb
BECOME ANNOYED 使烦躁
intransitive
■If your temper frays or your nerves fray, you gradually become upset or annoyed （渐渐地）烦躁，恼火
• Tempers frayed as thousands of motorists began the Christmas holiday with long waits in traffic jams. 圣诞假期一开始就有数千人开着车排成长龙拥堵在道路上，令大家恼火不已。
[freɪ] verb
fray around/at the edges
■to start to become less effective or successful 分崩离析；开始失效；开始走向失败
• Without the unifying forces of the army and the monarchy, it seems, the nation would begin to fray at the edges. 要不是军队和君主政体相结合，该国看来就会分崩离析了。
[freɪ] noun only singular
the fray
■an energetic and often not well organized effort, activity, fight or disagreement （常指乱糟糟的）干劲十足的努力，充满活力的活动；激战；激烈争吵
• With a third country about to enter (= take part in) the fray, the fighting looks set to continue. 由于有第三国要加入冲突，战斗看来很可能会继续下去。
• A good holiday should leave you feeling refreshed and ready for the fray (= ready to work) again. 好好度一个假应该能使人感到精神振奋，为重新投入忙碌的工作作好准备。
n. 争论；打架；磨损处
 - controversy, combat, fight
vt. 使磨损；变得令人紧张、急躁
 - scuff

Word: execution
Front: execution
[ˌeksɪˈkju:ʃn] (六托雅 4234/3988)
Vocabulary: execution
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n
The planning stage of building a tree house is the fun part — the hard part is the execution of your plan. Execution is taking an idea and actually making it happen.
The execution of a plan is when you put it into effect, like the execution on the field of a football team's game plan. It can also mean the style in which a project is carried out, like a ballet's creative execution. Execution can also refer to the death of a person, either a prisoner who's been sentenced to death by a court of law, or a deliberate, targeted murder, especially when it's done for political reasons.
WORD FAMILY
execution: executioner, executions+/executable: executability/executant: executants/ execute: executable, executant, executed, executes, executing, execution, executive, executor / executioner: executioners/ executive: executively, executives/ executor: executors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s his fault there’s a lack of discipline or execution in key situations.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Negotiations with the incoming Trump administration, he said, were mostly “on timeline, on an execution strategy.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“They threatened execution many times,” Mr. Garratt said with a shudder.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 依法处决; 实行，执行; 演奏
分布：执行(90%)，实施(6%)，处决(4%)
noun
KILLING 杀死
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is killed as a legal punishment （依法进行的）处决，处死
• Execution is still the penalty in some states for murder. 在一些国家，犯谋杀罪的人仍然被处以死刑。
• The executions will be carried out by a firing squad. 将由行刑队来执行枪决。
[ˌek.sɪ'kju:.ʃən] noun
ACTION 行动
uncountable
■when something is done or performed, especially in a planned way （尤指有计划的）实行，履行，表演
• Sometimes in the execution of their duty the police have to use firearms. 有时为了履行职责，员警不得不使用武器。
• Although the original idea was good, its execution has been disappointing. 尽管最初的想法很好，但真正做起来却令人失望。
n. [计] 执行，实行；完成；死刑
 - enforcement, completion, achievement, performance, implementing

Word: maintenance
Front: maintenance
[ˈmeɪntənəns] (研四六托雅宝 3067/2198 -2)
Vocabulary: maintenance
(once / 524 pages)
1n 2n
If you make sure that your house or car or even a database stays in good working condition, you are keeping up on the maintenance.
Maintain, the verb related to the noun maintenance, comes from the Latin expression manu tenere meaning literally "hold in the hand," a fitting picture for this word. As well as the upkeep of machines, maintenance can be used with things that need sustaining. The maintenance of law and order is taken care of by the police. When a couple divorces, the husband is usually required to pay maintenance — financial support — to the wife.
WORD FAMILY
maintenance: maintenances+/ maintain: maintainable, maintained, maintainer, maintaining, maintains, maintenance /maintainer: maintainers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stage Five is the “Maintenance Stage,” where we are in the middle of a strong commitment to maintaining change.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Reliability improves because of intensified repairs and maintenance under the SafeTrack program.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 维持，保持; 保养，保管; 维护; 维修
分布：维护(56%)，维修(39%)，保持(3%)，抚养费(1%)，生活费用(1%)
→来自maintain的名词形式。
维护;坚持(main+len+ance,maintain的[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.维修,保养,维持,保持,生活费用After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
noun uncountable
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER
■the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition 维护，保养（保持道路、建筑、机器设备等处于良好状态的工作）
• Old houses need a lot of maintenance. 老房子需要大量保养。
• There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off. 每架飞机起飞前都要经过彻底的维修检查。
• The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs. 这本杂志教你一些降低房屋维修花费的妙计。
['meɪn.tɪ.nənts] noun uncountable
MONEY 金钱
■money that a person must pay regularly by law in order to support their child or previous marriage partner after a divorce (= official end to a marriage) （法律规定离婚后须定期支付用以供养孩子或前配偶的）抚养费，生活费
• He refused to pay maintenance for his three children. 他不肯支付三个孩子的抚养费。
['meɪn.tɪ.nənts] noun uncountable
CONTINUE TO HAVE 维持
■when something continues to exist or is not allowed to become less 维持；保持
• the maintenance of living standards 生活水准的保持
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 维护，维修；保持； [经] 生活费用
 - conservation, keep

Word: afraid
Front: afraid
[əˈfreɪd] (中高 1400/1562 -K3)
Vocabulary: afraid
(once / 54 pages)
adj
To be afraid is to be scared. People are afraid of snakes, bugs, heights, bears, death, and public speaking, among other things.
Being afraid means you have a fear of something — and people are afraid of all sorts of things, from guns to ghosts to being in arguments. People also say, "I'm afraid I have some bad news," which doesn't mean they're afraid of the news, but sorry that they have to share it. It's a similar situation for the saying "I'm afraid so," which is a nice way of saying "I'm sorry, but the answer is yes."
WORD FAMILY
afraid: afraider, unafraid
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such ads are “encouraging for the younger generations, like those who are afraid to mention that they’re Muslims,” she added.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Sandpaper is useless to this kind of wood. But woodworkers who aren’t afraid of that difficulty should definitely enter. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Gao said that in China he never thought of owning a gun, and he admitted to being a little afraid of them.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 害怕的; 担心的; 恐怕; 畏惧，害怕
分布：害怕的(47%)，担心的(42%)，抱歉的(11%)
→affray的形容词形式。
adj.害怕的,恐惧的;犯愁的,不乐意的Without my aid I'm afraid the maiden would have been raided.没有我的帮助我怕少女已遭到袭击.
adjective
FEAR 害怕
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■feeling fear, or feeling worry about the possible results of a particular situation 畏惧的，害怕的；担忧的，发愁的
• He was/felt suddenly afraid. 他突然害怕起来／感到恐惧。
• I've always been afraid of flying/heights/spiders. 我一直都怕坐飞机／惧高／怕蜘蛛。
• She was afraid for her children (= feared that they might be hurt). 她很担心孩子的安全。
• [+ to infinitive] Don't be afraid to say what you think. 不要害怕说出自己的想法。
• [+ (that)] She was afraid (that) he might be upset if she told him. 她担心告诉他之后他会不高兴。
[ə'freɪd] adjective
SORRY 遗憾的
I'm afraid...
 IMPROVER
■used to politely introduce bad news or disagreement （用来委婉地说出不好的消息或者反对意见）恐怕，很遗憾，对不起，抱歉
• This is your room - it's rather small, I'm afraid. 这是你的房间——恐怕是小了一点。
• I don't agree at all, I'm afraid. 对不起，我完全不能同意。
• I'm afraid you've completely misunderstood the question. 恐怕这个问题你根本就没有理解对。
• [+ (that)] I'm afraid (that) we can't come this evening after all. 很遗憾，我们今天晚上终究还是来不了了。
• "Was she impressed with our work?" "I'm afraid not (= No)." “她赞赏我们的工作吗？”“恐怕并非如此。”
• "Does this mean I've got to leave?" "I'm afraid so (= Yes)." “这是不是意味着我必须离开了？”“恐怕是这样。”
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 害怕的；恐怕；担心的
 - worried, scared

Word: plea
Front: plea
[pli:] (研六托雅 4894/4363 -2)
Vocabulary: plea
(once / 441 pages)
n
A plea is what you make when you're begging for something with a sense of urgency and emotion. While you wouldn't call asking for a hall pass a plea, you could make a plea for justice or world peace.
Plea also has a legal meaning. When you get a traffic ticket or if you're accused of a crime, you have to enter a plea of "guilty" or "not guilty." A "plea bargain" is when you make a deal with the prosecutor — you may plead guilty to a charge (by entering a guilty plea) that has less of a penalty and, in return, the prosecutor drops the more serious charge.
WORD FAMILY
plea: counterplea, pleas+/counterplea: counterpleas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many cases with strong evidence against capital punishment for a defendant are resolved with plea bargains before ever reaching a jury, he added.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sister Donna Gould closes that missive with a plea:
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Watson held his hands to the earflap of his helmet, but his pleas for noise fell on deaf ears.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 恳求，请求; （被告或被告律师的）抗辩，答辩; 借口，托辞; 请愿
分布：恳求(41%)，抗辩(33%)，借口(21%)，申诉(5%)
→来自盎格鲁法语plai,恳求，请求，来自古法语plait,诉讼，决定，法令，来自拉丁语placitum,诉讼，法令，来自placere,抚慰，安抚，使平静，词源同please,placate.引申诸相关词义。
n.(法律)抗辩;请求,恳求,托词,口实Her plea was that she did not see the signal.她的辩解是说她没看见信号.
noun countable
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED formal
■an urgent and emotional request 恳求，恳请
• He made a plea for help/mercy. 他恳求得到帮助／宽恕。
[pli:] noun countable
STATEMENT 陈述
 ADVANCED legal
■the answer that a person gives in court when they have been accused of committing a crime 申诉
• Mr Wilson entered a plea of not guilty. 威尔逊先生提出了无罪申诉。
n. 恳求，请求；辩解，辩护；借口，托辞
 - explanation, asking, request, prayer, excuse

Word: poised
Front: poised
[pɔɪzd] (26419/35045 -2)
Vocabulary: poised
(once / 988 pages)
adj
If you're poised you're self-possessed and in full control of your faculties. You're balanced, grounded, and ready for action.
A poised person exhibits composure and self-assuredness, which comes in handy, for instance, during a job interview, giving a public talk or debate, or playing sports. Watching the Olympics, you may wonder how gymnasts remain so poised when competing on the balance beam, considered the sport's most mentally and physically challenging event. Poised also means ready or on the verge: You can be poised for a leadership position, poised for battle, or poised to become music's next pop star.
WORD FAMILY
poise: poised, poises, poising
USAGE EXAMPLES
And global condemnations notwithstanding, the trend is poised to accelerate.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wasting no time, House and Senate Republicans are poised to mark the first day of the 115th Congress with resolutions condemning the U.N.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The technology universe seems poised to grant that wish.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 沉着的，镇定的; 保持平衡的，均衡的; 静止不动的; 悬空的
分布：泰然自若的(44%)，蓄势待发(20%)，保持平衡的(20%)，动词poise的过去式和过去分词.(8%)，有充分准备(8%)
adjective
[after verb]
■describes an object or a part of your body that is completely still but ready to move at any moment 平衡的；作好准备的，摆好姿势的
• My pencil was poised over the page, ready to take down her words. 我的铅笔对准了薄子，随时准备记下她的话。
[after verb]
■ready to do a particular thing at any moment 准备就绪的
• [+ to infinitive] The company is poised to launch its new advertising campaign. 公司随时准备发起新的广告攻势。
• The military forces are poised for attack. 军队准备随时发起进攻。
[pɔɪzd] adjective approving
■showing very calm and controlled behaviour 沉着的，泰然自若的
adj. 泰然自若的，镇定的；平衡的，均衡的；摆好姿势不动的，静止的
 - contained, collected, balanced, uniform, still

Word: understandable
Front: understandable
[ˌʌndəˈstændəbl] (6914/6334 -2)
Vocabulary: understandable
(once / 3407 pages)
adj
Something understandable can be understood or grasped. It makes sense.
Since understanding something means you comprehend or get it, when things are understandable, they can be perceived or fathomed. If a friend cancels plans to see a movie because he's sick, that's understandable. Leaving one job for a better paying job is understandable. Eating a lot of cake on your birthday is understandable. Understandable things are easy to grasp and no one is likely to doubt or question them. The opposite of understandable would be weird, odd, or inexplicable.
WORD FAMILY
understandable: understandability+/ misunderstand: misunderstanding, misunderstands/misunderstanding: misunderstandings/misunderstood: misunderstoodest/ understand: misunderstand, understandable, understanding, understands, understood/ understanding: understandingly, understandings/understood: misunderstood, understoodest, ununderstood
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are understandable questions about the bidding criteria.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s understandable why Rousey would be reluctant to play barker.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That is understandable, but Melancon leaving after such a brief tenure raises more questions than it answers.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 能懂的，可理解的，可同情的
分布：可理解的(95%)，能够懂的(5%)
US [-dɚ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■easy to understand 易懂的，容易理解的
• You've got to put the facts into a form that's understandable to everyone. 你得把这些事实表述清楚，让大家都能理解。
 ADVANCED
■You say that something, for example someone's behaviour, is understandable, if you feel that it is usual and not strange or difficult to understand 合乎情理的；正常的；可以理解的
• Their refusal to cooperate is perfectly/completely understandable, considering the circumstances. 考虑到各种因素，他们拒绝合作是完全可以理解的。
understandable, understanding
understandable: 可理解的,能够懂的 an understandable mistake
understanding: 明白事理的,能体谅的, an understanding girl,
adj. 可以理解的；可以了解的
 - scrutable

Word: pork
Front: pork
[pɔ:k] (中高 4267/7722 -2)
Back: n. 猪肉; 〈美俚〉支持政党上台所分到的好处，政治分肥; 〈古〉猪
分布：猪肉(100%)
→来自古法语porc,猪，野猪，来自拉丁语porcus,猪，来自porko,小猪，来自perk,挖，拱，词源同farrow,furrow.引申词义猪肉。由印欧语的动作词干来命名相关动作的人或物为印欧语的常用命名法。
猪肉[porc=pig,表示"猪"]
n.猪肉In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US [pɔ:rk] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■meat from a pig, eaten as food 猪肉
• a pork chop 猪排
• pork sausages 猪肉香肠
n. 猪肉
 - pig, pigmeat

Word: extensive
Front: extensive
[ɪkˈstensɪv] (研四六托雅 2845/2184 -K3)
Vocabulary: extensive
(once / 208 pages)
adj
When something is far-reaching or expansive it is extensive. When your friend knows every single place and time that his favorite band has played any given song, he has extensive knowledge of that band.
Use the adjective extensive for something that goes on and on and on. It works for anything that covers a lot of territory either in physical space, as in "the gardens at the palace are extensive," or conceptually, as in "her knowledge of the mortgage-backed securities market is extensive." If you are a farmer, you would also use extensive to mean that you are able to work a lot of land without too much effort or manual labor.
WORD FAMILY
extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness+/coextensive: coextensively/ extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend/ extended: extendedly, unextended/extensible: inextensible/ extension: coextension, extensional, extensions/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The accident investigation team worked systematically through an extensive fault tree analysis,” SpaceX said in its statement.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To get the full experience, ELS students get extensive contact with Americans both during and after class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will be extensive opportunities for public hearings and for review by the governor and attorney general, Cave said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 广阔的，广大的; 范围广泛的; [物]广延的; [逻]外延的
分布：广泛的(67%)，大量的(13%)，广阔的(13%)，广大的(7%)
广泛的,广阔的(ex出+tens+ive→伸出去的→广泛的)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
a.广大的,广阔的The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■covering a large area; having a great range 广阔的，大面积的；覆盖范围广的
• a school with extensive grounds 操场很大的学校
• extensive repairs to the motorway 对高速公路的大规模维修
• Her knowledge of music is extensive (= she knows a lot about music). 她的音乐知识非常渊博。
• The wedding received extensive coverage in the newspapers. 报纸对这场婚礼进行了全面报道。
inclusive, extensive, massive, exhaustive
inclusive: 包括……的；…….也算入的（inclusive of）
extensive: 大量的，广泛的；
massive: 巨大的，大批的；
exhaustive: 全面的，详尽的；
adj. 广泛的；大量的；广阔的
 - widespread, massive, comprehensive, substantial, vast

Word: bind
Front: bind
[baɪnd] (研四托雅 2496/1888 -2)
Vocabulary: bind
(once / 225 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
If you're in a bind, you have been hindered by some situation. You'll find yourself in a bind if you agree to bring dessert to a party, only to realize that you're out of fruit, sugar, and chocolate chips.
The verb bind means to tie, secure, or fasten as with string or rope. When you put a Christmas tree on the top of your car, you need to bind it with twine to make sure it stays there while you drive. The past tense of bind is "bound." To bind is also to create an emotional attachment. Your love for your family binds you to them.
WORD FAMILY
bind: bindable, binded, binder, bindery, binding, binds, rebind, unbind+/ binder: binders/bindery: binderies/binding: bindingly, bindings/rebind: rebinding, rebinds/unbind: unbinding, unbinds
USAGE EXAMPLES
First of all, you need natural gas as a source of hydrogen, the element to which nitrogen binds to form ammonia.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
To restrain Burr, Hamilton wrote Morris, would be “to bind a Giant by a cobweb.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Martin’s books, season 6 finally broke free of its literary bindings.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 约束; 装订; 捆绑; （用长布条）缠绕
vt. & vi. （使）结合
n. 窘境，困境; 捆绑; 植物的藤蔓
时态：bound, binding, binds
分布：约束(37%)，装订(23%)，捆绑(21%)，团结(8%)，窘境(7%)，强迫(4%)
→词源同band, 绑。
v.捆,绑,包括,束缚I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
verb (bound, bound)
 ADVANCED transitive
■to tie tightly or to fasten 捆绑，捆扎
• They bound the packages with brightly coloured ribbon. 他们用鲜艳的彩带把包裹扎起来。
• Bind together the two broken ends. 把断了的两端连起来。
• The prisoner was bound hand and foot. 那名囚犯手脚被绑。
transitive
■to unite people 使团结；使联合
• The things which bind them together are greater than their differences. 将他们团结在一起的力量胜过他们的分歧。
transitive (also bind up)
■To bind a part of the body, especially a part which is damaged, is to tie something round it 包扎
• He had already bound the child's arm when I arrived. 当我到达时，他已经把孩子的手臂包扎好了。
transitive
■to sew or stick material along the edges of something such as a jacket, in order to make it stronger or to decorate it 给…镶边；缝牢…的边
transitive
■to make separate pieces of paper into a book 装订（书籍）；把…装订成册
• There are several different ways to bind a book, for example you can stitch or stick the pages together. 钉装书籍的方法有几种，比如你可以将书页缝在一起或黏在一起。
⇒ See also bookbinding
intransitive or transitive
■When an egg or water is used especially in cooking to bind something it provides a way of making everything stick together in a solid mass （使）黏合；（使）凝结
• The mixture wouldn't bind (together). 这种混合物不会凝结。
[baɪnd] verb (bound, bound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] bind sb to sth
■to force someone to keep a promise 使（某人）保证；迫使（某人）遵守约定
• His sister had been bound to secrecy. 他妹妹被迫承诺保守秘密。
• We are bound to the original contract. 我们都要遵守原本的合约。
[baɪnd] noun only singular informal
■a difficult situation in which you are prevented from acting as you might like 困境
• Having to visit her every week is a terrible bind. 每周都要拜访她，真令人难受。
• Borrowing money may put you in a real bind. 借钱可能会令你真正陷入困境。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
grant, restrain, bind
grant: 由于慷慨、仁慈而给予某物，通常是应请求人或根据权力要求的人（通常指下级）以某一要求所给予的东西
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧
 - bond, couple, become one, combine
vt. 绑； [法] 约束；装订；包扎；凝固
 - restrict, rope
n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, fix

Word: plummet
Front: plummet
[ˈplʌmɪt] (托雅宝 7681/20271 -1)
Vocabulary: plummet
(once / 3040 pages)
1v 2n
The verb plummet means "to drop sharply," like eagles that plummet toward earth, seeking prey, or school attendance that plummets when there is a flu outbreak.
To correctly pronounce plummet, say "PLUH-met." This verb describes something that drops sharply or quickly, like a roller coaster that plummets down a hill, temperatures that plummet overnight, or sales of roses and candy that plummet after Valentine's Day. If something plummets, this doesn't mean it will stay down or low forever, just that it has experienced a sharp drop.
WORD FAMILY
plummet: plummeted, plummeting, plummets
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited the plummeting cost of initially expensive technologies like solar power.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigators found at least one reason: plummeting levels of leptin.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
But the powerful predators now number just 7,100, and their populations are plummeting toward extinction, according to a new report.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 垂直落下; 骤然跌落
n. 铅锤; 坠子; 重压物
时态：plummetted, plummeted, plummeting, plummets
分布：垂直落下(40%)，暴跌(38%)，铅锤(15%)，铅垂线(7%)
→来自古法语plomet,铅，铅球，来自plomb,铅，铅球，词源同plumb.-et,小词后缀。比喻用法。
突然下落(铅很重,所以下落很快)[plumb=lead,表示"铅"]
【记】源于plumb的铅锤的意义
【反】rise sharply（急剧上升）
verb intransitive
■to fall very quickly and suddenly 暴跌，急遽下降
• House prices have plummeted in recent months. 房价近几个月来暴跌。
• Several large rocks were sent plummeting down the mountain. 好几块巨石被从山上推下。
• She plummeted to the ground. 她一下摔到了地上。
n. [测] 铅锤，坠子
 - gravity weight, sinker

Word: ironically
Front: ironically
[aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ] (六 4808/5611)
Vocabulary: ironically
(once / 1695 pages)
adv
When you see the word ironically, you know there's a disconnect between what is happening and what was expected to happen. You won the race, even though, ironically, you're the only one who didn't train.
Ironically and the noun it's related to — irony — come from the Greek eiron meaning "dissembler, someone who hides the truth." But irony isn’t exactly untruthful — it's just not what you expect. Your mother sent you off to camp so you could become a champion tennis player, but, ironically, you broke your leg the first day and spent the summer playing bridge instead. You didn’t get what you (or your mother) expected.
WORD FAMILY
ironical: ironically +/ironist: ironists/ irony: ironic, ironical, ironies, ironist
USAGE EXAMPLES
These are systems patterned after the way the human brain works but which, ironically, are almost entirely inscrutable to humans.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But ironically the effort might be helped by Japanese workers' declining corporate loyalty.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Ironically, the work of those immigrants in this country led to a massive increase in patent filings in their primary fields of science.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 嘲讽地，挖苦地; 具有讽刺意味地
分布：讽刺地(60%)，说反话地(40%)
ADV-GRADED
具有讽刺意味的是;令人哭笑不得的是
You use ironically to draw attention to a situation which is odd or amusing because it involves a contrast.
例：Ironically, for a man who hated war, he would have made a superb war cameraman.具有讽刺意味的是,他这个痛恨战争的人曾有可能成为一个优秀的战地摄影师。
ADV-GRADED
讽刺挖苦地;说反话地
If you say something ironically, you do not mean it and are saying it as a joke.
例：Classmates at West Point had ironically dubbed him Beauty.西点军校的同学们曾挖苦地戏称他为“美人”。
adv. 讽刺地；说反话地
 - satirically, sarcastically

Word: rubber
Front: rubber
[ˈrʌbə(r)] (中高研四六雅 4791/5262 -K2)
Vocabulary: rubber
(once / 503 pages)
1nv 2adj
Rubber is the material that's used to make things like bouncy balls, rain boots, and car tires. Most rubber comes partly from rubber trees.
To make rubber, manufacturers harvest latex from rubber trees by tapping them — the process is similar to collecting sap from maple trees. It's then refined and processed, often with other materials, to make things ranging from conveyer belts in factories to balloons and the gloves doctors wear. When rubber first arrived in Europe in the 1700s, it was made into erasers, and the idea of rubbing out mistakes led to the word rubber being coined.
WORD FAMILY
rubber: rubbered, rubbering, rubberise, rubberize, rubberlike, rubbers, rubbery +/rubberize: rubberized, rubberizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pipelines and infrastructure projects historically have been rubber stamped across the board,” says Sara Shor, Keep it in the Ground Campaign Manager at 350.org.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
When mowing, wear rubber shoes and wash them and the mower off before moving from a severely infected patch to mow other areas.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The lightweight tree rubber gives the mats a slight slipperiness, which some yogis prefer.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 橡胶; 橡皮; 决胜局; 避孕套
adj. 橡胶制成的
vt. 涂橡胶于; 用橡胶制造
vi. 扭转脖子看; 好奇地引颈而望
时态：rubbered, rubbering, rubbers
分布：橡胶(70%)，橡皮(25%)，橡胶的(3%)，橡胶制品(2%)
→来自 rub,刮，擦，-er,表物。
n.橡皮,橡胶;橡胶制品,胶鞋The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【记】源于：rub（v 擦；摩擦）ber：橡皮；橡胶
US [-ɚ] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an elastic substance (= that stretches) made either from the juice of particular tropical trees or artificially 橡胶；合成橡胶
• Tyres are almost always made of rubber. 几乎所有轮胎都是用橡胶制成的。
 ADVANCED countable UK * an eraser
countable US slang for * a condom
rubbers [plural] US old-fashioned for * overshoes
UK ['rʌb.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
GAME 比赛
countable
■a series of three or five games between two teams, especially in card games or cricket 多轮决胜负的比赛（尤指啤牌或板球三局两胜或五局三胜）
• We played a rubber of bridge. 我们进行了一次三局两胜制的桥牌比赛。
UK ['rʌb.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
a rubber check US humorous
■a cheque (= piece of paper from someone's bank that they sign and use for money) that is not worth anything because the person does not have enough money in the bank 空头支票（某人签署的、用于取钱的银行支票，但没有价值，因为这个人的银行帐户上没有足够的钱）
n. [橡胶] 橡胶；橡皮；合成橡胶；按摩师
 - India-rubber, gum

Word: oracle
Front: oracle
[ˈɒrəkl] (托宝 17550/6795)
Vocabulary: oracle
(once / 605 pages)
n
Back in ancient times, an oracle was someone who offered advice or a prophecy thought to have come directly from a divine source. In modern usage, any good source of information can be called an oracle.
In his Apology, Plato claims that the oracle at Delphi played a vital role in the career of the philosopher Socrates, and a Delphic prophecy sets the tragedy of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex in motion. The word oracle can also be used to describe the utterances of a seer or anyone else who is pretty darn good at predicting the future.
WORD FAMILY
oracle: oracles, oracular +/ oracular: oracularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
SAP SE and Oracle Corp. are encroaching on its turf.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
After buying both for a combined $11 billion, Oracle “eliminated thousands of jobs,” the study found.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Oracle won the cup in San Francisco in 2013 and is preparing in Bermuda to defend yachting’s most prestigious trophy next year.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 神示所; 神谕; 圣贤; 哲人
分布：神谕(80%)，神谕处(14%)，能提供可靠意见的人(3%)，传达神谕的人(3%)
→来自拉丁语oraculum,神的指示，神谕，来自orare,祈祷，祷告，词源同orator.-culum,工具格后缀。词义甲骨文缩写自oracle bone script.
神谕,先知(ora+acle东西→神说出的东西→神谕)[ora,orat=mouth,表示"嘴,说"]
【记】ora说，acle一提前说出－先知（区：ore（n 矿石）；roe（n 鱼卵））源于：美国ORACLE公司，主要生产数据库产品，因为是先知，所以经营较好。
【参】oral（adj 口头的）；oration（n 演讲）；oratorio（n 宗教清唱剧）；
US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable
■(especially in ancient Greece) a female priest who gave people wise but often mysterious advice from a god, or the advice given （尤指古希腊的）女祭司；神谕
■someone who knows a lot about a subject and can give good advice 行家，专家
• Professor Ross is regarded as the oracle on eating disorders. 罗斯教授被视为研究进食障碍方面的专家。
n. 神谕；预言；神谕处；圣人
 - prediction, message

Word: underpin
Front: underpin
[ˌʌndəˈpɪn] (15343/8100 -1)
Back: vt. 用砖石结构等从下面支撑（墙等）; 加固（墙等）的基础; 加强…的基础
时态：underpinned, underpinning, underpins
分布：支撑(95%)，从下头支持(5%)
→under-, 在下面，pin, 别针，固定。引申义固定根基，加强。
US [-dɚ-] (-nn-)
verb transitive
■to give support, strength or a basic structure to something 支撑；加强；巩固；构成（基础）
• He presented the figures to underpin his argument. 他提供了一些资料来支援他的论点。
• Gradually the laws that underpinned (= formed part of the basic structure of) apartheid were abolished. 以种族隔离制度为基础的法律被逐步废除了。
• specialized When restoring the building, the first priority was to underpin the exterior walls by adding wooden supports along the foundations. 修复这座建筑物时，首先要做的是沿着地基给外墙增加木支撑。
vt. 巩固；支持；从下面支撑；加强…的基础
 - cement, encourage, strengthen, carry, second

Word: funeral
Front: funeral
[ˈfju:nərəl] (高研四六雅 2885/3009 -K2)
Vocabulary: funeral
(once / 232 pages)
n
A funeral is a ceremony to bury or cremate the dead. If you go to a funeral, wear black and try not to seem like you're having fun.
Funeral comes from the Latin root fūnus, for "dead body," and so a funeral is the ritual that surrounds taking care of a dead body. Depending on the dead person's beliefs, there will often be a representative of a religion there to honor them in a traditional way. Sometimes we use funeral for dead things other than dead people. If you just gave a really bad party, you could call it a funeral for your social life.
WORD FAMILY
funeral: funerals, funerary, funereal +/ funereal: funereally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver’s funeral will be Thursday at the Jaffa Shrine Center.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As the search continued, the first funerals were held on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 葬礼，丧礼; 〈比喻〉不愉快的事，操心的事，有关系的事
adj. 葬礼的; 出殡用的，出殡时的
分布：葬礼(100%)
→来自拉丁语funus, 死亡，葬礼仪式，可能来自dheu, 死，词源同die, dead.
n.丧葬,葬礼Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
US [-nɚ.əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a (usually religious) ceremony for burying or burning the body of a dead person 葬礼；丧礼
• The funeral will be held next Friday. 葬礼将在下周五举行。
• Over 300 mourners attended the funeral. 300多名哀悼者参加了葬礼。
• a funeral procession 送葬的队伍
UK ['fju:.nər.əl] US [-nɚ.əl] noun countable
That's/it's your funeral! informal
■something that you say which means that if someone suffers bad results from their actions, it will be their fault 那活该你倒楣！你自作自受！
n. 葬礼；麻烦事
 - obsequies, interment
adj. 丧葬的，出殡的
 - sepulchral

Word: tongue
Front: tongue
[tʌŋ] (中高研四六托雅 2871/2831 -K2)
Vocabulary: tongue
(once / 87 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your tongue is the muscle in your mouth that you press against your teeth in order to speak, as well the home of your taste buds. What a useful member of the body!
Tongue supposedly came from the Latin word lingua, meaning "language," but you can't hear the similarity because we pronounce it TUNG, keeping the "ue" silent. A tongue can be anything shaped like your tongue. The flap of leather under your shoelaces is called a tongue, and so is the striker inside a bell. Tongue also means language, like the German tongue, or the Cajun tongue. As a verb, tongue means "lick," as in when the dog tongues your empty plate.
WORD FAMILY
tongue: tongued, tongueless, tonguelike, tongues, tonguing
USAGE EXAMPLES
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tongues wagged - wasn't the whole thing a little too tacky, a little too American?
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The droplets dart across it like shooting stars that crash against your tongue.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 舌头，喙; 语言，方言; 演说，鞋舌; [复]口才
vt. 用舌吹; 舔; 嵌接; [古]批评，指责
vi. 吹奏（管乐器）; 运用舌法发音; 突出
时态：tongued, tonguing, tongues
分布：舌头(75%)，语言(9%)，舔(8%)，口才(3%)，舌状物(3%)，发音(1%)，用舌吹奏管乐器(1%)
→来自古英语 tunge,舌头，来自 Proto-Germanic*tungon,舌头，来自 tnghwa,舌头，词源同 language,lingual.字母 d,l 音变，比较 tear,lachrymose.引申词义语言。
n.舌;语言I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
noun
MOUTH PART 口腔部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the large soft piece of flesh in the mouth which you can move and which you use for tasting, speaking, etc 舌头
• I burnt my tongue on some soup last night. 我昨晚喝汤时烫着了舌头。
uncountable
■the tongue of an animal, used as food （用作食物的动物的）舌头，口条
[tʌŋ] noun
SHOE 鞋
countable
■a part of an object which is tongue-shaped, especially the piece of material which is under the laces in a shoe 舌状物（尤指鞋舌）
[tʌŋ] noun
LANGUAGE 语言
countable literary
■a language 语言
• immigrants struggling to learn a foreign tongue 努力学习外语的移民
• an ancient tongue 古老的语言
[tʌŋ] noun
STYLE OF EXPRESSION 表达方式
only singular
■a person's way of expressing their ideas and feelings 说话方式
• She is a prolific writer with critical views and a sharp (= severe and critical) tongue. 她是一个多产的作家，观点尖锐，语言犀利。
[tʌŋ] noun
get your tongue round/around sth
■to pronounce a difficult word or phrase 正确发出（难读单词或短语）的音
• It's one language that I have real difficulty getting my tongue round. 这是一种我很难正确发音的语言。
[tʌŋ] noun
loosen sb's tongue
■to make someone speak very honestly 使（某人）说出，使（某人）讲实话
• A few whiskies should loosen his tongue. 几杯威士忌酒就能打开他的话匣子。
[tʌŋ] noun
stick/put your tongue out
■to make a rude sign by putting the tongue outside the mouth 吐舌头
• An old man was staring at her so she stuck her tongue out at him. 一个老头正盯着她看，于是她朝他吐了吐舌头。
[tʌŋ] noun
tongue in cheek See at tongue-in-cheek
[tʌŋ] noun
tongues wagging informal
■If what someone says or does starts tongues wagging, it causes other people to start talking and guessing things about their private lives 说闲话，嚼舌
• Do you think if we leave the party together it will set/start tongues wagging? 你觉得如果我们俩一起离开派对的话会惹人间话吗？
• They tried to keep their affair secret, but it wasn't long before tongues began to wag. 他们试图不让别人知道他们的暧昧关系，但是不久就有了闲言闲语。
speech, laguage, tongue, slang, dialect, idiom
这组词都有“语言”的意思，其区别是：
speech: 特指人的口语，也指正式的讲话。
laguage: 普通用词，含义广。指人的语言或文字，或动物的语言。既可指口头或书面语言，也可指手势语等。
tongue: 书面用词，指人的语言，亦指人的母语。
slang: 指俚语。
dialect: 指一种语言中，某一地方所特有的语言形式，即方言。
idiom: 指一种语言中一般由几个词结合成短语或句子的特殊表达方式，即惯用语、成语。也指方言。
n. 舌头；语言
 - language, longue
vt. 舔；斥责；用舌吹
 - carpet, lick
vi. 说话；吹管乐器
 - speak, fack

Word: wedding
Front: wedding
[ˈwedɪŋ] (高研四六托雅 2176/2391 -K3)
Back: n. 婚礼; 婚宴; 结婚纪念日; 结合
vt. 与…结婚; 使完婚; 使紧密结合; 把形式与作用紧密结合的风格
vi. 婚礼; 结婚
分布：婚礼(97%)，结合(3%)
→来自wed,结婚。
n.婚礼On the wedding I saw blooms embeded in the bed of the bedroom.在婚礼上,我看见卧室的床上镶嵌着花朵.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a marriage ceremony and any celebrations such as a meal or a party which follow it 婚礼，结婚庆典
• a wedding cake/dress/invitation/present/reception 婚礼蛋糕／礼服／请柬／礼物／招待会
• Do you know the date of Caroline and Matthew's wedding? 你知道卡罗琳和马修的婚礼哪天举行吗？
• It was their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary last week. 上周是他们结婚25周年纪念。
wedding, marriage
这组词都有“结婚”的意思，其区别是：
wedding: 普通用词，指婚礼上的结婚仪式以及随之而来的庆祝活动。
marriage: 普通用词，含义广，指婚烟关系及婚后生活，也可指结婚仪式。
n. 婚礼，婚宴；结婚；结合
 - marriage, combination, coupling, bond, join

Word: curse
Front: curse
[kɜ:s] (研四六雅 5761/6677 -2)
Vocabulary: curse
(once / 133 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
When you curse, you say words you wouldn't want your mother or your priest to hear you saying. A curse can also be wishing something awful on someone, like the witch who puts a curse on Sleeping Beauty.
When you hear "maledizione!" in an Italian opera, somebody's having a curse placed on them. The Italian word tells you just what a curse is — it's a "bad saying" — a really bad saying. Like "May you and all your family have nothing but Brussels sprouts to eat forever and ever!" That would be a curse. As a verb, the act of cursing will lead to getting your mouth washed out with soap.
WORD FAMILY
curse: cursed, curses, cursing+/cursed: cursedest, cursedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s a curse for companies that aim at a mass market, America’s traditional strength.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He banned cursing and reprimanded coaches who broke the rule.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 诅咒; 咒骂; 使苦恼，使困苦; 把（某人）逐出教门
n. 诅咒; 咒语; 祸害，祸因; 咒逐，逐出教门
时态：cursed, cursing, curses
分布：诅咒(81%)，咒骂(17%)，使受罪(1%)，祸端(1%)
→词源不详。
n.诅咒,咒语,祸因vt.诅咒,咒骂,使受罪In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
【记】cur流氓，se色：se的流氓，这种流氓应该咒死他！
US [kɝ:s] verb
SPEAK ANGRILY 生气地说
intransitive or transitive
■to say a word or an expression which is not polite and shows that you are very angry 诅咒，咒骂；骂人
• We could hear him cursing and swearing as he tried to get the door open. 我们听到他一边努力想把门打开，一边骂骂咧咧。
• I could curse her for losing my key! 她弄丢了我的锁匙，我真想咒骂她！
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] verb
PERFORM MAGIC 施魔法
transitive
■to say magic words which are intended to bring bad luck to someone 咒语，诅咒，魔咒
• Things were going so badly - it was as if I'd been cursed. 事情这么不顺利——我好像被施了魔咒。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
MAGIC 魔法
countable
■magic words which are intended to bring bad luck to someone 咒语，诅咒，魔咒
• In the story, a wicked witch put a curse on the princess for 100 years. 故事中，一个邪恶的女巫给公主施了一百年才能破解的咒语。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
TROUBLE 麻烦
countable
■a cause of trouble and unhappiness 祸根，祸因；祸害
• Noise is the curse of modern city life. 噪音是困扰现代城市生活的因素。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
BLOOD 血液
the curse only singular old-fashioned informal
■a woman's period (= flow of blood each month) 月经，例假
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
ANGRY WORD 骂人的话
countable
■a rude word or phrase 诅咒，咒骂，骂人的话
n. 诅咒；咒骂
 - oath, anathema
vt. 诅咒；咒骂
 - drat, beshrew
vi. 诅咒；咒骂
 - swear at, Curse of Lola

Word: graphic
Front: graphic
[ˈgræfɪk] (研托雅宝 5381/6920 -2)
Vocabulary: graphic
(once / 677 pages)
adjn
Something graphic is visual. Graphic design is made of visual elements. A graphic novel tells its story with pictures. And a story that is too graphic is too good at showing you things that are, for example, shocking or violent.
Derived from the Greek graphikos, meaning "drawn" or "written," graphic shows up often before words such as design or art. There's debate over whether Norman Rockwell was a painter or just a graphic artist. In certain cases, usually involving loaded issues such as violence or sex, graphic means overly clear in a visual way. Gruesome slasher movies could be too graphic for some viewers, leaving them feeling sick to their stomachs.
WORD FAMILY
graphic: graphically, graphics
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also relays graphic details of how her husband died.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Last month, it agreed to buy U.S.-based Mentor Graphics in a $4.5 billion deal.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
However these passages cannot be quoted in full in this story due to their somewhat graphic content.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 图解的，用图表示的; 用文字表示的; 形象的，生动的
分布：图表(55%)，生动的(31%)，图表的(14%)
a.绘画似的,图解的,生动的The general gave a graphic account of the battle.将军对战斗作了生动的描述.
【记】graph（n 图表；曲线图）
adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■very clear and powerful 形象的；生动的；逼真的
• a graphic description/account 生动的描述／形象的说明
• He insisted on describing his operation in graphic detail while we were eating lunch. 我们吃午饭的时候，他偏要绘声绘色地描述他动手术的情形。
['græf.ɪk] adjective
DRAWING 图画
[before noun]
■related to drawing or printing 绘画的，书画的；印刷的
• a graphic artist 书画艺术家
['græf.ɪk] adjective
GRAPH 图表 (mainly UK graphical)
■relating to, using or consisting of a graph or graphs 图表的，利用图表的
adj. 形象的；图表的；绘画似的
 - ikonic, imagic

Word: dismay
Front: dismay
[dɪsˈmeɪ] (研六托雅宝 9018/7726 -2)
Vocabulary: dismay
(once / 330 pages)
nv
If you discover late Sunday night that the dog really did eat your homework, you might cry out in dismay. Dismay describes an emotional state of alarm, fear, or serious disappointment.
The first part of dismay comes from the Latin prefix dis-, which comes in handy when you want to put a negative spin on words (dishonest, discount, disenchant, etc.). The last bit of dismay most likely comes from the Germanic word magan, meaning "to be able to." You can employ the word dismay to describe how you feel in a variety of negative situations that you doubt you are able to handle.
WORD FAMILY
dismay: dismayed, dismaying, dismays+/ dismayed: dismayedly, undismayed/dismaying: dismayingly/undismayed: undismayedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials expressed dismay over the scenes of slaughter in the Compaj prison, which held more than 1,200 inmates, about triple its official capacity.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It dismays me that this is a part of the political process,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Construction began in 2007, to the dismay of some businesses and residents who endured shaking, clanging and dust as the work proceeded.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使惊愕，使焦虑，使气馁
n. 惊愕，气馁
时态：dismayed, dismaying, dismays
分布：沮丧(92%)，绝望(4%)，使 ... 沮丧(2%)，使 ... 惊愕(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-may, 权力，力量，词源同may, might. 原指剥夺权力或者力量，引申义灰心，丧气。
沮丧(dis+may能够→不能做事→沮丧;参考:五月能种粮食,所以叫may)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
n./v.(使)沮丧;(使)惊慌;(使)失望,(使)绝望"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
【记】dis不，may也许：也许不能上2000分－使气馁
【反】hearten（v 鼓励）
noun uncountable
■a feeling of unhappiness and disappointment 沮丧，灰心，失望
• Aid workers were said to have been filled with dismay by the appalling conditions that the refugees were living in. 据说援助人员看到难民所处的恶劣生活环境时都感到非常沮丧。
• The supporters watched in/with dismay as their team lost 6-0. 球队的支持者们郁闷地看着自己的球队以０比６的比分输掉了比赛。
• She discovered, to her dismay, that her exam was a whole month earlier than she'd expected. 她郁闷地发现考试比她预料的早了整整一个月。
n. 沮丧，灰心；惊慌
 - depression, alarm, disappointment
vt. 使沮丧；使惊慌
 - depress, dispirit

Word: warrior
Front: warrior
[ˈwɒriə(r)] (托 3607/5376 -2)
Vocabulary: warrior
(once / 166 pages)
n
Although logically linked with someone engaged in war, a warrior can be anyone who fights the good fight, whether in politics, on the job, or just as a "weekend warrior" trying to accomplish multiple tasks during off-hours at home.
As the Old French guerre meant "war," it led to the word guerreor for someone who wages war. This eventually morphed into the word we know as warrior. The word can also refer to someone fighting a philosophical or political war. Author Carlos Castandeda said, "Nobody is born a warrior, in exactly the same way that nobody is born an average man. We make ourselves into one or the other.” After ridding the kitchen of ants, you felt like a proud warrior.
WORD FAMILY
warrior: warriorlike, warriors+/ war: postwar, prewar, warlike, warred, warring, warrior, wars/warlike: warliker
USAGE EXAMPLES
He finished with 15 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors win at home for the eighth game in a row.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the first time in U.S. history, there were more military kids struggling with the behavioral consequences of war than warriors themselves.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Warrior monks don’t talk and do whatever is asked,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 武士，勇士; 军人; 鼓吹战争的人
分布：战士(53%)，武士(24%)，勇士(23%)
→来自war,战争。即战士，后该词用于指武士。
US ['wɔ:r.i.ɚ] noun countable
■a soldier, usually one who has both experience and skill in fighting, especially in the past （尤指旧时的）武士，勇士
• a Samurai warrior 日本武士
• a warrior king/nation 尚武的国王／好战的民族
n. 战士，勇士；鼓吹战争的人
 - champion, fighter, brave

Word: clutch
Front: clutch
[klʌtʃ] (研六托雅 5145/4855 -2)
Vocabulary: clutch
(once / 371 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n 5n
To clutch is to grasp or hold on to tightly. Some people clutch the safety bar on the roller coaster for dear life; others throw their hands in the air.
As a noun, clutch has many meanings: a brood of chickens, a strapless purse, the extra pedal in a stick-shift car. But the verb remains a great way to describe grasping. "Once I knew only darkness and stillness . . . but a little word from the fingers of another fell into my hand that clutched at emptiness, and my heart leaped to the rapture of living,” said Helen Keller, recalling the moment she learned to read Braille.
WORD FAMILY
clutch: clutched, clutching, declutch+/declutch: declutched
USAGE EXAMPLES
Raiders left tackle Donald Penn left the game clutching his left knee but Del Rio said he thinks Penn should be fine for next week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now the Lions may need one more clutch performance from their franchise quarterback to advance to the playoffs.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抓紧; 紧握; 抓住; 抓取
vi. 试图抓住; 踩离合器
adj. 紧要关头的; 没有手提带的
n. 紧抓; 控制; 离合器; 紧要关头
时态：clutched, clutching, clutches
分布：离合器(82%)，抓住(8%)，企图抓住(2%)，紧要关头(2%)，爪子(1%)，关键的(1%)，踩离合器(1%)，一群(1%)，抓牢(1%)，致胜的(1%)
→词源同cling,clench.
v.抓住,攫住,掌握n.离合器The wretched butcher clutched the needle and stitched it clumsily.可怜的屠夫抓针并且笨拙缝它.
verb intransitive or transitive
■to take or try to take hold of something tightly, usually in fear, worry or pain （通常指因恐惧、焦虑或痛苦而）紧抓，紧握
• Silent and pale, she clutched (onto) her mother's hand. 她一声不吭，面色苍白，死死抓着母亲的手。
• Clutching the money to his chest, he hurried to the bank. 他把钱紧紧捂在胸前，急急忙忙赶到了银行。
• He collapsed, clutching his stomach. 他紧紧捂着肚子，倒了下去。
[klʌtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clutch at sth
■to try very hard to hold something 努力抓住
• Feeling herself fall, she clutched at a branch. 觉得自己要掉下去了，她伸手想抓住一根树枝。
[klʌtʃ] noun
MACHINE PART 机器零件
countable usually singular
■a device which allows turning movement to be sent from one part of a machine to another 离合器
• I've booked the car into the garage because the clutch is slipping. 我已约好了时间把车送去修理，因为离合器松了。
countable usually singular
■the pedal or handle in a vehicle that is used to operate the engine's clutch 离合器踏板；离合器手柄
• Push the clutch in , put the car into gear, rev the engine and then gently let the clutch out. 踩下离合器，挂上档，踩油门，然后慢慢松开离合器。
[klʌtʃ] noun
GROUP 群
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of eggs produced by the same bird, especially in a nest （尤指鸟巢里的）一窝蛋
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of people or things （人或物）一小群，一簇，一撮
• a fresh clutch of students 一群新学生
[klʌtʃ] noun
CONTROL 控制
sb's clutches humorous
[plural]
■the control of someone （某人的）掌控，控制
• He is in /has fallen into the clutches of that woman. 他落入了那个女人的控制之中。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. [机] 离合器；控制；手；紧急关头
 - control, hand, grasp, guiding, hold
vt. 抓住；紧握
 - grasp, noble, collar

Word: spook
Front: spook
[spu:k] (12870/33501 -1)
Back: n. 鬼; 幽灵; <俚>出没无常行踪古怪的人; 间谍
vt. 鬼怪般地出没; 吓唬，恐吓; （因受惊吓而）逃窜
时态：spooked, spooking, spooks
分布：幽灵(28%)，惊吓(20%)，间谍(20%)，吓唬(20%)，鬼怪般出没(6%)，代写(6%)
→来自荷兰语 spook,鬼怪，幽灵，词源不详，可能改写自 specter,鬼怪，幽灵。引申词义间谍 ， 特工，字面意思即内鬼。
noun countable
SPIRIT 幽灵 informal for
■ ghost (SPIRIT)
• The film was dreadful - all spooks and vampires. 那部电影很可怕——全是些游魂和吸血鬼。
[spu:k] noun countable
PERSON 人 US for spy (SECRET PERSON) .
[spu:k] verb transitive
■to frighten a person or animal 惊吓；吓唬
• Seeing the police car outside the house really spooked them. 看到房子外面的警车，真把他们吓了一大跳。
n. 鬼；幽灵
 - shadow, ghost
vt. 惊吓；鬼怪般地出没
 - scare, take aback
vi. 受惊
 - scare

Word: mafia
Front: mafia
['mæfiə] (15706/9992 -2)
Back: n. （意大利、美国等的）反社会黑帮，黑手党; 秘密犯罪集团，秘密施加巨大影响的一伙人; 民众对法律和政府的敌视
分布：黑手党(93%)，秘密政党(7%)
→来自意大利语Mafia,西西里岛秘密罪犯组织，来自西西里语mafia,勇敢，无畏。后词义通用化。
US ['mɑ:.fi.ə] noun [+ sing/pl verb]
the Mafia
■a criminal organization which began in Sicily and is active in Italy and the US 黑手党（起源于义大利西西里的犯罪组织，现活跃于义大利和美国）
countable
■a close group of people who are involved in similar activities and who help and protect each other, sometimes to the disadvantage of others 团伙，帮派，小集团
n. 黑手党；（意）秘密政党
 - Maffia

Word: affiliate
Front: affiliate
[əˈfɪlieɪt] (研六托雅宝 6929/14490 -2)
Vocabulary: affiliate
(once / 1154 pages)
vn
An affiliate is a subordinate group or organization associated with a larger group or organization. For example, the American broadcasting company NBC has hundreds of affiliate stations around the country.
Affiliate comes from the Medieval Latin term affiliat, meaning "adopted as a son," though it's unlikely NBC sees its affiliate companies in quite that way. The word can also be used to describe someone who simply hangs out with someone else a lot, or keeps company with them regularly, whether for business or not.
WORD FAMILY
affiliate: affiliated, affiliates, affiliating, affiliation +/ affiliated: unaffiliated/ affiliation: affiliations, reaffiliation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Art Brown, president of the Utah chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, told the local Fox affiliate the group would not support Thurston’s proposal.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“I acknowledge that they were disrespectful and offensive,” he said, a local NBC News affiliate reported.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Cox said the plane is kept at a hangar at the airfield, but the six people aboard the aircraft aren’t affiliated with OSU.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使隶属于，接纳…为成员; 使紧密联系
vt. & vi. 加入，与…有关; 为…工作
时态：affiliated, affiliating, affiliates
分布：分公司(41%)，附属机构(26%)，发生联系(17%)，接纳(10%)，使隶属于(3%)，追溯(3%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。词根fil, 子女，来自词根fe, 喂养，吮吸，同female,女的。
v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司I'm baffled why the affiliated man initiated the negotiator into ego.被附属于的人为什么正式介绍谈判者进自我,我被困惑.
【参】filial（adj 子女的）
【反】dissociation（n 分裂）－affiliation（n 入会，加入）
verb transitive /əˈfɪl.i.eɪt/
■to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group or organization 使并入，使隶属（较大的团体或组织）；使紧密联系
• a college affiliated to the University of London 伦敦大学附属学院
• The school is affiliated with a national association of driving schools. 这所学校隶属于一个全国驾驶学校协会。
noun countable /əˈfɪl.i.ət/
■an organization that is connected with or controlled by another, usually larger, organization 隶属机构，分支机构
• Our college is an affiliate of the university. 我们学院隶属于这所大学。
append, affiliate, attach, link
这组词都有“附加”的意思，其区别是：
append: v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affiliate: v.加入，成为……一部分。
 • an affiliated middle school   一所附属中学
attach: v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
 • I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.   我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
link: v.将人或物连接起来。
 • The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.   群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
n. 联号；隶属的机构等
 - associated company
vt. 使附属；接纳；使紧密联系
 - receive, take on sb
vi. 参加，加入；发生联系
 - participate in, take part in, go through

Word: administrator
Front: administrator
[ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə(r)] (托雅 2484/4362 -2)
Vocabulary: administrator
(once / 823 pages)
n
The boss, the head honcho, the person in charge: An administrator is the person responsible for managing things and running the show.
Administrators are often found directing government agencies, organizing institutions, or leading school departments. They're the decision makers and the planners, the people who put in place or administer the rules and guidelines. In other words, the administrator's office is probably the last place you want to end up if you're in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
administrator: administrators+/ administrate: administrated, administrates, administrating, administrative, administrator / administrative: administratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problems arose immediately for students, faculty and administrators.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Administrators are still working on the other two strands.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 管理者; 有管理（或行政）才能的人; [法]（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人; 地产管理人
分布：管理人(64%)，行政官(36%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone whose job is to control the operation of a business, organization or plan 管理人员，行政人员
• From 1969 to 1971, he was administrator of the Illinois state drug abuse program. 从1969年到1971年间，他主持伊利诺州禁毒计划。
• She works as a school administrator. 她是学校的一名行政人员。
n. [管理] 管理人；行政官
 - supervisor, conductor

Word: fury
Front: fury
[ˈfjʊəri] (研六托雅宝 6574/5137 -2)
Vocabulary: fury
(once / 139 pages)
n
Violent, angry, and ferocious, fury is a feeling of wild, intense anger. Before you let your fury get the best of you, it's good to take a few deep breaths before you speak.
Fury is anger times ten — it's unrestrained and maybe a little scary. If you've ever seen a little kid have a raging temper tantrum because it was time to leave the park, you have an idea of what fury looks — and sounds — like. Fury can also describe aspects of nature, like the fury of a hurricane. In Greek mythology, a fury was a spirit of punishment, named for the three Furies, goddesses who punished the guilty.
WORD FAMILY
fury: furies, furious +/ furious: furiously, furiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I got it from both sides: eardrum-denting yells of fury, which managed to break through the noise of surrounding protestors.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The Rams prevailed, 73-64, but the atmosphere crackled with the type of energy and fury unseen at EagleBank Arena for many winters.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Utah leaders responded with fury, arguing that the president is behaving imperiously, and promised to push for a rollback.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 狂怒; [罗神]复仇三女神之一; 暴怒; 激怒者
分布：愤怒(79%)，狂暴(14%)，泼妇(5%)，狂怒的人(2%)
→来自拉丁语furia, 狂怒，狂暴。
US ['fjɝ:.i] noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■extreme anger 暴怒；狂怒
• He could hardly contain his fury. 他几乎克制不住自己的愤怒。
• She flew into a fury at the suggestion. 这个建议使她勃然大怒。
UK ['fjʊə.ri] US ['fjɝ:.i] noun [S or U]
like fury old-fashioned
■with great energy and determination 奋力地
• I've been working like fury these past few days to catch up. 过去的这几天里我一直奋力工作以求赶上进度。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 狂怒；暴怒；激怒者
 - agriothymia, hopping mad

Word: preach
Front: preach
[pri:tʃ] (研六托雅宝 4814/5238 -2)
Vocabulary: preach
(once / 98 pages)
v
To preach is to deliver a sermon or an otherwise powerful message. You may go to church to hear the minister preach, and you may preach tolerance to your friends.
Have you ever heard anyone say, "That's preaching to the choir"? That means you're wasting your words on somebody who already believes what you believe. If you're giving an impassioned speech about recycling to an audience dressed in reclaimed clothing and sandals made of old tires, you're likely to be preaching to the choir. The word preach comes from the Latin prae, "before," and dicare, "declare." When you preach, you're not just talking — you're declaring something with conviction.
WORD FAMILY
preach: preached, preacher, preaches, preaching, preachment+/ preacher: preachers/preaching: preachings/preachment: preachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside Caesars Palace, a group of people preaching Christianity yelled judgments at the pedestrians with bullhorns.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He’s teaching and preaching at the same time.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Rev. Lynn Jostes will preach on “Fearing, Hoping, Trusting,” and the sacraments of Communion and Baptism will be celebrated.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 布道，讲道; 宣扬; 说教; 讲（道）
n. 〈口〉讲道，说教
时态：preached, preaching, preaches
分布：说教(41%)，讲道(37%)，传道(18%)，训诫(4%)
→来自古英语predician,传道，布道，借自古法语preechier,传道，布道，来自拉丁语praedicare,公开宣称，通知，宣布，公告，来自prae,在前面，dicare,说，宣布，公告，词源同diction,predict.引申贬义词义说教。
v.宣讲(教义),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣传;说教The preacher preached to the teacher's teacup.传教士对着老师的茶杯说教.
verb
SPEAK IN CHURCH 在教堂里布道
intransitive or transitive
■(especially of a priest in a church) to give a religious speech （尤指牧师在教堂中）讲道，布道
• Father Martin preached to the assembled mourners. 马丁神父向聚集的哀悼者们布道。
• During the sermon, he preached about the need for forgiveness. 在布道期间，他宣讲了宽恕的必要性。
[pri:tʃ] verb
PERSUADE 说服
transitive
■to try to persuade other people to believe in a particular belief or follow a particular way of life 竭力劝说，竭力鼓吹
• They preach the abolition of established systems but propose nothing to replace them. 他们竭力鼓吹废除现行体制，但没有提出取代方案。
[pri:tʃ] verb
ADVISE 建议
intransitive disapproving
■to give unwanted advice, especially about moral matters, in a boring way 告诫；（尤指道德）说教
• He's such a pain - he's always preaching about the virtues of working hard and getting up early. 他很烦人——老在倡导努力工作和早起的美德。
• My mother's always preaching at/to me about keeping my room tidy. 我母亲老是告诫我保持房间整洁。
[pri:tʃ] verb
preach to the converted (also preach to the choir)
■to try to persuade people to believe things which they already believe 向已皈依者宣教布道；劝别人相信他们已经相信的东西：
• You needn't bother telling us how recycling helps the environment, because you're preaching to the converted. 你不必浪费唇舌告诉我们资源回收对环境有甚么好处，因为我们早就知道了。
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
vt. 说教；讲道；鼓吹；传道；反复灌输
 - drum in
vi. 说教；讲道；鼓吹；宣扬
 - boost, sermonize
n. 说教
 - homily

Word: realistic
Front: realistic
[ˌri:əˈlɪstɪk] (研六 3993/3620 -K2)
Vocabulary: realistic
(once / 885 pages)
adj
If your friend says she is going to fly on wings made of wax, you might tell her to "be realistic!" What you mean is, "In the real world, that is not going to happen."
While you might really want to go to an Ivy League college, it's probably more realistic to apply to state schools if your grades aren't that good. A movie can be called realistic if it seems to represent life as it is. Do you ever wonder if reality TV is more realistic than scripted television? The jury is still out on that, but most people agree that if you're being realistic, what matters most about a TV show are its ratings.
WORD FAMILY
realistic: realistically, unrealistic+/irreality: irrealities/ real: realer, reales, realest, realism, reality, really, realness, reals, reis, unreal/ realism: realisms, realist, realistic, unrealism/ realist: realists/ reality: irreality, realities/ really: reallys/unreal: unreality, unreally/unrealism: unrealisms/unrealistic: unrealistically/unreality: unrealities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From then on, slightly abstract, sometimes surreal touches are added to this realistic backdrop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The first scenario seems realistic, whereas the second seems like a lovely daydream.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 现实的; [艺] 现实主义的，[哲]实在论（者）的; 逼真的; 栩栩如生的
分布：现实的(93%)，现实主义的(7%)
a.现实(主义)的It isn't a realistic plan.那是一项不切实际的计划.
US [ˌri:.ə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■accepting things as they are in fact and not making decisions based on unlikely hopes for the future 现实的；实事求是的；务实的
• Let's be realistic (about this) - I just can't afford to pay that much money. （在这一点上）我们还是现实一点吧——我根本就付不起那么一大笔钱。
• It isn't realistic to expect people to work for so little money. 给那么点报酬还指望人们做这个工作，这是不现实的。
⇒ See also realpolitik
 ADVANCED
■seeming to exist or be happening in fact 逼真的；栩栩如生的
• The special effects were so realistic. 那些特技镜头太逼真了。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的
 - living, breathing

Word: locally
Front: locally
['ləʊkəlɪ] (托 5879/3795 -K)
Vocabulary: locally
(once / 1663 pages)
adv
Things that happen locally occur close to a specific place — near your town, for example. Locally grown tomatoes are picked on nearby farms and sold at your neighborhood market.
If you shop locally, you support your neighbors' businesses whenever possible, buying things that are made and sold in your city or state. If there's been an increase in population locally, it means the total number of people living in your immediate area has gone up. This adverb can also describe things that occur only in one restricted part of the body: "Apply the ointment locally to the itchy spots."
WORD FAMILY
local: localise, localism, locality, localize, locally, locals+/delocalize: delocalized/localisation: localisations/localise: localisation, localised, localises, localising/ localism: localisms/ locality: localities/localization: localizations/localize: delocalize, localization, localized, localizes, localizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another approach is “data localisation” requirements, which mandate that certain types of digital information must be stored locally or remain in the country.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The money sent back usually gets reinvested locally, he said, "in better schooling for kids, better care for the elderly, and better housing."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Locally based companies might find themselves less “burdened” by federal regulations.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 在附近; 在本地; 当地地; 本地地
分布：在本地(58%)，局部地(28%)，地方性地(14%)
US ['loʊ-] adverb
■in the particular small area which you are talking about 在当地
• The shopkeeper said all his fruit and vegetables are grown locally. 店主说他店里所有的水果和蔬菜都是当地出产的。
• Do they live locally? 他们住在当地吗？

Word: scarcely
Front: scarcely
[ˈskeəsli] (研四六托雅 6981/4028 -2)
Vocabulary: scarcely
(once / 65 pages)
adv
Scarcely means just before, hardly, or “almost not.” If you had scarcely made it to bed when the sun started to rise, you are probably pretty tired by now.
Scarcely may have just made it in the nick of time and by the skin of its teeth, but it’s here now, even if it is just barely hanging on —- which means you can scarcely accuse it of not showing up. Though an ly adverb, scarcely is unusual in that it is not so much a descriptor of its root adjective as a synonym of the adverb form scarce. If you scarcely believe me, look it up for yourself!
WORD FAMILY
scarce: scarcely, scarceness, scarcer, scarcest, scarcity +/ scarcity: scarcities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firefight was of a familiar type: a swift and ferocious clash between combatants who scarcely glimpsed one another.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Issues like Medicare and Medicaid were scarcely discussed.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Other examples are less famous, though scarcely less important.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adv. 几乎不，简直不; 刚刚，才; 决不; （刚）一…就
分布：几乎不(33%)，简直不(25%)，刚刚(22%)，决不(20%)
→scarce,缺少的，不足的，-ly,副词后缀。引申词义勉强，刚刚。
ad.几乎不,简直没有,勉强The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US ['sker-] adverb
ONLY JUST 刚刚
 ADVANCED (literary scarce)
■only just or almost not 勉强；几乎不
• I was scarcely able to move my arm after the accident. 那场事故以后，我的手臂几乎不能动了。
• I could scarcely believe it when she said she wanted to marry me. 当她说想要跟我结婚时，我简直无法相信。
■used to say that something happened immediately after something else happened 刚…就
• I had scarcely sat down/Scarcely had I sat down to eat when the phone rang. 我刚坐下吃饭，电话就响了。
UK ['skeə.sli] US ['sker-] adverb
NOT 不
■certainly not 绝不
• I'd scarcely have done it if I didn't think it was absolutely necessary! 要是当时我认为并非绝对必要的话，我决不会这么做的。
• He's only two - you can scarcely blame him for behaving badly. 他只有两岁——不听话你也不能怪他。
barely, scarcely, hardly
这组词都有“几乎不”的意思，其区别是：
barely: 指仅仅够，一点不多，强调没有多余。
scarcely: 指不太充分，不太够，不足，不能令人满意，强调数量。
hardly: 指接近最低限度，差不多没有多余，强调困难和程度。
adv. 几乎不，简直不；简直没有
 - ill, barely

Word: rob
Front: rob
[rɒb] (高研四六 5071/5202 -K2)
Vocabulary: rob
(once / 95 pages)
v
To rob is to steal something using violence (or the threat of violence). A criminal might rob a bank by pretending to have a weapon.
Use the verb rob when you're talking about a crime — like when a bandit robs a train in the movies, or an outlaw robs the general store on TV. You can also use it to mean "deprive," as in "Having to ride my bike to school is only going to rob me of my energy by the time I get there." Rob comes from the Old French rober, "rob, steal, or ransack."
WORD FAMILY
rob: robbed, robber, robbery, robbing, robs+/ robber: robbers/ robbery: robberies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yu said he spoke to an elderly woman who was robbed of her iPhone 7, cash and cosmetics by the suspects on Dec. 22.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Thursday in the Phoenix suburb of Peoria after a man robbed a convenience store.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抢劫; 抢夺，掠夺; 非法剥夺; 使丧失
vi. 抢劫; 掠夺
时态：robbed, robbing, robs
分布：抢劫(80%)，掠夺(20%)
→来自 rueb,*reup,抓，抢，词源同 rape,rip,rupture.
v.(of)抢劫,盗取;非法剥夺The problem is that those who are out of jobs probably rob.问题是那些失业者们可能行劫.
US [rɑ:b] (-bb-)
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to take money or property illegally from a place, organization or person, often using violence 抢劫，掠夺；盗取
• The terrorists financed themselves by robbing banks. 恐怖分子靠抢银行来获得资金。
• My wallet's gone! I've been robbed! 我的钱包没了！我被偷了！
• They robbed the company of £2 million. 他们从这间公司盗取了两百万英镑。
■If someone is robbed of something they deserve or want, it is taken away from them 使丧失；剥夺
• A last-minute injury robbed me of my place on the team. 我在紧要关头受了伤，失去了在球队中的位置。
UK [rɒb] US [rɑ:b] (-bb-)
verb transitive
rob Peter to pay Paul
■to borrow money from one person to pay back money you borrowed from someone else 拆东墙补西墙；借新债还旧债
rob, steal, deprive, plunder
这组词都有“偷，抢，夺”的意思，其区别是：
rob: 最常用词，指用暴力恐吓或哄骗等非法手段抢夺财物。
steal: 普通用词，指暗中行窃。
deprive: 多指夺去或扣留别人拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可用于指抽象的事物。
plunder: 指大规模或大范围地掠夺。
vt. 抢劫；使…丧失；非法剥夺
 - hijack, spoliate
vi. 抢劫；掠夺
 - prey upon, pillage

Word: interfere
Front: interfere
[ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)] (研四六托 4424/3769 -2)
Vocabulary: interfere
(once / 145 pages)
v
To interfere is to try to stop something from happening. If you get into a fight on the street, people passing by might try to interfere so no one gets hurt.
Many countries resent it when other countries interfere (get involved) in their internal affairs, just as people often dislike it when others interfere in their personal affairs. In this sense interfere is the opposite of minding one's business. On airplanes you're not allowed to use cellphones because, it's said, they interfere with the plane’s navigational systems.
WORD FAMILY
interfere: interfered, interference, interferes, interfering+/ interference: interferences, noninterference/interfering: interferingest
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was a poor decision, a referee interfering needlessly, and indeed ruinously in the flow of a match.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Putin condemned the new round of sanctions President Obama imposed against Russia for allegedly using computer hacking to interfere with the U.S. presidential election.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“This will not deter Putin from interfering in French or German elections in 2017.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 干预，干涉; 调停，排解; 妨碍，打扰
时态：interfered, interfering, interferes
分布：干涉(64%)，妨碍(36%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-fer,击，打，钻孔，词源同bore,perforate.引申词义干扰，干涉。
v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰Don't interfere.别妨碍.
US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful 干涉，干预
• It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere. 那是他们的问题，我不想干涉。
• I'd never interfere UKbetween a husband and wife/ USwith a husband and wife. 我从不会干涉两夫妻间的事。
• Interfering in other people's relationships is always a mistake. 干涉他人谈恋爱从来都是不对的。
UK [ˌɪn.tə'fɪər] US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  interfere with sth
■to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully 妨碍，干扰
• Even a low level of noise interferes with my concentration. 就连很小的噪音也会分散我的注意力。
■If something interferes with radio or television signals, it stops you from getting good sound or pictures. 干扰（广播或电视讯号）
UK [ˌɪn.tə'fɪər] US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  interfere with sb UK disapproving
■to touch a child in a sexual manner 猥亵（幼童）
• He was sent to prison for interfering with little boys. 他因猥亵男童被送进了监狱。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
meddle, intervene, interfere
这组词都有“干涉，干预”的意思，其区别是：
meddle: 指干预与自己毫不相关的事或不属于自己职责范围的事，隐含未经许可或授权。可与interfere换用。
intervene: 书面用词，指介入争端，进行调停，也指干涉他人之事。
interfere: 侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、阻扰、干涉他人之事。
vi. 干涉；妨碍；打扰
 - influence in, meddle in
vt. 冲突；介入
 - impact, collide with

Word: magnetic
Front: magnetic
[mægˈnetɪk] (研四六托雅 4830/4418 -2)
Vocabulary: magnetic
(once / 560 pages)
adj
Things that are magnetic are attracted to metal. Also, people with charisma are called magnetic. If everything is attracted to you, whether you’re a refrigerator door or a rock star, you’re magnetic.
Magnetic literally refers to something that attracts metal, like iron or steel. Refrigerator doors are magnetic, so magnets stick to it. Also, someone who is very popular and attracts people has a magnetic personality. A powerful speaker who attracts many fans has a magnetic way of speaking. Magnetic people make you want to get closer, like you’re being pulled by their magical magnetic force. Both senses of magnetic have to do with attraction.
WORD FAMILY
magnetic: magnetically, magnetism, nonmagnetic+/demagnetise: demagnetisation, demagnetised, demagnetising/demagnetize: demagnetization, demagnetized, demagnetizes, demagnetizing/ magnet: magnetic, magnetise, magnetize, magnets/magnetise: demagnetise, magnetisation, magnetised, magnetises, magnetising/ magnetism: magnetisms/magnetize: demagnetize, magnetization, magnetized, magnetizes, magnetizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
With the larvae in a tank surrounded by the device, the scientists turned the earth’s normal magnetic north 120 degrees clockwise.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Even in the rather middling holiday comedy “Office Christmas Party,” McKinnon is magnetic, elevating the world around her with her specific brand of weird.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“GPS does emit more magnetic interference than a mobile phone, and a mobile phone with a GPS is even more,” Mr. Jasper said.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 有磁性的，有吸引力的; 磁性的; 有吸引力的; 有魅力的
分布：有吸引力的(51%)，有磁性的(43%)，催眠术的(6%)
a.磁的,有磁性的;有吸引力的He has magnetic personality.他有吸引人的个性.
【记】来自magnet（n 吸铁石）
US [-'netˌ-] adjective
OBJECT 物件
■with the power of a magnet 磁的，有磁性的；磁化的
UK [mæg'net.ɪk] US [-'netˌ-] adjective
ATTRACTIVE 吸引的
■describes someone whose personality attracts a lot of people 有吸引力的，有魅力的
adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的
 - geomagnetic

Word: readily
Front: readily
[ˈredɪli] (研四六托雅宝 4013/2847 -2)
Vocabulary: readily
(once / 189 pages)
1adv 2adv
Anything happening readily is happening without difficulty. A great party has cupcakes that are readily available. A great host will readily admit when it’s time to put more on the table.
Things happening readily are easy and accessible. If you readily admit that you love cupcakes, you’ll tell anyone who asks. A readily available product is easily available to just about everyone. Thanks to the Internet, pictures of cats wearing funny outfits are readily available. This word can also apply to things that happen quickly. When a party is over, good guests readily get their coats and leave.
WORD FAMILY
ready: readied, readier, readies, readiest, readily, readiness, readying, unready+/unready: unreadily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general advises not to trust your caller ID phone feature because technology is readily available to create a fake sender name and number.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The state readily accepted the land, though it was deemed too small to be a Florida park.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The squash is ready when it is readily pierced with a paring knife.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 乐意地; 快捷地; 轻而易举地; 便利地
分布：乐意地(43%)，容易地(23%)，迅速地(17%)，欣然(17%)
ad.容易地;乐意地,欣然地The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
adverb
 ADVANCED
■quickly, immediately, willingly or without any problem 迅速地；心甘情愿地；轻而易举地
• He readily agreed to help. 他乐意帮忙。
• Larger sizes are readily available. 较大号随时都有货。
adv. 容易地；乐意地；无困难地
 - easily, lightly

Word: slap
Front: slap
[slæp] (研六托雅 4086/5686 -2)
Back: n. 掌掴; 掌掴声; 侮辱
vt. 猛打; 用力放置; 尖刻批评、侮辱
vi. 拍击
adv. 直接地; 猛然地
时态：slapped, slapping, slaps
分布：掴(35%)，侮辱(27%)，拍击(10%)，惩罚(9%)，直接地(9%)，正面地(3%)，突然地(3%)，申斥(3%)，拍击声(1%)
n./v.拍,掌击He gave her a slap on the cheek.他打了她一耳光.
noun
HIT 打
countable
■a quick hit with the flat part of the hand or other flat object 拍，掴；掌击
• She gave her son a slap for behaving badly. 她因儿子不听话给了他一巴掌。
a slap in the face informal
■an action that insults or upsets someone 一记耳光；侮辱；打击
• It was a real slap in the face for him when she refused to go out to dinner with him. 她拒绝和他一起出去吃晚饭，这对他真是一种侮辱。
a slap on the back
■when someone hits you in a friendly way on the back in order to show praise for something you have done 友好地轻拍背部（表示赞许或表扬）
• He's won - give him a slap on the back. 他赢了——应该好好祝贺他一下。
a slap on the wrist informal
■a gentle warning or punishment 轻微的警告（或惩罚）
• The judge gave Minna a slap on the wrist for not wearing her seat belt. 法官因为明娜没有系安全带而对她稍稍惩戒了一下。
[slæp] noun
FOR FACE 用于面部
uncountable UK informal
■ make-up
• I'm just going to put a bit of slap on. 我正要去补补妆。
[slæp] noun
slap and tickle UK informal humorous
■playful sexual behaviour 调情，打情骂俏
• I think there's a bit of slap and tickle going on in the back of that car over there. 我想那辆汽车的后座上有人在打情骂俏。
[slæp] adverb (UK also slap-bang) informal
■directly or right 径直；正好，恰好
• The football player kicked the ball slap into the middle of the net. 那名球员将足球不偏不倚地踢入了球网中央。
⇒ See also smack
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to hit someone with the flat part of the hand or other flat object 拍，打；掌掴
• She slapped his face. 她给了他一记耳光。
• She slapped him across the face. 她抽了他一记耳光。
• informal Her husband has been slapping her around (= hitting her repeatedly) , but she's afraid to go to the police. 她丈夫经常打她，但她不敢报警。
• His friends slapped him on the back when he said he was getting married (= hit him lightly on the back in a friendly way to express pleasure at what he had done). 他说自己要结婚时，他的朋友都向他表示祝贺。
• When her ideas were rejected, she slapped her report (down) on the table and stormed out of the meeting. 她的想法被否决后，她把报告摔在桌子上，气冲冲地退出了会议。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sb down usually disapproving
■to stop someone from talking or making suggestions, often in an unpleasant way 粗暴地制止（某人）；压制（某人）；断然否决（某人）
• I tried to suggest ways in which the plans could be improved, but he slapped me down. 我试图提出可以改进那些计划的方法，但被他一口否决了。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sth on
■to put or spread a substance over a surface very quickly or roughly （随便地）涂上一层，撒上一层；随意涂抹
• We want to sell our house, so we've slapped some paint on the outside to make it look better. 我们想卖掉房子，所以就把外面简单地刷了些漆使它看起来更漂亮些。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sth on/onto (sth/sb) informal disapproving
■When someone in authority slaps an unpleasant, difficult or extra thing on someone or something, they suddenly make them provide or accept it 强制实施，强制执行；强制（某人）接受
• The government has slapped more tax on cigarettes. 政府已对香烟强制征收更高额的税。
• The librarian slapped a fine on him for returning the books late. 因为他逾期还书，图书管理员强制他交了罚款。
vt. 拍击；侮辱；掌击；掴…的耳光
 - make a chump out of, insult
n. 掴；侮辱；掌击；拍打声
 - despite, indignity
vi. 掴；拍击
 - spank
adv. 直接地；猛然地；恰好
 - directly, immediately, straight, just, fair

Word: siege
Front: siege
[si:dʒ] (研六托雅宝 6774/6091 -2)
Vocabulary: siege
(once / 305 pages)
n
Your city is under siege if it is surrounded on all sides by an opposing force on attack. Think of a castle surrounded by a legion of armed knights.
Like many military words, siege can be used metaphorically. If you start getting thousands of e-mail messages trying to sell you canned meat, you might feel like you're under a siege of spam selling spam. In this case, you have been besieged by spam. And even more unfortunately, if you are having a siege of bad luck, you have been besieged by bad luck.
WORD FAMILY
siege: sieges
USAGE EXAMPLES
A last dissident group is currently under siege from Somali forces in the far north of Somalia, in semi-autonomous Puntland, and facing annihilation.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s like a city under siege, with the fires in the centre.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
The siege of eastern Aleppo became a symbol of the suffering and brutality of the Syrian war.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 围攻，围困，围城（期间）; 不断袭击; 长期努力
分布：围攻(58%)，包围(42%)
→来自古法语 sege,座位，来自通俗拉丁语*sedicum,座位，来自 sedere,坐下，词源同 set,sit,seat. 引申比喻义包围，封锁，字面意思即即军队在包围的城墙四周安营扎寨。
n.包围,围攻,围困Troy was under siege for ten years.特洛伊城被围困了十年.
【记】和besiege（v 围困；围攻）一起记
noun countable or uncountable
■the surrounding of a place by an armed force in order to defeat those defending it 围攻；包围
• The siege of Mafeking lasted for eight months. 对马弗京的围攻持续了八个月。
• The soldiers laid siege to (= started a siege of) the city. 士兵们包围了这座城市。
• The castle was under siege for months. 城堡被围困了数月。
• figurative That whole weekend at Cannes, Brigitte Bardot was under siege by photographers. 在坎城，布丽吉特‧巴多整个周末都被摄影师们包围着。
⇒ See also besiege
n. 围攻；包围；围城；不断袭击；长期努力
 - besiegement, encirclement
vt. 围攻；包围
 - invest, case

Word: whip
Front: whip
[wɪp] (研四六雅 4254/6065 -3)
Vocabulary: whip
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4nv
A whip is a cord or piece of leather used for hitting an animal or a person, and to whip something or someone is to strike them with a whip. You can also figuratively whip an opponent or whip someone in shape. Giddy up!
When you hit an animal with a whip, you whip it. Some animal rights activists object to horse racers using whips. You can also use this verb to mean "defeat by a lot," like when your basketball team whips the opposing team. A chef whips cream by whisking or mixing it until it's airy and frothy. If your teacher says he's going to "crack the whip," he means he's planning to use his authority to make the class work harder. And, fittingly, a political whip is someone who enforces discipline among party members.
WORD FAMILY
whip: whiplike, whipped, whipper, whipping, whips+/whipper: whippers/whipping: whippings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I saw in my dreams they were whipping me,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A zero-point performance in the fourth quarter was salt in the wound of this whipping Clover Park received at the hands of the Cougars.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 鞭打，抽打; 严厉地折磨、责打或责备，迫使; 把…打起泡沫
vi. 烤，烘; 烘干
n. 鞭子; 鞭伤，鞭痕; 鞭状物; 组织秘书，立法机构的一员
时态：whipped, whipping, whips
分布：鞭子(63%)，鞭打(18%)，抽打(17%)，鞭状物(1%)，彻底打败(1%)
→来自低地德语wippen,挥舞，摆动，来自weip,转，摇摆，颤动，词源同wipe,vibrate。由挥鞭子的动作引申为鞭子。词义演变参照farrow.
n.鞭子;车夫v.鞭打,抽打;突然移动The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun
DEVICE FOR HITTING 击打的器具
countable
■a piece of leather or rope which is fastened to a stick, used for hitting animals or people 鞭子，皮鞭
• She lashed the horses mercilessly with her long whip. 她毫不留情地用长鞭抽打马匹。
• The lion-tamer cracked his whip. 驯狮员打了个响鞭。
[wɪp] noun
POLITICS 政治
countable
■(in many elected political systems) a member of a political party in parliament or in the legislature whose job is to make certain that other party members are present at voting time and also to make certain that they vote in a particular way （政党在议会或立法机关中监督该党其他党员在投票时出席并按规定投票的）组织秘书，党鞭
• Hargreaves is the MP who got into trouble with his party's chief whip for opposing the tax reform. 哈格里夫斯就是那位因反对税收改革而与其党内的组织秘书产生矛盾的议员。
countable
■in British politics, a written order demanding that party members be present in parliament when there is to be an important vote or demanding that they vote in a particular way （英国政界的）投票书面通知（通知该党其他党员出席议会并按规定投票）
• In 1970 he defied the three-line (= most urgent) whip against EC membership. 1970年，他公然违抗反对加入欧共体的紧急投票通知。
[wɪp] noun
SWEET FOOD 甜食
countable or uncountable
■a sweet food made from cream or beaten egg mixed together with fruit （用鸡蛋、鲜奶油与水果混合制成的）甜品
[wɪp] noun
have / hold the whip hand
■to be the person or group that has the most power in a situation 成为掌权者；处于支配地位
• During the last decade the right wing of the party has held the whip hand. 过去的十年里，一直是该党的右翼掌权。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
DO QUICKLY 快速行动／移动
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to bring or take something quickly 迅速拿来；快速拿走
• She whipped a handkerchief out of her pocket and wiped his face. 她迅速从口袋里掏出一块手绢，擦了擦他的脸。
• He whipped the covers off the bed. 他一把把床罩从床上揭了下来。
• I was going to pay but before I knew it he'd whipped out his credit card. 本来我打算付帐，可我还没明白过来，他就掏出了他的信用卡。
• They whipped my plate away before I'd even finished. 我还没吃完，他们就把我的碟子收走了。
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] literary
■to (cause something to) move quickly and forcefully （使…）快速移动
• The wind whipped across the half-frozen lake. 风刮过半结冰的湖面。
• A fierce, freezing wind whipped torrential rain into their faces. 一阵冰冷的狂风卷着暴雨砸在他们脸上。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
BEAT FOOD 搅打食物
transitive
■to beat food, especially cream with a special utensil in order to make it thick and firm 搅打（尤指鲜奶油）使成糊状
• Could you whip the cream for me? 你能帮我搅打一下鲜奶油吗？
• Try whipping a little brandy or other liqueur into the cream. 试着将一些白兰地或其他酒类搅进鲜奶油里。
• Top with whipped cream and a sprinkle of sugar. 浇上掼鲜奶油并撒上些糖。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
HIT 打
transitive
■to hit a person or animal with a whip 鞭打，鞭笞
• I don't like the way the drivers whip their horses. 我不喜欢马车车夫那样鞭打马匹。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
STEAL 偷
transitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to steal something 偷盗，盗取
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  whip sb into sth
■If you whip someone into a particular state, you quickly and effectively cause them to be in that state 使（某人）快速进入（某种状态）
• Karl Smith, the 19-year old singer, had whipped the crowd of teenage girls into a frenzy merely by removing his shirt. 卡尔．史密斯，那位19岁的歌手，脱了一件衬衫就让女孩们疯狂起来。
• The prime minister's final speech had the desired effect, whipping his party into a patriotic fervour. 首相最后的演讲取得了预期的效果，在他的政党内激起了一股爱国热潮。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] whip sth up
EMOTION mainly disapproving
■to encourage or cause people to have strong feelings about something 煽动；激起
• She criticized the government for trying to whip up anti-German prejudice. 她批评政府试图煽动反德国的偏见。
• He was trying to whip up some enthusiasm for the project. 他正在试图煽动人们对这个专案计划的狂热。
FOOD informal
■to make food or a meal very quickly and easily 赶出来（一顿饭），迅速做（饭）
• I think I've just about got enough time to whip up an omelette. 我看我只有匆匆做个煎蛋饼的时间。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
vt. 抽打；煽动；搅打（蛋，奶油）；彻底击败
 - fan, egg, leather
n. [畜牧] 鞭子；抽打；车夫； [机] 搅拌器
 - mixer, flagellum
vi. 抽打；急走；拍击
 - whirl

Word: rigid
Front: rigid
[ˈrɪdʒɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 5469/4475 -2)
Vocabulary: rigid
(once / 319 pages)
adj
Describe something as rigid if it's really stiff and not very flexible, like a super-strict practice schedule or an unbending, uncomfortable mattress.
The adjective rigid is actually related to the Latin word frigus, which means “cold.” So think of a rigid icicle or a rock-hard igloo to help you remember what rigid means. You can also use it to describe something that's particularly strict or unable to change, like the stubborn views of a person who just won't consider another perspective.
WORD FAMILY
rigid: nonrigid, rigider, rigidest, rigidity, rigidly, rigidness, semirigid+/ rigidity: rigidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Perhaps some of the reason we became close is that he wasn’t as rigid as a lot of the people running for president,” Priebus said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The evening news is as rigid as ever, almost always opening with Mr. Xi and often featuring the reading of long party communiqués.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the fact that they describe a teetering world of rigid class boundaries and vanishing deference is often mistaken for a tacit endorsement.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 严格的; 僵硬的; （规则、方法等）死板的; 刚硬的，顽固的
分布：严格的(49%)，僵硬的(22%)，坚硬的(15%)，刻板的(12%)，固执的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rigere,拉直，伸直，来自 reig,拉直，绑紧，使固定，词源同 rig,reach.引申诸 相关词义。
a.刚性的;刻板的;严厉的His face looked rigid with distress.他的脸因悲痛而显得僵硬.
【参】stiff（adj 硬的；僵硬的）
【反】pliable（adj 易曲折的；柔韧的）
adjective
■stiff or fixed; not able to be bent, moved, changed or persuaded 僵硬的；固定的；不能弯曲的；顽固的；不易改变的
• a rigid steel and concrete structure 坚固的钢筋混凝土结构
• I was rigid with (= stiff and unable to move because of) fear. 我被吓得呆若木鸡。
• disapproving We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid interpretation of the rules. 他们坚持对规则进行如此呆板僵化的解释，令我们非常失望。
rigid, rigorous, strict
这组词都有“刻板的，严格的”的意思，其区别是：
rigid: 指没有灵活性、机动性。
rigorous: 侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。
strict: 指在行为规则上要求严格。
adj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的
 - strict, precise, wooden, accurate, mathematical

Word: handset
Front: handset
[ˈhændset] (18100/22961)
Back: n. 电话听筒; 手机; 手持机; （电视等的）遥控器
分布：电话听筒(77%)，送受话器(23%)
noun countable
■the outer part of a mobile phone which does not include the battery or the sim card 手机；行动电话
■the part of a telephone that you hold in front of your mouth and against your ear 电话听筒
n. [通信] 手机，电话听筒
 - mobile phone, combined set

Word: elaborate
Front: elaborate
[ɪˈlæbərət] (研四六托雅宝 4630/4707 -2)
Vocabulary: elaborate
(once / 246 pages)
1adjv 2v
Use the adjective elaborate when you want to describe how something is very detailed or especially complicated, like a devilish prank planned out weeks in advance.
The adjective elaborate is used to describe when something is planned with a lot of attention to detail or when something is intricate or detailed itself. The word comes from the Latin elaborare, which means "to produce by labor" but it has come to mean a lot of labor, especially work that is very complicated and precise. To imagine this word, think of a painting with lots of flourishes or a story with many sub-plots and characters that all fit together in extensive ways.
WORD FAMILY
elaborate: elaborated, elaborately, elaborateness, elaborates, elaborating, elaboration, inelaborate, unelaborate+/elaborated: unelaborated/ elaboration: elaborations/unelaborate: unelaborately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He said he would disclose some information on the issue on Tuesday or Wednesday, without elaborating.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 详尽说明; 变得复杂
vt. 详细制定; 详尽阐述; [生理学]加工; 尽心竭力地做
时态：elaborated, elaborating, elaborates
分布：复杂的(42%)，详尽的(17%)，精美的(15%)，精心的(11%)，变得复杂(6%)，推敲(5%)，详细地说明(3%)，用心制作(1%)
→e-, 向外。-labor, 劳动，辛苦，词源同laboratory.
精工细做的(e+labor劳动＋ate→劳动出来→精做的)[e-,ef-表示"出,出来"]
精工细做(e出+labor+ate→做出来的→精工细做)[labor=labor,表示"劳动"]
v./a.精心制作(的);详细阐述(的)The corporate bodies collaborate elaborately on producing vibrating evaporator.法人团体在生产振动蒸发器之后精心制作协作.
【记】e出，labor（n 劳动）一劳动出来的一精致复杂的
【参】elaboration（n 苦心经营（的结果）；详尽的细节）
【反】abstract（adj 抽象的；摘要的）；simplify（vt 单一化；简化）
US [-ə˞-]
 ADVANCED
■containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts 精心计划（或制作）的；详尽的；复杂的
• You want a plain blouse to go with that skirt - nothing too elaborate. 你应该用一件样式简单的衬衫来配那条裙子，不要样式太复杂的。
• They're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. 他们正为婚礼做极为精心周到的准备。
• He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. 他突然说了那么一大套理由，搞得我不敢相信他。
verb intransitive /ɪˈlæb.ə.reɪt/ slightly formal
■to add more information to or explain something that you have said 详尽说明；阐述
• The minister said he was resigning, but refused to elaborate on his reasons for doing so. 部长说他将辞职，但拒绝详细说明原因。
adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的
 - detailed, full
vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物）
 - tailor-make
vi. 详细描述；变复杂
 - thicken

Word: instruction
Front: instruction
[ɪnˈstrʌkʃn] (中高研四六托雅 1563/1594 -K2)
Vocabulary: instruction
(once / 117 pages)
n
Instruction is vital for education, as it is the transfer of learning from one person to another. Any time you are given directions or told how to do something you are receiving instruction.
The noun instruction is related to the word structure; both share the Latin root structus, "built." The use of the word as we know it today appeared in the early 15th century from the Old French. Today it refers to the action of teaching and the job of a teacher. It can also be used to denote the directions themselves. Consider the word's connection with structure: effective instruction is presented in an orderly, structured manner.
WORD FAMILY
instruction: instructional, instructions +/ instruct: instructed, instructing, instruction, instructive, instructor, instructs/instructed: uninstructed/ instructive: instructively, uninstructive/ instructor: instructors, instructorship/instructorship: instructorships/uninstructive: uninstructively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also include very general instructions for committees in the House and Senate to write the actual bills repealing the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Small-class instruction in more densely populated areas is difficult to achieve without a lot of money for more staff or classroom space.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 授课; 教诲; 传授的或获得的知识，课程; [计算机科学]指令
分布：指令(50%)，教学(25%)，说明(22%)，教诲(3%)
→来自instruct,指示。
教导,指导(in+struct+ion)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
n.教授;指导;(pl.)用法说明(书),操作指南The doctor's instructions must be carried out strictly.医生的指示必须严格遵守.
noun
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED countable usually plural
■something that someone tells you to do 指示，命令，吩咐
• The police who broke into the house were only acting on/under instructions. 员警破门而入只是奉命行事。
• [+ to infinitive] He gave me strict instructions to get there by eight o'clock. 他命令我必须在八点以前到达那里。
[ɪn'strʌk.ʃən] noun
TEACHING 教
instructions [plural]
 IMPROVER
■advice and information about how to do or use something, often written in a small book or on the side of a container 用法说明；操作指南
• The cooking instructions say bake it for half an hour. 烹调说明书上说烘烤半个小时。
• You obviously didn't read the instructions properly. 你显然没有好好看说明书。
• They need clear instructions on what to do next. 下一步该怎么做，他们需要明确的指示。
uncountable
■the teaching of a particular skill or subject 教授；指导（某种技能／科目）
• The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer. 这盘录像教人们如何操作电脑。
• The course gives you basic instruction in car maintenance. 这门课教授汽车维修方面的基本知识。
• Have you seen the instruction manual for the washing machine? 你看过洗衣机的操作指南吗？
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
n. 指令，命令；指示；教导；用法说明
 - direction, order, bidding, word, charge

Word: gut
Front: gut
[gʌt] (研 4297/6465 -2)
Vocabulary: gut
(once / 595 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your gut is part of your digestive system — it's where food goes after you eat it, to get broken down into nutrients and waste. The expression to "go with your gut" means to follow your instincts, how you feel in your belly.
Your gut is quite literally your intestines, although the word is frequently used for any part of your digestive system, especially your stomach. Eating too much ice cream can give you an ache in your gut. When gut is a verb, it means to clean the internal organs out of a fish or other animal you intend to eat, or to completely empty a building. Colloquially, if you have guts, you're very brave.
WORD FAMILY
gut: gutless, guts, gutted, gutter, gutting+/gutless: gutlessly, gutlessness/guts: gutsy/gutsy: gutsier, gutsiest, gutsily, gutsiness/gutter: guttered, guttering, gutters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
In the gut, the lymphocytes maintain a barrier against pathogens.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 勇气; 内脏; 直觉; 肠
adj. 本能的，直觉的
vt. 毁坏（建筑物等）的内部; 取出…的内脏
时态：gutted, gutting, guts
分布：内脏(46%)，肠子(16%)，勇气(11%)，胆量(9%)，取出内脏(8%)，本能的(6%)，羊肠线(4%)
→来自gheu, 涌出，倾泻，词源同foundry, gush, gust. 用于解剖学术语。肠道在古代医字观念被认为是情感所在之地，引申义勇气。
n.[pl.]胆量;内脏a.本能的vt.取出内脏He has a lot of guts.他很有勇气.
noun
BOWELS 肠
uncountable
■the long tube in the body of a person or animal, through which food moves during digestion 消化道；肠道，肠
• Meat stays in the gut longer than vegetable matter. 和蔬菜相比，肉类在消化道中停留的时间更长。
countable informal
■a person's stomach when it is extremely large 大肚子；肥大的腹部
• He's got a huge beer gut (= large stomach caused by drinking beer). 他有个大啤酒肚。
guts [plural]
■bowels 内脏
• My guts hurt. 我五脏六腑都痛。
• He got a knife in the guts. 他肚子被戳了一刀。
gut feeling/reaction informal
■a strong belief about someone or something which cannot completely be explained and does not have to be decided by reasoning 直觉；本能；内心感觉
• I have a gut feeling that the relationship won't last. 我有种直觉，这段关系不会太长久。
uncountable
■a strong thread made from an animal's bowels used, especially in the past, for making musical instruments and sports rackets （尤指旧时用来制作乐器和球拍的）肠线
[gʌt] noun
BRAVERY 勇气
guts [plural] informal
■bravery; the ability to control fear and to deal with danger and uncertainty 勇气；胆量；意志
• [+ to infinitive] It takes a lot of guts to admit to so many people that you've made a mistake. 在那么多人面前承认自己犯了错误是需要很大勇气的。
[gʌt] noun
have sb's guts for garters UK informal
■If you say you will have someone's guts for garters, you mean that you will punish them severely 狠狠惩罚（某人）；抽（某人）的筋；扒（某人）的皮
• If that boy has taken my bike again, I'll have his guts for garters! 如果那小子又骑走了我的脚踏车，我就扒了他的皮。
[gʌt] noun
slog/sweat/work your guts out informal
■to work extremely hard 拼命工作；拼命干活
• I've been slogging my guts out these past few weeks and all he can do is criticize. 在过去的几个星期里我一直在拼命工作，可他就只是批评我。
[gʌt] verb transitive (-tt-)
EMPTY A BUILDING 空的房屋
■to destroy the inside of a building completely, usually by fire （通常指火灾）彻底损毁（房屋）的内部
• A fire gutted the bookshop last week. 上星期一场火把书店烧光了。
■to remove the inside parts and contents of a building, usually so that it can be decorated in a completely new way （通常指为了装修）拆除（房屋）的内部
■UK informal
■to clean very thoroughly the inside of a house or room 把（房屋内的东西）全部清理出去
[gʌt] verb transitive (-tt-)
REMOVE ORGANS 取出内脏
■to remove the inner organs of an animal, especially in preparation for eating it （尤指在烹调前）取出…的内脏
• She gutted the fish and cut off their heads. 她取出鱼的内脏并把鱼头切掉。
n. 内脏；肠子；剧情；胆量；海峡
 - courage, inside, neck, channel, narrow
vt. 取出内脏；摧毁内部装置
 - eviscerate
adj. 简单的；本质的，根本的
 - simple, organic, plain, fundamental, essential

Word: binding
Front: binding
[ˈbaɪndɪŋ] (9118/5163 -2)
Back: n. 捆绑; （衣服等的）镶边; 粘合剂; 书籍的封面
adj. 捆绑的; 粘合的; （书面材料）有约束力的; 应履行的
v. 约束( bind的现在分词); 装订; 捆绑; （用长布条）缠绕
分布：镶边(68%)，有法律约束力的(16%)，必须遵守的(16%)
adjective
■(especially of an agreement) which cannot be legally avoided or stopped （尤指协议）必须遵守的，有结束力的
• a binding agreement 必须遵守的协定
• The contract wasn't legally binding. 这份合约在法律上没有约束力。
['baɪn.dɪŋ] noun
countable or uncountable
■the type of cover that a book has （书籍的）封皮
uncountable
■a thin strip of material which can be sewn along the edges of clothes or other objects 镶边，滚边
binding, sustaining, restraining
binding: 有约束力的
sustaining: 持续的，支持的
restraining: 抑制的，遏制的
n. 装订；捆绑；粘合物
 - bookbinding, tying up
adj. 有约束力的；捆绑的
 - bundled

Word: qualification
Front: qualification
[ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (高研六托雅 6828/2396 -K2)
Vocabulary: qualification
(once / 620 pages)
n
A qualification is either a condition that must be met or a statement that puts a limit on a claim. Both kinds of qualification are restrictive.
You know how there are requirements for jobs? You can call those requirements qualifications. For example, a college degree and certain experiences are qualifications for many jobs: without them, you won't even get a job interview. A qualification is also a type of statement that makes a previous statement more specific. If you said "I'm thirsty!" and then added "Not for root beer, though" your second statement is a qualification. Qualifications add a limit to what's been said.
WORD FAMILY
qualification: qualifications+/ disqualification: disqualifications/disqualify: disqualification, disqualified, disqualifies, disqualifying/ qualified: qualifiedly, unqualified / qualifier: qualifiers/ qualify: disqualify, qualification, qualified, qualifier, qualifies, qualifying/qualifying: qualifyings/ unqualified: unqualifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Glanz pleaded no contest in July to failing to release information that raised questions about Bates’ qualifications.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But Guardiola said: "Six teams are fighting for the title and the Champions League qualification."
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
This statement, with its clearly framed qualifications, is true and accurate in every detail.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 资格，授权; 条件，限制; 合格证书
分布：资格(89%)，限制(8%)，资历(3%)
→来自qualify,使有资格，使符合资格。引申词义资格，资质，资质文件等。
n.资格,合格;限定,条件;合格证He has no qualifications for the post.他没有资格担任该职位.
【记】来自动词qualify（具有资格，限制）
US [ˌkwɑ:.lɪ-] noun
TRAINING 培训
 IMPROVER countable
■an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills, etc 合格证书，资格证明
• You'll never get a good job if you don't have any qualifications. 你要是没有任何资格证明就永远得不到一份好工作。
• Do you have any teaching/legal/medical/secretarial/academic qualifications? 你有没有教师/法律/医学/秘书/学术的资格证明？
countable or uncountable
■an ability, characteristic or experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or activity 资历，资格；条件；合格性
• Some nursing experience is a necessary qualification for this job. 这份工作的必要条件是必须具备一定的护理经验。
• [+ to infinitive] One of the qualifications you need to work here is a sense of humour! 在这里工作所要具备的条件之一是幽默感！
UK [ˌkwɒl.ɪ.fɪ'keɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkwɑ:.lɪ-] noun
LIMIT 限制
countable
■a piece of information that you add which limits the effect of something 限制（附加的限制条件）
• [+ that] The doctor said I can leave hospital today, but with the qualification that I've got to come back every day to have the dressing changed. 医生说我可以今天出院，不过条件是要每天回来换绷带。
n. 资格；条件；限制；赋予资格
 - membership, limitation, capacity, condition, restriction

Word: fuss
Front: fuss
[fʌs] (研六雅宝 9325/6428 -2)
Vocabulary: fuss
(once / 581 pages)
1n 2v
If you are making a fuss, settle down! A fuss is a state of excitement, and it's usually about something not worth worrying or "fussing" about.
Most fusses are types of commotion. If someone makes a fuss, they're overexcited and in a tizzy over something, like someone who can't stop asking questions. Another fuss is angrier: you might say "What's the fuss?" if you hear two people yelling at each other. A fuss is also any kind of hubbub or whirlwind of activity, like a huge crowd swarming toward a sale. Parents tend to fuss over their children. Someone who fusses is worrying too much.
WORD FAMILY
fuss: fussed, fusses, fussing, fussy +/fussiness: fussinesses/ fussy: fussier, fussiest, fussily, fussiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
One day in the future I’m sure he will understand what all the fuss was about.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Some on Tennyson Street say they don’t understand the fuss over security.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Meanwhile, let’s put the fuss in some context.
Slate(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 忙乱; 大惊小怪; 大惊小怪的人; 争吵
vi. 忙乱; 大惊小怪; 抱怨
vt. 使烦恼，使烦忧; 使急躁
vt. & vi. 瞎忙一气，过分关心
时态：fussed, fussing, fusses
分布：大惊小怪(71%)，小题大作(15%)，无事自扰(5%)，焦急(4%)，扰乱(2%)，对小事激动(1%)，使焦躁(1%)，强烈不满或争吵(1%)
→词源不详。通常认为来自拟声语，指大惊小怪的人。
n./v.忙乱,大惊小怪There is no need to make such a big fuss over it.没有必要对这件事情大惊小怪吧?
【记】何为大惊小怪？就是过分的注意，设想你的父fu亲ss了，你能一般的注意吗！！！各位中华大孝子们可能不愿意这样背单词，但是背单词是不择手段的，你的父亲今天帮助你背一个单词，是为了你的哈佛、耶鲁，将来回报你父亲的可不只一个单词这么简单吧？
【参】fussy（adj 为琐事而担忧的；过分装饰的；难取悦的）
【区】fuzz（n 细毛；绒毛）
noun
TOO MUCH OF A FEELING 过多的情感
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■a show of anger, worry, lack of satisfaction or excitement, usually one which is greater than the situation deserves 紧张不安；大惊小怪；过分激动
• She made such a fuss when Richard spilt a drop of wine on her blouse! 理查将一滴酒溅在她的衬衫上，她好一阵大惊小怪。
• It's all a fuss about nothing. 这完全是无谓的大惊小怪。
• I don't see what the fuss is about - he seems like a fairly ordinary looking guy to me. 我看不出来为甚么那么激动——在我看来他不过是一个长相普通的家伙。
• We tried to arrange a ceremony with as little fuss as possible. 我们试图安排一个尽可能低调的仪式。
make a fuss of/over sb
■to give someone a lot of attention and treat them well 对（某人）关怀备至；对（某人）体贴入微
• She doesn't see her grandchildren very often so she makes a real fuss of them when she does. 她不怎么经常见到孙子们，所以见到时往往对他们非常宠爱。
[fʌs] noun
ATTENTION 注意
uncountable
■attention given to small matters which are not important （对小事的）焦虑，操心
• The article was entitled 'Making up with the minimum of fuss: a five-minute beauty routine that every busy woman should know'. 这篇文章题目为“费心最少的化妆——每位忙碌女性都应该知道的五分钟日常美容程式”。
[fʌs] verb
GIVE ATTENTION TO 注意
intransitive
■to give too much attention to small matters which are not important, usually in a way which shows that you are worried and not relaxed （为小事）过于烦恼，过度焦虑；过于关注（细节）
• Please, stop fussing - the food's cooking and there's nothing more to do until the guests arrive. 别瞎忙活了——饭正做着，客人们来之前没甚么要做的了。
• It irritates me the way she's always fussing with her hair! 她老是摆弄自己的头发，真让人受不了。
[fʌs] verb
MAKE NERVOUS/ANGRY 使烦扰／生气
transitive US
■to make someone nervous and angry by trying to get their attention when they are very busy 使烦恼；烦扰
• Don't fuss me, honey, I've got a whole pile of work to do. 别烦我，亲爱的，我有一大堆工作要做。
[fʌs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fuss over sb/sth
■to give someone or something too much attention because you want to show that you like them 过分宠爱；过分关注
• She's always fussing over that son of hers as if he were a little boy. 她总是过分宠爱那个儿子，就好像他还是个小孩子一样。
vi. 小题大作；忙乱；焦燥；焦急；无事自扰
 - make a big deal out of, break a butterfly on the wheel
n. 大惊小怪，大惊小怪的人；小题大作；忙乱
 - alarmism, hoo-ha
vt. 使烦恼，使烦忧
 - trouble, irk

Word: financier
Front: financier
[faɪˈnænsiə(r)] (13127/11767 -1)
Vocabulary: financier
(once / 1337 pages)
nv
A financier is someone who handles big clients and big financial transactions. A financier is the high-profile star of a company and the envy of the overworked entry-level workers.
The suffix -ier in financier tells you that this word refers to a person who has something to do with finance. But where does the word finance come from? Long ago, it meant "to settle or end a debt," which you can see in fin, the Old French word for "end." But as financial work evolved, it came to also encompass taxation and revenue, not just debt collection.
WORD FAMILY
financier: financiering, financiers+/ finance: financed, finances, financial, financier, financing, refinance / financial: financially, nonfinancial/ financing: financings/ refinance: refinanced, refinances, refinancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s the posse of foxy New York financiers who peel off their skiwear to reveal matching leopard print catsuits and ears.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
The self-made uranium mogul and financier started collecting art at a young age.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Then he executes the old regime’s nobility, judges and financiers.
Washington Post(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 金融家，财政家; 资本家; 投资家
vt. 对…提供资金，通融资金给; 筹划财政，管理财务
vi. 骗取; 从事欺骗性金融活动
分布：金融家(96%)，理财家(4%)
财政家(finance金融+ier)[-ier表名词"人或物"]
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person who has control of a large amount of money and can give or lend it to people or organizations 金融（资本）家，理财家
vi. 欺骗；从事欺骗性金融活动
 - kid, pull a fast one
n. 金融家；投资家
 - moneyman, money changer

Word: dealing
Front: dealing
[ˈdi:lɪŋ] (宝 -/4521)
Back: n. 行为，交易
v. [牌戏]分( deal的现在分词 ); 分配; 经营; 施予
分布：动词deal的现在分词.(25%)，行为态度(25%)，经营方法(25%)，交往.(25%)
【反】chicanery（n 强辩；欺骗）－honest dealing（以诚相待）
n. 交易；行为
 - behavior, trade, going, work, truck

Word: jam
Front: jam
[dʒæm] (高研四六雅 5470/5571 -K2)
Vocabulary: jam
(once / 484 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To jam is to squeeze something tightly into a space, the way your friends might jam themselves into your tiny car.
You might have to jam an extra row of books onto your bookshelf when you run out of room. Another way to jam is to get stuck, and a jam can be a dense bunch of stuck people or things, like a traffic jam. If you play a musical instrument, you might jam, or casually improvise, with other musicians. And of course the jam you spread on your toast is a delicious, sweet fruit preserve.
WORD FAMILY
jam: jammed, jamming, jams+/jamming: jammings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carey headlined the festivities in Times Square, where about a million revellers jammed in to greet the new year.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
There were 60 cars, and on either side of the traffic jam were all the extras’ cars.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The costs primarily result from the meters breaking down due to coin jams.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 果酱; 拥挤，挤满; 困境; [无线]干扰
vt. 把…挤进; 把…塞满，使挤紧; 使堵塞; 使卡住
vi. 挤满，拥挤; 堵塞; 发生故障
时态：jammed, jamming, jams
分布：果酱(44%)，堵塞(20%)，干扰(10%)，挤(8%)，拥挤(8%)，困境(5%)，卡住(3%)，塞满(1%)，猛压(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自cram变体，塞进，强塞，引申词义堵塞，塞车。果酱义可能来自同一词源，即把水果压碎制成果酱。
n.阻塞,轧住;果酱v.(使)阻塞,(使)轧住不动In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable (US also jelly)
■a sweet soft food made by cooking fruit with sugar to preserve it. It is eaten on bread or cakes 果酱
• strawberry/raspberry jam 草莓／覆盆子果酱
• jam sandwiches 果酱三明治
[dʒæm] noun
ON A ROAD 路上
countable
■ traffic jam
• We were stuck in a jam for two hours. 我们塞车塞了两个小时。
[dʒæm] noun
DIFFICULT SITUATION 困境
only singular informal
■a difficult situation 困境，窘境
• I'm in a bit of a jam - could you lend me some money till next week? 我手头有点紧——你能借我一点钱到下周再还吗？
• How are we going to get ourselves out of this jam? 我们如何才能摆脱这个困境？
[dʒæm] noun
NO SPACE 没有空间
only singular
■a situation in which a lot of people are in a small space 拥挤；堵塞
• It's a real jam inside - it took me ten minutes to get to the bar. 里面太拥挤了——我花了十分钟才挤到吧台。
[dʒæm] noun
jam tomorrow UK
■something good that is promised but never happens 许而不予的好东西，可望不可及的东西
• As children we were always being promised jam tomorrow, if only we would be patient. 小时候，大人总是承诺只要我们耐心一点就会给我们好东西。
[dʒæm] noun
What more do you want - jam on it? UK informal
■used to say that someone should be grateful for what they have or have been offered, and not demand something better 知足常乐（表示某人应对其所拥有的或别人所提供的表示感激，而不应当得寸进尺）
• They've given him a holiday in Italy. What more does he want - jam on it? 他们已经让他到义大利度假。他还想要甚么呢？不要得寸进尺！
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
STICK 卡住
intransitive or transitive
■to be unable to move （使）轧住；（使）卡住
• The door jammed behind me and I couldn't get out 我进来后门就随即卡住了，我出不去了。
• [+ obj + adj] He jammed the window open with a piece of wood. 他将窗户打开，用一块木头卡住。
• The motorway was jammed solid (= the traffic could not move) all morning. 整个上午高速公路都被堵得动弹不得。
transitive
■to stop radio signals from reaching the people who want to receive them 干扰（无线电讯号）
• Foreign radio broadcasts were regularly jammed. 外国的无线电广播经常受到干扰。
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive
■to play jazz or rock music with other people informally without planning it or practising together （与他人）即兴演奏爵士乐（或摇滚乐）
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
PUSH 推
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to push something forcefully or with difficulty into something else 把…塞入
• He jammed the boxes into the back of the car. 他把箱子塞进汽车的后车厢。
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
jam on the brakes
■to use the brakes of a road vehicle suddenly and forcefully 猛然地煞车
• A motorbike appeared from nowhere and I had to jam on the brakes. 不知从哪里窜出一辆摩托车，我只好紧急煞车。
compress, press, squeeze, squash, jam
这组词都有“压、挤”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间。
press: 普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。
squeeze: 多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。
squash: 指某物受力被压偏或压碎。也指塞挤。
jam: 专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。

Word: ward
Front: ward
[wɔ:d] (高研六托雅 5065/2949 -2)
Vocabulary: ward
(once / 89 pages)
nv
A ward is a group of rooms or a section in a hospital or prison; in a hospital, different wards deal with different needs, like the psychiatric ward or maternity ward.
Although ward is most often used in connection with hospitals and prisons, cities and towns can also be broken into wards. These are usually geographic areas that are used in elections: city council members often represent wards of the city. A ward is also the name given to a child who is watched over by someone other than his parents. Sometimes children are known as "wards of the state," meaning they have been taken from their homes.
WORD FAMILY
ward: reward, warded, warder, warding, wards+/ reward: rewarded, rewardful, rewarding, rewards/rewarded: unrewarded/ rewarding: rewardingly, unrewarding/unrewarding: unrewardingly/warder: warders, wardership
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To ward off atrophy, buy a drawer organizer, suggested Ms. Lowenheim, who uses expandable drawer organizers from Staples in her own home.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 病房，病室; 监视，监督; 保卫; [法]受监护人
vt. 监护，守护; 挡住，架住; 避开; 收容
时态：warded, warding, wards
分布：病房(76%)，监护(10%)，守护(4%)，行政区(4%)，守卫(3%)，受监护人(2%)，躲开(1%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ware,warrant。引申义病房，病室。
n.病房;行政区;监护;被监护人v.挡住He managed to ward off the blow.他设法避过了那一击.
US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
HOSPITAL/PRISON 医院／监狱
 ADVANCED
■one of the parts or large rooms into which a hospital is divided, usually with beds for patients 病房，病室
• a geriatric/maternity/psychiatric ward 老年人／产科／精神病病房
■US
■one of the parts into which a prison is divided 牢房，囚室
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
CITY AREA 城市区域
■(in many countries) one of the areas into which a city, town or village is divided, having its own elected political representative or its own organizations for managing services （城镇或村庄的）区，选区
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
CHILD 儿童 legal
■a person, especially a child, who is legally put under the protection of a court of law or a guardian 被监护人（尤指儿童）
• The girl was made a ward of court to stop her father taking her out of the country. 这个女孩由法院监护，以防止她的父亲将她带出这个国家。
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ward sth off
■to prevent something unpleasant from harming or coming close to you 避开；阻止；挡住
• In the winter I take vitamin C to ward off colds. 冬天我服用维他命C以预防感冒。
• She was given a magic charm to ward off evil spirits. 她被赠予一个魔法护身符，可以驱鬼避邪。
n. [医] 病房；保卫；监视
 - observation, safeguard, monitoring, surveillance, watch
vt. 避开；保卫；守护
 - avoid, guard, shun

Word: obesity
Front: obesity
[əʊ'bi:sətɪ] (7166/16548)
Vocabulary: obesity
(once / 2437 pages)
n
Obesity is the condition of being more overweight than is considered average or healthy.
The noun obesity was first used around 1610 and has origins in the Latin word obesitas, meaning "fatness" or "corpulence." During the Middle Ages, obesity was a sign of wealth and prosperity indicating that you had enough money to buy and eat all the food you wanted while others starved. Nowadays, research has shown that having too much fat can cause a number of related health problems. A healthy diet and fitness regime is a great way for someone to shed excess pounds and avoid obesity.
WORD FAMILY
obese: obesely, obesity
USAGE EXAMPLES
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Philadelphia, alarmed over its high obesity numbers, this year enacted a soda tax.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 肥胖，过胖; 肥胖症
分布：肥胖(99%)，肥大(1%)
ADJ-GRADED
过分肥胖的；臃肿的；虚胖的
If someone is obese, they are extremely fat.
例：The tendency to become obese is at least in part hereditary...发胖至少有一部分是源于遗传。
例：Obese people tend to have higher blood pressure than lean people.胖人常常比瘦人血压高。
n. 肥大， [内科] 肥胖
 - hypertrophy, dilatancy

Word: friday

Word: curve
Front: curve
[kɜ:v] (研四六托雅 3462/2506 -K2)
Back: n. 弧线，曲线; 曲线状物; 弯曲物; [棒]曲线板
vt. 使弯曲; 使成曲线; 使成弧形
vi. 弯曲; 弯成曲线，弯成弧形; 沿曲线行进
adj. 弯曲的; 曲线形的
时态：curved, curving, curves
分布：曲线(91%)，弯曲(5%)，弧线(3%)，弯曲物(1%)
→来自sker, 弯，转，词源同ring, curly.
n.曲线,弯曲(物)v.弄弯,成曲形The road curved to the right.道路向右转弯了.
US [kɝ:v] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a line which bends continuously and has no straight parts 曲线，弧线；转弯
• a curve in the road 道路转弯处
• the curve of a graph 图表曲线
UK [kɜ:v] US [kɝ:v] verb intransitive
■to form a curve or move in the shape of a curve 弯曲；成曲线运动
• The road curves round to the left. 道路转向左边。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
n. [数] 曲线；弯曲；曲线球；曲线图表
 - give, winding
vt. 弯；使弯曲
 - wind, bend
adj. 弯曲的；曲线形的
 - winding, flexural, crooked

Word: monster
Front: monster
[ˈmɒnstə(r)] (研六托雅 3565/3985 -2)
Vocabulary: monster
(once / 158 pages)
n
Monsters are imaginary scary creatures that lurk in dark places and horror movies. If it's got 3 heads, shark teeth and lives under your bed, then it's probably a monster.
Monsters are big. Monsters are hairy. And monsters are certainly scary. Think of the Abominable Snow Man, that Loch Ness creature, or even Shrek — even though he's technically an ogre. This word isn't only for the imaginary, though: you could call anything freakish, frightening, or particularly evil a monster, like a cruel murderer or even a really big, violent storm.
WORD FAMILY
monster: monsters, monstrous +/ monstrosity: monstrosities/ monstrous: monstrosity, monstrousest, monstrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I used to look at myself and think, ‘I am horrible, I am a monster, subhuman,’” he said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
This monster McCrory created, though, lives on in his absence.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
It is we who are the true monsters and brutes and demons and wild things, not them.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 巨大的，庞大的; （建筑物）巍峨的
n. 怪物; 恶魔，恶人; 庞然大物; 畸形，畸胎
分布：怪物(85%)，巨大的(6%)，恶人(4%)，庞大的(4%)，巨物(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，词源同admonish,monitor.-ster,贬义后缀。用于指怪物，恶魔，在古代出现反常的现象或怪物通常意味着上帝对人的警告。
怪物(显示出来的怪物)[monstr=show,表示"显示"]
n.怪物,妖怪,畸形的动植物The murderer was a monster.凶手是一个魔鬼.
US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
CREATURE 生物
 IMPROVER
■any imaginary frightening creature, especially one which is large and strange （虚构的）怪物，怪兽
• a sea monster 海怪
• prehistoric monsters 史前怪兽
• the Loch Ness monster 尼斯湖水怪
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a cruel and frightening person 丧失人性的人；残忍的人，恶人
• You'd have to be a monster to hit a child like that. 你一定是丧失人性了，这样打一个孩子。
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
LARGE 大的 informal
■something which is very big, or too big 庞然大物
• You should have seen the onions he grew for the competition - they were monsters! 你应该看看他为参加这次比赛所种的洋葱，它们都大得离奇！
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] adjective [before noun] informal
■very big 巨型
• a monster housing development 巨型新建住宅区
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] verb transitive informal
■to criticize someone severely 严厉批评
• Andy Smith has been monstered by the media. 安迪•史密斯受到媒体的猛烈批评。
n. 怪物；巨人，巨兽；残忍的人
 - giant, bugbear
adj. 巨大的，庞大的
 - huge, enormous, tremendous, massive, macro

Word: sympathetic
Front: sympathetic
[ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk] (研四六托雅 5209/4279 -K2)
Vocabulary: sympathetic
(once / 320 pages)
adj
A sympathetic person is one who's motivated by compassion. You can imagine that most of the people who work for the Red Cross are sympathetic types.
In literature and film, the sympathetic character is the one who is likable or who evokes feelings of sympathy from the audience. The sympathetic character in a romantic comedy is probably the romantic male lead who keeps getting ignored by the beautiful women. Eventually the sympathetic character will get noticed and the leading lady will fall in love with him, then they will live happily ever after.
WORD FAMILY
sympathetic: sympathetically, unsympathetic+/sympathise: sympathised, sympathiser, sympathises, sympathising/sympathiser: sympathisers/sympathising: unsympathising/ sympathize: sympathized, sympathizer, sympathizes, sympathizing/ sympathizer: sympathizers/sympathizing: unsympathizing/ sympathy: sympathetic, sympathies, sympathise, sympathize /unsympathetic: unsympathetically/unsympathizing: unsympathizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conforming to no stereotype — they were health-food enthusiasts and hippie-bashers — they were each, in their way, sympathetic to visual art.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Some even sympathetic commentators accused the Justice Secretary of seeking controversy, of fighting too many of her battles through media publicity.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
I relayed the details to my best friend, who was sympathetic.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 同情的，有同情心的; 赞同的; 相投合的，称心的; 〈口〉抱好感的
分布：交感神经(59%)，同情的(28%)，赞同的(8%)，共鸣的(5%)
→sympathy,同情，-etic,形容词后缀。
同情的(sympathy同情)[-etic表形容词"属于…的"]
a.有同情心的;赞同的;n.交感神经He was very sympathetic to me when I was ill.我生病时他很同情我.
【记】sym＝same，path感情，etic：产生相同的感情－同情的
【反】callous（adj 无情的）
US [-'θetˌ-] adjective
UNDERSTANDING 理解
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who shows, especially by what they say, that they understand and care about someone's suffering 有同情心的，同情的
• He suffers from back trouble too, so he was very sympathetic about my problem. 他自己也受背痛的困扰，所以对我的烦恼深表同情。
• She just needed someone who would lend a sympathetic ear to her (= listen to her in a kind and understanding way) once in a while. 她只是需要一个人能不时以一种理解的态度听她倾诉。
Opposite unsympathetic If a character in a book or film is sympathetic, they are described or shown in such a way that you are able to understand their feelings and the reasons for their actions, and so you like them （书或电影中的人物）能引起共鸣的，让人同情的，让人有同感的
• She comes across as a more sympathetic character in the film. 她在影片中扮演的角色很能引起观众的共鸣。
UK [ˌsɪm.pə'θet.ɪk] US [-'θetˌ-] adjective
SUPPORT 支持的
 ADVANCED
■agreeing with or supporting 支持的，赞同的
• The Labour party are supposed to be sympathetic to/towards the unions. 工党应该会支持工会。
• Did he give your proposal/complaints a sympathetic hearing ? 他是以赞同的态度倾听你的建议／投诉吗？
adj. 同情的；交感神经的；共鸣的；赞同的；和谐的；合意的
 - harmonious, balanced, acceptable
n. 交感神经；容易感受的人
 - vagus nerve

Word: personally
Front: personally
[ˈpɜ:sənəli] (高 2633/2866 -K3)
Back: adv. 亲自地; 就个人而言; 个别地; 私人地（与工作相对）
分布：就个人而言(30%)，亲自地(21%)，作为个人(21%)，个别地(21%)，有私交地(7%)
US ['pɜ:r.sən.əl.i] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used when you give your opinion 就个人而言；就本人而言
• Personally (speaking), I think the show is going to be a great success. 在我个人看来，我认为演出会获得巨大成功。
 IMPROVER
■affecting you and not anyone else 本人地
• He believes that parents should be made personally responsible for their children's behaviour. 他认为父母本身应对孩子的行为负责。
 ADVANCED
■done by you and not by someone else 亲自，本人直接地
• These figures should be correct because I've checked them personally. 这些数字应该是正确的，因为我已经亲自核对过了。
take sth personally
■to think that someone is offending you when they are not 对…感到不快
• These are general criticisms which should not be taken personally (= They are not meant to criticize any one person in particular). 这些批评都是笼统概括的，不应被视为针对任何个人。
UK ['pɜ:.sən.əl.i] US ['pɜ:r.sən.əl.i] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  personallyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'l', add '-ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'personaly', write personally.
adv. 亲自地；当面；个别地；就自己而言
 - separately, individually

Word: align
Front: align
[əˈlaɪn] (宝 5939/7857 -2)
Vocabulary: align
(once / 2015 pages)
v
To align means to bring something into a straight line, or an easy agreement. If you always park on an angle and people are leaving mean notes on your windshield, learn to align the car with the parking space.
Align comes from the French a, meaning "to" and ligne meaning "line," and it means to bring something into line with something else. This can be literal. If you are hanging a painting, you'll want to align it with the window frame. The line can also be metaphorical. If you run for office, your political opinions will need to be aligned with those of your supporters.
WORD FAMILY
align: aligned, aligning, alignment, aligns, misalign, realign +/aligned: nonaligned/ alignment: alignments, dealignment, nonalignment/misalign: misaligned, misalignment/misalignment: misalignments/ realign: realigned, realigning, realigns
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our training, experiences and observations align, both here and in low-income nations: vaccines save lives.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So how did the Norman Rockwell fantasy align with unabashed greed and narcissism?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Erdogan wants to prevent an independent Kurdish enclave or self-governing region in Syria that might align with the Kurdish part of Iraq.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使成一线，使结盟; 排整齐
vi. 排列; 成一条线
时态：aligned, aligning, aligns
分布：调整(47%)，排列(40%)，使成一行(4%)，使结盟(4%)，成一条线(3%)，使一致(2%)
→前缀ad-, 去往。法语lign, 同line, 线，插入字母g。
【记】a一条，lign＝line线－在一条直线上－结盟，排列，校准al＝all都，ig读：一个，n山洞：都在一个山洞里工作－结盟
【反】improperly adjusted（调整不当）
verb transitive
■to put two or more things into a straight line 使成一条直线；对准；校直
• When you've aligned the notch on the gun with the target, fire! 当枪的标尺、准星和目标成一条直线时，开火！
• Align the ruler and the middle of the paper and then cut it straight. 让尺子对齐纸的中线，然后沿尺子剪开。
[ə'laɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] align yourself with sb/sth
■If you align yourself with an organization or person, you agree with and support their aims 与…保持一致；与…结盟
• The party is under pressure to align itself more closely with industry. 该党受压力所迫，与企业界关系更近了。
• The major unions are aligned with the government on this issue. 在这一问题上，几个主要的工会立场与政府保持一致。
vt. 使结盟；使成一行；匹配
 - to match
vi. 排列；排成一行
 - arrange, form

Word: parade
Front: parade
[pəˈreɪd] (研四六托雅 3907/4972 -2)
Vocabulary: parade
(once / 376 pages)
nv
A parade is a group of people marching in ceremony, celebration, or protest. Often a parade involves fire trucks, costumed adults throwing candy to children, baton twirlers, and members of the armed forces.
Parade is also a verb, meaning to walk or march ostentatiously. When your sister first brings home her prom dress, she might parade around the living room after putting it on so everyone can see it. As a noun parade is an event in which a whole lot of people march in the streets — they could be wearing prom dresses, but more likely they're celebrating of a holiday or taking part in a military action.
WORD FAMILY
parade: paraded, parader, parades, parading+/parader: paraders
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it's not like you can't be hip enough to emcee the Rose Parade.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Any time is a good time to remember Arnold Palmer, of course, and the Rose Parade in Pasadena, Calif., this morning was among them.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
The 128th annual parade got started Monday with an added police presence and measures to prevent a vehicle from barreling into the route.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 游行; 展览; 招摇过市; 接受检阅
n. 检阅; 游行; 一系列; 炫耀
时态：paraded, parading, parades
分布：游行(68%)，阅兵(13%)，炫耀(6%)，检阅(5%)，参加游行(3%)，夸耀(3%)，散步(1%)，绕行(1%)
→来自拉丁语parere,准备，安排，装饰，词源同pare,prepare.原指接受检阅的军队，后词义通俗化。
游行(原意指部队训练场,引申为排队游行;部队训练,准备打仗)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n./v.游行,夸耀n.检阅,阅兵式v.使列队行进The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
noun countable
LINE OF PEOPLE 群众队伍
 ADVANCED
■a large number of people walking or in vehicles, all going in the same direction, usually as part of a public celebration of something 游行
• a victory parade 胜利游行
■a series of people or things that appear one after the other 一队人；一系列事物
• For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade of local residents giving their opinions. 整整三个小时，州参议员组成的委员会听取了一批又一批当地居民发表自己的看法。
on parade
■When soldiers are on parade they march and practise military movements in front of important officials or as part of a public celebration or ceremony 接受校阅
• The entire regiment was on parade. 整个军团在接受校阅。
[pə'reɪd] noun countable
ROAD 路 UK a row of shops 购物街
Parade UK
■used in the names of some roads 用于路名中
• Park Parade 派克大道
[pə'reɪd] verb
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■(of a group) to walk or march somewhere, usually as part of a public celebration 游行，列队行进
• The Saint Patrick's Day marchers paraded up Fifth Avenue, past the cathedral. 在圣派屈克节那天，游行者一路经过第五大道，途经大教堂。
• In ancient Rome, captured generals were paraded through the streets in chairs. 在古罗马，俘获的将军会被绑在椅子上游街示众。
intransitive or transitive
■to show something in an obvious way in order to be admired 夸示，炫耀
• It's sickening the way he parades his wealth, his car and his expensive clothes. 他炫耀他的财富、汽车和高级服饰的样子令人作呕。
• The children paraded about/around in their new clothes. 孩子都穿着新衣服四处炫耀。
procession, parade, demonstration
这组词都有“游行”的意思，其区别是：
procession: 指举行庆祝活动或盛大仪式时庄严行进的有秩序的游行队伍或行列。
parade: 多指盛大和正式的游行，有检阅等活动。
demonstration: 侧重指抗议的示威性游行。
n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场
 - display, pageant
vt. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
 - show off, brag about
vi. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
 - file, show off

Word: adventure
Front: adventure
[ədˈventʃə(r)] (高研四托 2862/3561 -K2)
Vocabulary: adventure
(once / 87 pages)
nv
An adventure is an exciting and probably risky trip, effort, or undertaking. Let's go explore the jungle! Don't be scared — it'll be an adventure!
To a kid from the city, a ride on the subway is just another trip across town. To a kid from the suburbs, though, it can be a real adventure — a trip to a strange place with all sorts of strange people, new sights, and surprising twists and turns. If you've ever been to the Great Adventure amusement park, you know that the whole place is designed to make you feel as though you're on a wild, exciting, and thrilling trip — a great adventure. People often go on an adventure hoping something wonderful will come of it.
WORD FAMILY
adventure: adventured, adventurer, adventures, adventuresome, adventuring, adventurism, adventurous, misadventure +/adventurer: adventurers/adventurism: adventurisms, adventuristic/ adventurous: adventurously, adventurousness, unadventurous/ misadventure: misadventures/unadventurous: unadventurously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m Simon,” Simon says to me in yet another “Poseidon Adventure”-crowded stairwell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And so I shall, to find more adventures.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fabric of the series, after all, is the adventures of two weird blokes in London.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 冒险活动; 冒险经历; 奇遇
时态：adventured, adventuring, adventures
分布：冒险(88%)，奇遇(9%)，尝试(2%)，大胆进行(1%)
冒险(ad+venture冒险)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
冒险(ad增强+venture冒险)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.冒险,冒险活动,奇遇vt.大胆进行The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activity such as a journey or experience, or the excitement produced by such an activity 冒险，历险；奇遇；刺激
• She had some exciting adventures in Egypt. 她在埃及经历了一些很刺激的奇遇。
• We got lost on the Metro - it was quite an adventure. 我们在地铁里迷路了，还真是挺惊险的。
• Sam won't come - he's got no sense of adventure (= he does not enjoy dangerous or exciting situations). 萨姆不会来的，他不喜欢冒险。
n. 冒险；冒险精神；投机活动
 - risk, throw, venture
vt. 冒险；大胆说出
 - take a chance, run a risk
vi. 冒险
 - take a risk, run a risk, stick one's neck out, take chances

Word: efficiently
Front: efficiently
[ɪ'fɪʃntlɪ] (6358/5344 -K)
Vocabulary: efficiently
(once / 2447 pages)
adv
If you do something efficiently, you do it productively and quickly. When your dentist efficiently examines your teeth, you are grateful because he does a good job and it's all over quickly.
The adverb efficiently has origins in the Latin word efficere, meaning "work out, accomplish." Efficiently can describe any action that's done without wasting time, effort, or materials — and still manages to produce the desired outcome. Today people are using power, fuel, and water more efficiently to conserve natural resources. As a project manager, you efficiently manage your projects so they stay on schedule and under budget.
WORD FAMILY
efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient +/ efficiency: efficiencies/inefficiency: inefficiencies/ inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a good time to evaluate fresher options for efficiently serving enrollees and taxpayers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s very much an economic issue. Businesses will move closer to larger communities if they can’t move their product quickly and efficiently.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Trump asserted on Twitter late on Monday that his foundation was run efficiently.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 效率高地; 有效地
分布：有效地(75%)，高效率地(25%)
ADJ-GRADED
效率高的;效能高的
If something or someone is efficient, they are able to do tasks successfully, without wasting time or energy.
例：With today's more efficient contraception women can plan their families and careers.如今有了更加有效的避孕方法，女性便可以规划她们的家庭和事业。
adv. 有效地；效率高地（efficient的副词形式）
 - effectively, usefully

Word: adoption
Front: adoption
[əˈdɒpʃn] (六托 3674/4220)
Vocabulary: adoption
(once / 609 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Adoption is the act of taking something on as your own. Adoption usually refers to the legal process of becoming a non-biological parent, but it also refers to the act of embracing ideas, habits, or free kittens.
Adoption comes from the Old French word adoptare, meaning "to chose for oneself.” Feel like adding an option? Try adoption. Adoption is the noun form of adopt, so it not only refers to legally taking another person into your family, it can be any time you take something on as your own. If you start dressing like a friend, that's an adoption of your friend's style. If that friend wears micro-miniskirts, your parents might put you up for adoption.
WORD FAMILY
adoption: adoptions+/ adopt: adoptable, adopted, adoptee, adopter, adopting, adoption, adoptive, adopts/adoptable: unadoptable/adoptee: adoptees/adopter: adopters/adoptive: adoptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But privacy and athletes’ rights advocates worry the technology will outpace the adoption of legal limits and standards.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
President Vladimir Putin signed into law a ban on adoptions of Russian children by U.S. citizens.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 采用，收养
分布：采用(67%)，收养(21%)，采纳(12%)
US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
TAKING CHILD 领养孩子
countable or uncountable
■the act of legally taking a child to be looked after as your own 领养，收养
• She was homeless and had to put her child up for adoption (= asked for the child to be taken by someone else as their own). 她无家可归，只好让别人收养她的孩子。
• The last ten years have seen a dramatic fall in the number of adoptions. 过去十年中收养孩子的人数明显减少了。
UK [ə'dɒp.ʃən] US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
STARTING 开始
uncountable
■accepting or starting to use something new 接受；采用；采纳
• Several suggestions have been offered for adoption by the panel. 总共提出了几项建议以供专家小组采纳。
UK [ə'dɒp.ʃən] US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
CHOOSING 选择
uncountable
■choosing or taking something as your own 选择
• England was Conrad's country of adoption. 康拉德移居英格兰。
• The adoption of a woman candidate was seen as controversial. 推举一位女候选人很有争议。
n. 采用；收养；接受
 - acceptance, introduction, receiving

Word: latino

Word: immunity
Front: immunity
[ɪˈmju:nəti] (六托宝 6941/7113)
Vocabulary: immunity
(once / 1243 pages)
n
Immunity means exemption or resistance. If you're protected against something, you have immunity to it. Your new silver clothes just might grant you immunity from getting thrown in jail by the fashion police.
In the late 14th century, the noun immunity, which means “exempt from service or obligation,” developed from the Latin immunitatem, which has nearly identical meaning. Break that word down even further, and you get immunis, meaning “exempt, free,” from in "not" and munis, meaning “performing services.” In a medical sense, immunity is “protection from disease.” Your annual flu shot tries to give you immunity from, or make you insusceptible to, the illness.
WORD FAMILY
immunity: immunities+/ immune: immunes, immunise, immunity, immunize, nonimmune/immunise: immunisation, immunised/immunization: immunizations/ immunize: immunization, immunized, immunizes, immunizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The immunity IV drip involves one litre of hydration and is designed to "combat superbugs and common viruses", according to the Drip Doctors website.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s an understated satire on gentrification, in which multiracial affluence doesn’t provide immunity from the ancient clashes of urban life.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
But she said the officers in this case were entitled to immunity because there was no evidence they acted maliciously, recklessly or in bad faith.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 免除，豁免; 免疫力
分布：免疫(80%)，豁免(15%)，免疫性(3%)，免除(2%)
→来自immune,免疫的。
免除;免疫(im不+mun+ity→不公共→不和别人一样[得病]→免疫)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
【反】susceptibility（n 易感性；易被感染）；liability（n 负有责任；易受影响）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■when you are protected against disease or from legal action 免疫；免除；豁免
• The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months. 注射这种疫苗会使你对这种疾病有长达六个月的免疫力。
• He was granted immunity from prosecution because he confessed the names of the other spies. 他因供出了其他间谍的名字而免受起诉。
n. [免疫] 免疫力；豁免权；免除
 - phylactic power, immunizing power

Word: racist
Front: racist
['reɪsɪst] (6381/7885)
Vocabulary: racist
(once / 3669 pages)
nadj
A person who believes one race is better than another is racist. Racists discriminate against other races.
If you believe one race is superior, you are racist. In this country, given our history of slavery and discrimination, racist behavior almost always centers on white/black relations, but you can be racist toward any race. Individuals can be racist, but it's much more harmful when businesses, laws, and governments are racist. A racist person can do some damage, but a racist government can do far worse, as in the cases of slavery in America or Apartheid in South Africa.
WORD FAMILY
racist: nonracist, racists+/interracial: interracially/ race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy/racer: racers/ racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racism: racist /racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I honestly don’t care about that place. And mentioning the racist legacy of a place is legal, right?”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Everyone should read “Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America,” which shows how racism adapts to every anti-racist victory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 种族主义者
分布：种族主义者(77%)，种族主义的(23%)
noun countable (UK old-fashioned racialist) disapproving
 ADVANCED
■someone who believes that other races are not as good as their own and therefore treats them unfairly 种族主义者
• Two of the killers are known to be racists. 杀人凶手中有两人是臭名昭著的种族主义分子。
['reɪ.sɪst] adjective disapproving
■believing that other races are not as good as your own and therefore treating them unfairly 种族主义的
• He furiously denied being racist. 他竭力否认自己是种族主义者。
• They were the victims of a vicious racist attack. 他们是一宗恶性种族暴力袭击事件的受害者。

Word: hamper
Front: hamper
[ˈhæmpə(r)] (研六托雅宝 9044/8427 -2)
Vocabulary: hamper
(once / 768 pages)
1vn 2n
Anything that hampers slows progress or makes it difficult to do something. You might think that the presence of your parents hampers your ability to look cool.
The verb hamper is for those times when normal progress is slow but not shut down completely. Hamper often describes travel during bad weather, like icy conditions that could hamper holiday travel. Hamper means "slow going." You may have heard of noun form of hamper, a container for holding dirty laundry: If your hamper is full, the need to do laundry could hamper your plans of going out and having fun.
WORD FAMILY
hamper: hampered, hampering, hampers+/hampered: unhampered
USAGE EXAMPLES
Penn State trailed by as many as 13 points, hampered by interceptions on McSorley’s first two passes of the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A splintered internet would hamper its role as a remarkable innovation engine.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But he suggests that a government might justifiably hamper international trade, or subsidize an ailing industry, in order to sustain particular communities and particular jobs.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 妨碍，束缚，限制; 使困累
n. （有盖的）大篮子; 阻碍物，足械; [航]船具
时态：hampered, hampering, hampers
分布：妨碍(80%)，阻止(14%)，大篮子(6%)
→来自古法语hanap,杯子，酒杯，后引申词义装杯子的大篮子。防碍义词源不详，参照习语basket case,困境。
v.妨碍,阻碍,牵制He was hampered by his raincoat.他因雨衣碍手碍脚而行动不自如.
【记】用hammer锤你－阻挠，妨碍
【反】facilitate（v 促进）；seminal（adj 种子的；精液的）－hampering further development（阻碍进一步发展的）
US [-pɚ] verb transitive
■to prevent someone doing something easily 阻碍，妨碍
• Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors. 猛烈的暴风雨妨碍了救援工作的进行，现在找到更多生还者的希望已经很渺茫了。
UK ['hæm.pər] US [-pɚ] noun countable
■a large rectangular container with a lid 有盖的长方形大容器
• a picnic hamper 野餐盒
■UK
■a box containing food and drink, usually given as a present, for example at Christmas （通常作为礼品、装有食品和酒的）食品盒
US old-fashioned
■a container used for carrying dirty clothes and bed sheets and for storing them while they are waiting to be washed （盛放脏衣物的）洗衣篮
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
vt. 妨碍；束缚；使困累
 - let, chain, bound
n. 食盒，食篮；阻碍物
 - hindrance, incumbrance

Word: imagination
Front: imagination
[ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn] (研四六 2892/2828 -K3)
Vocabulary: imagination
(once / 112 pages)
n
Imagination refers to the process of forming images or concepts in the mind, often images of things that are not really there. That shark in your bathtub must have been in your imagination — or was it?
Often shunned for living in a dream world, imagination is behind unicorns, Big Foot, and excessive daydreaming. But it’s humans’ ability to picture what is not there, and to be resourceful and creative, that is behind many of our achievements. Maybe that’s why Albert Einstein said “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” After all, without a little imagination, we wouldn’t have the pyramids, the space shuttles, or the Star Wars trilogy.
WORD FAMILY
imagination: imaginations+/ imaginable: imaginably, unimaginable/ imaginative: imaginatively, imaginativeness, unimaginative/ imagine: imaginable, imagination, imaginative, imagined, imagining/unimaginable: unimaginably/unimaginative: unimaginatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A: It really grabbed the imagination of people.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While wanting to help her son, Becky also wonders whether she lacks the imagination necessary to understand him.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 想像，想像力; 空想，妄想; 想像出来的事物
分布：想象(61%)，想象力(33%)，空想(4%)，幻想(2%)
→来自imagine,想象。
想象(imagine想象)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
n.想象(力);空想,幻觉;想象出来的事物He is a man of imagination.他是一个富有想象力的人.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the ability to form pictures in the mind 想像力
• My younger son has a very vivid (= active) imagination. 我的小儿子想像力很丰富。
• I can never make up stories - I have absolutely no imagination. 我从来都不会编故事——我根本没甚么想像力。
• For some reason the story captured/caught the imagination of the public (= made them very interested). 由于某种原因，这件事引起了公众的关注。
• It couldn't by any stretch of the imagination be described as a (= it is certainly not a) beautiful city. 这座城市再怎么说也称不上漂亮。
• There's a sex scene in the film which apparently leaves nothing to the imagination (= shows sexual parts of the body very clearly). 这部电影中有一个十分露骨的性爱场面，没有留下任何想像的余地。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true 幻觉；幻想；空想
• Was she paying him a lot of attention or was it just my imagination? 她是特别注意他呢，还是这一切只是我的臆想？
• Is it my imagination or is David behaving strangely at the moment? 是我的错觉呢，还是大卫现在真的是行为古怪？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to think of new ideas 创造力
• It's a job that needs someone with a bit of imagination. 做这项工作需要有一点创造力。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. [心理] 想象力；空想；幻想物
 - vision, revery

Word: reign
Front: reign
[reɪn] (研四六托雅宝 7626/3868 -2)
Vocabulary: reign
(once / 112 pages)
nv
Rain falls from above, and people who reign rule from a position above others. They reign over countries and governments, and even over businesses and arts, as in "She used to reign over punk music, always topping the charts."
While reign is a verb when it refers to the actions of a person or group of people, the period of time when they reign is also called a reign, as a noun: "His reign over the rodeo circuit ended when he was tackled by a bull named Princess-Maker." Sometimes a stretch of time is called a reign, even without regard to who was the leader, as in a "reign of peace," or a period of time without war and conflict, in a place or government.
WORD FAMILY
reign: reigned, reigning, reigns
USAGE EXAMPLES
We may finally end the long reign of terror inflicted on us by former Miss USAs, federal judges from Indiana, and Gold Star parents.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Crimson Tide, the sport’s reigning champions, routed opponents with historic ease this season.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The reigning two-time defensive player of the year missed 10 games last season, the fewest in his first five seasons.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 当政，统治; 占主导地位
vt. 想法、情感或氛围盛行，成为最显著的
n. 君主的统治; 君主统治时期; 任期; 当政期
时态：reigned, reigning, reigns
分布：统治(92%)，支配(5%)，在位期(2%)，君主统治(1%)
→来自拉丁语 regnum,王国，统治，来自 regere,统治，管理，词源同 regal,regulate.
n./v.统治,支配,盛行n.统治时期v.占优势The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
【记】reig＝reg统治
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to be the king or queen of a country 为王，为君；当政；统治
• Queen Victoria reigned over Britain from 1837 to 1901. 维多利亚女王自1837年到1901年间在位统治英国。
■to be the main feeling or quality in a situation or person 主宰；起支配作用；盛行
• The bomb attacks produced a panic which reigned over the city. 炸弹袭击引起的恐慌笼罩全城。
• Love reigned supreme in her heart. 爱情完全占据了她的心。
[reɪn] noun countable
■the period of time when a king or queen rules a country 为王，为君；当政；统治
• the reign of Henry VIII 亨利八世的统治
■a period when a particular person, feeling, or quality is very important or has a strong influence 主宰、支配的时期
• his successful reign as manager of the team 他以经理身份成功驾驭了这个小组
[reɪn] noun countable
a reign of terror
■a period of time when a ruler controls people in a violent and cruel way 恐怖统治（时期）
vi. 统治；支配；盛行；君临
 - predominate over, to rule
n. 统治；统治时期；支配
 - governance, disposal, rule, dominance

Word: tightly
Front: tightly
[ˈtaɪtli] (六 4107/3946 -K)
Back: adv. 紧紧地，坚固地，牢固地
分布：紧紧地(60%)，坚固地(40%)
adverb
■firmly or closely 紧紧地
• The baby was clutching his dummy tightly in his grubby fist. 婴儿用脏兮兮的手紧紧抓着他的玩具。
• Many commuters are forced to stand, tightly packed in, like sardines. 许多坐通勤车的人被迫像罐头里的沙丁鱼一样，紧紧地挤在车厢里。
adv. 紧紧地；坚固地
 - firmly, fast

Word: stark
Front: stark
[stɑ:k] (托宝 6659/7541 -2)
Vocabulary: stark
(once / 836 pages)
adjadv
Stark means "complete or extreme," like the stark contrast between your music taste — punk and weird metal — and your mom's, with all her 1950's doo-wop favorites.
In describing a place, stark means "providing no shelter or sustenance." A barren desert or a room with no furniture or curtains is stark. It can also mean "severe, stern, or austere," like the stark beauty of the rocky cliffs in the west of Ireland. Stark can also be used to mean "totally." If you are called stark, raving mad, there's no question about it: you are acting completely crazy.
WORD FAMILY
stark: starker, starkest, starkly, starkness, starks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nowhere were the challenges starker than in Chicago, where the rates of murders and shootings skyrocketed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In Braslavsky’s starker show in the Common Ground Gallery, the vegetation is all on paper.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
There are many ways of dissecting the Brexit vote, but the starkest is by income.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 完全的; 荒凉的; 光秃秃的; 僵硬的
adv. 一丝不挂，赤裸; 完全; 明显地; 质朴地
n. 斯塔克
分布：鲜明的(41%)，完全(21%)，荒凉的(12%)，光秃秃的(12%)，简直(5%)，严酷的(5%)，实在(4%)
→来自古英语 stearc,僵硬的，严厉的，严重的，粗糙的，残酷的，来自 Proto-Germanic*starkaz, 僵硬的，来自 ster,僵的，硬的，固定的，词源同 startle,sterile.引申诸相关词义。词义演 变比较 hard.
US [stɑ:rk] adjective
■empty, simple or obvious, especially without decoration or anything which is not necessary; severe or extreme 赤裸的；简单的；明显的；（尤指）毫无修饰的，粗陋的；严重的；极端的
• It was a stark room with its white walls, and a bed and chair as the only furniture. 这个房间很简陋，家徒四壁，仅有的家俱就是一张床和一把椅子。
• The stark reality is that we are operating at a huge loss. 严酷的事实是我们的经营亏损非常严重。
• In the suburbs the spacious houses stand in stark contrast to the slums of the city's poor. 郊区宽敞的大房子和城里的贫民窟形成了鲜明的对比。
UK [stɑ:k] US [stɑ:rk] adverb
■completely or extremely 完全地；极端地
• The children were splashing in the river, stark naked. 孩子们一丝不挂地在河里玩水。
• I think he's stark raving mad / UK alsostark staring mad to want to spend his holiday watching trains! 他想把整个假期都用来看火车，我认为他简直是疯了！
adj. 完全的；荒凉的；刻板的；光秃秃的；朴实的
 - full, complete, absolute, total, wild
adv. 完全；明显地；突出地；质朴地
 - obviously, clearly, very, broadly

Word: consent
Front: consent
[kənˈsent] (研四六雅宝 4391/2503 -2)
Vocabulary: consent
(once / 100 pages)
vn
Before you have surgery, you'd better give your consent, because the surgeon can't get his scalpel anywhere near your skin without first getting this permission from you.
Consent is permission that can be given or taken away. A father might give his consent to allow a young man to marry his daughter, but he might refuse that consent if he learns that the prospective groom has a prison record. A homeowner who won't give a developer consent to tear down her house and build a shopping mall might finally consent after receiving a very large check from the developer.
WORD FAMILY
consent: consentaneous, consented, consenting, consents+/consentaneous: consentaneously/ consenting: consentingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Minnesota’s burglary law includes entering a building without consent and with the intent to commit a crime.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Morris consented to a blood test in the hospital after the crash and was above the legal limit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like other right-wingers, she seemed to think the problem with the tape was Trump’s foul language, rather than the whole rapey/consent thing.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 准许，赞同; 同意; （意见等的）一致
vi. 同意; 赞成，赞同; 允许
时态：consented, consenting, consents
分布：同意(90%)，答应(6%)，赞成(4%)
→con-, 强调。-sens, 感觉，词源同sense, sentiment.
同意,答应(con共同+sent→共同感觉→同意)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun uncountable slightly formal
 ADVANCED
■permission or agreement 许可，允许；同意
• They can't publish your name without your consent. 未经你的同意他们不能公布你的名字。
• You can only come on the trip if your parents give their consent. 只有你父母允许，你才能参加这次旅行。
by common consent
■most people agree 大多数人同意；普遍认可
• Her latest film, by common consent, is her best yet. 她的最新电影被普遍认为是她迄今最好的作品。
[kən'sent] verb intransitive
■to agree to do something, or to allow someone to do something 同意；答应；许可，允许
• [+ to infinitive] Very reluctantly, I've consented to lend her my car. 我很不情愿地答应把车借给她。
• My aunt never married because her father wouldn't consent to her marriage. 我姑妈终生未嫁，因为她父亲不同意她的婚事。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vi. 同意；赞成；答应
 - grant, comply, engage
n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成
 - agreement, accordance, unity, identity, yes

Word: diversion
Front: diversion
[daɪˈvɜ:ʃn] (研六托雅 7508/6956 -1)
Vocabulary: diversion
(once / 747 pages)
n
A diversion can be something that takes you off the course you are on, like a detour while you are traveling, or a game of tennis that takes you away from the stress of work.
The noun diversion and the verb divert are related. Both have to do with a change of focus or direction. When you want a break from something, many diversions are welcome, like a rousing game of “twenty questions” on a long car ride. Conversely, some diversions are unwelcome, like when the guy next to you is texting during your French midterm.
WORD FAMILY
diversion: diversionary, diversionist, diversions+/diversionist: diversionists/ divert: diversion, diverted, diverting, diverts/ diverting: divertingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bobby Duplantier, the Corps’ senior project manager on the Comite Diversion, said the key issue is dollars, not better results from the formula.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But there was diversion from this year’s most popular internet memes.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Unless otherwise informed, they’re not prepared for the diversion created on their behalf.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 转移; 分散注意力; 消遣
分布：转移(72%)，转向(22%)，娱乐活动(5%)，临时绕行(1%)
→来自diverse, 转开，转移，词义引申为消遣。比较disport.
转向;娱乐[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.转向,转移;牵制;解闷;娱乐London offers lots of diversions for us.伦敦为我们提供许多消遣.
US [dɪ'vɝ:-] noun
CHANGE OF DIRECTION 改变方向
countable UK (US detour)
■a different route that is used because a road is closed 绕行路线
• Traffic diversions will be kept to a minimum throughout the festival. 在节日期间，尽量不实行交通禁行措施。
countable or uncountable
■when something is sent somewhere different from where it was originally intended to go 用途的改变
• the diversion of money to other projects 将资金转用于其他企划案
UK [daɪ'vɜ:.ʃən] US [dɪ'vɝ:-] noun
TAKING ATTENTION 转移注意力
countable
■something that takes your attention away from something else 转移注意力的事物；分心的事物
• Shoplifters often work in pairs, with one creating a diversion (= an action that takes someone's attention away from something) to distract the shop assistants while the other steals the goods. 商店窃贼通常结伙作案，一人转移店员的注意力，另一人则偷盗货物。
countable formal
■an activity you do for entertainment 消遣，玩乐
• Reading is a pleasant diversion. 阅读是一种愉快的消遣。
n. 转移；消遣；分散注意力
 - entertainment, transfer, occupation, recreation, metastasis

Word: median
Front: median
[ˈmi:diən] (6806/8361 -1)
Vocabulary: median
(once / 1583 pages)
adjn
Median means middle. When a strip of grass divides one direction of a highway from another, it's called a median because it runs through the middle.
Median comes from the Latin word medius, which also means middle. In math, the median is a number in the middle of a list. In the set 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, the median is 5. The statistical median is often linked to the idea of an average. A town's average income might seem high if there are two extremely rich people who live there. The median will tell you the income of the person halfway through the list.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
mean / median / average
Wordsmiths sometimes dislike numbers, or at least have a hard time grasping them. These words offer us an opportunity to better understand numbers and use their terms more precisely in writing and speaking.
Let's say we have a set of numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 56
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, of this set is 33. The mean is the sum of all the numbers in the set (167) divided by the amount of numbers in the set (5).
The median is the middle point of a number set, in which half the numbers are above the median and half are below. In our set above, the median is 30. But what if your number set has an even number of, er, numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 52
- 56
To calculate the median here, add the two middle numbers (30 + 47) and divide by 2. The median for our new list is 38.5.
So far, so good. But what about average? The average of a set of numbers is the same as its mean; they're synonyms.
Let's see our terms in action:
Performance is calculated by the arithmetic mean of the returns in an equally weighted portfolio of individual stocks, on a quarterly basis.
The median single-family homeowner in town will pay $175 more in property taxes this year.
Average retail gas prices in California fell 1.3 cents in the last week, putting the average tank of gas at $3.13 per gallon.
While we wordy types may still struggle to understand what an "equally weighted portfolio" is, wonder whether we are median single-family homeowners, or continue to look for lower-than-average gas prices, at least we know how the mean, median, and average were calculated.
WORD FAMILY
median: medians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Median home prices in Washington soared to record highs last year.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Montes says Gallon lost control of her car, crossed a median and drove into oncoming traffic.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Romney–Clinton counties were especially affluent, though, with a median home price above $300,000 — twice that of the typical county carried by Trump.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 中央的; 中间的; [数]中值的
n. [数]中值; 中位数; 中线
分布：中值(62%)，中位数(32%)，中间的(3%)，中央的(1%)，中动脉(1%)，正中的(1%)
→来自拉丁语medius,在中间，词源同middle.引申词义中间值的。
中央的(med+ian)[med=middle,表示"中间"]
adjective specialized
■describes the value which is the middle one in a set of values arranged in order of size 中间的，居中的；中位数的
• Median household income fell last year. 去年家庭收入中位数下降了。
medium, median, average
这些形容词均含“中等的，平均的，适中的”之意。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
n. 中值， [数] 中位数；中线
 - mid-value, medium value
adj. 中值的；中央的
 - mid, centre

Word: abound
Front: abound
[əˈbaʊnd] (研托雅宝 7676/8645 -1)
Vocabulary: abound
(once / 107 pages)
1v 2v
When things abound, there are a lot of them. In spring, birds, flowers, rain, and frisbees abound.
This word has to do with an abundance of something. In cities like Buffalo, NY, snow abounds. In very hot weather, insects and suntan lotion abound. Dogs are happy at the park when squirrels abound — meaning there are a lot of squirrels. On the moon, rocks abound, but that's about it.
WORD FAMILY
abound: abounded, abounding, abounds, abundant +/abounding: aboundingly/ abundance: abundances/ abundant: abundance, abundanter, abundantly, overabundant, superabundant/overabundant: overabundance, overabundantly/superabundant: superabundance, superabundantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The elephant in the room is that we are living in a society where food is abundant, and temptations abound.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Intact wetlands are abundant on the property and abounding with frogs, said Rick Anderson of the Anderson Island Park and Recreation District.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 丰富，盛产; 非常多，大量存在; 充满
时态：abounded, abounding, abounds
分布：充满(63%)，富于(37%)
→前缀ab-,离开。词根und, 水，词源同water, 字母w脱落，见undulate, 波动的。字面意思为水漫过堤岸的，后指大量的。
丰富,充满(ab+ound[=und]参考;abundant)[und=wave,表示"波动"]
vi.大量存在;(in,with)充满,富于Natural resources abound in our country.我国自然资源丰富.
【参】abundant（adj 富裕的）
verb intransitive
■to exist in large numbers 大量存在；有很多
• Theories abound about how the Earth began. 地球的起源怎样，众说纷纭。
[ə'baʊnd] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  abound in/with sth
■If something abounds in/with other things, it has a lot of them 有充足的…；富产…
• The coast here abounds with rare plants. 这儿的海岸生长着大量稀有植物。
vi. 富于；充满
 - teem with, be imbued with

Word: kitchen
Front: kitchen
[ˈkɪtʃɪn] (中高托雅 1051/1124 -K4)
Vocabulary: kitchen
(once / 132 pages)
n
People always hang out in the kitchen at a party because a kitchen is where the food is. Restaurants have kitchens too, but only the kitchen staff hangs out in there. A kitchen is a room that’s meant for cooking.
Whether you're making a four-course meal or microwave popcorn, the kitchen is where the magic happens. Schools, hospitals, and restaurants have kitchens. The word kitchen can also be used as an adjective. Guess where the kitchen cabinets are? If someone says you’ve packed everything but the kitchen sink, your suitcase is overflowing. And you should totally go back and get that sink. The Old English root of kitchen is from the Vulgar Latin cocina, rooted in coquere, "cook."
WORD FAMILY
kitchen: kitchens
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
My point isn’t that we spend hours or a fortune in the kitchen, just that we adopt an old-fashioned approach where we avoid processed food.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 厨房; 厨师
分布：厨房(99%)，灶间(1%)
→来自古英语cycene,来自Proto-Germanic*kukino,来自kekw,烧，煮，词源同cook,kiln.插入字母t,比较bate,batch.
n.厨房The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a room where food is kept, prepared and cooked and where the dishes are washed 厨房
• We usually eat breakfast in the kitchen. 我们通常在厨房吃早餐。
• the kitchen table 厨房用桌
• a new fitted kitchen (= cupboards that look the same fixed to the walls and floor in the kitchen) 全新的厨柜
n. [建] 厨房；炊具；炊事人员
 - cookroom

Word: rogue
Front: rogue
[rəʊg] (8604/9553 -1)
Vocabulary: rogue
(once / 468 pages)
n
A rogue is a sneaky person who has tricks up his sleeve, not like a magician, but like someone who would steal your wallet or cheat at cards.
Dishonesty won’t get you far in life, unless you are a rogue who survives by lying and exploiting others. The word comes from the Latin rogare, which means “beg,” and while some rogues dress like beggars to get your money, anyone who deceives is a rogue, like the presidents of corrupt corporations who steal from their employees, or that rogue Uncle Marvin who promises you chocolate for washing his car, but afterward tells you he has no chocolate. That rogue!
WORD FAMILY
rogue: roguery, rogues, roguish +/roguery: rogueries/ roguish: roguishly, roguishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rogue One and Sing led the way over the New Year’s holiday.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Or a rogue trader who loses billions of dollars and ends up in prison.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Filmmakers are tapping advances in digital technology to resurrect characters after a performer dies, most notably in "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story."
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 流氓，无赖; 调皮捣蛋的人人; 离群的野兽
vt. 欺骗; [农]去劣
vi. [农]淘汰劣种; 流浪
分布：流氓(77%)，游手好闲(8%)，欺诈(5%)，调皮鬼(4%)，去劣(4%)，离群凶猛的(1%)，离群野兽(1%)
→可能来自拉丁语 rogere,要求，乞求，词源同 reach,arrogant.引申词义乞丐，后用于指死讨白 要的无赖，恶棍。
无赖,骗子(无理要求者)"[Rog=ask表示"要求,问"]
US [roʊg] adjective [before noun]
■behaving in ways that are not expected or not normal, often in a destructive way 异常的；行为失常的；常制造麻烦的
• a rogue state 流氓国家
• rogue cells 变态细胞
■specialized
■A rogue animal is a dangerous wild animal that lives apart from the rest of its group. （野兽）离群而危险的
UK [rəʊg] US [roʊg] noun countable old-fashioned humorous
■a person who behaves badly but who you still like 捣蛋鬼，调皮鬼
• "Come here, you little rogue!" chuckled my uncle. “到这里来，你这个小坏蛋！”我叔叔咯咯地笑着说。
• The women all think he's a loveable old rogue. 在所有女人眼里，他是个可爱的老活宝。
old-fashioned
■a dishonest or bad man 无赖，流氓，恶棍
n. 流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；（尤指植物的） [遗] 劣种
 - swashbuckler, rapscallion
vi. 游手好闲；去劣；流浪
 - fool about, goof off
vt. 欺诈；去劣
 - rip off
adj. （野兽）凶猛的
 - fierce, fell

Word: wherever
Front: wherever
[weərˈevə(r)] (高研四六 3710/3201 -K2)
Back: adv. （究竟）在哪儿
conj. 无论什么地方; 各处，处处
分布：无论在哪里(55%)，无论什么地方(45%)
conj.无论在哪里ad.无论在哪里,究竟在哪里Wherever are you going?你究竟到哪儿去?
US [wer'ev.ɚ] adverb conjunction
 IMPROVER
■to or in any or every place 无论到（或在）哪里；无论甚么地方
• We can go wherever you like. 你想去哪里，我们就去哪里。
• Wherever I go I always seem to bump into him. 无论去哪里，我似乎总是能碰见他。
• All across Europe, wherever you look, marriage is in decline and divorce rates are soaring. 整个欧洲，无论在甚么地方，结婚率都在下降，而离婚率却在猛升。
• Wherever you choose to live there are always going to be disadvantages. 无论你选择在哪里居住，都会有不利之处。
• He lives, apparently, in Little Overington, wherever that is. 显然他住在小欧佛云顿，管它到底在甚么地方呢。
 IMPROVER
■in every case 在任何情况下
• Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar. 只要有可能，我就用蜂蜜来代替糖。
UK [weə'rev.ər] US [wer'ev.ɚ] adverb
■used instead of 'where' to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise （用于代替 where 加以强调，通常表示惊讶）究竟在哪里；究竟到哪里
• Wherever did you find that hat! 你究竟是在哪里找到那顶帽子的！
• Wherever did you get that idea! 你究竟是怎么想到那个主意的！
• Wherever does he get the money from to go on all these exotic journeys? 出国旅行这么多次，他究竟是从哪里弄到的钱？
conj. 无论在哪里；无论什么情况下
 - ubi

Word: mandatory
Front: mandatory
[ˈmændətəri] (托雅宝 5119/5806 -1)
Vocabulary: mandatory
(once / 3013 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
In the US, attending school through the twelfth grade, driving on the right side of the road, and obtaining a social security number are all mandatory. The phrase "mandatory requirement" is redundant.
A mandatory action is something that is required, obligatory, or compulsory. Like letting your Great Aunt Edna pinch your cheeks or passing gym to get your diploma. Mandatory is often used in opposition to optional. If you want to compete with the swim team at school, weeknight practices are mandatory, meaning you have to go, though the Saturday dawn swim practice remains optional, meaning it's up to you.
WORD FAMILY
mandatory: mandatories, mandatorily, nonmandatory+/mandatary: mandataries/ mandate: mandatary, mandated, mandates, mandating, mandatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also be mandatory for establishments to hang posters with helpline details.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Indian Supreme Court employed this logic when it struck down the mandatory death sentence in the country’s penal code, in 1983.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
He said detention is mandatory for most recent arrivals to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 强制的; 命令的; 受委托的
n. 受托者
分布：强制性的(83%)，法定的(7%)，义务的(6%)，受托管理者(2%)，受委托的(2%)
→来自mandate,命令。即命令的，引申词义强制的，法定的。
命令性的(mand命令+atory)[-atory 1.表形容词"有…性质的"2.表名词"场所,地点"]
【记】源于：command（n /v 命令）
【参】countermand（v 取消；撤消）；maneuver（v 调遣；操纵）
【反】discretionary（adj 自由决定的）
US [-tɔ:r.i] adjective formal
■describes something which must be done, or which is demanded by law 强制的；必须履行的；法定的
• The minister is calling for mandatory prison sentences for people who assault police officers. 部长呼吁把袭警者须受的惩罚定为强制监禁。
• Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship. 运动员在参加锦标赛前必须接受强制性药检。
• In 1991, the British government made it mandatory to wear rear seat belts in cars. 1991年，英国政府强制要求汽车后座乘客佩带安全带。
adj. 强制的；托管的；命令的
 - managed, compulsive
n. 受托者（等于mandatary）
 - bailee, consignee

Word: assassination
Front: assassination
[əˌsæsɪ'neɪʃn] (雅 5434/7855)
Vocabulary: assassination
(once / 811 pages)
n
An assassination is the murder of a public figure. Assassinations are usually politically motivated. If someone kills your dog, that’s not an assassination, that’s just murder (unless your dog was running for mayor).
A murder is the unjust, illegal killing of someone. An assassination is a type of murder in which the victim is someone well known, usually in the world of politics. The killings of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King were assassinations: their purpose was to destabilize the government and hurt the civil rights movement, respectively. As assassination is murder plus politics.
WORD FAMILY
assassination: assassinations+/ assassin: assassinate, assassins/ assassinate: assassinated, assassinates, assassinating, assassination, assassinator/assassinator: assassinators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dündar survived an assassination attempt, was convicted of treason, and escaped to Germany, where he now lives in exile.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Trump even accused Cruz’s beloved father, a Cuban immigrant, of being involved in the Kennedy assassination.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Years of violence, civil war and assassinations ensued before the country stabilized under an “institutional” revolutionary party, which grew progressively more hierarchical and autocratic.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 暗杀
分布：暗杀(100%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the murder of someone famous or important 暗杀（名人或重要人物）
• an assassination attempt 暗杀的企图
• the assassination of the opposition leader 暗杀反对党领袖
n. 暗杀，行刺
 - thuggism

Word: straightforward
Front: straightforward
[ˌstreɪtˈfɔ:wəd] (高研六雅宝 6187/3491 -2)
Vocabulary: straightforward
(once / 1107 pages)
adj
Straightforward means direct in your approach. When you have a favor to ask of a friend, don't beat around the bush––say what you need in a straightforward way.
If you want to propose marriage, you might go for the straightforward approach, saying, "Want to get married?" over dinner. Straightforward can also mean honest. If you have straightforward intentions, it means you're upfront about what you're trying to do.
WORD FAMILY
straightforward: straightforwardest, straightforwardly, straightforwardness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He was kind and always straightforward, which Dad greatly valued, as did I in the few years we overlapped in management at The Times.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Still, it is both a gamble and a relatively straightforward motivational tactic – the question now is whether it will work.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Whereas other news apps published straightforward stories, much like those you would read on other websites, Circa revealed the news in short chunks.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 直截了当的; 坦率的; 明确的
adv. 直截了当地; 坦率地
分布：坦率的(53%)，易懂的(35%)，笔直的(12%)
→straight,直的，直接的，forward,向前的。引申词义坦诚的，简单的。
a.正直的;简单的,易懂的ad.坦率地We took a straightforward route to the beach.我们取直道到海滩去.
【反】tortuous（adj 曲折的）；convoluted（adj 旋绕的）；byzantine（adj 错综复杂的）
US [-'fɔ:r.wɚd] adjective
SIMPLE 简单的
 ADVANCED
■easy to understand or simple 容易理解的，简单的
• Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very straightforward. 顺着路标走就到布拉德福德了——非常简单。
UK [ˌstreɪt'fɔ:.wəd] US [-'fɔ:r.wɚd] adjective
HONEST 诚实的
■(of a person) honest and not likely to hide their opinions （人）坦诚的，直率的
• Roz is straightforward and let's you know what she's thinking. 罗兹很坦诚，会告诉你她的想法。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的
 - simple, precise, honest, transparent, plain
adv. 直截了当地；坦率地
 - directly, openly

Word: enrichment
Front: enrichment
[ɪn'rɪtʃmənt] (10003/12512)
Vocabulary: enrichment
(once / 3692 pages)
n
Enrichment makes something more meaningful, substantial, or rewarding. Enrichment improves something.
Riches are valuable things, such as money, jewels, and gold. Similarly, enrichment is when something is made more valuable. A reading enrichment program improves education. When vitamins or nutrients are added to food, that's enrichment because it makes the food healthier. All types of enrichment are improvements; they leave things better than they were before. You can also say such enrichment has enriched your life.
WORD FAMILY
enrichment: enrichments+/ enrich: enriched, enriches, enriching, enrichment / rich: enrich, richer, richest, richly, richness / richness: richnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 2015 nuclear deal saw sanctions lifted in exchange for Iran limiting its uranium enrichment.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Reed says the grants will provide new opportunities for cultural enrichment in Rhode Island.
Washington Times(Dec 17, 2016)
If it aggressively pursued uranium enrichment, that would put the prospect of war back on the table.
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 丰富; 改进; 肥沃; 浓缩
分布：浓缩(79%)，丰富(19%)，改进(2%)
N-UNCOUNT
丰富;充实;致富;富裕;（核燃料的）浓缩
Enrichment is the act of enriching someone or something or the state of being enriched.
例：...the enrichment of society.社会富裕
n. 丰富；改进；肥沃；发财致富
 - improvement, abundance, reforming, plenty, pregnancy

Word: hurry
Front: hurry
[ˈhʌri] (中高 3609/3065 -K2)
Vocabulary: hurry
(once / 57 pages)
vn
To hurry is to rush, or to move quickly. If you're late for a movie and you don't want to miss the beginning, you'll have to hurry into the theater, not stopping to buy popcorn.
When you're out for a walk and the sun begins to set, you might hurry home before it gets dark — in other words, move rapidly, or in haste. You can also hurry someone else, encouraging them to speed up. Your math teacher may criticize your sloppy work by commenting, "Looks like you were in a hurry." Hurry is one of many words that were invented by William Shakespeare, who used it frequently.
WORD FAMILY
hurry: hurried, hurries, hurrying+/hurried: hurrieder, hurriedly, hurriedness, unhurried/hurrying: hurryingly, hurryings/unhurried: unhurriedly, unhurriedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Down the hall in a science room, just a few minutes after classes begin, a student hurries to talk to his teacher.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hurrying over, the team doctor saw that the injury was to Grimes’s left knee—not the one with tendinitis.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I was always in more of a hurry than he was.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 仓促（做某事）; 催促; （朝某方向）迅速移动; 迅速处理
n. 匆忙，急忙
时态：hurried, hurrying, hurries
分布：匆忙(59%)，急忙(15%)，赶紧(14%)，催促(6%)，仓促(6%)
→词源不确定，一种说法是来自harry拼写变体，或来自拟声词，同hurl,或来自kers,跑，词源同current,horse.
vi.匆忙vt.催促;急运(派)n.急(匆)忙I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
US ['hɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this （使）加快；（使）匆忙；催促
• Hurry or you'll be late. 快点，否则你会迟到的。
• [+ to infinitive] She hurried to answer the telephone. 她匆忙去接电话。
• I hate to hurry you, but I have to leave in a few minutes. 我不想催你，但我几分钟后就要走了。
• Don't hurry your food (= Don't eat it too quickly). 吃东西不要太急。
• I refuse to be hurried into a decision (= to be forced to make a decision too quickly). 我不愿在别人的催促下匆忙作决定。
• After spending her lunch hour shopping, she hurried back (= returned quickly) to work. 利用午饭时间买完东西后，她匆忙赶回去工作。
UK ['hʌr.i] US ['hɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hurry (sb/sth) up IMPROVER
■to move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this （使）加快
• Hurry up or we'll miss the train. 快一点，否则就赶不上火车了。
• Could you hurry the children up, or their dinner will get cold. 你可不可以去催催那些孩子，否则他们的晚饭就冷掉了。
UK ['hʌr.i] US ['hɝ:-] noun only singular
 IMPROVER
■the need to move or do things more quickly than normal 匆忙；仓促
• We left in such a hurry that we forgot our tickets. 我们走得太仓促，连票都忘了拿。
• "Can you wait a few minutes?" "Yes, I'm not in any hurry/I'm in no hurry (= I can wait)." “你可以多等几分钟吗？”“可以，我不着急。”
• Are you in a hurry (= wanting) to leave? 你急着走吗？
• What's (all) the hurry (for)/Why (all) the hurry (= Why are you acting or moving so quickly) - we've got plenty of time. 你急甚么——我们有的是时间。
• "I'll let you have this back next week." "That's all right, there's no (great) hurry/there isn't any (great) hurry (= no need to do it quickly)." “我下个星期就把这个还给你。”“不要紧，不用那么急。”
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
haste, hurry, speed, dispatch
这组词都有“迅速，急速”的意思，其区别是：
haste: 中性词，用作褒义指动作迅速，事情做得又快又好；作贬义用时，指做事急躁，行为鲁莽，得不到预期的结果。
hurry: 指急速从事某项活动或匆忙对付一件事情，含明显慌乱的意味。
speed: 多用于褒义，指行动敏捷快速，效果好。
dispatch: 指迅速、敏捷地结事某事，强调敏捷和及时。
n. 匆忙，急忙
 - hasty indeed, haste
vt. 使赶紧；使匆忙，使急忙
 - hasten
vi. 赶紧，赶快；匆忙
 - get a hump on, make haste

Word: irony
Front: irony
[ˈaɪrəni] (研六托雅宝 4338/5633 -2)
Vocabulary: irony
(once / 334 pages)
1n 2n
Reserve irony for situations where there's a gap between reality and expectations, especially when such a gap is created for dramatic or humorous effect.
In Greek, eiron meant a dissembler — someone who hides their true intentions. Today, we do something very similar when we employ irony, often by saying the opposite of what we really mean. The word can also refer to a situation that turns out to be amusingly different from what we expected: "I thought he had stolen the Fig Newtons, but the irony was that he thought the same thing of me." Note that this is more than just an improbable coincidence!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
irony / satire / sarcasm
Irony, satire, and sarcasm all fall into the category of, "That's funny but I'm not sure what my English teacher wants me to call it."
Irony describes situations that are strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected. Note the "opposite" here. If an expectation is black, then an ironic outcome would be white, not off-white or gray. Here are some clear examples.
Bill Hillmann, the author of multiple books about how to not get gored by bulls was the only non-Spaniard to get gored in the 2014 running of the bulls in Pamplona. (Cracked Magazine July 2015)
The Business Software Alliance is an an anti-piracy agency that used to pay people to report unlicensed content on the internet. The group has been caught using a "stolen" photo in one of their ads to attract new snitches on Facebook. (Cracked Magazine July 2015)
Satire means making fun of people by imitating them in ways that expose their stupidity or flaws.
In 2000, Saturday Night Live's satire of what happened in the [presidential] campaign became the conventional wisdom for what was going on in the campaign. (The Observer)
The late-night talk and news satire is scheduled to return with new episodes in February. (Los Angeles Times)
As with satire, sarcasm depends on the listener or reader to be in on the joke. Sarcasm is insincere speech. Your mom asks if you're excited to start cleaning the kitchen and you say, "Yeah, right," when you mean "Heck no." Take this exchange from The Hunger Games.
"What about you? I've seen you in the market. You can lift hundred pound bags of flour," I snap at him.
"Yes and I'm sure the arena will be full of bags of flour for me to chuck at people."
To distinguish irony from satire and sarcasm, remember that irony pertains to situations while satire and sarcasm are forms of expression. People make satire and sarcasm happen. Irony is just there.
WORD FAMILY
irony: ironic, ironical, ironies, ironist+/ ironical: ironically /ironist: ironists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Ms. Faludi mines her material less for easy ironies than for insights into the very meaning of identity.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He literally can’t tell the difference between irony and idiocy.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
This would be the greatest of ironies: the WWE showman teaches us to grow up.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反语; 讽刺，冷嘲; 具有讽刺意味的事; [语]反语法
adj. 铁的; 似铁的; 含铁的
分布：反讽(98%)，讽剌之事(2%)
→来自拉丁语ironia,来自希腊语eiron,装糊涂，假装无知，可能来自eirein,说，言语，词源同verb,verbal.主要用于古希腊哲学家苏格拉底的哲学思想和辩证手法，苏格拉底在与人们辩论的时候，常常先承认自己的无知和对方观点的正确，然后通过举例来引起对方的思考并最终让对方承认自己的错误。由于这种假装无知的辩证手法，引申词义反讽，讽刺。irony 铁的，含铁的
n.反话,讽刺,讽刺之事Gradually his listeners began to realize that the excessive praise he was lavishing was merely irony; he was actually denouncing his opponent.
US ['aɪ-] noun uncountable
WRONG RESULT 反效果
 ADVANCED
■a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has the opposite or a very different result 讽刺，适得其反
• The irony (of it) is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to help. 讽刺的是，新的税收制度反而将使该制度本来打算要帮助的人背上沉重负担。
UK ['aɪə.rə.ni] US ['aɪ-] noun uncountable
TYPE OF SPEECH 语言
■a means of expression which suggests a different, usually humorous or angry, meaning for the words used 反语；讽刺
• Her voice heavy with irony, Simone said, "We're so pleased you were able to stay so long." (= Her voice made it obvious they were not pleased). 西蒙娜说：“你能留这么久，我们真高兴。”语气里明显带有讽刺。
Compare sarcasm
n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事
 - hit, satire
adj. 铁的；似铁的
 - ferrous

Word: fetch
Front: fetch
[fetʃ] (中高研四六雅 6744/3687 -K2)
Vocabulary: fetch
(once / 215 pages)
1vn 2v
To fetch something is to go and get it. "Go fetch!" you might shout after your dog while throwing a stick into the yard.
Fetch comes from the Old English fatian meaning "grasp." When a dog fetches a bone, it grasps it in its mouth. You can ask your sister to fetch or grab your backpack off the table. If you sell something for a good price, you can fetch, or bring in, a decent amount of money. If you are sick of playing fetch, you might try to fetch a good price for your pooch.
WORD FAMILY
fetch: fetched, fetches, fetching +/ fetching: fetchingest, fetchingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the black market a dollar fetches about 485 kwanza.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Its loss-making PC and TV businesses would be poor candidates for sale, while its many cross-shareholdings are unlikely to fetch enough.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Critics of Brazil’s privatization wave, meanwhile, say state workers and the public are getting shortchanged, with many assets fetching pennies on the dollar.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 接来（某人）; 使发出; 吸引; 售得（若干价钱）
vi. 抵达，到达; 取来; 卖得（好价钱）
n. 拿取，拿来; 诡计; 风浪区
时态：fetched, fetching, fetches
分布：取来(56%)，卖得(25%)，取得(19%)
→fet, 同foot, 脚。即跑腿。
v.取来;接来;引出;售得;吸引n.取得;拿When I fetched the sketch on the stretcher I found the secretary's secret.当我拿来担架上的素描时我发现了秘书的秘密.
verb
GET 拿取
 IMPROVER transitive
■to go to another place to get something or someone and bring them back （去）拿来，取回；（去）请来
• [+ two objects] Could you fetch me my glasses/fetch my glasses for me from the other room, please? 你去另一个房间帮我把眼镜拿过来好吗？
• I have to fetch my mother from the station. 我要去车站接我母亲。
[fetʃ] verb
SELL 卖
transitive
■to be sold for a particular amount of money 售得，卖得（…价钱）
• The paintings fetched over a million dollars. 这些油画卖了100多万美元。
• The house didn't fetch as much as she was hoping it would. 房子没有卖到她期望的那个价钱。
[fetʃ] verb
HIT 打
transitive + two objects old-fashioned informal
■to hit someone with the hand （用手）打（某人）
• I fetched him a smart blow on the ear! 我狠狠地给了他一记耳光。
[fetʃ] verb
fetch and carry for sb
■to do boring, unskilled jobs for someone, as if you were their servant 为（某人）打杂，为（某人）当听差，为（某人）跑腿
[fetʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fetch up mainly US informal
■to arrive somewhere, especially without intending to 偶然来到，意外到达
• After a whole hour of driving, we fetched up back where we started. 开车开了整整一小时后，我们竟然又回到了出发地。
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
vt. 取来；接来；到达；吸引
 - absorb, attract, engage, draw, strike
vi. 拿；取物；卖得
 - take
n. 取得；诡计
 - taking, procurement, scheme, fraud

Word: swathe
Front: swathe
[sweɪð] (20881/14208 -1)
Vocabulary: swathe
(once / 2554 pages)
vn
When you swathe yourself in a blanket, you are wrapping or swaddling yourself up in it. Swathe a baby up and you're creating a little cocoon where she can sleep.
The word swathe can also be spelled swath. When spelled with an e, it is pronounced like the word "bathe." When you bathe, you immerse yourself in water and when you swathe yourself, you immerse or bundle yourself in blankets. Commonly, this word can be used to talk about how you might wrap a baby up, but it's also the word for a long strip or bandage to protect a wound.
WORD FAMILY
swathe: swathed, swathes, swathing+/swathing: swathings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Swathes of central and eastern Syria are under IS or Kurdish control.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Looking at the map, there are large swathes under both jihadist and Kurdish control.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Second World War 'victory gardens' in Britain, for instance, saw everything from swathes of London's Hyde Park to railway embankments do duty as cropland.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 用布裹，缠; 包裹或压缩
n. 带子，绷带，包装品; “swath”的变体; 包扎绷带，包布
分布：绷带(37%)，紧绑(18%)，一长片(9%)，缠裹(9%)，=swath.(9%)，包布(9%)，束带(9%)
→来自 swath 的动词形式。比较 bath,bathe.
noun (also swath)
AREA 区域
countable
■a long strip or large area especially of land 长条区域，大块区域；（尤指）长条田地，大块田地
• Huge swathes of rainforest are being cleared for farming and mining. 为了耕种和采矿，大片大片的雨林被砍伐。
only singular literary
■a varied section or range 部分；范围
• These people represent a broad/wide swathe of public opinion. 这些人代表了广大的民意。
[sweɪð] noun (also swath)
CLOTH 布
countable
■a long strip of cloth 绷带，布条，带子
• His head was wrapped in swathes of bandages. 他的头上缠着绷带。
[sweɪð] verb transitive
■to wrap round or cover with cloth （用布）裹，绑，包，缠
• He came out of the hospital swathed in bandages. 他从医院出来时，身上缠满绷带。
• [R] I love to swathe (= dress) myself in silk. 我喜欢穿丝绸做的衣服。
vt. 包围；紧绑；裹
 - case, invest
n. 带子，绷带；包装品
 - tape, webbing

Word: angel
Front: angel
[ˈeɪndʒl] (研四 3980/3295 -2)
Vocabulary: angel
(once / 164 pages)
1n 2n
An angel is a messenger of God, characterized as having human form with wings and a halo. The word suggests goodness, and is often used to refer to someone who offers comfort and aid to others in times of trouble. As a child, you looked like an innocent angel; appearances can be deceiving.
The word angel derives from the Greek angelos, meaning "messenger." It is used in the Bible to denote God's attendants, with angels often depicted as being guardians of humans, an idea found in ancient Asian cultures as well. The Biblical sense was continued in a medieval gold coin called an angel, which depicted the archangel Michael. The word has been applied to angel fish, so named because they appear to have wings, and nurses, often called "angels of mercy."
WORD FAMILY
angel: angelic, angelical, angels, archangel +/ angelic: angelically/ archangel: archangelic, archangelical, archangels
USAGE EXAMPLES
He thought that the voice of a soprano singing upstairs was surely that of an angel.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“When they operated on my son, they told me he was an angel, because he was supposed to die,” Ms. Muñiz, 50, said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I repeated, by now fully believing in angels, miracles and just the basic amazingness of me.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 天使，天使般的人; 守护神; 善良可爱的人; 安琪儿
分布：天使(99%)，天使般的人(1%)
→可能来自希伯来语。
n.天使,安琪儿The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a good spiritual creature in stories or some religions, usually represented as a human with wings 天使
• According to the Bible, an angel told Mary that she would have God's son, Jesus. 据《圣经》所述，一位天使告知玛利亚她将生下上帝之子耶稣。
■someone who is very good, helpful or kind （善良、乐于助人的）安琪儿；善人；仁慈的人
• Be an angel and help me with this. 行行好，帮我把这个做了。
[as form of address]
■used when speaking to someone you like very much and know very well （用来称呼非常喜爱和熟悉的人）小天使，宝贝，乖乖
• What's the matter, angel? 怎么啦，宝贝？
• Come along, my angels, time for bed. 来吧，我的宝贝们，该睡觉了。
['eɪn.dʒəl] noun countable
be no angel
■to sometimes behave badly 有时会表现很坏
• He's no angel but he can't be blamed for everything that has happened. 他有时会表现很差，但也不能把发生的一切都归咎于他。
['eɪn.dʒəl] noun countable
be on the side of the angels UK
■to be doing something good or kind 在道义一方；在善的一方
• He was, in this matter at least, firmly on the side of the angels. 至少在这件事情上，他坚决站在了道义的一方。
n. 天使；守护神；善人
 - cherubs, nat

Word: temptation
Front: temptation
[tempˈteɪʃn] (高研四六雅宝 5906/4682 -2)
Vocabulary: temptation
(once / 254 pages)
n
Temptation is something you want to have or to do, even though you know you shouldn't. That bag of peanut butter cups on top of your fridge might be an example of a temptation.
The thing that you want despite knowing it's not good for you — like the cool sneakers you really can't afford — is a temptation. The feeling is also a temptation — so wanting those shoes is temptation. The Latin word temptare, or to taste, is where temptation comes from, which makes a lot of sense when you think of that bag of peanut butter cups calling to you from the kitchen.
WORD FAMILY
temptation: temptations+/ tempt: temptable, temptation, tempted, tempter, tempting, tempts/tempter: tempters/tempting: temptingly, temptingness, untempting/untempting: untemptingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to avoid the temptation of just saying ‘no’ for the sake of saying ‘no,’” Mock said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ones who do show up, especially before Dec. 8, seemed to be more amused by the temptation of free chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The temptation will be, once again, to defend liberal values by reinforcing the institutions of liberalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诱惑，引诱; 诱惑物
分布：诱惑(99%)，引诱物(1%)
n.引诱,诱惑;诱惑物That candy is a temptation.那糖果是一种诱惑.
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the wish to do or have something which you know you should not do or have 引诱；诱惑
• [+ to infinitive] As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood. 作为一名年轻女演员，她抵挡住了前往好莱坞的诱惑。
 ADVANCED countable
■something that makes you want to do or have something that you know you should not 很有诱惑力的事物
• He knew it was wrong to steal, but the money just lying there was too great a temptation. 他知道偷盗是不对的，但钱就摆在那里，对他的诱惑实在太大了。
n. 引诱；诱惑物
 - invitation, allurement

Word: hiding
Front: hiding
[ˈhaɪdɪŋ] (15875/14750 -2)
Back: n. 躲藏，隐匿; <口>殴打
分布：隐藏(66%)，躲藏(29%)，痛打(4%)，动词hide的现在分词.(1%)
noun
countable usually singular old-fashioned
■a punishment by being beaten repeatedly （惩罚性的）痛打
countable usually singular UK informal
■a total defeat 惨败，彻底失败
• "How did the French team get on in their match against Italy?" "They got a real hiding!" ｢法国队在和义大利队的比赛中表现如何？｣｢他们被打得一败涂地！｣
['haɪ.dɪŋ] noun
be in hiding/go into hiding
■to be/go somewhere where you cannot be found 躲藏着／藏起来
['haɪ.dɪŋ] noun
be on a hiding to nothing UK informal
■to be trying to do something when there is no chance that you will succeed 做毫无成功希望的事
n. 隐匿；躲藏处；殴打
 - strike, harbouring

Word: stifle
Front: stifle
[ˈstaɪfl] (托宝 8265/7622 -1)
Vocabulary: stifle
(once / 536 pages)
1v 2n 3v
To stifle is to cut off, hold back, or smother. You may stifle your cough if you don't want to interrupt a lecture or you may stifle the competition if you fear losing.
The verb stifle means “to choke, suffocate, drown.” It can describe a claustrophobic feeling, like getting smothered by kisses from your great aunt. At its most extreme, stifle means to kill by cutting off respiration. The metaphoric sense of stifle didn’t develop until well after the word was first recorded as a verb: "I can always tell — but never let on for fear of damaging his ego — that my boyfriend attempts to stifle tears during sappy parts of movies; his eyes well up at the corners and he’ll sniffle uncontrollably, claiming allergies."
WORD FAMILY
stifle: stifled, stifler, stifles, stifling +/stifler: stiflers/ stifling: stiflingly, stiflings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carrier also claimed last year that federal regulations stifled its profits and sent a list of energy efficiency rules it deemed burdensome to the IEDC.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Despite his life with Laura, Paterson’s world is a man’s world, a world of stifled masculine violence.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
University administrators protested that the legislation would stifle “freedom of speech.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）窒息; （使）窒闷; 扼杀
vt. 镇压; 遏制; 扼杀; 藏匿
n. 后腿膝关节; 后膝关节病
时态：stifled, stifling, stifles
分布：扼杀(47%)，抑制(23%)，窒息(21%)，使窒息(8%)，扑灭(1%)
→词源不确定，可能最终来自 steip,压紧，打包，塞满，词源同 stiff,stuff.-le,表反复。引申 词义窒息，压制，扼杀等。
【记】stiff（adj 僵硬的）；le乐：想象你的情敌想掐死你的时候的面容－僵硬的笑－使窒息，抑制
【反】foment（v 煽动）；foster（v 养育；鼓励）
verb
NO AIR 没有空气
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) be unable to breathe because you have no air （使）窒息，（使）喘不上气
• He is said to have stifled his victim with a pillow. 据说他用枕头闷死了受害人。
• We almost stifled in the heat of the city. 城里热得快让我们透不过气来。
['staɪ.fl] verb
PREVENT HAPPENING 防止发生
transitive
■to prevent something from happening, being expressed or continuing 阻止；压制，抑制；扼杀
• She stifled a cough/yawn/scream/sneeze. 她忍住没有咳嗽／打哈欠／尖叫／打喷嚏。
• I don't know how I managed to stifle my anger. 我不知道自己是怎么抑制住了愤怒。
• We should be encouraging new ideas, not stifling them. 我们应该鼓励创意，而不是将其扼杀。
vt. 扼杀；使窒息；藏匿
 - kill, snuff out
vi. 窒息；被扼杀
 - choke

Word: macroeconomic
Front: macroeconomic
[ˌmækrəʊˌi:kə'nɒmɪk] (14912/13410)
Back: adj. 宏观经济的
分布：宏观经济的(100%)
ADJ
宏观经济的
Macroeconomic means relating to the major, general features of a country's economy, such as the level of inflation, unemployment, or interest rates.
例：...the attempt to substitute low inflation for full employment as a goal of macro-economic policy.尝试以低通货膨胀率取代充分就业作为宏观经济政策的目标

Word: turf
Front: turf
[tɜ:f] (雅 6610/7955 -1)
Vocabulary: turf
(once / 617 pages)
nv
When you're walking on the perfect green grass of a golf course, you might remark on the gorgeous turf. Turf is the top layer of ground, especially when it's planted with grass.
From its original meaning, referring to the top layer of soil in which plants are rooted, turf has expanded to include a range of senses. While you might carefully maintain your beautiful backyard turf, your dog might think of it as his turf, barking to defend it from intruders. This sense of turf means "range of influence," or territory. Both meanings of the word come from a Germanic root that originated in a Sanskrit word, darbha, "blade of grass."
WORD FAMILY
turf: turfed, turfing, turfs, turves
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was hurt when Jared Crick slammed him to the turf, drawing a roughing-the-passer penalty.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Murders last year included domestic violence incidents, drug turf wars and high profile cases such as the Nov. 27 mass shooting on Bourbon Street.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
SAP SE and Oracle Corp. are encroaching on its turf.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 草皮; 泥炭; <非正>地盘，势力范围; 赛马场，跑马场
vt. 用草皮覆盖; <英><口>抛出; 扔掉; 赶走
时态：turfed, turfing, turfs
分布：草皮(61%)，泥炭(14%)，赛马(11%)，赛马场(10%)，铺草皮(4%)
→来自古英语 turf,泥块，草皮，来自 Proto-Germanic*turb,泥块，草皮，来自 drebh,卷起， 压紧。引申词义地盘，黑帮地盘争夺。
US [tɝ:f] noun
GRASS 草
countable or uncountable (plural turfs or ESP. UK turves)
■the surface layer of land on which grass is growing, consisting of the grass and the soil in which its roots grow, or a piece of this which is cut from the ground and is usually rectangular 草皮；草皮块
UK [tɜ:f] US [tɝ:f] noun
HORSE RACING 赛马
the turf
only singular
■the sport of horse racing 赛马
UK [tɜ:f] US [tɝ:f] noun
AREA 区域
uncountable informal
■a subject in which a person or group has a lot of knowledge or influence （某人的）专门领域
• Antiques are very much her turf. 她对古玩很在行。
uncountable mainly US informal
■the area which a group considers its own 地盘，势力范围
• Judges feel that the courtroom is their private turf. 法官觉得法庭属于他们的私人领地。
• The gymnastics team won the championship on home turf. 该体操队在自己的主场获得了冠军。
UK [tɜ:f] US [tɝ:f] verb transitive
■to cover a piece of land with turf 用草皮覆盖
UK [tɜ:f] US [tɝ:f] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turf sth out UK informal
■to get rid of a number of things or something large that you do not want 扔掉，抛弃
• I turfed out a load of old shoes last week. 上周我扔掉一堆旧鞋子。
UK [tɜ:f] US [tɝ:f] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turf sb out mainly UK informal
■to force someone to leave a place or an organization 赶走（某人），驱走（某人）
• She'll be turfed out of the study group if she carries on being disruptive. 如果她继续捣乱的话，就会被赶出学习小组。
n. [建] 草皮；泥炭；跑马场
 - greensward, divot

Word: variable
Front: variable
[ˈveəriəbl] (研四六托雅 1862/2367 -2)
Vocabulary: variable
(once / 231 pages)
nadj
The adjective variable is used to describe something that is liable to change often, such as the weather, interest rates, or your teacher's mood.
If you mention the noun variable to people who are math-phobic, you may give them nightmares because they don't like to think about numbers or values that can change in equations. The adjective form of variable has been around since the late 1300s, applying first to people, and then, in the late 1400s, to weather. The noun form first appeared in Lacroix's Differential and Integral Calculus in 1816, guaranteeing that math students would be solving for the variable x for generations to come.
WORD FAMILY
variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably+/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying / varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sure, those shops played a role, but so did the climate, the political situation and a host of other variables.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
There are too many variables at play for there to be a universally ideal day to buy an airline ticket.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 变化的，可变的; [数]变量的; [生]变异的
n. 可变因素，变量; 易变的东西
分布：变量(91%)，可变的(6%)，易变的(2%)，易变的东西(1%)
→来自vary,改变，多变。
易变的(vari+able)[uari=uary,change,表示"变化"]
a.易变的;可变的;变量的n.变量The radiation radius of the radioactive radium radiator in the stadium is variable.放射性的镭暖气装置的辐射半径在体育场是易变的.
【反】immutable（adj 不可改变的）
US ['ver.i-] adjective
■likely to change often 多变的；反复无常的
• a variable interest rate 不断变化的利率
• British weather is perhaps at its most variable in the spring. 在英国，春季的天气可能是最变幻莫测的。
UK ['veə.ri.ə.bl] US ['ver.i-] noun countable specialized
■a number, amount or situation which can change 变数
• The variables in the equation are X, Y and Z. 方程式中的变数是X，Y 和 Z。
• The data was analysed according to neighbourhoods, but other key variables like credit rating, job history, savings and marital status were ignored altogether. 对这些资料按照所在街区进行了分析，但像信用等级、工作经历、存款情况、婚姻状况等其他关键变数则一概忽略不计。
adj. [生物] [数] [光] 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的，畸变的
 - mobile, liquid, unstable

Word: saver
Front: saver
[ˈseɪvə(r)] (15278/10416)
Back: n. 救助者; 俭省的人; 节约装置
分布：储蓄者(59%)，救助者(25%)，节约器(16%)
→save,储蓄，-er,人。
US [-vɚ] noun countable
■a person who saves money regularly 储蓄者
n. 救助者；节俭的人；节约装置
 - economist, rescuer

Word: overnight
Front: overnight
[ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt] (研四六 4742/4937 -3)
Vocabulary: overnight
(once / 1006 pages)
advadj
When something happens overnight, it occurs during the hours of one night. An overnight party can also be called a sleepover or a slumber party. (Pack your sleeping bag, but you probably won't use it.)
You can use overnight as an adverb or adjective literally meaning "during the night" — like an overnight airplane flight or a guest who stays overnight on your couch. You can also use it figuratively, to mean "quickly" or "instant." After you publish your first book, you may be an overnight success; and after an important election, the world may seem to change overnight.
WORD FAMILY
overnight: overnighter, overnights+/ midnight: midnights/ night: midnight, nightly, nights, overnight /overnighter: overnighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State police shot and killed the suspect in Weaver’s death after an overnight manhunt.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than eight million people tuned in to see the return of Sherlock on BBC One on Sunday, overnight ratings show.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在晚上; 在夜里; 突然; 很快
adj. 一整夜的; 晚上的; 突然的; 很快的
n. 前一天的晚上; 一夜的逗留
vi. 过一夜
分布：过夜(72%)，突然(16%)，在夜里(5%)，很快的(4%)，整晚的(3%)
a.通宵的,晚上的ad.在昨夜,一夜工夫,突然Money will be tight overnight after tonight's midnight.银根将在今晚午夜之后一下紧缩.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adjective adverb
TIME OF DAY 时间
 IMPROVER
■for or during the night 一夜间（的）；在夜间（的），在晚上（的）
• an overnight stop in Paris 在巴黎停留过夜
• You can stay overnight if you want to. 要是你愿意，可以住一晚。
• Don't forget to pack an overnight bag (= a bag for things that you need when you stay away from home for a night). 别忘了收拾在外过夜的用品旅行袋。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'naɪt] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adjective adverb
SUDDENLY 突然（的）
■suddenly and unexpectedly 突然（的）；一夜之间（的）
• She became a star overnight. 她一夜之间成了明星。
• The book was an overnight success. 这本书一举获得成功。
adv. 通宵；突然；昨晚
 - short, pop
adj. 晚上的；通宵的；前夜的
 - all-night

Word: sake
Front: sake
[seɪk] (研四六托雅 3325/2534 -3)
Vocabulary: sake
(once / 81 pages)
1n 2n
Sake means the purpose for doing something. You might run a fund-raising marathon for the sake of sick children.
Sake comes from the old English term for "affair," or "cause of guilt." We usually use sake to talk about the motivating cause of something we do. You might study hard for the sake of your grades. But then again, you might blow off your studies for the sake of having fun. Spelled the same way, but pronounced SAH-key, sake is also the name of a Japanese alcoholic drink made from fermented rice.
WORD FAMILY
sake: sakes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2017, for my own sake, it’s time to silently block and move on.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to avoid the temptation of just saying ‘no’ for the sake of saying ‘no,’” Mock said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Also for the sake of balance we should note that throughout June Donald Trump continues to emit a steady stream of truly idiotic statements.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 缘故; 理由; 日本米酒; 目的
分布：缘故(49%)，利益(28%)，目的(17%)，理由(6%)
→来自古英语 sacu,诉讼，争辩，来自 Proto-Germanic*sako,起诉，事件，事情，来自 sag,sake 日本清酒
n.缘故,理由The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun
HELP 帮助
for the sake of sb /for sb's sake
 IMPROVER
■in order to help or bring advantage to someone 为了（某人）的利益；为了帮助（某人）
• Please do it, for David's sake. 为了戴维，请做这件事。
• Their parents only stayed together for the sake of the children. 他们的父母仅仅是为了孩子才没有分居。
• I hope for both our sakes that you're right! 为了你我着想，我希望你是对的！
[seɪk] noun
REASON 原因
for the sake of sth /for sth's sake
■because of, or for the purpose of something 因为；为了
• Let's not disagree for the sake of (= because of) a few pounds. 我们不要因为几英镑闹别扭。
• Let's say, just for the sake of argument/for argument's sake (= for the purpose of this discussion) , that prices rise by 3 per cent this year. 为了便于讨论，我们假设今年的价格上涨3％。
• You're only arguing for the sake of arguing (= because you like arguing). 你只是为争论而争论。
[seɪk] noun
EMPHASIS 强调
for goodness'/God's/Pete's/heaven's, etc. sake
■used to emphasize requests or orders when you are angry or have lost patience 做做好事吧，看在上帝份上，看在老天份上
• For goodness' sake don't let her know I told you! 行行好，千万别让她知道是我告诉你的！
(also saki) ['sɑ:.ki] noun countable or uncountable
■a Japanese alcoholic drink made from rice and usually drunk warm 日本清酒
n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒
 - goals, intention, purpose, behalf, objective

Word: gunman
Front: gunman
[ˈgʌnmən] (7256/8288 -2)
Back: n. 枪手; 持枪歹徒; 持枪者; 枪炮工人
分布：枪手(59%)，持枪歹徒(23%)，持枪者(16%)，职业杀手(2%)
noun countable
■a man, usually a criminal, who is armed with a gun 持枪者；（通常指）持枪犯罪分子，持枪歹徒
• The three men were held hostage for two days by masked gunmen. 这三名男子被一伙蒙面持枪歹徒劫持为人质达两天之久。
n. 枪手；持枪歹徒
 - gun, guner

Word: algorithm
Front: algorithm
[ˈælgərɪðəm] (8230/6819)
Vocabulary: algorithm
(once / 9271 pages)
n
Whether you are doing simple multiplication or a complicated calculus problem, you must use a predetermined set of rules, called an algorithm, to solve it. An algorithm includes a finite number of steps to solve any given problem.
The word algorithm has an unusual backstory. It seems the 9th Century Persian mathematician Al-Khwārizmī wrote about calculations, and when his work was translated into Latin 300 years later, his name was somehow incorporated into the name of the process as Algoritmi. This got confused with the Greek word for number, arithmos, leading to the evolution of the word as we know it. It's a mish-mash, ironic for a word that stands for a rather rigid set of rules.
WORD FAMILY
algorithm: algorithmic, algorithms+/algorithmic: algorithmically
USAGE EXAMPLES
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As it performs its tasks, checking balances and searching transactions, it uses machine-learning algorithms to acquaint itself with the contours of typical requests.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
This digital bathos, the deflating consequence of an amoral algorithm, no doubt contributes to our general sense of unease about the social-media project.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 运算法则; 演算法; 计算程序
分布：算法(100%)
→以阿拉伯数学家Khwarizmi代指算法。algorithm 是当时拉丁语对该数学家名字的拙劣的翻译,或部分受arithmetic的影响。
['æl.gə.rɪ.ðəm] specialized
noun countable
■a set of mathematical instructions that must be followed in a fixed order, and that, especially if given to a computer, will help to calculate an answer to a mathematical problem （尤指电脑使用的）演算法，计算程式
n. [计] [数] 算法，运算法则
 - arithmetic

Word: populate
Front: populate
[ˈpɒpjuleɪt] (7198/9684 -1)
Back: vt. 居住于; 生活于; 移民于; 落户于
时态：populated, populating, populates
分布：居住于(69%)，构成人口(31%)
→popul-,人，民众，-ate,使。引申词义居住，迁移等。
[popul人民,-ate动词字尾,使...,做...]使人民居住于...中,使人口集中在...之中,移民于...[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
US ['pɑ:.pjə-] verb transitive
■If an area is populated by people or animals, they live in that area 构成…的人口（或动物的总数）
• The inner cities are no longer densely populated. 市中心的人口密度已下降。
• The river is populated mainly by smaller species of fish. 这条河里大部分是小型鱼类。
■to live in an area or place 居住于，生活于
• The settlers began to move inland and populate the river valleys. 移民开始迁往内陆，居住在河谷地带。
■specialized
■to automatically add information to a list or table on a computer （在电脑的清单或表格上）自动增加资料
• There are several ways to populate the database. 有几种方式能为资料库自动增加资料。
vt. 居住于；构成人口；移民于；殖民于
 - people, inhabit

Word: refine
Front: refine
[rɪˈfaɪn] (研四六托雅 6600/7830 -1)
Vocabulary: refine
(once / 207 pages)
1v 2v
When you refine something, you make it better. Whether it's sugar or an essay, refining it requires fixing its flaws.
You may think you created a masterpiece on the first try. But there's always room to refine. More than just working out the kinks, refining something means you're going to fine tune it, hone it to perfection, and make it more precise. In scientific terms, to refine something means to reduce it down to a pure state. At the dinner table, you can please grandma by refining your manners.
WORD FAMILY
refine: overrefine, refined, refinement, refiner, refinery, refines, refining +/overrefine: overrefined, overrefinement/ refined: refinedest, refinedly, unrefined/ refinement: refinements/refiner: refiners/ refinery: refineries/ refining: refinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’s almost 67 years old, looks 22, and hasn’t eaten refined sugar in what appears to be a decade.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The industry’s apps and the waivers are still being refined.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You’re officially on to the second phase, which is about refining the roster and looking like a true perennial division title contender.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 提炼; 改善; 使高雅
时态：refined, refining, refines
分布：改进(50%)，精炼(48%)，使更文雅(2%)
→re-,再，重新，fine,精细的，细微的，好的。
v.精炼,精制,提纯;使文雅,使高尚The refiner defined a definite confine with her fine finger.提炼者用她精细的手指定义了一个明确的界限.
【记】源于：fine（adj 美好的；纯粹的）
【反】reduce purity（降低纯度）
verb transitive
■to make something pure or improve something, especially by removing unwanted material （尤指去除不需要的杂质而）精炼，提炼，提纯
• Crude oil is industrially refined to purify it and separate out the different elements, such as benzene. 原油经过工业提炼来提纯并且分离出诸如苯之类的不同元素。
■to improve an idea, method, system, etc. by making small changes 改进；完善；使精炼
• Engineers spent many months refining the software. 工程师们花了数月来完善这个软体。
better, improve, perfect, refine
这组词都有“改进，改善”的意思，其区别是：
better: 多用于口语，指适当地改善原来并非很差的状态或性质，也指社会地位、经济状况的改善。
improve: 最常用词，多指状态或性质上的深刻或重要改进，也可指自身能力的提高。
perfect: 语义强，通常指使方法、技术等达到完善美好的境地。
refine: 侧重指使语言、仪态等变得文雅、优美，也可指技艺等的提高。
vt. 精炼，提纯；改善；使…文雅
 - improve, polish up

Word: alien
Front: alien
[ˈeɪliən] (研六托雅 3977/5998 -2)
Vocabulary: alien
(once / 399 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3v 4v
Something that's alien is different or foreign. In science fiction, space aliens come from other planets. In reality, illegal aliens come from other countries.
When we talk about aliens, or things that are alien, we're talking about things and people that are different and strange to us. Like an alien from outer space. Some people are afraid of illegal aliens from other countries. Besides people, experiences can be alien. If you've never owned a cat, then having a cat is alien to you. You can also alienate people by making them feel weird, disconnected, and alone: like an alien.
WORD FAMILY
alien: alienated, aliened, alienism, alienly, aliens+/alienism: alienisms, alienist/alienist: alienists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alien: Covenant A new planet and new dangers for Ridley Scott’s space franchise.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Deeply thoughtful and compassionate, this sci-fi drama is all about trying to communicate with aliens rather than defeat them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In his world, aliens will land before the Wizards get national recognition — but he will play on like everyone’s watching just the same.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 外国的; 相异的; 异已的; 不相容的
n. 外国人; 外侨; 局外人; 外星人
vt. 让渡，转让; 疏远; 离间
时态：aliened, aliening, aliens
分布：外星人(65%)，外国人(14%)，陌生的(9%)，外国的(5%)，外侨(4%)，相异的(3%)
→拉丁词。词根al, 其它，同else.
外国的,外来的(ali+en表形容词或名词→其他地方的→外国的,外国人的)[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
n.外侨,外国人;外星人a.外国的;相异的The recipe recipient transiently made the conscientious alien client unconscious.烹饪法接受者瞬变使有责任心的外国人客户无意识.
adjective
■coming from a different country, race, or group; foreign 外国的；异域的；异族的
• an alien culture 异域文化
■strange and not familiar 怪异的；截然不同的；不熟悉的
• When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me. 我初到纽约的时候，觉得一切都非常陌生。
[before noun]
■relating to creatures from another planet 外星人（或生物）的
• an alien spacecraft 外星人飞船
['eɪ.li.ən] noun countable legal
■a foreigner, usually someone who lives in a country of which they are not a legal citizen （通常指不是所在国公民的）外国人，外侨，侨民
• When war broke out the government rounded up thousands of aliens and put them in temporary camps. 战争爆发时，政府把数以千计的外国人集中在一起，关在临时拘留营中。
■a creature from a different planet 外星人（或生物）
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
adj. 外国的；相异的，性质不同的；不相容的
 - foreign, external
n. 外国人，外侨；外星人
 - foreigner, uitlander
vt. 让渡，转让
 - transfer, negotiate

Word: wen
Front: wen
[wen] (35898/34513)
Back: n. 粉瘤，人口集中的大城市
分布：名词(100%)
n. 粉瘤， [医] 皮脂囊肿；人口集中的大城市
 - atherom, sebaceous cyst

Word: strap
Front: strap
[stræp] (研四六托雅 5909/6536 -2)
Back: v. 用带捆扎; 用皮带抽打; 拼命工作
n. 带子; 皮带; 磨刀皮带; 鞭打
时态：strapped, strapping, straps
分布：皮带(58%)，带子(42%)
→拼写变体形式自 strope,带子，马具，挽马带，来自拉丁语 stroppus,带子，绑带，来自希腊语 strophos,带子，绳子，来自 strephein,弯，转，缠绕，来自 streb,弯，转，缠绕，词源同 strop,strophe,tropical,turn.引申诸相关词义。
n.皮带,带子v.用带扣住,束牢;用绷带包扎The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a narrow piece of leather or other strong material used for fastening something or giving support 皮带；带子
• Could you help me fasten this strap around my suitcase? 你能帮我用这条带子把手提箱系紧吗？
 ADVANCED
■with this meaning as a combining form （用作构词成分）…带
• a watch strap 表带
• shoes with ankle straps 踝带鞋
■a strong strip of material hanging from the roof of a bus, train or other public vehicle for passengers to hold onto if they are standing 吊带（一种强韧的带状材料，从公共汽车、火车或其它公共车辆顶部悬下，便于顾客站着时抓握）
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
■to fasten something in position by fixing a narrow piece of leather or other strong material around it 用带子系（或捆、绑）
• Are the kids strapped into their car seats? 给孩子系好坐椅安全带了吗？
• We strapped the surfboard to the car roof. 我们把冲浪板绑在汽车顶蓬上。
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strap sb in
■to fasten a seat belt around someone in a car, aircraft or other vehicle, for safety purposes 为（某人）系好安全带
• Are you kids strapped in back there? 孩子们，你们在后面系好安全带了吗？
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] strap sth up UK (US tape sth up)
■to wrap a leg, arm or other part of the body in a bandage (= strip of material for wrapping around injuries) 包扎，给…缠绷带
• He'd just injured himself playing football and his arm was strapped up. 他踢足球受了伤，手臂缠了绷带。
vt. 用带捆绑；用皮条抽打；约束
 - restrict, hold in
n. 带； [机] 皮带；磨刀皮带；鞭打
 - belt, band, strip

Word: unify
Front: unify
[ˈju:nɪfaɪ] (研六托雅宝 8008/10032 -2)
Vocabulary: unify
(once / 1215 pages)
v
When you bring together unlike elements, you unify them. Political movements can unify people by inspiring them to work towards a shared goal. Likewise, a shared love of a team or band can unify people who otherwise don't have much in common.
The verb unify comes from the Latin prefix uni-, “one,” and the root facere, “to make.” When you unify things, you make them one. Often squabbling people just need someone to point out their similarities in order to unify them. If your classmates are sabotaging each other to try to win the “best-decorated locker” award, you might be able to unify their efforts suggesting a “most awesome class” award instead.
WORD FAMILY
unify: disunify, unification, unified, unifies, unifying +/disunify: disunified, disunifying/subunit: subunits/ unification: unifications/ unifying: unifyingly/ unit: subunit, unify, unitise, unitize, units/unitise: unitisation/unitize: unitization, unitized, unitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials said the city plans to launch immediate recovery efforts from a unified command center at Burke Lakefront Airport.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A tweet Thursday from the Unified Police official Twitter account announced the arrest of Oscar Bermejo-Zaragoza.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
While there may be shortcomings in governance, it is clear that the government’s intention is to create a unified state to benefit all Ethiopians.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使联合; 使相同; 使一致; 统一
时态：unified, unifying, unifies
分布：使统一、使成为一体(100%)
统一(uni+fy)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
v.使联合,统一;使相同,使一致All these small states were unified into one nation.所有这些小国被统一成了一个国家.
【反】partition（v 区分；分割）
verb transitive
■to bring together; combine 整合；统一；使成一体
• If the new leader does manage to unify his warring party it will be quite an achievement. 如果新领导人能将党内互相争斗的各派力量整合起来，那将是个了不起的成就。
vt. 统一；使相同，使一致
 - accord, reconcile

Word: tabloid
Front: tabloid
[ˈtæblɔɪd] (8716/10190 -2)
Vocabulary: tabloid
(once / 2709 pages)
n
A tabloid is a newspaper, especially one that's smaller than a traditional daily paper and focuses on sensational news items. If you're lucky, you might read some juicy tabloid headlines when you pass the corner newsstand.
A tabloid is more likely to print celebrity gossip or crime stories with large photographs than news about international issues or the economy, especially on the front page. Tabloids aren't taken entirely seriously as journalism, although they are very popular and tend to sell well. The word tabloid originally meant "small tablet of medicine" in the 1880's. By 1900, it also meant "a compressed form of anything," including journalism.
WORD FAMILY
tabloid: tabloids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still another tabloid doctored photographs to suggest Mr. Gülen is a Roman Catholic prelate.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He fashioned himself into a regular in the gossip pages, playing the city’s tabloids off each other as he promoted his personal brand.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I don’t want to relate the tabloid stories of his drug abuse, car crashes, jail term, rehab stints, and illnesses.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 小报，通俗小报; 药片; 文摘; 小型画报
adj. 摘要的，缩编的; 小报式的; 轰动性的; 扼要的
分布：小报(91%)，小型画报(3%)，扼要的(3%)，药片(3%)
→来自 tablet,药片，-oid,类。比喻用法，即像小药片一样包含各种原料的，后用于指通俗小报， 八卦报纸，缩写于 tabloid journalism.
adjective noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(of or relating to) a type of popular newspaper with small pages which has many pictures and short simple reports 通俗小报（的）
• the tabloid press 通俗小报界
• a tabloid newspaper 通俗小报
n. 小报；药片；文摘；小型画报
 - troche, abridgment
adj. 小报式的；缩略的；轰动性的；扼要的
 - summary, abbreviative

Word: exclusive
Front: exclusive
[ɪkˈsklu:sɪv] (研四六托雅宝 3753/3377 -2)
Vocabulary: exclusive
(once / 203 pages)
adjn
Exclusive means with limited access. The only way you might get reservations at one of the most exclusive restaurants in Los Angeles is to become friends with the maitre d', or become famous.
By its nature, something that is exclusive leaves people out, or excludes them. You would think this was a bad thing, since excluding people is not very nice, but by being exclusive, things like clubs, restaurants, and resorts become all the more desirable. Exclusive can also mean sole or only: The company became the exclusive soda vendor at the new stadium. The local newspaper got an exclusive interview and broke the news.
WORD FAMILY
exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive+/ exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive / exclusion: exclusions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Reina club attacked early on Sunday is one of Istanbul’s most exclusive venues, popular with the city’s elite and tourists alike.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Twitter, in particular, continually partners with movie studios and TV networks on exclusive emojis that are activated with specific hashtags.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 专用的; 高级的; 排外的; 单独的
n. 独家新闻; 专有物; 独家经营的产品（或项目、设计等）; 排外者
分布：唯一的(29%)，独家新闻(22%)，独占的(21%)，排外的(14%)，奢华的(6%)，独权(6%)，完整的(2%)
排他的;专有的(ex+clus+ive)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
a.独占的;排他的;孤高的;唯一的;高级的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■limited to only one person or group of people 专用的，专有的；独有的，独占的
• This room is for the exclusive use of guests. 这间房是专供客人使用的。
• an exclusive interview 独家采访
 ADVANCED
■expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class 昂贵的；高档的；豪华的
• an exclusive private club 豪华私人俱乐部
• an exclusive part of town 城镇的高级住宅区
[ɪk'sklu:.sɪv] adjective
exclusive of sth
■not including something 不包括；排除…在外
• Is the total exclusive of service charges? 总金额是不是不包括服务费？
mutually exclusive
■not possible at the same time 相互排斥的；互不相容的
• Some people think that uncontrolled economic growth and environmental stability are mutually exclusive. 有些人认为，无节制的经济发展和生态环境的平衡稳定是互不相容的。
[ɪk'sklu:.sɪv] noun countable
■a story which is printed in one newspaper or magazine and no others 独家新闻；独家报道；独家专访
• The newspaper published an exclusive about the escape. 这份报纸刊登了有关这次逃脱事件的独家报道。
adj. 独有的；排外的；专一的
 - particular, antiforeign
n. 独家新闻；独家经营的项目；排外者
 - scoop

Word: consultation
Front: consultation
[ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn] (5710/2792 -1)
Vocabulary: consultation
(once / 622 pages)
n
A consultation is a conference or meeting at which opinions are exchanged or advice is prescribed. If one doctor says your severe blueberry allergy is cured, you might want a consultation with another doctor before indulging in the forbidden fruit.
Stemming from the Latin word consultationem, which means to “consult, ask counsel of, or reflect,” a consultation usually involves a lot of questions and hopefully expert answers. Consultations happen before big decisions have to be made, such as talking with a realtor before buying a house or conferring with master yogi before attempting a head stand.
WORD FAMILY
consultation: consultations+/ consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultant: consultancy, consultants
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reason is clear from consultation into a proposed deadline for PPI compensation claims.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The agency issued several new guidelines this year limiting use of antibiotics to measures “considered necessary for assuring animal health” under “veterinary oversight or consultation.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But bills for “long-concluded litigation … communicate little or nothing about the substance of legal consultation,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 商议，磋商; 商讨会; [医]会诊; 请教，咨询
分布：咨询(97%)，请教(2%)，协议会(1%)
US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a meeting to discuss something or to get advice 协商会，磋商会；咨询（会）
• After consultations with our accountants, we've decided how to cut costs within the company. 与会计师商讨后，我们确定了如何削减公司内部的开支。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you discuss something with someone in order to get their advice or opinion about it 磋商；咨询；求教
• He chose his study course in consultation with his parents and teachers. 与父母和老师商议后，他选定了学习课程。
n. 咨询；磋商； [临床] 会诊；讨论会
 - forum, seminar

Word: automatic
Front: automatic
[ˌɔ:təˈmætɪk] (高研四六托雅 4045/3184 -K3)
Vocabulary: automatic
(once / 425 pages)
1adj 2n
If someone asks, “How are you?” and you reply, “Fine,” without really thinking about it, that’s an automatic reply. Something that’s automatic is done without thinking, almost as if you’re a well-programmed machine.
The word automatic can be used to describe a machine that works on its own, performing its tasks with little or no human intervention, such as an automatic transmission on a car. Or, automatic can describe a person whose actions are like a machine's. If you flash a smile every time someone walks through the door, it’s an automatic smile, a natural reaction you didn't think about or plan in advance.
WORD FAMILY
automatic: automatically, automatics, automatise, automatize, non-automatic, semiautomatic+/automatise: automatised, semi-automatise/automatize: automatized, semi-automatize/semiautomatic: semiautomatically, semiautomatics
USAGE EXAMPLES
And then, over time, it will become automatic to lace up your jogging shoes each morning.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal should be accountability, not automatic opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 自动的; 不假思索的，无意识的; 必然发生的
n. 自动化机器或设备; 自动手枪
分布：自动的(63%)，无意识的(15%)，必然的(13%)，自动装置(7%)，半自动武器(2%)
→前缀auto-, 自己的。-mat, 同词根men, 思考，见mind.
a.自动(装置)的;无意识的;n.自动机械The heating system has an automatic temperature control.取暖系统是自动调温的.
US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
INDEPENDENT 自主的
 IMPROVER
■An automatic machine or device is able to operate independently of human control 自动的；自动化的
• automatic doors 自动门
• an automatic rifle 自动步枪
• automatic focus on a camera 相机的自动对焦装置
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
NOT CONSCIOUS 无意识的
■done without thinking about it 无意识的，不自觉的；不假思索的，机械的
• Over time, driving just becomes automatic. 时间长了，开车也就成了一个机械的过程。
• My automatic response was to pull my hand away. 我不自觉的反应就是把手抽回。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
CERTAIN 必然的
■certain to happen as part of the normal process or system 必然随之发生的；自然而然的
• Citizenship is automatic for children born in this country. 婴儿出生在这个国家，就自然而然地成为这个国家的公民。
• You get an automatic promotion after two years. 两年后你就会自动晋升。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] noun countable
■a vehicle in which you do not have to change the gears 自动变速汽车，自动换档汽车
• Kate drives an automatic. 凯特开的是一辆自动档汽车。
adj. [军] [自] 自动的；无意识的；必然的
 - inevitable, mechanical, certain, necessary, unconscious
n. 自动机械； [军] 自动手枪
 - robot

Word: sequence
Front: sequence
[ˈsi:kwəns] (研四六托雅 3143/1691 -2)
Vocabulary: sequence
(once / 722 pages)
nv
When things come in sequence, they come in a specific order. It could be a chronological sequence, a sequence following a pattern (red-blue-brown, red-blue-brown), or a cause-and-effect sequence.
Sequence can also be a verb. When you sequence something, you put it in order. The prom committee had the task of sequencing dance music––even if playing "Celebrate" as the final dance and not the first felt out of sequence to the DJ, it was their call.
WORD FAMILY
sequence: sequenced, sequencer, sequences, sequencing, sequential +/sequencer: sequencers/ sequential: sequentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sequencing is only the first step in what doctors call the “diagnostic odyssey.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Almost every career trajectory entails a complex sequence of steps, each of which depends on those preceding it,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [数]数列，序列; 顺序; 连续; 片断插曲
vt. 使按顺序排列，安排顺序; [生化]确定…的顺序，确定…的化学结构序列
时态：sequenced, sequencing, sequences
分布：顺序(62%)，一系列(17%)，次序(10%)，连续(8%)，按顺序排好(3%)
→来自拉丁语 sequi,追随，按顺序，词源同 second,pursue.-ence,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
连续(sequ+ence→跟随→连续)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
n.先后,次序;连续,数列Subsequently the eloquent man frequently asked the consequence of quenching in sequence.其后雄辩者频繁地询问顺序灭火的结果.
noun
ORDERED SERIES 顺序
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a series of related things or events, or the order in which they follow each other 一连串；一系列；顺序，次序
• The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that lead to his death. 第一章描述了造成他死亡的一连串奇特事件。
• Is there a particular sequence in which you have to perform these tasks? 你是否得按一定的顺序完成这些任务？
• For the sake of convenience the photographs are shown in chronological sequence (= in the order in which they were taken). 为方便起见，照片按时间顺序展示。
['si:.kwənts] noun
FILM PART 影片的一部分
countable
■a part of a film that shows a particular event or a related series of events （影片中的）一组镜头
• The film's opening sequence is of a very unpleasant murder. 影片开头的一组镜头呈现的是一次令人很不愉快的谋杀。
succession, series, progression, sequence
这组词都有“连续，顺序”的意思，其区别是：
succession: 侧重一些类似的东西或事件一个接一个连续不断。
series: 指按照性质类似或基本相同的关系而安排的一系列事物。
progression: 指向前推进的行为过程或状态的连续。
sequence: 多指时间、空间或事件等有规律、合乎逻辑的连续。
n. [数] [计] 序列；顺序；续发事件
 - order, consecutiveness

Word: scatter
Front: scatter
[ˈskætə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 3754/4116 -2)
Vocabulary: scatter
(once / 136 pages)
vn
If you hear someone shout "Everybody scatter!” that person wants everyone to spread out and leave the area. Scatter is a verb that means "to separate suddenly and spread out in different directions."
Scatter is sometimes used as a noun to refer to something that has been scattered. If you have clothes strewn all over your room, you might say there is a scatter of clothes on the floor. More commonly, though, scatter is used as a verb meaning “to spread about.” You might scatter grass seed on your front lawn in the spring. Scatter can also mean “break up or disperse.” The police, for instance, might scatter an unruly mob or gathering.
WORD FAMILY
scatter: scattered, scattering, scatters+/scattering: scatterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, about 400,000 Israelis live in approximately 150 settlements scattered across the West Bank.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
More than two dozen sirens scattered in cities from Orting to the Port of Tacoma would activate.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are 150 Blessed Sacrament nuns scattered across the country and abroad, including 50 in Philadelphia and others in New Orleans, Arizona, Haiti and Jamaica.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）散开，（使）分散，驱散
vi. 撒开; 分散
n. 撒布，散播
时态：scattered, scattering, scatters
分布：分散(46%)，散布(18%)，撒(17%)，驱散(9%)，散播(5%)，消散(4%)，零星少量(1%)
→来自中古英语 scateren,分散，散开，可能最终来自 sek,砍，切，削，词源同 segment,dissect.
v.散开,驱散;散布,散播The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
【反】collect（v 收集；聚集）；nucleate（v 使成核）
US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move far apart in different directions 散开，分散；使分散，驱散
• The protesters scattered at the sound of gunshots. 听到枪声后抗议者就鸟兽散了。
• The soldiers came in and scattered the crowd. 士兵进来把人群驱散了。
UK ['skæt.ər] US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cover a surface with things that are far apart and in no particular arrangement 撒，撒播，撒于…上
• Scatter the powder around the plants. 把这种药粉撒在植物周围。
• I scattered grass seed all over the lawn. 我将草籽撒在整个草坪上。
• I scattered the whole lawn with grass seed. 我在整个草坪上都撒下草籽。
UK ['skæt.ər] US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
be scattered to the four winds literary
■If a group of things or people are scattered to the four winds, they go or are sent to different places that are far away from each other 四散开来；散布在各处
• It was the finest collection of paintings in Denmark, but during the last war it was broken up and scattered to the four winds. 这是丹麦最好的一批藏画，但是在上一次战争中亡佚了。
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
这组词都有“使分散、使散开”的意思，其区别是：
scatter: 普通用词，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四处散开，或把物随意撒开。
diffuse: 指光线、声音或气味等在空中传送或散布，强调覆盖面积与物质分布相对密度之间的关系。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，侧重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散。
vi. 分散，散开； [军] 散射
 - spread around, spread about
vt. [军] 使散射；使散开，使分散；使散播，使撒播
 - disject, disperse
n. 分散；散播，撒播
 - dissemination, decentralization

Word: automate
Front: automate
[ˈɔ:təmeɪt] (六 17156/23818 -1)
Vocabulary: automate
(once / 3516 pages)
v
When you design a machine to complete a process once done by a human, you automate the process. Standardized tests once had to be graded by hand, now they're automated, i.e. done by computers.
If you automate a factory, workers might lose jobs to robots and machines. A century ago, if you did laundry, you had to turn the clothes in the drum by hand. It was really hard work, so hard that in many families one day was set aside as laundry day and everyone had to help. In 1937, the first electric, or automated, washer was sold, with a motor that turned the drum. Since then, the job has become much easier, though most of us still find it a chore.
WORD FAMILY
automate: automated, automates, automating, automation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new part is that Steamaco's technology automates the regulation of electricity.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Those motion points are stored, and used to automate the task.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“We automate all the coding, all the tedious work that is not really adding any value,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）自动化; 使自动操作
时态：automated, automating, automates
分布：使自动化(100%)
US ['ɑ:.tˌə-] verb transitive
■to make a process in a factory or office operate by machines or computers, in order to reduce the amount of work done by humans and the time taken to do the work 使自动化
• Massive investment is needed to automate the production process. 要实现生产过程的自动化，是需要大量的投资的。
vt. 使自动化，使自动操作
 - robotize

Word: versus
Front: versus
[ˈvɜ:səs] (研六雅 3160/5680 -2)
Back: prep. （表示两队或双方对阵）对; （比较两种不同想法、选择等）与…相对; 对抗
分布：对抗(100%)
→来自拉丁语versus,转，来自wer,转，弯，词源converse,toward。引申词义转向对方的，相对，相比。
prep.(vs.)...对...(在诉讼,比赛等);与...相对On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
US ['vɝ:-] preposition
 ADVANCED (written abbreviation v) (or vs)
■used to say that one team or person is competing against another 以…为对手；对
• Tomorrow's game is Newcastle versus Arsenal. 明天的比赛是纽卡素队对阿仙奴队。
■(written abbreviation v) (or vs)
■used in legal cases to show who a person is fighting against （诉讼案中）诉
• Abortion was legalized nationally in the United States following the Roe versus Wade case. 在罗诉韦德案后，堕胎在美国全国变得合法化。
■used to compare two things or ideas, especially when you have to choose between them （尤指进行选择时）与…相比
• private education versus state education 私立教育与公营教育相比
prep. 对；与...相对；对抗
 - in the teeth of

Word: explicit
Front: explicit
[ɪkˈsplɪsɪt] (高研六托雅宝 4826/3722 -2)
Vocabulary: explicit
(once / 723 pages)
adj
Anything explicit is very clear, whether it's instructions or a dirty movie.
Thanks to parental-advisory warnings about "explicit language" or "explicit violence," you might think this word only applies to things that are dirty, naughty, or adult in some way. That is a common meaning of explicit, but it's not the only meaning. This also means anything that is clear and easy to understand. Explicit orders are easy to carry out; explicit instructions are easy to follow. When someone is explicit, they're not beating around the bush or being confusing.
WORD FAMILY
explicit: explicitly, explicitness, inexplicit +/ inexplicit: inexplicitly, inexplicitness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hamas and other radical factions are responsible for the most explicit forms of incitement to violence.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Prosecutors say the messages continued into 2016 and included explicit photographs that were also sent to everyone on the woman’s contact list.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
And there are no explicit programs in federal prisons to treat Youth Act offenders.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 明确的，清楚的; 直言的; 详述的; 不隐瞒的
分布：明确的(82%)，清楚的(11%)，露骨的(5%)，清晰的(2%)
→来自explicate,解释清楚的。
明白的,直爽的(ex出+plic+it→[说话]不重叠的→直截了当的)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
a.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
【源】explicate（v 说明）
【参】implicit（adj 暗示的；含蓄的；固有的）
【反】inchoate（adj 未形成的；不成熟的）；tacit（adj 默许的；含蓄的）；immanent（adj 内在的）；obscure（adj 模糊的）
adjective
■clear and exact 清楚明白的；明确的；不含糊的
• I gave her very explicit directions how to get here. 我明确地告诉她这里怎么走。
• She was very explicit about (= said very clearly and exactly) what she thought was wrong with the plans. 她明确地指出了计划中她认为有误的地方。
• I wasn't aware that I would be paying - you certainly didn't make it explicit (= state it clearly). 我不知道要付钱——很明显是因为你没说清楚。
Compare implicit showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way （描绘性或暴力）赤裸裸的，露骨的
• a sexually explicit film 有露骨的性爱场面的电影
specific, explicit, definite, express
这组词都有“明确的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 强调内容明确，毫不抽象、笼统。
explicit: 指清楚明白，毫不含糊其辞，因而无任何理解困难。
definite: 指对所提到的事的范围及其细节毫无疑问，含有明确和确定界限的意味。
express: 语气较强，较正式，指不但清楚明确，而且含有直截了当和有力等的意思。
adj. 明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的
 - precise, decided, distinct, specific, express

Word: geography
Front: geography
[dʒiˈɒgrəfi] (中高研四六雅 5163/3967 -K2)
Vocabulary: geography
(once / 300 pages)
n
Geography is the study of the land and how we use it. A geography lesson about your hometown would teach about the terrain, including any landforms like mountains or waterways, its vegetation, roads and other human-made developments, and its people.
Geography means "description of the earth's surface." It is often confused with a related word, geology, which means "study of the earth." Geography is about anything that happens on the ground, or above it, including how people live and use the land, while geology studies the earth's content, like the plates that form it and how they move.
WORD FAMILY
geography: geographer, geographical, geographies+/geographer: geographers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hawaii’s open ocean geography, deadly channels and protected marine life pose unique challenges.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
One way to dig into vital statistics is to break life expectancy down by demographic characteristics such as race, gender, income, and geography.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
“There is something about the geography, the flatness, the desert element” of the area, says Dallas Morning News film critic Chris Vognar.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 地理（学）; 地形，地势; 布局
分布：地理(100%)
→geo-, 地，地球。-graphy, 写，描述，词源同telegraphy.
n.地理(学)Will you show me the geography?洗手间在哪儿?
US [dʒi'ɑ:.grə-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area 地理；地理学
⇒ See also physical geography
the geography of somewhere
■the way all the parts of an area are arranged within it （某地的）地形，地貌；（某地区组成部分的）排列，布局
• the geography of Australia 澳大利亚地形
• It's impossible to work out the geography of this hospital. 没有办法弄清楚这家医院的布局。
n. [地理] 地理；地形
 - terrain, landform

Word: heroin
Front: heroin
[ˈherəʊɪn] (研 5859/5879 -2)
Back: n. 海洛因; 吗啡; 白面儿
分布：海洛因(100%)
→商标名，吗啡替代物，来自hero,英雄，-in,化学名词后缀。因这种药物让人产生飘飘然的感觉而得名。
n.海洛因That area is the habitat of heroin.那个地区是海洛因的产地.
US [-oʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a powerful illegal drug 海洛因
• Heroin is obtained from morphine and is extremely addictive. 海洛因是从吗啡中提取出来的，极容易使人上瘾。
• a heroin addict 吸食海洛因成瘾者
• She died from a heroin overdose. 她死于过量吸食海洛因。
n. [药] [毒物] 海洛因，吗啡
 - horse, herion

Word: exact
Front: exact
[ɪgˈzækt] (高研四托宝 3341/3270 -K4)
Vocabulary: exact
(once / 48 pages)
1adj 2v
If something's exact, it's precise and completely accurate — as opposed to a guess, an estimate, or an approximation.
Exact also has the meaning of taking something from someone, often money, and generally only given up with reluctance under the threat of force. The Mob might exact a shakedown from unfortunate businessmen, for example. The word comes from the Latin exactus "exact or accurate," a form of the verb exigere — meaning "to force out or demand," like the Mob demanding its money.
WORD FAMILY
exact: exacted, exacter, exactest, exacting, exactingly, exaction, exactly, exactness, exacts, inexact +/ exacting: unexacting/exaction: exactions/ exactly: exactlys/exactness: exactnesses/ inexact: inexactest, inexactly, inexactness/inexactness: inexactnesses/unexacting: unexactingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Autopsy results are still awaited to determine the exact cause of death of Daniel R.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dietrich said that when she encounters problems with criminal records, it’s usually in decades-old cases in which the exact details of the outcome weren’t recorded.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Metro did not respond to requests for data on the exact weight of the new trains.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 准确的; 严密的; 精密的，精确的
vt. 要求; 苛求; 迫使; 强求
时态：exacted, exacting, exacts
分布：确切的(96%)，精密严谨的(4%)
→ex-, 向外。-act, 做，驱使，称量，词源同act, examine, exigent. 即称量的，精确要求的。
强求;精确的(ex出+act→[要求]做出来→强求)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
a.确切的,正确的,精确的The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
【记】ex出，act行动－要求做出行动－强求，然后引申为精确的
【参】exaction（n 勒索；苛求）
【反】forgive（vt 原谅；饶恕；宽免债务）；condone（vt 宽恕；赦免）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in great detail, or complete, correct or true in every way; precise 精确的；确切的；正确的
• The exact distance is 1.838 metres. 精确距离是1.838公尺。
• The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm. 事件发生的正确时间是下午两点四十三分。
• "I still owe you £7, don't I?" "Actually, it's £7.30 to be exact." “我还欠你七英镑，是不是？”“实际上，正确地说应该是7.3英镑。”
• The exact location of the factory has yet to be decided. 这工厂的正确位置还未定案。
• Unlike astronomy, astrology cannot be described as an exact science. 占星术与天文学不同，严格来讲，占星术不能称为一门科学。
[ɪg'zækt] verb transitive formal
■to demand and get something, sometimes using force or threats, or to make something necessary 勒索；强要；迫切需要
• to exact revenge on someone 向某人报复
• The blackmailers exacted a total of $100 000 from their victims. 勒索人从受害人那里总共勒索了十万美元。
• Heart surgery exacts tremendous skill and concentration. 心脏外科手术要求施术者技术高超且精神要高度集中。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 准确的，精密的；精确的
 - nice, accurate, precise, mathematical, strict
vt. 要求；强求；急需
 - require, desire, call for

Word: loth
Front: loth
[ləʊθ, ləʊð] (雅 33209/37266)
Back: adj. 不愿意的，勉强的
分布：不愿意的(60%)，loathe.(20%)，=loath(20%)
US [loʊθ] adjective [after verb] [+ to infinitive]
■ loath
adj. 不愿意的（等于loath）；勉强的；憎恶的
 - narrow, unwilling, reluctant

Word: broaden
Front: broaden
[ˈbrɔ:dn] (六托 6614/6900 -1)
Back: vt. & vi. 使。。变宽，扩展; 放宽; 扩大; 加宽
时态：broadened, broadening, broadens
分布：扩大(70%)，开阔(24%)，变宽(6%)
加宽(broad宽)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
US ['brɑ:-] verb
WIDER 变宽
intransitive or transitive
■to become wider, or to cause something to become wider （使）变宽，（使）变阔
• The track broadens and becomes a road at this point. 小道逐渐拓宽，到这里就成了一条马路。
• They are broadening the bridge to speed up the flow of traffic. 他们正在拓宽大桥以提高交通流量。
UK ['brɔ:.dən] US ['brɑ:-] verb
MORE GENERAL 拓展
transitive
■to increase the range of something 扩展，拓宽
• They've introduced all sorts of new elements to that programme in order to broaden its appeal. 他们已经给那个节目加入了各种新元素以增强其吸引力。
• I hoped that going to university might broaden my horizons (= increase the range of my knowledge and experience). 我希望上大学能使我增长见识。
UK ['brɔ:.dən] US ['brɑ:-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  broaden out
■to become wider 变宽
• The river broadens out around the next bend. 河流在下一个拐弯处变宽了。
vi. 扩大，变阔；变宽，加宽
 - enlarge, extend
vt. 使扩大；使变宽
 - exaggerate, bulk out

Word: fisherman
Front: fisherman
[ˈfɪʃəmən] (中高研四六 4272/5287 -2)
Back: n. 渔夫，渔民
分布：渔夫(92%)，渔船(8%)
n.渔夫,捕鱼人The fisherman wishes to finish the dish of reddish fish.渔夫希望做完那盘略带红色的鱼.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
■someone who catches fish, especially as their job 抓鱼（或钓鱼）的人；（尤指）渔民
n. 渔夫；渔人
 - peterman

Word: renaissance
Front: renaissance
[rɪ'neɪs(ə)ns] (研六托雅 11032/5428 -2)
Back: n. 文艺复兴; 文艺复兴时期; 文艺复兴时期（欧洲 14、15 和 16 世纪时，人们以古希腊罗马的思想文化来繁荣文学艺术）; （某一学科或艺术形式等衰落后的）复兴
分布：文艺复兴(85%)，再生(15%)
→来自古法语 renaissance,重生，再生，来自拉丁语 renasci,重生，再生，来自 re-,再，重新，nasci, 生育，出生，来自 gene,生育，词源同 natal,nascent,gene.引申词义文艺复兴。
n.文艺复兴(时期);新生,复兴Renaissance painters.文艺复兴时期的画家.
【记】re反复，nai奶，ssance：反复吃奶－新生儿－复兴
【参】renascent（adj 新生的；复兴的）
US ['ren.ə.sɑ:nts] noun only singular
■a new growth of activity or interest in something, especially art, literature or music （尤指艺术、文学或音乐的）复兴
• Opera in Britain is enjoying a long-awaited renaissance. 在英国戏剧正在复兴，这是人们期待已久的好事。
n. 复兴；新生；复活
 - reconstruction, fresh, revival, renewal

Word: socialism
Front: socialism
[ˈsəʊʃəlɪzəm] (高研四六 7238/4039 -2)
Vocabulary: socialism
(once / 218 pages)
n
These days, the word socialism gets tossed around so much, it's almost lost all meaning. Originally, though, it was the bedrock of Marxism and meant that workers and their community should control the market for what they make.
Because the Soviet state eventually strayed far from Marx's idea of socialism towards Lenin's totalitarian communism, socialism is now often used to mean everything from "fascism" to "progressivism." But in its purest form, socialism was a political, social, and economic system meant to empower the working class. In the U.S. today, though, it's often used as shorthand for "the services that government provides and which are paid for by taxes." Depending on who's talking, that idea is either a goal or a target.
WORD FAMILY
socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/ social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialist: socialists/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nationalist movements adapted it to their specificities, and so did internationalist movements, which is why one of their leaders called anti-Semitism the “socialism of fools.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
State media reported that Yu called on Catholic churches to adhere to “socialism with Chinese characteristics.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The debate was now both global and local, personal and corporate, and it questioned the tarnished dreams of both capitalism and socialism.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 社会主义
分布：社会主义(100%)
→social,社会的，-ism,主义，思想。
社会主义(social+ism主义)[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
n.社会主义He professed socialism.他宣称信奉社会主义.
US ['soʊ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the set of beliefs which states that all people are equal and should share equally in a country's money, or the political systems based on these beliefs 社会主义；社会主义制度 Compare capitalism ; communism
n. 社会主义
 - social justice, social democracy

Word: carter
Front: carter
['kɑːtə] (31734/4840)
Back: n. 运货马车夫，赶大车的人; 卡车司机
分布：运货马车夫(100%)
US ['kɑ:r.tˌɚ] old use
noun countable
■a person who drives a cart 赶车人；马车夫

Word: simultaneously
Front: simultaneously
[ˌsɪməl'teɪnɪəslɪ] (六托 3662/3788)
Vocabulary: simultaneously
(once / 584 pages)
adv
Use the adverb simultaneously to describe actions that occur at the same time. You are reading this sentence and simultaneously learning a new word!
Simultaneously doesn’t have to describe two different actions. It just means that things are happening at the same time. If a presidential debate is broadcast simultaneously on three television channels, “broadcast” is the only action but it’s happening in three places at once.
WORD FAMILY
simultaneous: simultaneity, simultaneously, simultaneousness+/simultaneity: simultaneities
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Simultaneously, the Puget Sound Regional Council is updating plans for regional centers where growth will be concentrated through 2040.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 同时地; 一壁; 齐; 一齐
分布：同时地(100%)
ADJ
同时发生的;同时出现的;同步的
Things which are simultaneous happen or exist at the same time.
例：...the simultaneous release of the book and the album...书和唱片专辑的同步发行
例：The theatre will provide simultaneous translation in both English and Chinese.剧院将提供英语和汉语的同声翻译。
adv. 同时地
 - contemporaneously, synchronously

Word: semiconductor
Front: semiconductor
[ˌsemikənˈdʌktə(r)] (研四六 8736/9381 -1)
Back: n. <物>半导体
分布：半导体(100%)
半导体(semi[semi-表示"半"]+conductor导体)
n.半导体The conductor is reluctant to reduce the conductivity of the semiconductor.导演不情愿降低半导体的导电率.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
■a material, such as silicon , which allows electricity to move through it more easily when its temperature increases, or an electronic device made from this material 半导体
• Semiconductors are used for making integrated circuits and computers. 半导体用于制造积体电路和电脑。
n. [电子] [物] 半导体
 - quasi-conductor

Word: fatal
Front: fatal
[ˈfeɪtl] (研四六托雅宝 4921/4463 -2)
Vocabulary: fatal
(once / 148 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective fatal describes something that is capable of causing death. Certain cleaning products, for instance, are labeled, “Could be fatal if swallowed.” Here's a helpful suggestion: don't swallow them.
Can you hear the word fate in fatal? In ancient times, people believed that the future was determined by a force called fate, and in the 14th century, the French used the word fatal to describe anything that fate had decreed, including death. By the next century the word had evolved to mean something that specifically causes death. Today the term is used more loosely. If your friend makes a fatal mistake on the tennis court, it doesn't mean that he'll literally die, just that he'll lose the game.
WORD FAMILY
fatal: fataler, fatalest, fatalism, fatality, fatally, nonfatal+/ fatalism: fatalisms, fatalist, fatalistic / fatalist: fatalists/ fatalistic: fatalistically/ fatality: fatalities/nonfatal: nonfatally
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Iowa, fatal crashes involving alcohol or drugs increased 27 percent between 2011 and 2015, while overall fatal traffic accidents fell.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the ensuing brawl, a 26-year-old cook in the restaurant used his knife to deliver two fatal stabs to Daniel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detectives were investigating the fatal crash that occurred Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 致命的，攸关的; 毁灭性的，严重的; 命中注定的; 重大的
分布：致命的(93%)，毁灭性的(6%)，决定性的(1%)
→来自fate, 命运。
a.致命的,毁灭性的The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
【记】fat＝fate（n 命运；运气vt 注定）
【参】fatality（n 命运决定的事物；不幸；天命）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■A fatal illness or accident, etc. causes death 致命的
• This illness is fatal in almost all cases. 这种病几乎是不治之症。
• the fatal shooting of an unarmed 15-year-old 对手无寸铁的15岁少年的致命枪击
 ADVANCED
■very serious and having an important bad effect in the future 灾难性的；毁灭性的
• He made the fatal mistake/error of believing what they told him. 他听信了他们的话，犯了灾难性的错误。
• It just shows how you should never say how well things are going for you - it's fatal (= it causes bad things to happen). 这件事恰恰说明你决不能说事情进展很顺利——这么讲会带来大麻烦。
mortal, fatal, lethal, deadly
这组词都有“致命的”的意思，其区别是：
mortal: 语气强，指导致死亡的直接原因。
fatal: 正式用词，强调死亡的不可避免性，多用于指伤或疾病等。
lethal: 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。
deadly: 指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图致死他人的人。
adj. [生物] [医] 致命的；重大的；毁灭性的；命中注定的
 - important, significant, great, fell, kill

Word: statue
Front: statue
[ˈstætʃu:] (高研四六托雅 3872/4519 -K2)
Vocabulary: statue
(once / 188 pages)
n
To stand as still as a statue is to stand absolutely still, a statue being a sculpture, after all. A statue is a specific kind of sculpture, one that clearly represents a person, an animal, or other living creature.
There's no question that the first thing most people think of when they hear the word statue is the Statue of Liberty. The woman's name is Liberty and there she is, a statue. Any sculpture that represents a person (Liberty, George Washington, Gandhi, or the Mad Hatter) is called a statue. In New York's Central Park, there is a much beloved statue of a dog named Balto, a heroic husky from Alaska.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
statue / statute
Look under the pigeons and you might find a bronze statue in a park, but there's probably a statute, or law, about how big it can be.
A statue is a figure of a person, animal, or object that is carved or cast from some material, such as marble or iron. A statue is usually life-sized or larger. (If it's smaller than the real-life original, it's a statuette or a figurine). Here are some examples of statue in the headlines:
Bronze statue unveiled in tribute to Ronnie Barker (Mirror UK)
Rosa Parks statue dedicated in downtown Grand Rapids (Michigan Live)
But a statute is a written law, such as that of a particular government or organization:
Fifteen other states and the District of Columbia have since enacted similar statutes, though cannabis remains classified as an illegal narcotic under U.S. law. (Reuters)
All were also discharged within the past six years, putting them within the statute of limitations. (New York Times)
Both words come from the Latin word "to stand," but a statue literally stands, often on two legs, and a statute is a law that stands. So while you might find a statue in the park of, say, Jimi Hendrix, it's the statutes about that park that allow a monument to the rock star to be erected there.
WORD FAMILY
statue: statuary, statues, statuesque, statuette+/statuary: statuaries/ statuesque: statuesquely/statuette: statuettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
American said a statement Sunday that statue’s placement improperly suggested that the university was advocating for clemency for Peltier.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Maybe Facebook would prefer the statue to be dressed again.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 雕像，塑像
vt. 用雕像装饰
分布：雕像(77%)，塑像(23%)
→来自拉丁语 statua,雕像，塑像，图像，来自 stare,站立，词源同 stand,state.
雕像(stat+ue→站着的[雕像])[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.塑像,雕像At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an object made from a hard material, especially stone or metal, to look like a person or animal （尤指石头或金属的）雕像，雕塑，塑像
• a statue of a boy 一尊男孩雕像
• They planned to put up/erect a statue to the President. 他们计划为总统设一尊雕像。
n. [建] 雕像，塑像
 - effigy

Word: bout
Front: bout
[baʊt] (宝 5865/7659 -2)
Vocabulary: bout
(once / 484 pages)
1n 2n
A bout is a fight. If you want to be a boxer, start with some easy bouts before challenging the champ.
A bout is a period of time in which something intense happens, like fighting, binging, or being sick, and comes from the word for bending, or going round in a circle. We usually use it these days for something you wouldn't want to go on for too long of a time. If the full moon makes you crazy, you might suffer a bout of madness.
WORD FAMILY
bout: bouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The latest bout of air pollution began on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
That bout of smog saw 460 million people, a population greater than North America, breathing toxic air, according to Greenpeace.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拳击（或摔跤）比赛; 一段（工作）; （尤指坏事的）一通; （疾病的）发作
分布：一场(35%)，回合(31%)，发作(25%)，一阵(9%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词。
【记】1）原指农夫来回犁地，现在指带有反复性的活动。参：boutique（n 专卖流行衣服的小商店）－妇女反复走的地方2）读：抱他。在拳击比赛中，当一回合快结束得时候，如果有其中的一方体力不支，就会采取抱住对方得手段，可以拖延时间，等到一回合结束后，他就可以休息了。
noun countable
SHORT PERIOD 短时期
■a short period of illness or involvement in an activity （疾病的）发作；（某活动的）一段，一阵，一场
• She had a bout of flu over Christmas. 圣诞节期间她得了一场流感。
• He suffered from periodic bouts of insanity. 他得过阵发性精神错乱。
• a drinking bout (= short period of drinking a lot of alcohol) 一场狂饮
[baʊt] noun countable
SPORT 体育
■a boxing or wrestling match （拳击或摔跤）比赛，较量
• He's a former heavyweight champion and is expected to win the bout easily. 他是前重量级冠军，估计会轻松拿下这场比赛。
n. 回合；较量；发作；一阵
 - blast, fit

Word: persistent
Front: persistent
[pəˈsɪstənt] (六托 5269/4704 -2)
Vocabulary: persistent
(once / 343 pages)
adj
If something is persistent, it just won't stop. If you're persistent in your suggestions for a trip to Mexico, maybe your parents will eventually give in and take you there.
Persistent comes from the Latin verb persistere which means "to continue with strength." A persistent salesman refuses to give up. A persistent ringing sound is one that repeats and repeats. Persistent rumors keep circulating, as does a persistent virus. Often something persistent is annoying. The related verb is persist, which means to continue to exist, or to go without stopping.
WORD FAMILY
persistent: persistence, persistently+/ persist: persisted, persistency, persistent, persisting, persists/ persistence: persistences/persistency: persistencies/ persisting: persistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Open last September, withdrawing from all tennis to deal with a persistent shoulder injury.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
If you’re lucky and persistent you may end up being in the right place at the right time.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
“What was that conflict about? It was about the persistent refusal to recognize a Jewish state, before it was established and after it was established.”
New York Times(Mar 12, 2015)
Back: adj. 持续的; 坚持不懈的; 持久的; 坚持不渝
分布：固执的(53%)，坚持的(39%)，连续的(8%)
→来自persist,坚持。
坚持的;顽固的(persist+ent)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
US [pɚ-] adjective
■lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of 持续的；存留的；顽强存在的
• a persistent smell/skin rash 持续不散的气味／顽固的皮肤疹
• Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a persistent dry cough. 此疾病症状包括高烧和持久干咳。
• There have been persistent rumours that the managing director might take early retirement. 不断有谣言说总经理可能会提早退休。
■Someone who is persistent continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way 坚持不懈的；执意的
• Be persistent - don't give up. 要坚持不懈——别放弃。
• He has been a persistent critic of the president. 他一直对总统持批评态度。
• She is a persistent offender and has been arrested five times this year for shoplifting. 她是个惯犯，今年已五次因在商店行窃被捕。
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
persevere, persistent
persevere: 只不顾一切困难，始终如一，总指好事。
persistent: 只不顾一切都坚持不论成败。
adj. 固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的
 - fixed, consistent, set

Word: testimony
Front: testimony
[ˈtestɪməni] (研六托雅宝 2661/6413 -2)
Vocabulary: testimony
(once / 190 pages)
n
When you give testimony you are telling what you saw or what you know. Your testimony that your hand was not in the cookie jar goes against the testimony of several eyewitnesses.
The Latin root for testimony is testis, meaning “ witness.” “Eye witness testimony” is a phrase you will hear often in legal discussions. An object can also give testimony, without speaking of course: "The statue they built of you outside the bowling alley offers testimony to your greatness."
WORD FAMILY
testimony: testimonial, testimonies+/testifier: testifiers/ testify: testified, testifier, testifies, testifying, testimony / testimonial: testimonials
USAGE EXAMPLES
The judge heard about seven hours of testimony in the hearing, which was closed to the public and the media.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
His broken-down teeth seemed to bear testimony to years of neglect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Testimony in the case opened and closed with two of the massacre’s survivors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （法庭上证人的）证词; 证明，证据; 表示，表明; 声明，宣言
分布：证明(51%)，证据(49%)
→test-,见证，证明，-mony,名词后缀，词源同 alimony.
证据;证词(testi+mony表状态或物品)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
n.证据,证词;表明,说明The wrestler's testimony manifests that he has large estates.角力者的证言表明他有大量房地产.
【记】testi＝testify（v 证明；作证），mony－证言
【参】testimonial（n 证明书）
US [-moʊ.ni] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■(an example of) spoken or written statements that something is true, especially those given in a court of law （尤指法庭上的）证词，证言
• Some doubts have been expressed about his testimony. 有人对他的证词提出了一些质疑。
be (a) testimony to sth
■to be clear proof of something 清楚地证明
• The reports are testimony to the many hours of research completed by this committee. 这些报告充分表明该委员会花了很多时间进行研究。
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. [法] 证词，证言；证据
 - proof, witness

Word: guidance
Front: guidance
[ˈgaɪdns] (高研四六雅 3869/2601 -2)
Vocabulary: guidance
(once / 456 pages)
n
Guidance can mean steering (like the navigation system in a satellite) or the act of providing direction (like a guidance counselor does).
Back in the 1530s, guidance started out meaning "the process of directing conduct," similar to what we think of when we think of parents, mentors, or counselors. If you've ever asked a friend for advice on what to wear, you were seeking their guidance. But guidance also applies to physical direction. We might use a global positioning system (GPS) for guidance when we drive. Years ago, sailors relied on the stars for guidance. Sherpas provide guidance to climbers hiking Mt. Everest so they don't get lost.
WORD FAMILY
guidance: guidances+/ guide: guidance, guided, guides, guiding, misguide /guided: unguided/guiding: guidingly/ misguide: misguided, misguides, misguiding/ misguided: misguidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and Leah met with a guidance counsellor to discuss his plan to graduate in three years.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Ahlschwede said although the vet may be thriving at his or her new career, he or she may need some guidance along the way.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They hold support groups at their Victorian home outside Boston; manage a website, ecttreatment.org; and answer inquiries from people seeking guidance.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指导，引导; 导航; 领导
分布：指导(82%)，引导(15%)，导航(3%)
n.引导,指导He did the work under the teacher's guidance.他在老师的指导下做了这件工作.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work, education, or personal relationships 指导；引导
• I've always looked to my father for guidance in these matters. 在这些问题上我总是依靠父亲指点迷津。
• careers guidance 职业咨询指导
■the process of directing the flight of a missile or rocket （导弹或火箭的）制导，导引
• a missile guidance system 导弹制导系统
guidance, assistance
guidance: 指导，领导
assistance: 帮助，协助
n. 指导，引导；领导
 - direction, aiming, lead, steering

Word: cater
Front: cater
[ˈkeɪtə(r)] (高研六托雅宝 6945/3809 -2)
Vocabulary: cater
(once / 1805 pages)
v
To cater means to supply food for meetings or celebrations. If you're having a big barbecue party but would rather hang out with your friends than grill, you could pay someone to cater it.
In Middle English, the food supply in a big household was known as the cates, and so to cater meant keeping the pantry full. These days, caterers don't do pantries. They cook food for many different households or offices. Cater has also come to mean "giving what is desired or needed." You might cater to your grandfather by bringing him tea, reading to him, and laughing at his bad jokes.
WORD FAMILY
cater: catered, caterer, catering, caters+/caterer: caterers/catering: caterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lorraine, I learn, catered to black travelers at a time when the much of the South — including Memphis — remained segregated.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Fortunately for Helton, he discovered resources that catered to someone like him - a veteran looking to start a farm.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They cater to bigotry and fear, which fly in the face of our country’s most precious values.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 提供饮食及服务
vt. 满足需要，适合; 投合，迎合
n. （骰子，纸牌的）四点
时态：catered, catering, caters
分布：迎合(58%)，满足(40%)，提供饮食及服务(2%)
→词源同catch, 指抓，拿，购买。后词义指招待，承办宴席。
vi.(for/to)满足,迎合;(for)提供饮食及服务Our restaurant also caters for weddings and parties.本餐厅也承办婚礼,宴会.
【记】cat猫，er拼：耳。猫耳朵是一种北京小吃，但是迎合了很多人的胃口。
US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to provide, and sometimes serve, food 提供饮食；承办（宴席）
• I'm catering for twelve on Sunday, all the family are coming. 星期天我要招待12个人，全家都要来。
• Which firm will be catering at the wedding reception? 将由哪家公司承办婚宴？
• US Who catered your party? 你们的聚会是谁承办的？
UK ['keɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cater for sb/sth mainly UK ADVANCED
■to provide what is wanted or needed by someone or something 迎合；满足
• The club caters for children between the ages of 4 and 12. 该俱乐部适合4至12岁的儿童。
UK ['keɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cater to sb/sth
■to try to satisfy a need, especially one which is not popular or not generally acceptable 满足，投合，迎合（尤指不受欢迎或难以接受的需求）
• This legislation simply caters to racism. 该法规完全是迎合了种族主义。
vt. 投合，迎合；满足需要；提供饮食及服务
 - humor, meet the demand

Word: aerospace
Front: aerospace
[ˈeərəʊspeɪs] (六 8798/6792 -2)
Back: n. 航空与航天空间; 宇宙空间（指地球大气层及其外面的空间）; 航空航天学; 航空航天工业
adj. 宇宙空间的，宇宙航行的
分布：航空航天工业(47%)，太空的(16%)，宇宙空间(16%)，航空航天学(12%)，航天的(9%)
(大气层内外)空间(aero+space空间)[aer,aero,aeri=air,表示"空气,充气"等]
US ['er.oʊ-] adjective [before noun]
■producing or operating aircraft or spacecraft 航空航太工业的；航空太空船制造的
• the aerospace industry 航空航太工业
• an aerospace company 航空航太技术公司

Word: wartime
Front: wartime
[ˈwɔ:taɪm] (7697/5655 -2)
Back: n. 战时
分布：战时(100%)
US ['wɔ:r-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a period of time during which a war is being fought 战时
• In wartime, food is often scarce. 在战时，食品经常短缺。
• The film is set in wartime England. 这部电影的背景是战时的英国。
Opposite peacetime

Word: sounding
Front: sounding
[ˈsaʊndɪŋ] (16361/14059)
Back: n. 探通术
v. （使）发出声音，响( sound的现在分词 ); 发（音）; 试探; 探测
分布：试探(54%)，发声的(19%)，探测水的深度(9%)，动词sound的现在分词形式.(9%)，夸大的(9%)
→sound,试探，调查，-ing,动名词后缀。引申词义意见调查，征询意见。
N-SING
（铃或号的）发声，鸣响
The sounding of a bell or a horn is the act of causing it to make a sound.
例：There were 15 minutes between the first air raid alert and the sounding of the all-clear signal.第一次空袭警报和空袭警报解除信号之间间隔了 15 分钟。
N-COUNT
（收集或征询的）意见
If you take soundings, you try to find out people's opinions on a subject.
例：She will take soundings of the people's wishes before deciding on a course of action.在决定行动方针之前，她会对人们的愿望作一番调查。
sounding, voicing
sounding: 听起来，发声音 vi
voicing: 说出，讲出来 vt
n. 音响；试探；测探水深
 - fishing, feeler

Word: pew
Front: pew
[pju:] (10498/12449 -1)
Vocabulary: pew
(once / 1044 pages)
n
A pew is a long wooden bench with a high back. You'll find many rows of pews in most churches.
Some courtrooms have pews, but mostly they're found in churches, as seating for the congregation and sometimes for the members of a choir. After the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, pews first began to appear in churches. Before that they were rare, as sitting and listening to a sermon was uncommon. Many of these earliest pews were paid for by (and considered the property of) individual families. Pew shares a Latin root with podium.
WORD FAMILY
pew: pews
USAGE EXAMPLES
Halfway through his term, the Indian prime minister’s popularity is still enormous, measured at 81% by a Pew poll in September.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
He looked around the room, at 150 nervous Democrats spilling from the pews into the hallway.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
He attended school in Indonesia where, according to Pew surveys, unfavorable views of the Jews are among the highest in the Muslim world.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 座位; 教堂长椅; 会众
v. 排座位
分布：座位(77%)，教堂长凳(23%)
→来自古法语puie,阳台，讲台，来自拉丁语podia,阳台，戏院楼厅，词源同foot,podium.后用于指教堂祈祷台，祈祷者座处，即教堂长椅。
noun countable
■a long wooden seat with a high back, which a row of people sit on in a church （教堂里的）长木椅
[pju:] noun countable
Take a pew! UK humorous
■Sit down! 请坐！
n. 座位；会众；教堂内的靠背长凳
 - seat, place

Word: obsession
Front: obsession
[əbˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 5558/6354 -2)
Vocabulary: obsession
(once / 1885 pages)
n
If you have an obsession, you're totally fixated on something and unhealthily devoted to it. Some common obsessions include fantasy football leagues, celebrity gossip, and Elvis memorabilia.
Obsession is kind of like a passion for something that crosses the line into crazy territory. Sometimes people get so preoccupied with their obsessions that it makes them anxious or emotionally unstable. If you have an obsession with the Yankees, for example, you might go to every single game, skip work to watch spring training, paper your room with Yankees posters, and write love notes to Derek Jeter.
WORD FAMILY
obsession: obsessional, obsessions+/ obsess: obsessed, obsesses, obsessing, obsession, obsessive /obsessional: obsessionally/ obsessive: obsessively, obsessiveness, obsessives, obsessivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The responses, though, raised questions for some on social media about Mexico's priorities and Mexicans' supposed obsession with pocketbook issues rather than other social indignities.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The theft transformed the manuscript into an object of obsession, a kind of Maltese Falcon, for a coterie of Inquisition scholars and rare-book collectors.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Diets only feed the cravings and the obsession with the scale - the outer symptoms of the addiction.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 着魔，萦绕; 使人痴迷的人（或物）; 摆脱不了的思想[情感等]; 妄想
分布：困扰(60%)，沉迷(27%)，妄想(10%)，着魔(3%)
→来自obsess,着魔，痴迷。
入迷(obsess入迷,ob在...中+sess坐...坐在中间...入迷)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.迷住,困扰He has an obsession with postage stamps.他为邮票着迷.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■something or someone that you think about all the time 困扰；无法摆脱的念头；念念不忘的事（或人）
• an unhealthy obsession with death 总是想到死的不健康念头
• her chocolate obsession 她对巧克力的痴迷
• He's always wanted to find his natural mother but recently it's become an obsession. 他一直想找到自己的生母，但最近这成了他的一块心病。
n. 痴迷；困扰； [内科] [心理] 强迫观念
 - besetment, obsessive idea

Word: balloon
Front: balloon
[bəˈlu:n] (中高研四托雅宝 4774/5623 -2)
Vocabulary: balloon
(once / 593 pages)
nv
A balloon is a colorful bit of rubber that can be blown up or filled with helium. Many children's parties are decorated with balloons.
While most balloons are round, they come in many sizes and shapes. Balloon artists twist long, thin balloons together to form animals, hats, and other items, and Mylar balloons are made from a kind of thin, metallic paper. Much larger balloons include hot air balloons and weather balloons. In the 1500s, balloon was a game played with a leather ball, from the Italian pallone, "large ball."
WORD FAMILY
balloon: ballooned, ballooning, balloonist, balloons+/balloonist: balloonists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Helium balloons declaring “Congratulations” floated above the long table.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She organized a surprise party last year, complete with cake and balloons, that drew about 50 people.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 气球; 热气球; [建]球饰
vt. 膨胀，涨大; 乘热气球飞行; 使激增
adj. 气球状的; （货物等）分量轻而体积大的; （分期付款）最后一笔大数目的
vi. 乘气球飞行; 膨胀; 激增
时态：ballooned, ballooning, balloons
分布：气球(94%)，激增(2%)，乘气球飞行(1%)，气球状的(1%)，如气球般膨胀(1%)，使膨胀(1%)
→ball, 球。-oon, 大词后缀，同million, 大的千，百万。
气球(ball球＋oon表名词)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
气球(ball球)[-oon表名词"人或物"]
n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的v.乘坐气球;膨胀The inflated balloon indicates a latent inflation on the plateau.膨胀的气球对高原指示潜在的通货膨胀.
【反】decrease slowly（慢慢减少）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small, very thin rubber bag that you blow air into or fill with a light gas until it is round in shape, used for decoration at parties or as a children's toy 气球
• We tied balloons and streamers to the ceiling ready for the party. 我们把气球和彩带系在天花板上，晚会的布置已准备妥当。
■(also hot-air balloon)
■a very large balloon that is filled with hot air or gas and can carry people in a basket (= container made of straw) hanging under it 热气球
• People first flew in a balloon in 1783. 人类于1783年首次乘热气球飞行。
■* a speech bubble
[bə'lu:n] noun countable
the balloon goes up
■If the balloon goes up, a situation suddenly becomes very serious or unpleasant 形势变严峻；情况变糟
• The balloon went up last Friday when the scandal became public. 自上周五丑闻公开以后，局面就变得一片混乱。
[bə'lu:n] verb intransitive
■to get bigger and rounder 像气球般膨胀
• I ballooned when I became pregnant with my second baby. 怀第二个孩子时，我胖得像个气球。
■to quickly increase in size, weight or importance （在大小、重量或重要性上）激增
• The rumours soon ballooned into a full-grown scandal. 这些传闻不久就完全演变成了一件丑闻。
vi. 激增；膨胀如气球
 - surge, sharp rise
vt. 使像气球般鼓起；使激增
 - proliferate

Word: reflection
Front: reflection
[rɪˈflekʃn] (研四六托 2757/3018 -2)
Vocabulary: reflection
(once / 162 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Your reflection is what you see in the mirror. Other things that bounce back at you are also reflections — light waves, sound waves, even your thoughts.
Reflection comes from the Latin reflectere, made up of the prefix re-, "back," and flectere, "to bend." So it's bending something back: your reflection in the mirror is the light waves that bounce your image back at you. When you pause for reflection — serious thinking, that is — your thoughts are bending inward. Reflection can also be a consequence of something: the way your dog mopes around when you're away is a reflection of how much he misses you.
WORD FAMILY
reflection: reflections+/ reflect: reflected, reflecting, reflection, reflective, reflector, reflects/reflected: unreflected/reflecting: nonreflecting, reflectingly/ reflective: nonreflective, reflectively, reflectiveness, reflectivity, unreflective/reflector: reflectorise, reflectorize, reflectors/unreflective: unreflectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Achilles, Lowell seemed to find a heroic reflection of his own mental volatility.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He saw the shimmering reflection of the Gulf of California and wondered about the world beyond.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There will be time for reflection and all of that stuff next week, but right now it’s time to focus on what we’re doing.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 反映; （关于某课题的）思考; （声、光、热等的）反射; 映像
分布：反射(56%)，反映(28%)，倒影(8%)，沉思(5%)，考虑(3%)
→来自 reflect,反映，反射，沉思。
反射;思考(reflect+ion)[flect,flex=bend,表示"弯曲"]
n.(reflexion)映像,倒影;反省,沉思In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
noun
RETURN 返回
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the image of something in a mirror or on any reflective surface 映射；映照出的影像；反射
• In Greek mythology, Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. 希腊神话中的那喀索斯爱上了自己在水池中的倒影。
• He put silver foil around the fire to increase heat reflection. 他用银箔围住火炉来增加热的反射。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
SIGN 显示
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a sign or result of something 显示；反映；表达
• The fact that soldiers are on the streets is a reflection of how terrified the government is. 街头部署了士兵，这一情况显示出政府是多么惊恐。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
THOUGHT 思考
countable or uncountable formal
■serious and careful thought 沉思；深思；审慎的思考
• On reflection (= After considering it) , I decided I had been wrong. 经过审慎的思考，我认定以前是我错了。
• After thirty years as a judge, her reflections on/about justice were well worth listening to. 她当了30年法官，所以她对司法制度的意见很值得一听。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
a reflection on sb/sth
■something that makes other people have a particular opinion about someone or something, especially a bad opinion 给…带来（尤指不好的）影响的事情；招致对…非议的事情
• Low test scores are a sad reflection on our school system. 学生考分低，这使我们学校的体制遭受非议。
n. [热] [光] [物] 反射；沉思；映象
 - meditation, contemplation

Word: prostitute
Front: prostitute
[ˈprɒstɪtju:t] (6018/6610 -2)
Vocabulary: prostitute
(once / 816 pages)
nv
A prostitute is someone who gets paid to have sex — the word usually refers to a woman, but there are male prostitutes as well.
These days a prostitute is often called a sex worker, and there are many slang words, such as hooker and whore, that mean the same thing. A prostitute works for a pimp and her customers are called johns. You could say a woman is prostituting herself, or that the pimp is prostituting her. Sometimes people who hate their jobs feel like they're prostituting themselves, even though no sex is involved.
WORD FAMILY
prostitute: prostituted, prostitutes, prostituting, prostitution+/prostitution: prostitutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Infections from sexually transmitted diseases are skyrocketing from the arrival of so many Venezuelan prostitutes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say that the girl was a 16-year-old prostitute and the two women with her were allegedly involved in sex trafficking.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
"New York was a lot more violent then and many Brazilian women were prostitutes, so there was this prejudice," says Malin.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 卖淫者，妓女; 男妓; 卖身投靠的人; 出卖贞操的人
vt. 使卖淫，卖身; 出卖（名誉等）; 滥用（能力等）; 卖淫，卖身
adj. 卖淫的，堕落的
时态：prostituted, prostituting, prostitutes
分布：娼妓(44%)，卖淫的(21%)，堕落的(15%)，卖身(10%)，为赚钱而作坏事的人(10%)
→来自拉丁语prostituere,卖淫，来自pro-,向前，-stit,站立，词源同stand,institute.字面意思即站在前面，引申词义买卖，供挑选等。
妓女(pro前面+stitute→放[站]在[路]前的人→妓女)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
US ['prɑ:.stɪ.tu:t] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has sex with someone for money 妓女，娼妓
UK ['prɒs.tɪ.tju:t] US ['prɑ:.stɪ.tu:t] verb transitive formal disapproving
■to use yourself or your abilities or beliefs in a way which does not deserve respect, especially in order to get money （尤指为了钱而）滥用（才能、信仰等）
• Some critics say he prostituted his musical skills by going into pop rather than staying with classical music. 一些评论家说，他放弃古典音乐而去做流行音乐是在糟蹋他的音乐才华。
• [R] He went to work in Hollywood and was accused of prostituting himself. 他去好莱坞工作，被指责为糟蹋自己的才华。
prostitute yourself formal
■to have sex for money 卖淫
adj. 卖淫的；堕落的
 - fallen, vicious
n. 妓女
 - sporting woman, hetaerae, poule, sporting lady

Word: filter
Front: filter
[ˈfɪltə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4370/3576 -2)
Vocabulary: filter
(once / 761 pages)
1nv 2n
A machine or device that removes dangerous or unwanted materials from a substance passing through it is called a filter. A kitchen water filter makes the water safer to drink — and also taste better.
Cars have many different filters, each of which takes impurities out of air, fuel, or water before it enters the car's engine. Most coffee makers require paper filters that allow brewed coffee to flow into the pot while leaving the coffee grounds behind. Filter is also a verb, meaning to strain or remove particular particles. The Medieval Latin root is filtrum, or "felt," which was used by early chemists to strain liquids, especially when purifying water.
WORD FAMILY
filter: filtered, filtering, filters, filtrate, filtration+/filtrate: filtrated, filtrates, filtrating/filtration: filtrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then the joy filter fails: tights don’t bring me joy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The ambient air is Newark’s, but filtered, ventilated, heated, and cooled.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 滤波器; 滤光器; 滤色镜; [化] 过滤器
vi. 过滤; 透过; 渗透
vt. 过滤; 滤除
时态：filtered, filtering, filters
分布：过滤(68%)，过滤器(29%)，渗透(1%)，滤色镜(1%)，滤光器(1%)
→来自felt, 毛毡。用于过滤污物。
n.滤器,滤纸The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
【记】fil丝，ter表示东西－用丝编织的东西－过滤器
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING STH 除去物件的装置
■any of several types of equipment or devices for removing solids from liquids or gases, or for removing particular types of light 滤器；过滤器
• a water filter 滤水器
• a dust filter 滤尘器
• I like to experiment with different light filters on my camera. 我喜欢在照相机上尝试使用不同的滤光镜。
• Ozone is the Earth's primary filter for ultraviolet radiation. 臭氧层是地球上阻挡紫外线辐射的主要屏障。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
TRAFFIC 交通 UK a green arrow-shaped light which is part of a set of traffic lights and which tells drivers when they can turn left or right （表示可左转或右转的）分流指示灯
• a traffic filter 分流指示灯
• a left/right filter 左转／右转指示灯
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
APPEAR GRADUALLY 逐渐出现
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to appear or happen gradually or to a limited degree 慢慢出现；渗入；透过
• News filtered down to us during the day. 白天的时候消息慢慢传到了我们这里。
• Reports about an accident began to filter in. 有关一次意外的报道开始慢慢传开。
• Sunlight filtered through the branches. 阳光从树枝间洒落下来。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
REMOVE 去除
transitive
■to remove solids from liquids or gases, or to remove particular types of light, using special equipment 过滤
• The water is filtered to remove any impurities. 这种水经过滤以去除杂质。
• Devices in the two chimneys would filter (out) (= remove) radioactive dust. 两个烟里的装置可以滤除放射性尘埃。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  filter in UK
■to join a line of moving traffic without causing other vehicles to slow down （车辆）平稳并线
vi. 滤过；渗入；慢慢传开
 - sink in, seep into
n. [电子] [光] 滤波器； [轻] [核] [化工] 过滤器；筛选；滤光器
 - strainer, percolator
vt. [轻] [核] [化工] 过滤；渗透；用过滤法除去
 - penetrate, lauter

Word: plead
Front: plead
[pli:d] (研六托雅宝 3525/3778 -2)
Vocabulary: plead
(once / 160 pages)
v
To plead with someone is to try to convince them to see it your way. Your kids may plead with you to let them go on the super-huge outrageous roller coaster built in 1968, but you know better.
The term plead comes from the word plea, which is from the legal system, where lawyers make a plea to the court and argue a case for their client. To plead is to ask for something from someone, often on the verge of begging. You may plead with the phone company to give an appointment time that spans only three hours, but, regardless of your pleading, they will make you wait eight hours for the technician to finally show.
WORD FAMILY
plead: pleaded, pleader, pleading, pleads, pled+/pleader: pleaders/pleading: pleadingly, pleadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He also was sentenced to 18 years in prison on state child-sex charges related to the same abuse after pleading no contest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obiang is expected to plead not guilty to charges of laundering the proceeds of corruption, embezzlement and misuse of public funds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 恳求; 辩论
vt. 以…为理由; 陈述案情; 申辩，认罪，辩护
vt. & vi. 申诉，答辩，为…辩护
时态：pleaded, pleading, pleads
分布：恳求(55%)，辩护(33%)，认罪(10%)，提出借口(2%)
→来自盎格鲁法语pleder,来自古法语plaidier,申诉，来自拉丁语placitare,申诉，提起诉讼，来自placere,抚慰，安抚，使平静，词源同please,placate.引申诸相关词义。
v.恳求,请求;为...辩护;提出...为理由He pleaded that his illness prevented him from coming.他声称生病没法来.
【记】源于：plea（n 恳求；辩解）读：please用恳求的口吻读出来!
[pli:d] (pleaded or US ALSO pled, pleaded or US ALSO pled)
verb
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something 乞求，恳求
• He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness. 他跪在地上，乞求宽恕／原谅。
• She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers. 她出现在电视上，向绑架者求情。
• [+ speech] "Give us more time," they pleaded. “请多给我们一些时间，”他们请求道。
[pli:d] (pleaded or US ALSO pled, pleaded or US ALSO pled)
verb
STATE 陈述
 ADVANCED intransitive [L only + adj] transitive formal
■to make a statement of what you believe to be true, especially in support of something or someone or when someone has been accused in a law court （尤指在法庭上）为…辩护；申辩；认（罪）
• legal The defendant pleaded not guilty/innocent to robbery with violence. 被告不承认暴力抢劫。
• legal They paid a high-powered attorney to plead their case (= argue for them in court). 他们聘请了一位很有能力的律师为自己辩护。
• legal The judge ruled her unfit to plead (= to answer a legal charge) on the grounds of insanity. 法官认定她精神失常，不适合在法庭上答辩。
plead ignorance formal
■to say that you do not know about something 申辩对…一无所知；以无知为借口
• He pleaded ignorance when they found the package in his suitcase. 他们在他的手提箱里发现该包裹时，他辩解说自己一无所知。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 借口；为... [法] 辩护；托称
 - excuse for
vi. 恳求； [法] 辩护
 - pray for, cry on

Word: heaven
Front: heaven
[ˈhevn] (中高研四六托 2626/2649 -K3)
Vocabulary: heaven
(once / 91 pages)
n
Heaven is a place that seems absolutely perfect in every way. You can think of it as the lofty heavens up above, or as a place of everlasting bliss.
The places you think of as heaven could also be called "paradise" or "Eden." All of these words are based on a religious idea of heaven as a perfect, blissful existence that's granted to good people after they die. This spiritual heaven is generally depicted as the place where God lives, and is commonly described as being high in the sky. In fact, the original meaning of the Old English heaven, heofon, was "sky."
WORD FAMILY
heaven: heavens+/heavens: heavenses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Afterward, enjoy the heavens through telescopes, weather permitting.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Eventually, in a fit of abject, sweat-drenched desperation, a solution appeared like a ray of light from heaven.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
If you see Feminism in that labyrinth of heaven, please say hi to her for me.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 天; 天堂; 上帝; 极乐
分布：天堂(86%)，天空(9%)，上帝(5%)
→来自古英语heofon,天空，苍穹，上帝之所，词源不详。可能来自skeu,覆盖，隐藏，词源同hide,house,sky.
n.天,天空,天堂;(Heaven)上帝,神The weaver will leave for the heavy heaven.那位纺织工将要到阴沉的天国里去.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■in some religions, the place, sometimes imagined to be in the sky, where God or the gods live and where good people are believed to go after they die, so that they can enjoy perfect happiness 天堂，天国
 IMPROVER uncountable informal
■a situation that gives you great pleasure 极乐
• I just lay in the sun for a week and did nothing - it was heaven. 一整个礼拜我都躺在阳光下甚么也不干——简直像天堂一样。
the heavens [plural]
■the sky 天空
• We stared up at the heavens trying to see the comet. 我们仰望天空想看到彗星。
['hev.ən] noun
the heavens open
■If the heavens open, it suddenly starts to rain a lot 突然开始下大雨
• Just as we got to the park, the heavens opened. 我们刚到公园，天就突然下起了大雨。
sky, heaven, paradise
这组词都有“天”的意思，其区别是：
sky: 普通用词，指人们头顶上的天空，一般属于笼罩地球的空气层。较少用于指天国或天堂。
heaven: 作“天空”解时，常用复数，文学用词；作“天堂”解时，多用大写形式，采用单数。
paradise: 与heaven同义，宗教色彩浓厚，指好人死后灵魂长存之处，口语中表示乐园或乐事，在宗教典故中，指天主教与基督教中的伊甸乐园。
n. 天堂；天空；极乐
 - sky, paradise, air, high

Word: respectable
Front: respectable
[rɪˈspektəbl] (六 7353/4946 -2)
Vocabulary: respectable
(once / 223 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something or someone respectable is honest, good, and proper. Respectable behavior includes things like contributing to charity, volunteering at an animal shelter, and helping your friends study vocabulary.
Anything or anyone respectable deserves respect for being honorable or moral. If you return a wallet that you find on the street, that’s respectable behavior. People would probably view you as a respectable person. However, if you removed all the money from the wallet before returning it, that’s not respectable. Respectable can also be used to describe to an adequate or large amount of something. If you return the wallet untouched, you might get a respectable sum as a reward.
WORD FAMILY
respectable: respectability, respectabler, respectablest, respectably, unrespectable+/ disrespect: disrespected, disrespecting, disrespects/ disrespectful: disrespectfully/ respect: disrespect, respectable, respected, respecter, respectful, respecting, respects, self-respect/respectability: respectabilities/respecter: respecters/ respectful: disrespectful, respectfully, respectfulness, self-respectful/respecting: self-respecting/unrespectable: unrespectability
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kentucky became respectable and broke .500 to reach its first bowl game in six seasons.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Doing so transformed the drama from a respectable adaptation into an enjoyable TV series.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
They straddle the boundaries of the public and private, the respectable and the reviled.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 可敬的; 品行端正的; 可观的，相当大的; 体面的
分布：体面的(59%)，可观的(26%)，不错的(8%)，值得尊重的(7%)
可敬的(respect+able)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considered to be socially acceptable because of your good character, appearance or behaviour 体面的；得体的；值得尊敬的
• a respectable young woman from a good family 出身良好、端庄贤淑的年轻女子
• This part of the city has become quite respectable in the last ten years. 在过去的十年中，这一城区已经变得相当好。
• I wore my boring, respectable suit to the interview. 我穿上了那套呆板、体面的西装去参加面试。
 ADVANCED
■describes an amount or quality that it is large enough or of a good enough standard to be acceptable （数量）足够的；质量不错的；相当好的
• She earns a respectable salary. 她的薪水颇为丰厚。
• The final score was a respectable 2:1. 最后比分是二比一，还不错。
[rɪ'spek.tə.bl] adjective
make yourself respectable humorous
■to put on clothes so that you are in a suitable state to meet someone 穿上衣服；穿戴整齐；能出门见人
• Could you wait a minute while I make myself respectable? 您稍等一下让我穿戴整齐好不好？
respectful, respected, respective, respectable
respectful: 指“充满敬意的”，是主动性的尊重他人。如：The students were very respectful towards the great man.(这些学生对这位伟人十分敬仰。)
respected: 表示受人尊敬的，可用于对年长的人，权威性的意见等。
respective: 表“各自分别的”，修饰名词时，名词一般用复数。如：They went back to their respective houses.(他们回了各自的家。)
respectable: 可尊敬的，值得尊重的。如：His parents were poor but respectable.(他父母虽穷却令人尊敬。)
adj. 值得尊敬的；人格高尚的；相当数量的
 - venerable, honourable

Word: replicate
Front: replicate
[ˈreplɪkeɪt] (托 6621/10373 -1)
Vocabulary: replicate
(once / 4864 pages)
1v 2v
Did you just figure out how to make that excellent pizza you had in Philadelphia? Then what you’ve done is replicate it, meaning you’ve been able to reproduce it.
The word replicate carries different shades of meaning, but it generally involves repeating something. Students of biology will know that the word is often used to indicate that an exact duplicate has been made, such as chromosomes that replicate themselves. It can also be used in an unscientific sense to mean that something has been done again to match or repeat an earlier outcome, such as a political group that works to replicate a successful campaign.
WORD FAMILY
replicate: replicated, replicates, replicating, replication +/ replica: replicas, replicate / replication: replications
USAGE EXAMPLES
Will digital “television” simply replicate the TV we’re used to or become something else entirely?
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That company's engineer, Carl Bosch, then managed to replicate Haber's process on an industrial scale.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“I remember a time when Whoopi Goldberg was the lead actress in Hollywood, and I don’t see that replicated right now,” Spencer said.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 复制，复写; 重复，反复; 折转; [生] 复制
adj. 复制的; 折叠的; [植]折转的
n. 复制品; 八音阶间隔的反覆音
时态：replicated, replicating, replicates
分布：复制(84%)，复制的(7%)，模拟(6%)，折叠(1%)，复制品(1%)，折叠的(1%)
→来自 replicare,重复，复制，来自 re-,再次，-plic,弯，转，词源同 ply,complicate.
复制(re重新+plic+ate→再重叠[一份]→复制)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
verb
transitive formal
■to make or do something again in exactly the same way 使复现；重复；复制
• Researchers tried many times to replicate the original experiment. 研究者们作了很多次努力，试图重复这一实验。
intransitive or transitive specialized
■If organisms and genetic or other structures replicate, they make exact copies of themselves 再造；再生；自我复制
• Chromosomes replicate before cells divide and multiply. 染色体自我复制后，细胞便开始分裂、繁殖。
• [R] Computer viruses replicate themselves and are passed along from user to user. 电脑病毒自我复制并从一个用户的电脑传到另一个用户的电脑上。
vt. 复制；折叠
 - repeat, fold
vi. 重复；折转
 - read back, hammer
adj. 复制的；折叠的
 - scored, reproductive
n. 复制品；八音阶间隔的反覆音
 - reproduction, ectype

Word: technically
Front: technically
[ˈteknɪkli] (5848/5524 -1)
Vocabulary: technically
(once / 1512 pages)
1adv 2adv
Something technically true is actually, really true or correct but it may not be the way people think about it. For example, although people call a tomato a vegetable, technically it’s a fruit.
A birth father may technically be your father — according to a DNA test — but if you've lived with a stepfather your whole life, he’s your dad. Things that are technically true fulfill some exact requirement. Technically, a swing set might be in your neighbor’s yard, but since their kids are grown up, they consider it yours.
WORD FAMILY
technical: nontechnical, technicality, technically, technicals, untechnical+/ technicality: technicalities/untechnical: untechnically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Technically it can’t be 100 percent assured that your data will remain anonymous,” she said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s a more technically difficult procedure, but the surgery was a success.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 技术上; 学术上; 专业上; 严格说来
分布：技术上(63%)，学术上(28%)，严密地(9%)
→来自 technical,技术的，-ly,副词后缀。
adverb
 IMPROVER
■according to an exact understanding of rules, facts, etc. 事实上，严格说来
• Technically, the country's economic problems are over but recovery will be slow. 这个国家的经济问题理论上已经消失了，但经济将会复苏得很慢。
• young people who are technically still children 实际上仍然是孩子的年青人
 IMPROVER
■in a way that relates to the knowledge, machines or methods used in science and industry 在技术上，在技能知识上
• technically advanced weapons 技术先进的武器
■in a way that relates to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity 在工艺技巧上；在专业上
• It was a technically brilliant performance. 从技艺的角度来看，这真是一场精湛的表演。
adv. 技术上；专门地；学术上；工艺上
 - specially, expressly

Word: whoever
Front: whoever
[hu:ˈevə(r)] (研四六 4240/4304 -K2)
Back: pron. （引导名词性从句）谁; 无论谁，任何人; 不管谁…
分布：任何人(44%)，不管谁(29%)，无论是谁(27%)
pron.[引导名词从句]谁;无论谁;究竟是谁Whoever comes is welcome.什么人来都欢迎.
US [-ɚ] pronoun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED
■the person who …的那个人
• Whoever uprooted that tree ought to be ashamed of themselves. 把树连根拔起的那个人应当感到羞耻。
• Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please? 能找负责国际销售的人接电话吗？
UK [hu:'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
ANYONE 任何人
 ADVANCED
■any person who 任何人；无论甚么人
• Can whoever leaves last please lock up? 最后走的人请锁门好吗？
• He says he bought the car from Frank, whoever Frank is (= I do not know who Frank is). 他说自己是从弗兰克那里买的车，不知道这个弗兰克是谁。
UK [hu:'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
SURPRISE 惊讶
■used in questions as a way of expressing surprise （表示惊讶）究竟是谁，到底是谁
• Whoever told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的？
• Whoever could that be phoning at this time? 这个时候打电话来到底是谁呢？

Word: herald
Front: herald
[ˈherəld] (六托宝 12546/7050 -2)
Vocabulary: herald
(once / 381 pages)
nv
A herald is a sign of things to come. A chilly day in October is a herald of the coming winter.
Years ago, a herald was an official who announced important news to the people. This is why many newspapers today have herald in their name. Nowadays, the noun herald refers to an early indicator that something is about to happen. Herald can also be used as a verb meaning "to praise" or "to greet enthusiastically." If you've been away from home for a long time, your family might herald your return, especially if you come bearing gifts.
WORD FAMILY
herald: heralded, heralding, heralds+/heralded: unheralded
USAGE EXAMPLES
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An air siren heralded Booker T.’s entrance.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Less heralded but steady cornerback Anthony Averett forced a fumble.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 使者，先驱，通报者; （旧时的）传令官
v. 传达，通报; 预告，预示…的到来; 欢呼
时态：heralded, heralding, heralds
分布：先驱(74%)，使者(9%)，传令官(8%)，预兆(5%)，标志(2%)，预报(2%)
→her-,军队，词源同harry,harbor,-ald,命令，统率，词源同wield.即军队统率官，指挥官，将军，后引申词义指挥官的使者，传令员，后用于指传达，通报。
【记】her，ald＝old：她已经是老巫婆了－先驱，预兆
【反】unherald（未预告）－proclaim（vt 宣布；声明）
verb transitive formal
■to be a sign that something important, and often good, is starting to happen, or to make something publicly known, especially by celebrating or praising it 预示…的开始；（尤指透过庆祝或赞扬）宣布（常指好事）
• The president's speech heralds a new era in foreign policy. 总统的演说预示着一个外交政策新时代的开始。
• This drug has been heralded as a major breakthrough in the fight against breast cancer. 这种药据称是在对抗乳癌方面的一个重大突破。
['her.əld] noun countable formal
■a sign that something will happen, change, etc 预兆，先兆
• If this first opera of the season is a herald (= sign) of what is to come, we can expect great things. 如果本季这第一部歌剧是个预示，那么我们可以期待接下来的剧目会非常精彩。
■in the past, a person who carried important messages and made announcements （旧时的）传令官
n. 先驱；传令官；报信者
 - precursor, forerunner

Word: shaky
Front: shaky
[ˈʃeɪki] (六 7947/8423 -1)
Vocabulary: shaky
(once / 1556 pages)
adj
Something shaky is trembling — or just feels like it. When we're not confident, we feel shaky.
Being shaky is something that happens to us all. The first day of a job or class can make anyone feel shaky — even the teacher or boss. When you get extremely nervous, your hands might literally shake. That's not fun, but it might help you remember what shaky means. A building in an earthquake and a tree in the wind can also be shaky. One person we hope is not shaky — in either way — is a surgeon.
WORD FAMILY
shaky: shakier, shakiest, shakily, shakiness+/shakable: unshakable/shake: shakable, shakeable, shaken, shaker, shakes, shaking, shaky /shakeable: shakeably/shaken: shakenly, unshaken/shaking: shakings/unshakable: unshakably/unshaken: unshakenly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Against Washington, he looked shaky at times, completing seven of 14 passes for only 57 yards.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Peace efforts in Syria must still survive the many potential pitfalls of the shaky alliance between Russia and Turkey.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Soon after the birth, he says, “these babies become shaky and you can’t calm them down.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. （地位，信用等）动摇的; （因病、体弱等）摇晃的; 虚弱的; 不可靠的
级别：shakier, shakiest
分布：摇晃的(53%)，不稳固的(47%)
→来自 shake,摇动，摇晃，-y,形容词后缀。
adjective
MOVEMENT 活动
■moving with quick, short movements from side to side, not in a controlled way 摇晃的，发抖的，颤抖的
• Soon after it was born, the calf got up and tried to stand on its shaky legs. 小牛出生不久，就起身摇摇晃晃地想站住了。
• The child wrote her name in large shaky letters. 那个孩子用歪歪扭扭的大字写下了她自己的名字。
• She's recovering well from her operation, but she's still a little shaky on her feet. 手术后她恢复得很好，但走路时仍有些不稳。
['ʃeɪ.ki] adjective
UPSET 使烦恼
■upset 心烦的，苦恼的
• The news left me feeling a little shaky. 这个消息使我有些心烦。
['ʃeɪ.ki] adjective
WEAK 弱
■not firm or strong 不稳定的；不坚固的；不结实的
• The building's foundations are rather shaky, and it could collapse at any time. 这栋建筑的地基很不稳固，随时可能会倒塌。
• The government is taking these steps to try to improve the country's shaky economy. 政府正在采取这些措施，试图改善该国经济不稳定的局面。
• Their marriage looks pretty shaky to me. 在我看来，他们的婚姻关系岌岌可危。
• I think you're on very shaky ground with that argument. 我觉得你那个论点相当站不住脚。
adj. 摇晃的；不可靠的；不坚定的
 - ramshackle, rickety

Word: underwrite
Front: underwrite
[ˌʌndəˈraɪt] (雅宝 12615/19998 -2)
Vocabulary: underwrite
(once / 2427 pages)
v
To underwrite is to insure or promise to be financially responsible in case of loss or damage. An insurance agent can underwrite your renter's insurance policy, which protects you if there's a fire or robbery, for example.
Insurance companies can underwrite, estimating the value of a life or property, and so can large banks — when a bank underwrites a loan, it means they carefully check the borrower's credit history. The word underwrite comes from the Old English underwritan, "write at the foot of," and originally is exactly what underwriters did, signing their names at the bottom of an assessment of risk, promising to pay in case of disaster in exchange for a set amount of money.
WORD FAMILY
underwrite: underwriter, underwrites, underwriting, underwritten, underwrote+/overwrite: overwrites, overwriting, overwritten, overwrote/ rewrite: rewriter, rewrites, rewriting, rewritten, rewrote/rewriter: rewriters/rewriting: rewritings/underwriter: underwriters/ write: overwrite, rewrite, underwrite, writer, writes, writing, written, wrote/writer: writers/ writing: writings/written: unwritten
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bill benefits helped underwrite his college studies, and his brother was on active duty.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Were IndyMac executives powerless to offer anything but poorly underwritten mortgages?
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Weak underwriting practices were a red flag in the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis, when the banking system became awash in junk mortgages.
Reuters(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 签名承认（担保），签名接受（保险）; 给…保险; 认购; 在…下面写
vi. 经营保险业
时态：underwrote, underwritten, underwriting, underwrites
分布：承保(74%)，写在……下面(13%)，给……保险(13%)
→under-, 在下面，write, 写，签字，即在下面签字。引申词义承购，承保。
在…下面写(under+write写)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
【记】under下，write写：在保单的下面签名－为…保险
【参】undeserved（adj 不应得的；冤枉的）；undeserving（adj 不值得）
[ˌʌn.də'raɪt] ['---] (underwrote, underwritten)
verb transitive
■If a bank or other organization underwrites an activity, it gives it financial support and takes responsibility for paying any costs if it fails. （银行或其他机构）为…提供财力支援并承担经济责任
specialized
■If a company underwrites an insurance policy , someone's property, etc., they have an agreement to pay out money in cases of damage or loss. 为…承担保险责任，为…承保

Word: integrity
Front: integrity
[ɪnˈtegrəti] (研六托雅宝 3464/4364 -2)
Vocabulary: integrity
(once / 558 pages)
n
Integrity is a personal quality of fairness that we all aspire to — unless you're a dishonest, immoral scoundrel, of course.
Having integrity means doing the right thing in a reliable way. It's a personality trait that we admire, since it means a person has a moral compass that doesn't waver. It literally means having "wholeness" of character, just as an integer is a "whole number" with no fractions. Physical objects can display integrity, too — if you're going over a rickety old bridge that sways in the wind, you might question its structural integrity.
WORD FAMILY
integrity: integrities
USAGE EXAMPLES
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Wexler can’t understand how a century’s worth of concern over the potential impact of gambling on the “integrity” of pro sports is seemingly being forgotten.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They are the weak spots that threaten the structural integrity of Trump’s political project and the fortunes of the Republican Party itself.
Slate(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 正直，诚实; 完整; [计算机]保存; 健全
分布：完整(58%)，正直(27%)，诚实(12%)，完善(3%)
→来自integral,整体的。后引申诸多形容人的美好品行的褒义词义。
完整,完全(integr+ity)[inter=whole,表示"完整"]
n.正直,诚实;完整,完全Roman walls may still be seen but not in their integrity.古罗马城墙尚可见到, 但已不完整.
【反】incompleteness（n 不完全）；taint（v 感染；n 污点）
US [-tˌi] noun uncountable
HONESTY 诚实
 ADVANCED approving
■the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change 正直；诚实
• No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity. 没有人怀疑会长是个光明磊落的人。
sb's artistic/professional, etc. integrity approving
■someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job and their determination not to lower those standards （某人的）艺德／职业操守等
• Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood offers. 他十分重视保持自己的艺德，几次拒绝了好莱坞报酬丰厚的演出邀请。
UK [ɪn'teg.rə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun uncountable
WHOLE 完整 formal
■the quality of being whole and complete 完整
• A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity. 在古老建筑物上附加扩建的现代建筑会破坏建筑风格的完整统一。
honesty, justice, integrity
这组词都有“诚实，正直”的意思，其区别是：
honesty: 普通用词，侧重为人忠厚，老实，正直，不欺骗，不说谎。
justice: 侧重办事或处事公正、公道不偏心。
integrity: 指品格纯正，有高度是非感，正直诚实，受人敬佩。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
n. [数] 完整；正直；诚实；廉正
 - truth, honesty, full, righteousness, completeness

Word: basket
Front: basket
[ˈbɑ:skɪt] (中高 3255/3828 -2)
Vocabulary: basket
(once / 198 pages)
1n 2n
A basket is a container made of woven straw or other material. You might keep your dirty clothes in a plastic laundry basket.
There are many different types of baskets, from the shopping basket you carry in a grocery store to the basket you aim for when you throw a basketball. There are figurative baskets, too, like the basket you add items to when you're shopping online. What's known about the origin of basket is that it comes from the Anglo-French bascat — beyond that, it's a mystery.
WORD FAMILY
basket: basketeer, basketful, baskets+/basketeer: basketeers/basketful: basketfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Laundry baskets” of letters arrived for him daily, Leah said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The game featured 20 lead changes and eight ties, until Hayward tipped in a missed basket to put Utah ahead for good.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the Raiders clamped down on defense and allowed two baskets over the ensuing five minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 篮; 一篮; （篮球运动的）篮; 投篮得分
v. 把…装入篮内; 把…丢入字纸篓里
分布：篮(80%)，筐(10%)，篓(9%)，投篮得分(1%)
→来自词根fasc, 编织，捆，词源同basin , fascism.
n.筐,篮,篓The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL
■a light container, often with a handle, which is made of thin strips of wood, metal or plastic woven together and is used for carrying or storing things 篮；笼；篓，筐
• a shopping/picnic basket 购物／野餐篮
• a wicker basket 柳条筐
• a laundry/clothes basket 洗衣篮
■* the contents of a basket
• We picked lots of strawberries, but we'd eaten half the basket by the time we got home. 我们摘了很的草莓，但在到家时已经吃掉了半筐。
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
INTERNET 购物篮（网路）
■a place on a website where you collect things you plan to buy from the site 指网上购物时将欲购物品集中的地方
• There are 4 items in your basket. 你的线上购物篮中有四件商品。
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
BASKETBALL 篮球
■In the game of basketball, a basket is an open net hanging from a metal ring through which the players try to throw the ball to score points for their team, or the successful throwing of the ball through the ring. （篮球运动中的）篮；投篮得分
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
GROUP 组
■a group of related things 一组相关物
• the value of the pound against a basket of world currencies 英镑对世界上其他货币的汇率

Word: evolutionary
Front: evolutionary
[ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃənri] (六托 5393/5490 -1)
Vocabulary: evolutionary
(once / 3076 pages)
adj
Evolutionary things have to do with how animals (or other things) change over time — this process of change is called evolution.
Scientists that study living things are interested in evolutionary changes in form or behavior. It's not always easy to put the evolutionary pieces together, and scientists often have to rely on fossils to tell the whole story of evolution. Usually, evolutionary changes happen because they help the organism survive and reproduce. Many evolutionary questions are non-physical: How did the domestication of dogs change the behavior of canines from an evolutionary standpoint? When you see the word evolutionary, think "change."
WORD FAMILY
evolutionary: evolutionarily+/ evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists/ evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving
USAGE EXAMPLES
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
If you look from an evolutionary perspective, you might see us a little more sympathetically.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
"Wow," adds Larry Stevens, an evolutionary ecologist at the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff.
Science Magazine(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 进化的
分布：进化的(81%)，发展的(14%)，演变的(5%)
US [-er-] adjective
■relating to the way in which living things develop over millions of years 进化的
■involving a gradual process of change and development 演变的；逐步发展的
• The change has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 这种变革是渐进的，而不是革命性的。
adj. 进化的；发展的；渐进的
 - growing, developmental, changing

Word: crystal
Front: crystal
[ˈkrɪstl] (研四六托雅 3574/3419 -3)
Vocabulary: crystal
(once / 320 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Various solid substances that glitter because their surfaces are made up of planes that catch the light are called crystals. If you leave your ice cream in the freezer too long, you may find a coating of ice crystals on top.
Some people think that certain natural crystals — quartz, for instance — have mystical properties and if you wear them or hold them, they cure whatever’s wrong with you. Crystal is also the word for transparent glass made of silica, and it's also a name for fine glassware — the kind that reverberates with a nice ping when you flick your fingernail against it. Another kind of crystal is the glass cover that protects the face of your watch.
WORD FAMILY
crystal: crystalise, crystalize, crystallise, crystallize, crystals+/crystalise: crystalised, crystalises/crystalize: crystalized, crystalizes, crystalizing/crystallisation: crystallisations/crystallise: crystallisation, crystallised, crystallises, crystallising/crystallised: uncrystallised/crystallization: crystallizations/crystallize: crystallization, crystallized, crystallizes, crystallizing/crystallized: uncrystallized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Crystal Palace goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey: There seem to be a lot of wonder goals recently.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Olivier Giroud's incredible scorpion kick set Arsenal on the way to victory over Crystal Palace.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Mauricio Pochettino’s side moved into third place ahead of Manchester City and Arsenal, which was hosting Crystal Palace later Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 结晶（体）; 晶体; 水晶; 水晶饰品
adj. 水晶的; 水晶般的; 透明的; 清楚的
分布：水晶(80%)，晶体的(12%)，透明的(5%)，结晶体(2%)，表蒙子(1%)
→来自cryst-,冷，冷冻，词源同crust.
n.水晶,水晶饰品;结晶a.水晶的,透明的The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
noun
GLASS 玻璃
 ADVANCED uncountable
■transparent glass of very high quality, usually with its surface cut into delicate patterns 水晶玻璃
• a crystal vase 水晶玻璃花瓶
countable US
■a transparent glass or plastic cover for a watch or clock （手表或钟表的）玻璃（或塑胶）盖片
['krɪs.təl] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable specialized
■a piece of a substance which has become solid, with a regular shape 结晶体
• When sea water is allowed to evaporate, salt crystals are deposited. 海水蒸发后，盐的结晶体就沉淀下来。
• Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals. 卷云是由冰的结晶体构成的。
['krɪs.təl] noun
ROCK 岩石
countable or uncountable
■clear transparent rock which is used in jewellery, or a piece of this 水晶；水晶饰品
• a pair of crystal earrings 一对水晶耳环
['krɪs.təl] noun
crystal clear
■extremely clear 清澈透明的
• crystal clear water 清澈的水
■very easy to understand 清楚明了的；明白无误的；显而易见的
• The evidence is now crystal clear. 现在证据很清楚了。
• She made it crystal clear that she was in charge. 她明确表明由她负责。
n. [晶体] 结晶，晶体； [矿物] 水晶；水晶饰品
 - Irish diamond
adj. [矿物] 水晶的；透明的，清澈的
 - transparent, liquid, clear

Word: compile
Front: compile
[kəmˈpaɪl] (研四六托雅宝 5289/4566 -2)
Vocabulary: compile
(once / 545 pages)
1v 2v
When you compile something, like a recipe-book or a mix-tape, you put it together using things that already exist (recipes, songs).
Poetry anthologies, greatest-hits albums, and world-record books are all compilations, because they're made up of things that were originally published or released somewhere else. If you want to skip out on soccer practice one day, you might compile of list of excuses.
WORD FAMILY
compile: compilation, compiled, compiler, compiles, compiling+/ compilation: compilations/compiler: compilers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Choose your own from a shortlist compiled by BBC Sport journalists.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
They wrote about 10 veterans, collected photos and compiled them into a calendar they are selling for $15.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Edwards compiled a record of 257 victories, 101 losses and 3 ties.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 汇编; 编辑; 编制; 编译
时态：compiled, compiling, compiles
分布：编译(85%)，编制(12%)，编纂(3%)
→com-, 强调。-pil，堆积，词源同pile, pellet.
vt.编辑,编制,搜集Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
【记】com共同，pile堆－堆到一起－汇编
verb transitive
GATHER TOGETHER 汇集
 ADVANCED
■to collect information from different places and arrange it in a book, report or list 汇编；编纂；编辑；编制
• We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject. 我们正在为一部有关这个主题的纪录片汇集资料。
[kəm'paɪl] verb transitive
CHANGE INSTRUCTIONS 改变指令 specialized
■to change a computer program into a machine language 编译（电脑程式）
compile, edit
这组词都有“编辑”的意思，其区别是：
compile: 通常指根据搜集、整理的资料编辑词典或汇编文集。
edit: 普通用词，含义广泛。指校订、编辑他人待出版的著作，也指对杂志、报刊的稿件进行编辑、编排加工。
vt. 编译；编制；编辑； [图情] 汇编
 - to edit, copy-edit

Word: advisory
Front: advisory
[ədˈvaɪzəri] (5108/4233 -2)
Vocabulary: advisory
(once / 1591 pages)
nadj
An advisory is an announcement that often gives a warning, like a weather advisory about a blizzard. An advisory job involves giving advice.
People like to give advice: friends, family, writers, and TV personalities are constantly giving tips about saving money, losing weight, and finding love. An advisory is a type of advice that is specific and usually important, like an announcement of bad weather or a terrorist threat. Advisories are often issued by the government as warnings. Also, someone whose job is to give advice has an advisory position.
WORD FAMILY
advisory: advisories+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/ advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ adviser: advisers/ advisor: advisors/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Anchorage Office of Emergency Management says the advisory will be in effect until 6 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We got together a community advisory group and asked them, ‘What do these objects mean to you today?’” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The issue was the topic of a December meeting organized by Timothy Jones of the Advisory Neighborhood Commission, where residents complained to Metro officials.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 劝告的，忠告的; 提供咨询的; 顾问的
n. 报告; 公告
分布：报告(35%)，顾问的(25%)，咨询的(22%)，劝告的(18%)
劝告的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
劝告的(advise忠告)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
US [-zɚ-] adjective
■giving advice
• She is employed by the president in an advisory capacity. 她被总裁聘为顾问。
UK [əd'vaɪ.zər.i] US [-zɚ-] noun countable usually plural US
■an official announcement that contains advice, information or a warning 报告；公告；警告
• weather/travel advisories 天气报告／旅游公告
• Television companies sometimes broadcast advisories before violent movies. 电视台在播放有暴力内容的电影前，有时会先作警示。
adj. 咨询的；顾问的；劝告的
 - consulting, directory
n. 报告；公告
 - report, announcement, declaration

Word: grace
Vocabulary: grace
(once / 45 pages)
1nv 2n
Grace commonly refers to a smooth and pleasing way of moving, or a polite and thoughtful way of behaving. But when someone says they were late to the airport and only made it onto their plane by the grace of God, they're talking about grace in the context of God's favor.
When used in the plural, the social graces are the skills needed for being polite. If you are "in someone's good graces," they regard you with favor. In Middle English, the word grace originally meant "God's favor or help," a sense that we still use today. The related word gracious originally meant "filled with God's favor or help." Grace was borrowed from Old French, from Latin gratia "pleasing quality, favor, thanks," from gratus "pleasing."
WORD FAMILY
grace: disgrace, graced, graceful, graceless, graces, gracing, gracious +/ disgrace: disgraced, disgraceful, disgraces, disgracing/disgraceful: disgracefulest, disgracefully, disgracefulness/ graceful: gracefuler, gracefulest, gracefully, gracefulness, ungraceful/gracefulness: gracefulnesses/ graceless: gracelessly, gracelessness/gracelessness: gracelessnesses/ gracious: graciousest, graciously, graciousness, ungracious/graciousness: graciousnesses/ungraceful: ungracefully, ungracefulness/ungracious: ungraciously, ungraciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is, government should provide, as an act of grace — systematic grace — a role for parents in raising their children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Long-range shots weren’t necessary; they were graced with layups and open looks inside 10 feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: hatred
Front: hatred
[ˈheɪtrɪd] (研四六托 5252/5352 -K2)
Vocabulary: hatred
(once / 235 pages)
n
The noun hatred means to feel a strong emotional dislike toward something or someone. You feel hatred of people who have done terrible things to you, or books about too-perfect teens.
Hatred comes from Old English hete, which means "hate," plus the suffix red (ræden), which means "the condition of." If you find after twenty years of marriage you no longer like your husband, you may be able to work it out. If you feel hatred towards him, your differences may be irreconcilable.
WORD FAMILY
hatred: hatreds, self-hatred
USAGE EXAMPLES
To put it another way, confronted by widespread hatred for “post-democracy”, they doubled-down on the “post’ bit rather than the “democracy” aspect.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
All people with grievances and hatred in their hearts will channel them into strongly worded notes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
So “populism” is now overwhelmingly used as a euphemism for a style of politics that plays on xenophobia and hatred of expertise.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 仇恨，憎恶; 敌意
分布：仇恨(68%)，憎恨(22%)，敌意(5%)，怨恨(5%)
→hate,厌恶，-red,名词后缀，来自rei,考虑，思考，词源同read,reason,kindred.
n.憎恨,憎恶,怨恨I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
【记】hate（v /n 憎恨）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an extremely strong feeling of dislike 憎恨，憎恶
• What is very clear in these letters is Clark's passionate hatred of his father. 这些信非常清楚地表明了克拉克对他父亲的深切痛恨。
• The motive for this shocking attack seems to be racial hatred. 看起来这件令人震惊的攻击事件的动机像是种族仇恨。
n. 憎恨；怨恨；敌意
 - hate, despite, spite

Word: chat
Front: chat
[tʃæt] (高研托雅 5055/4730 -K3)
Vocabulary: chat
(once / 326 pages)
1vn 2n
When you chat, you have a brief, casual conversation. You might chat with your mail carrier when she delivers a package to your door.
If you're in a talkative mood, you can chat with your roommate, the bus driver, your boss, and a drugstore cashier all before lunchtime. The conversation that happens when you chat is also called a chat: "Let's sit down and have a chat sometime this week." The earliest meaning of chat was "frivolous talk," which now is more likely to be called chatter or chitchat.
WORD FAMILY
chat: chats, chatted, chatting, chatty+/chatty: chattier, chattiest, chattily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Above the noise, a man I’ll call Ivan, a new friend, began chatting with me about something he was working on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
During a hospitalization in 1954, he often chatted to Ezra Pound, who was a friend—but not actually there.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 聊天; 闲谈; 参加网络闲聊
n. （尤指非正式的）谈话; 鸣禽; [植] 柔荑花序（如柳絮）
vt. 与…攀谈; 与…搭讪（或调情）
时态：chatted, chatting, chats
分布：聊天(91%)，闲谈(8%)，谈天(1%)
→拟声词。
v./n.闲谈,聊天We chatted happily in the lobby.我们在休息室愉快地聊天.
verb intransitive (-tt-)
 IMPROVER
■to talk to someone in a friendly informal way 闲谈，聊天，闲聊
• She spends hours on the phone chatting to her friends. 她会花上几个小时跟朋友电话聊天。
• We were just chatting about what we did last weekend. 我们正在聊上个周末做了些甚么。
• Whenever I walk in, I always find the two of them chatting away (= talking eagerly). 每次我走进去都会发现他俩正聊得起劲。
■to take part in a discussion with someone on the Internet （在网际网路上）聊天
[tʃæt] verb intransitive (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chat sb up UK informal
■to talk to someone in a way that shows them that you are sexually attracted to them 与（某人）搭讪；与（某人）调情
• He spent all evening chatting her up and buying her drinks. 他整个晚上都在跟她调情，给她买酒。
[tʃæt] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a friendly, informal conversation 闲谈，聊天，闲侃
• Why don't you give me a call and we'll have a chat? 为甚么你不给我打个电话，我们好好聊一聊呢？
• I had a chat with my boss today about a possible salary increase. 今天我和老板随便聊了一下可能涨工资的事。
• It was the usual idle chat (= conversation about unimportant things). 那不过是普通的闲聊。
⇒ See also chit-chat
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
vi. 聊天；闲谈
 - visit with, chew the fat
n. 聊天；闲谈
 - chinwag, chit-chat

Word: hurdle
Front: hurdle
[ˈhɜ:dl] (托宝 6611/6627 -2)
Vocabulary: hurdle
(once / 1596 pages)
nv
A hurdle is a barrier or other obstacle that a runner has to jump over during a race. If you trip on a hurdle, you probably won't win the race.
When they're doing certain types of races, both human and horse athletes have to leap across hurdles (sometimes other animals do this too, like dogs and even rabbits). To do this is also to hurdle. There are physical hurdles, and then there are their figurative counterparts — those difficulties or hurdles that prevent you from progressing in your life.
WORD FAMILY
hurdle: hurdled, hurdler, hurdles, hurdling+/hurdler: hurdlers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But there are still a lot of hoops to jump through, a lot of hurdles to get over.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The hurdles for Ms. White are just as high.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Nearly every introductory highlight included his hurdle of a Syracuse defender as he reached the end zone.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 障碍，困难; 跳栏; 障碍赛跑; [史]囚笼，囚车
vi. 克服困难; 越过障碍; 参加跨栏赛跑
vt. 跳过障碍; 跳栏; 用疏篱围住; 克服困难
时态：hurdled, hurdling, hurdles
分布：障碍(98%)，跨越某物(1%)，栏干(1%)
→来自古英语hyrd,门，篱笆门，来自Proto-Germanic*hurdiz,柳条筐，篱笆门，来自kert,弯，转，编织，词源同crate,grate.后引申词义栏杆以及跨栏运动。
【记】源于hurl（vt 用力投掷）－人被投掷过跨栏－跳过障碍
US ['hɝ:-] noun
FENCE 栅栏
countable
■a frame or fence for jumping over in a race （跨栏比赛中的）栏架
• He fell at the last hurdle. 他在最后一个跨栏处摔倒。
• She cleared (= jumped over) all the hurdles easily and raced to the finishing line. 她轻松地跨过所有栏架到达终点。
hurdles [plural]
■a race in which people or horses jump over hurdles 跨栏比赛
• the 400-metres hurdles 400米跨栏比赛
UK ['hɜ:.dl] US ['hɝ:-] noun
PROBLEM 问题
■a problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress 障碍；难题
• Getting a work permit was the first hurdle to overcome. 取得工作许可证是要解决的第一个难题。
• The cost of this exercise is proving a major hurdle. 这种运动的花费将是一大难题。
UK ['hɜ:.dl] US ['hɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to run in a race in which there are hurdles to be jumped over, or to jump over something while running 参加跨栏比赛；跨过
• He hurdled the gate and scrambled up the hill. 他翻过围墙门爬上山坡。
n. 障碍；栏；跳栏
 - obstacle, let, bar, dam, stop
vt. 克服
 - overcome, surmount
vi. 克服；跳过
 - overcome, rise above

Word: input
Front: input
[ˈɪnpʊt] (研四六 4120/2275 -2)
Vocabulary: input
(once / 4431 pages)
1nv 2n
Input is that which is, well, put in—whether literally, as in "the input from the guitar to the speaker," or more conceptually, as in "the group leader wanted everybody's input."
The verb input, in the computer sense, didn't exist much before the late 1940's when it became common among computer professionals, who input data into their machines. Why they weren't satisfied just to "put in" the data, we may never know. Before that, the noun input was an economic term meaning anything that went into production: the grain was just one input among several required for the production of cereal. But often, these days, input means a contribution of some kind, usually a thought. You'll thank me for my input later.
WORD FAMILY
input: inputs, inputted, inputting
USAGE EXAMPLES
They mailed 360 letters to residents, explained the plans and asked for input.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“During that time, no-till fields may require higher inputs and/or produce lower yields compared to conventional practices.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The real goal is to shield land-use decisions from public input.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 输入，投入; 输入电路; <电>输入端; 输入的数据
vt. 把…输入电脑; [自][电子] 输入; 输入，给料
时态：input, inputting, inputs
分布：输入(88%)，投入(6%)，输入数据(3%)，输入信息(2%)，信息输入端(1%)
→in-,进入，使，put,放置。
n./v.输入One, or a sequence of, input states.一个或一序列的输入状态.
noun
countable or uncountable
■something such as energy, money or information that is put into a system, organization or machine so that it can operate （能源、资金或资讯的）投入，输入
• I didn't have much input into the project (= The help I gave or work I did on it was small). 该专案计划我参与不多。
• The power input will come largely from hydroelectricity. 电力输入主要来自水力发电。
countable specialized
■the part that carries information to a machine, or the place where this is connected 讯息输入端
• The inputs for the CD-ROM are at the back of the computer. 光碟唯读记忆体的输入端在电脑的背后。
• an input device 输入装置
['ɪn.pʊt] verb transitive (inputting, inputted or input, inputted or input)
■to put information into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment （将资讯）输入；录入（电脑或其他电子设备）
• I've spent the morning inputting data into the computer. 我花了一个上午将资料输入电脑。
n. 投入；输入电路
 - investment, introjection
vt. [计] [自] [电子] 输入；将…输入电脑
 - type in, carry in

Word: eligible
Front: eligible
[ˈelɪdʒəbl] (研六托雅宝 4608/4794 -2)
Vocabulary: eligible
(once / 707 pages)
adj
If you get good grades, volunteer at the hospital, play varsity sports, and write for your school paper, you might be eligible for a college scholarship.
If you’re eligible for something, you’re either qualified for it or allowed to do it. You’re eligible for unemployment benefits if you’ve recently been laid off, but not if you've never had a job in the first place. You may not be eligible to enter a sweepstakes if you work for the company giving away the money. Neither your dog nor your friend from Australia is eligible to run for president of the United States, but you might be!
WORD FAMILY
eligible: eligibility, eligibly, ineligible +/ eligibility: eligibilities/ineligibility: ineligibilities/ ineligible: ineligibility
USAGE EXAMPLES
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any city where schools are struggling would be eligible to volunteer.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Jaschke said he’s hopeful the federal government will agree farm land where buffers are required will be eligible for the Conservation Reserve Program.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 合适的; 在（法律上或道德上）合格的; 有资格当选的; 称心如意的
n. 合格者; 合适者; 称心如意的人; 合乎条件的人（或东西）
分布：合适的(66%)，有资格的(34%)
→e-, 向外。-lig, 选出，词源同college, elect.
合格的,有资格的(e出+lig+ibe→选出来的→合格的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
合格的(e出+lig选择+ible...挑选出来的...合格的)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.符合条件的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的Are you eligible to join this club?你有资格加入这俱乐部吗?
【记】e出，lig，ible能一能够选出来的一合格的
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions 具备条件的；有资格的；合格的
• Are you eligible for early retirement/maternity leave? 你符合提前退休／休产假的条件吗？
• You might be eligible for a grant. 你或许有资格得到奖学金。
• Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. 只有18岁以上的人才有资格投票。
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who is not married and is thought to be a suitable future marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive （作为结婚对象）理想的，合适的
• I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance. 在认识的人当中我能想到有几位条件不错的单身汉。
illegible, eligible
illegible: a.很难看懂的，难以辨认的。
 • The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.   字迹不清楚，我看不清上面写的是什么。
eligible: a.享有权利的，具备资格的。
 • He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is eligible to enroll in the state college.   他以优异的成绩从中学毕业，所以他有资格就读于州立大学。
adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的
 - qualified, applicable, becoming, shaped, likely
n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者
 - acceptee

Word: devaluation
Front: devaluation
[ˌdi:ˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn] (15223/8273)
Back: n. （货币）贬值
分布：货币贬值(100%)
贬值(devaluate+ion)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
VERB
降低…的价值;贬低
To devalue something means to cause it to be thought less impressive or less deserving of respect.
例：They spread tales about her in an attempt to devalue her work...他们散布一些有关她的流言，企图贬低她的工作。
例：Wabel's victory was in no way devalued by the absence of series leader Tom Fisher.瓦贝尔的胜利绝没有因系列赛领先者汤姆·费希尔的缺阵而失色。
VERB
使(货币)贬值
To devalue the currency of a country means to reduce its value in relation to other currencies.
例：India has devalued the Rupee by about eleven per cent...印度已将卢比贬值了约 11%。
例：The Pound would be devalued, we were told...我们被告知英镑将会贬值。
n. 货币贬值
 - currency depreciation

Word: vacuum
Front: vacuum
[ˈvækjuəm] (研四六托雅 4930/5526 -2)
Vocabulary: vacuum
(once / 1371 pages)
nv
A vacuum is essentially a great lack of something — a place where virtually all matter, even air, has been removed. It can describe something that's literally empty — or something that just seems that way, like a political vacuum.
You probably have a vacuum at home. A humble household appliance named after a principle of physics, the vacuum is a device for sucking up dirt off the ground. It works by creating a vacuum — that is, it sucks all the air out of a particular place so that the surrounding atmospheric pressure will flood in, taking with it all the nacho chips, dog hair, toast crumbs, and whatever else you have lying around your house.
WORD FAMILY
vacuum: vacua, vacuumed, vacuuming, vacuums
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another is Unibot, a robotic vacuum cleaner that trebles up as a mobile home security camera and an air purifier/humidifier.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“ISIL thrived in a vacuum in Iraq and it pointed to a similar vacuum in Afghanistan,” Mr. Rhodes said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A contractor used vacuum trucks to begin cleaning the creek.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 真空; 空白; 空虚; 清洁
v. 用真空吸尘器清扫
时态：vacuumed, vacuuming, vacuums
分布：真空(85%)，真空吸尘器(12%)，空白(2%)，用吸尘器打扫(1%)
→词源同vacant,空着的，用于指真空。
空虚;真空(vac+uum表名词)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
n.真空,真空吸尘器A vacuum flask keeps cool drinks cool and hot drinks hot.保温瓶使冷饮保冷,使热饮保温.
【记】vac空，uum：真空
noun
CLEANER
countable (also vacuum cleaner) (informal vac) (UK also trademark Hoover)
■a machine which cleans floors and other surfaces by sucking up dust and dirt 真空吸尘器
['væk.ju:m] noun
EMPTY SPACE 空间
countable or uncountable
■a space from which most or all of the air, gas or other material has been removed or is not present 真空
only singular
■a lack of something 缺乏，空白
• The withdrawal of troops from the area has created a security vacuum which will need to be filled. 部队撤军之后，那个地区出现了一个有待填补的安全性漏洞。
in a vacuum
■kept separate from other people and activities 似在真空中；与世隔绝
• No artist works in a vacuum - we are all of us influenced by others. 没有哪个艺术工作者可以脱离现实——我们都受到他人的影响。
['væk.ju:m] verb intransitive or transitive (UK also hoover)
■to use a vacuum cleaner to collect dust, dirt, etc 用吸尘器清扫
• Vacuum (up) the cake crumbs, would you? 请用吸尘器把蛋糕屑清理掉，好吗？
n. [真空] 真空；空间；真空吸尘器
 - room, gamma space

Word: humiliate
Front: humiliate
[hju:ˈmɪlieɪt] (研托雅宝 9338/9886 -1)
Vocabulary: humiliate
(once / 332 pages)
v
Humiliate means to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, often publicly. It would humiliate all but the most self-assured person to realize that everyone else in the room has noticed their fly is down.
For many, the experience of high school seems designed to humiliate teens––under the microscope of public scrutiny that is the high school community, every break up, every bad-hair day, every forgotten homework assignment humiliates kids in ways adults rarely understand.
WORD FAMILY
humiliate: humiliated, humiliates, humiliating, humiliation +/ humiliating: humiliatingly/ humiliation: humiliations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Buying clothes with a 68 waist was humiliating.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Under the new guidelines, Syed said he worried he might again be suspended and humiliated.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Finally America allowed itself to be humiliated by Russia in Syria.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使蒙羞，使丢脸，使出丑; 屈辱，羞辱
时态：humiliated, humiliating, humiliates
分布：使丢脸(84%)，使 ... 蒙羞(16%)
→来自拉丁语humilis,尘土一样的，卑微的，来自humus,土，尘土，词源同humus,-ate,使。即使像尘土一样卑微的，引申词义羞辱。
羞辱,侮辱(hum+iliate使...使人到地上→羞辱别人)[hum=earth,表示"土,地"]
v.使羞辱,使丢脸[同]disgraceHe felt humiliated.他感觉受到屈辱.
verb transitive
■to make someone feel ashamed or lose their respect for themselves 羞辱；使丢脸
• How could you humiliate me by questioning my judgment in front of everyone like that? 你怎么能那样当众质疑我的判断，令我丢脸？
• England were humiliated (= completely defeated) in last night's match. 昨晚的比赛中英格兰队遭遇惨败。
shame, disgrace, humiliate, dishonour
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 指由不光彩或不道德的行为引起的惭愧感或羞耻感。
disgrace: 侧重在别人，尤其在众人面前丢脸。
humiliate: 强调受辱者自尊心的损坏。
dishonour: 有时可与disgrace换用，但前者是指因失去荣誉所致。
degrade, humble, disgrace, humiliate
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
degrade: 指因过失而受到降级、阶格；也多指因自身的境遇而感到耻辱。
humble: 常可和degrade换用，强调降级所带来的耻辱；也多指自卑和感到渺小无能的心理状态。
disgrace: 指降低某人在他人心目中的地位，使其丢脸。
humiliate: 指损伤或剥夺自尊感，损坏自尊心，强调蒙受耻辱。
vt. 羞辱；使…丢脸；耻辱
 - make a chump out of

Word: implementation
Front: implementation
[ˌɪmplɪmen'teɪʃn] (3530/2734)
Vocabulary: implementation
(once / 4396 pages)
n
Implementation refers to the carrying out a plan, like your school's implementation of the new dress code that will start in August — for now, you can keep wearing your jeans.
Implementation is the noun form of the verb implement, or "to carry out or accomplish," and you’ll often see it used in reference to a government plan or act. Use this word to describe the process of turning formal plans — often very detailed conceptual plans that will affect many — into reality. For example, the implementation of new parking fees means everyone has to put more money in the parking meters.
WORD FAMILY
implementation: implementations+/ implement: implemental, implementation, implemented, implementing, implements
USAGE EXAMPLES
In February last year, they introduced the idea to local businesses to gauge interest before implementation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One senior administration official described that money, which hasn’t previously been reported, as a bridge to the deal’s full implementation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
I want to separate the moral conversations from the implementation of the data model that formalizes those decisions.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 成就; 贯彻; implement的变形; 安装启用
分布：落实(40%)，装置(30%)，履行(30%)
VERB
履行;实施
If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what has been planned is done.
例：The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loan institutions...政府许诺实施新的制度来控制金融贷款机构。
例：The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that the recommendations are properly implemented.报告规定了严格的检查程序，以确保建议得到切实执行。
N-COUNT
工具;器具;用具
An implement is a tool or other piece of equipment.
例：...knives and other useful implements.刀子和其他有用工具
例：...writing implements.书写用具
n. [计] 实现；履行；安装启用
 - realization, completion, fulfillment

Word: vegetable
Front: vegetable
[ˈvedʒtəbl] (中高托雅 1934/2818 -K3)
Back: n. 蔬菜; 植物人
adj. 蔬菜的; 植物的
分布：蔬菜(63%)，植物(27%)，植物人(5%)，蔬菜的(4%)，植物的(1%)
→来自weg,有活力的，有生命的，词源同wake,vigilance,引申词义植物，蔬菜，俚语义植物人。
n.蔬菜,植物a.植物的,蔬菜的You had better eat more fruit and vegetables.你最好多吃些水果和蔬菜.
noun
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL countable (US informal veggie)
■a plant, root, seed, or pod that is used as food, especially in savoury dishes 蔬菜
• fresh/frozen vegetables 新鲜／冷冻蔬菜
• vegetable soup/stew/curry 蔬菜汤／炖菜／咖喱什菜
• fruit and vegetables 水果和蔬菜
• The potato is the most popular vegetable in Britain. 在英国，马铃薯是最受欢迎的蔬菜。
• In the winter we tend to eat more root vegetables, such as carrots and parsnips. 冬天我们往往会吃更多根茎蔬菜，比如胡萝卜和欧洲萝卜。
• Raw vegetables contain more potassium than cooked ones. 生的蔬菜中所含的钾元素比煮熟后的要多。
• a vegetable knife 切菜刀
Compare fruit
['vedʒ.tə.bl] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular informal
■a person who does not do anything or has no interest in doing anything 懒散的人；对任何事都毫无兴趣的人
• Sitting at home all day in front of the TV slowly turned her into a vegetable. 整天坐在家里看电视，她慢慢地变成了一个懒散的人。
countable usually singular offensive
■a person who is unable to think or move correctly because of severe brain damage 植物人
['vedʒ.tə.bl] adjective
■made or obtained from a plant, or growing in the form of a plant 植物的；提取自植物的
• vegetable matter/dye 植物性物质／植物染料
• First think of an object and tell us if it is animal, vegetable or mineral. 首先想像一个物体并告诉我们它是动物、植物还是矿物。
n. [园艺] 蔬菜； [植] 植物；植物人
 - plant, greenstuff
adj. [园艺] 蔬菜的； [植] 植物的
 - floral, botanic

Word: penguin
Front: penguin
[ˈpeŋgwɪn] (10209/10464 -2)
Back: n. 企鹅
分布：企鹅(100%)
→词源不详，可能来自威尔士语pen,头，gwyn,白。原指北极附近一种白头云雀，后用于指南极的企鹅。或来自拉丁语pinguis,脂肪，肥的，词源同fat,pine.
noun countable
■a black and white sea bird which cannot fly but uses its small wings to help it swim 企鹅
n. [鸟] 企鹅；空军地勤人员
 - penuins

Word: brake
Front: brake
[breɪk] (高研四雅宝 4693/5290 -2)
Vocabulary: brake
(once / 713 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
To brake is to stop. The noun brake is the pedal in the car that stops the vehicle when pressed. When you want to brake, step on the brake)!
In Middle English breken meant things that stopped others, such as a bridle for a horse. If your bicycle screeches at the bottom of every hill, maybe you should have the brakes checked. French Poet Paul Valery saw a brake as a stopping agent for more than just a vehicle: “Man's great misfortune is that he has no organ, no kind of eyelid or brake, to mask or block a thought, or all thought, when he wants to.”
WORD FAMILY
brake: braked, brakes, braking, braky
USAGE EXAMPLES
That reality fueled several successful efforts in 2016 to put the brakes on government red tape.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ground was broken in 1972, but a fiscal crisis in the city slammed the brakes on the project again.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And a top national security official who values dialogue over diatribes is what we need to put the brakes on Trump’s most frightening counterterrorism proposals.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 制动器，闸; 刹车; 阻碍
vt. & vi. 刹（车）
时态：braked, braking, brakes
分布：刹车(67%)，制动器(20%)，闸(13%)
→词源同break.
v./n.制动(器),闸,刹车The wakened cake baker awakes to that he has to brake by the lake.被唤醒的蛋糕师傅醒悟到他必须在湖边刹车.
【源】brake首次出现于16世纪，意指“马缰或勒马带”。远早于汽车的出现。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a device which makes a vehicle go slower or stop, or a pedal , bar or handle which makes this device work 刹车；闸，制动器
• She had no brakes on her bicycle. 她的脚踏车没有煞车器。
• The taxi driver suddenly UK applied / US put on his brakes. 计程车司机突然踩了刹车。
• informal I slammed on (= quickly used) the brake, but it was too late. 我赶忙踩刹车，可已经来不及了。
• All our new models have anti-lock brakes. 我们所有的新车型号都有防锁死刹车。
screech/squeal of brakes
■the loud, unpleasant noise of a car suddenly stopping 尖锐震耳的煞车声
• Suddenly we heard a screech of brakes and saw the car swerve to miss the cyclist. 突然间，我们听到一声尖锐的煞车声，看到一辆车猛然转向去闪避一个骑脚踏车的人。
[breɪk] noun countable
put a brake on (also put the brakes on)
■to slow down or stop an activity 抑制，控制；制止
• The government has put a brake on further spending. 政府已经控制进一步的开支了。
[breɪk] verb intransitive
■to make a vehicle go slower or stop, using its brake 刹住；刹车
• When it's icy, brake gently. 路面有冰时要慢慢刹车。
• He would zoom up to junctions and brake hard/sharply at the last minute. 他总是飞快地冲到交叉路口，然后在最后一刻再猛地刹车。
n. 闸， [机] [车辆] 刹车；阻碍
 - spoke, lock

Word: coat
Front: coat
[kəʊt] (中高研四托 2247/2138 -K3)
Vocabulary: coat
(once / 82 pages)
nv
A coat is a warm piece of clothing you wear when it's cold outside. When the days get short and chilly, it's probably time to start wearing your puffy winter coat.
A coat is a necessary garment during the winter in most parts of the world. You can also use the word to mean "layer," like when you paint your house, starting with a coat of primer. Another kind of coat is the one your dog, or any furry animal, has: "I brushed my cat's coat until it shone." Coat comes from the Old French cote, "tunic or overgarment," with its Turkish root kotta, "coarse cloth."
WORD FAMILY
coat: coated, coating, coats, overcoat, undercoat+/coated: uncoated/coating: coatings, overcoating/overcoat: overcoats/overcoating: overcoatings/undercoat: undercoated, undercoating, undercoats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone, men included, seems to be in “Where the Wild Things Are” furs; coat check looks like the Bronx Zoo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Online,” the woman in the trench coat says, and the conversation continues from there.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Smith-Schuster appeared at the media day event sweating and wearing a coat indoors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 上衣，外套
vt. 给…穿上上衣[外套]; 盖上
时态：coated, coating, coats
分布：外套(51%)，上衣(28%)，层(10%)，覆盖(5%)，涂上(3%)，表皮(2%)，包上(1%)
→词源不详。
n.上衣,外套;表皮;层,覆盖物v.涂(盖)上He put his coat on.他穿上外衣.
US [koʊt] noun countable
CLOTHING 衣服
 ESSENTIAL
■an outer piece of clothing with sleeves which is worn over other clothes, usually for warmth （通常指保暖的）外套，外衣，大衣
• Do your coat up, Joe, or you'll freeze. 扣好外套，乔，不然你会冻坏的。
• We need a coat hook on the back of this door. 我们需要在这扇门后装一个衣钩。
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）衣服
• an overcoat 长大衣
• a raincoat 雨衣
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■the hair, wool or fur covering an animal （动物的）皮毛
• a thick/glossy/matted coat 厚厚的／光滑的／乱蓬蓬缠在一起的皮毛
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] noun countable
COVER 覆盖 (also coating)
■a layer of a particular substance that covers something 给…涂上一层；使覆盖上一层，外加一层
• I'll give the walls a quick coat of paint. 我要给墙快速上一层漆。
• two coats of varnish 两层清漆
• a thick coating of chocolate 一层厚厚的巧克力
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] verb transitive
■to cover something with a layer of a particular substance 给…涂上一层；使覆盖上一层，外加一层
• When the biscuits are cool, you coat them in/with melted chocolate. 饼干放凉后，在上面涂上一层融化的巧克力。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
n. 外套
 - outerwear, town clothes

Word: circulation
Front: circulation
[ˌsɜ:kjəˈleɪʃn] (六托宝 5384/4291 -2)
Back: n. 流通，传播; 血液循环; 发行量; （某段时间的）社交活动
分布：循环(53%)，流通(33%)，发行量(13%)，消息传播(1%)
发生,流通(circulate+ion)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
US [ˌsɝ:-] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something such as information, money or goods passes from one person to another （资讯）流传，传播；（货币或商品）流通
• Police have warned that there are a lot of fake £50 notes in circulation. 警方提醒说有大量50英镑面额的假钞在流通。
• Add her name to the circulation list for this report (= the people who will be given it to read). 把她的名字加进这份报告的传阅名单上。
• figurative I hear she's out of circulation/back in circulation (= taking part/not taking part in social activities) after her accident. 我听说车祸后她不参加／又回来参加社交活动了。
countable usually singular
■the number of people that a newspaper or magazine is regularly sold to （报纸杂志的）发行量，销售量
• The paper has a circulation of 150 000. 这份报纸发行量有15万份。
uncountable
■the movement of blood around the body （血液的）循环
• Exercise helps to improve circulation. 运动有助于促进血液循环。
n. [贸易] 流通，传播；循环； [图情] 发行量
 - revolution, rotation, cycle, propagation, diffusion

Word: buck
Front: buck
[bʌk] (雅宝 2493/7627 -2)
Vocabulary: buck
(once / 960 pages)
1n 2v 3v 4n 5n
A buck is an adult male deer, antelope, reindeer, or rabbit. You can usually tell a buck by its large horns. If it’s a bunny, you just have to ask. A buck is also slang for an American dollar.
Full-grown male kangaroos are bucks, too. When a male animal is a buck, the female is a doe. A buck is a male deer, and so a doe is a female deer. When it's used as a verb, buck means to move in an abrupt, jerky way — when a horse bucks, it jumps and kicks its back legs out behind it. If someone bucks the system, they’re pushing against it. Colloquially, "to buck up” means to cheer up.
WORD FAMILY
buck: bucked, bucking, bucks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think with the state legislatures it’s just simply a matter of saving a few bucks,” said Kip Cassino, a media analyst at Borrell Associates.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He bucked the 2016 trend of draft prospects bypassing a bowl game to protect their NFL futures for one last game with his teammates.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Owners of the independent mountains say they’re trying to buck the consolidation trend by competing with personality.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. （美）钱，元; 雄鹿; 花花公子
vt. & vi. （马等）猛然弓背跃起; 抵制; 猛然震荡
时态：bucked, bucking, bucks
分布：钱(68%)，雄鹿(18%)，抵制(6%)，振作(5%)，雄兔(2%)，马弓背踢后腿挑起(1%)
→来自PIE *bhug, 公羊，同时指公鹿，公兔等其它雄性动物，后主要指雄鹿。美元义来自于美国西部大开发中鹿皮做为土著印地安人和欧洲殖民者间的货币媒介。Buck ’s Fizz 巴克泡腾酒
【记】读：罢课。一种竭力反对上课的行为。
【反】assent to（同意）
noun
MONEY 钱
countable (plural bucks) informal
■a dollar （美）元
• Can I borrow a couple of bucks? 我能借几美元吗？
• He charged me twenty bucks for a new hubcap. 一个新的毂盖他要了我20美元。
countable (plural bucks) informal
■used in a number of expressions about money, usually expressions referring to a lot of money （用于某些表达方式中）许多钱
• He earns mega- bucks (= a lot of money) working for an American bank. 他在一家美国银行工作，赚钱很多。
• So what's the best way to make a fast buck (= earn money easily and quickly) ? 能快速赚钱的最好办法是甚么？
[bʌk] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable (plural buck or bucks)
■the male of some animals such as deer and rabbits, or (in South Africa) a male or female antelope 雄性动物；雄鹿；公兔；（南美）羚羊 Compare doe
[bʌk] noun
pass the buck mainly disapproving
■to blame someone or make them responsible for a problem that you should deal with 推卸责任
• She's always trying to pass the buck and I'm sick of it! 她老是想推卸责任，我非常讨厌这一点。
[bʌk] noun
The buck stops here. saying
■said by someone who is responsible for making decisions and who will be blamed if things go wrong 责任到此，不能再推卸；我负责
[bʌk] verb intransitive
■(of a horse) to jump into the air and kick out with the back legs （马）弓背跳跃，尥起后蹄跳跃
[bʌk] verb intransitive
buck the system
■to refuse to follow the rules of an organization 反抗现存体制
• Alex is always looking for ways to buck the system. 亚历克斯总是想方设法抗拒现行制度。
[bʌk] verb intransitive
buck the trend
■to be noticeably different from the way that a situation is developing generally, especially in connection with financial matters （尤指经济上）逆潮流，逆势
• This company is the only one to have bucked the trend of a declining industry. 这家公司是在行业日益不景气的情况下唯一一家蒸蒸日上的企业。
[bʌk] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  buck (sb/sth) up UK informal
■to become happier or more positive or to make someone happier or more positive （使）高兴起来；（使）振作起来
• Oh, buck up for heaven's sake, Anthony! I'm sick of looking at your miserable face. 噢，安东尼，看在老天的份上振作起来！我不愿看到你那副愁眉苦脸的样子。
• She was told that if she didn't buck her ideas up (= start working in a more positive way) , she'd be out of a job. 她被告知，如果工作再不积极点儿就会丢了饭碗。
• A holiday will buck her up. 休个假会使她精神焕发的。
n. （美）钱，元；雄鹿；纨绔子弟；年轻的印第安人或黑人
 - money, yuan, QIAN, pocket, sen

Word: mysterious
Front: mysterious
[mɪˈstɪəriəs] (研四六托 4093/4760 -K2)
Vocabulary: mysterious
(once / 141 pages)
adj
Something that is mysterious has a secret-like quality that makes it hard to understand or define, like your mysterious answers that made your friends curious about what you were really up to.
A dark shadow skims across the surface of lake...a strange disease makes a city's inhabitants violently ill...a large, hairy creature is spotted wandering in the woods. These situations are all mysterious because we don't know their causes. You can see the word mystery in mysterious. A mystery is a hidden or secret thing, so something that is mysterious takes effort to understand, unless it is beyond our comprehension.
WORD FAMILY
mysterious: mysteriouser, mysteriousest, mysteriously +/ mystery: mysteries, mysterious
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least he’s a similar physical type to Benedict: tall, good-looking and mysterious.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Treasurer Saint Just called the reported request “mysterious.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Many studies linked the chemicals to a mysterious collapse of bee colonies that was in the news.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 神秘的，诡秘的; 难以理解的，不可思议的; 魔; 玄妙
分布：神秘的(92%)，不可思议的(8%)
→来自mystery,神秘。
a.神秘的,可疑的,难理解的The promising singer underwent mysterious misery.那位有前途的歌手遭受了神秘的痛苦.
【记】源于：mystery（n 神秘）
【参】myth（n 神话）；mythology（n 神话；神话学）
【反】scrutable（adj 可以了解的）
US [-'stɪr.i-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■strange, not known or not understood 神秘的事物，难以理解的事物，谜
• She's an actress whose inner life has remained mysterious, despite the many interviews she has given. 作为一名演员，她虽然接受过多次采访，但私生活依然很神秘。
• He died in mysterious circumstances , and there is still a possibility that it was murder. 他死得蹊跷，仍不排除是谋杀的可能。
adj. 神秘的；不可思议的；难解的
 - magic, fantastic

Word: pause
Front: pause
[pɔ:z] (高研四六 2777/2566 -K3)
Vocabulary: pause
(once / 69 pages)
vn
The noun pause means "a short break," like the pauses in television shows that allow for commercials to be shown.
Pause can also be a verb that means "to stop for a short time." Teachers, for example, often pause after making an important point to check that students understand and to give them time to ask questions. Pause which rhymes with laws and cause, comes from the Greek word pausis, "stopping, ceasing," which comes from pauein "to stop, to cause to cease." Why don't you pause and think about that for a moment.
WORD FAMILY
pause: paused, pauses, pausing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A little later, he wrote that Nixon wanted Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican from Illinois, to call the president and denounce the planned bombing pause.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s unclear whether the new Trump administration will continue the trend, slow down or even hit pause.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Onward, to Twins African Fashion, where Comfort Adesigbin reluctantly pauses from prattling into a cellphone to discuss the mall’s multicultural clientele.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 暂时的停顿; 犹豫; （诗中）节奏的停顿; [乐]延长号
vi. 暂停，中止; 逗留，停滞; （按暂停键）暂停放音; 犹豫
时态：paused, pausing, pauses
分布：暂停(50%)，停顿(42%)，中止(7%)，犹豫不决(1%)
→来自拉丁语pausa,暂停，停顿，来自希腊语pauein,停止，停息，来自paus,停止，停息，词源同pose,compose.
v./n.中止,暂停He made a short pause and then went on reading.他略顿了一下然后继续念下去.
US [pɑ:z] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a short period in which something such as a sound or an activity is stopped before starting again 暂停
• There will be a brief pause in the proceedings while the piano is moved into place. 在将钢琴搬过去放好之前，活动将暂停一会儿。
• After a long, awkward pause someone asked a question. 在长得令人尴尬的停顿过后，有人问了个问题。
• She spoke for three quarters of an hour without so much as a pause. 她一连说了45分钟，连停都没停一下。
• There followed a pregnant (= filled with meaning) pause in which neither of them knew what to say. 接下来是意味深长的停顿，两人谁也不知道说甚么好。
UK [pɔ:z] US [pɑ:z] noun countable
give sb pause formal
■to cause someone to stop and think about what they were doing or intending to do 使（某人）停下来仔细考虑
UK [pɔ:z] US [pɑ:z] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to stop doing something for a short time 暂停，停顿
• He paused and thought for a moment. 他停下来想了一会儿。
• She paused to get her breath back and then carried on jogging. 她停下来喘了口气，接着继续慢跑。
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
n. 暂停；间歇
 - hang, moratorium
vi. 暂停，停顿，中止；踌躇
 - stop, time out

Word: cushion
Front: cushion
[ˈkʊʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 6893/6092 -2)
Vocabulary: cushion
(once / 468 pages)
1v 2n 3n 4n
Fabric filled with foam, feathers, or other padding material makes a cushion, which can be used to make something like a chair or sofa more comfortable.
The noun cushion can also refer to anything that is used to soften an impact or absorb shocks. In modern cars, for example, sometimes in a crash or accident, air bags will deploy and act as cushions for the passengers to prevent them from injuring themselves on hard surfaces like the dashboard or steering wheel. A cushion isn't necessarily a physical one, however, as you may want to keep an emergency fund as a cushion in case of unexpected expenses. As a verb, cushion means to protect from the impact of negative information so if you have bad news, you'll want to cushion the blow as much as possible.
WORD FAMILY
cushion: cushioned, cushioning, cushions, cushiony+/cushioning: cushionings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The prologue is not just an effective way to frame the show and cushion the impact of its more offensive elements.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sam Fuehring added 10 points in the quarter to provide a cushion before the Orange rallied to within seven in the fourth.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
After the game, Beal hobbled slowly to his locker and wore cushioned flip flops as left the arena.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （隔离两个表面的）垫; 垫子; 起保护（或缓冲）作用的事物; （台球等运动）（台球桌内侧边缘的）弹性衬里
vt. 使免遭损害; 使免受令人不快的影响; （用垫子）使柔和; （跌倒或碰撞时）起缓冲作用
时态：cushioned, cushioning, cushions
分布：缓冲(60%)，垫子(30%)，保护(5%)，减缓(3%)，加垫褥(1%)，放在垫子上(1%)
→来自拉丁词culcita, 垫子，词源同quilt.
靠垫(cush垫+ion)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.垫子,软垫vt.装垫子;缓和,减轻;I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
【记】看成crush＋on：压在上面－坐垫，枕头
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a bag made of cloth, plastic or leather which is filled with soft material, often has an attractive cover, and is used especially on chairs for sitting or leaning on 垫子；座垫；靠垫
• She sank back against/into the cushions. 她向后靠在垫子上。
⇒ See also pincushion
cushion of air specialized
■a layer of air often used to support a machine or vehicle 气垫
• A hovercraft travels on a cushion of air. 气垫船悬浮在气垫上行驶。
['kʊʃ.ən] verb transitive
■to make the effect or force of something softer 对（某事物的影响或力量）起缓冲作用
• The soft grass cushioned his fall. 柔软的草地减缓了他摔落时的冲力。
['kʊʃ.ən] verb transitive
cushion the blow
■to make a bad situation less serious 缓解打击；缓和不良状况
• He's lost his job, but the redundancy money will cushion the blow. 他丢了工作，不过遣散费会减轻对他的打击。
n. [轻] 垫子；起缓解作用之物；（猪等的）臀肉；银行储蓄
 - gaddi, mat

Word: undertake
Front: undertake
[ˌʌndəˈteɪk] (高研四六托雅 4035/1604 -2)
Vocabulary: undertake
(once / 107 pages)
v
When you undertake a task or challenge, you attempt to accomplish it. If you want to undertake a verbal challenge right now, try saying “sushi chef” ten times quickly without messing up.
Way back in the 13th century, undertake meant “seize” or “entrap.” Of course, the meaning has shifted significantly since then, and we hope you don’t feel entrapped when you decide to undertake a project. However, undertake does convey a level of commitment and involvement that’s somewhat stronger than the words try or attempt might suggest.
WORD FAMILY
undertake: undertaken, undertaker, undertakes, undertaking, undertook+/ undertaker: undertakers/ undertaking: undertakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was so supportive, she said, that she and her team decided to undertake even more changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Utah is undertaking a test of the technology on a stretch of Salt Lake City’s Redwood Road, a major north-south commuter route.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The project is one of the largest undertaken in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 承担，从事; 保证; 同意，答应; 承诺
时态：undertook, undertaken, undertaking, undertakes
分布：承担(62%)，从事(21%)，保证(10%)，答应(7%)
→词源理解存争议。under-, 来自inter-变体，在里面，词源同interact, understand, take, 带走，承担。即承担起来的。
v.承担,担任;许诺,保证;着手,从事I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
US [-dɚ-] (undertook, undertaken)
verb transitive
DO 做
 ADVANCED slightly formal
■to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult （开始）做，承担，从事（尤指耗时或困难之事）
• Students are required to undertake simple experiments. 要求学生们做些简单的实验。
UK [ˌʌn.də'teɪk] US [-dɚ-] (undertook, undertaken)
verb transitive
PROMISE 承诺
   formal
■to promise that you will do something 承诺，允诺，答应
• [+ to infinitive] She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. 她答应不公布有关人员的名字。
• [+ that] The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped. 政府承诺不会改造这些大楼。
vt. 承担，保证；从事；同意；试图
 - accept, pursue, address, try, offer

Word: desperately
Front: desperately
['despərətlɪ] (六托 4450/3523 -K)
Vocabulary: desperately
(once / 476 pages)
adv
When you do something desperately you do it with extreme urgency. If faced with a life-and-death situation, you might fight desperately, using any means possible to overcome the obstacles and survive.
The undercurrent of the adverb desperately is one of despair, which makes sense when you consider that it comes from the Latin desperatus, meaning "given up or despaired of." You can get a good sense of the word from its context in Journalist Sheilah Graham’s statement, "You can have anything you want if you want it desperately enough. You must want it with an inner exuberance that erupts through the skin and joins the energy that created the world."
WORD FAMILY
desperate: desperately, desperates, desperatest, desperation +/ desperation: desperations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Energy-efficiency rules are desperately needed to improve air quality, combat global warming and to enable America to meet its domestic and international goals.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time of his son's death, Mr Scully-Sloan was also desperately ill with liver disease and awaiting a transplant.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
With blitzing linebacker Reuben Foster bearing down on him, Browning desperately heaved a pass into the flats for Lavon Coleman.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 绝望地; 不顾一切地; <口>极度地; 猛烈地
分布：绝望地(56%)，拼命地(22%)，极严重地(11%)，孤注一掷地(11%)
US [-pɚ-] adverb
SERIOUSLY 非常
 ADVANCED
■extremely or very much 非常；极其
• He was desperately ill. 他病得很重。
• She always seems to be desperately busy! 她似乎总是特别忙！
• I'm not desperately keen on football. 我对足球并不是特别热衷。
• He was desperately in love with her. 他疯狂地爱上了她。
• They desperately wanted a child. 他们特别想要一个孩子。
UK ['des.pər.ət.li] US [-pɚ-] adverb
RISKILY 冒险地
 ADVANCED
■in a way that shows you are frightened and ready to try anything to change a situation （因绝望而）拚命地；孤注一掷地
• They fought desperately for their lives. 他们为了生存而拼命搏斗。
adv. 拼命地；绝望地；极度地
 - profoundly, overly

Word: baron
Front: baron
[ˈbærən] (六宝 11092/5078 -1)
Vocabulary: baron
(once / 173 pages)
n
A baron is a nobleman — a member of the aristocracy. Barons are also important, powerful businessmen with huge influence over their industries. In Britain, a baron is called “Lord,” but in the States, we call them “rich.”
Barons are members of the aristocracy — wealthy people born into power and influence. How high a baron ranks depends on the country, but the title always carries respect. Similarly, a business leader who is rich, powerful, and influential is a baron. The term is used in phrases such as oil baron and baron of industry. You can also call that kind of baron a big businessman, magnate, mogul, top executive, or tycoon.
WORD FAMILY
baron: baronial, barons+/baronial: baronially
USAGE EXAMPLES
After his defeat, he was soon offered a way back to Parliament, as a hereditary peer - becoming the 4th Baron Avebury in 1971.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Familiar elements remain, including the baron’s famously upturned pigtail, which once supposedly pulled him and his horse from a swamp.
New York Times(Dec 25, 2016)
The bus owned by Barons Bus was traveling from Chicago to Columbus, Ohio.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 男爵; 大亨，巨头; 贵族; 脊肉
分布：名词(100%)
→词源不确定，可能来自词根bar, 重，指重要的人，有影响力的人。
大财主(来自拉丁文baro,意为男人)[-on表名词,指人,物和一些物理学上的名词]
【记】1）baro压－压迫别人的人－贵族2）读：白肉。据传，蒜泥白肉在清朝不是什么人都能吃的，只有皇宫里的一些贵族、大亨、巨头才有这个口福。3）读：拜仁（慕尼黑）：足球界的巨头4）bar on：在酒吧房顶上喝酒的人－牛人－巨头
noun countable
■(the title of) a British man who has the lowest rank in the highest social class 男爵（爵位）
■an extremely powerful person in a particular area of business 巨头，大亨
• media/press barons 媒体／新闻巨头
• a drug baron 大毒枭
n. 男爵；大亨；巨头
 - tycoon, big boy

Word: costing
Front: costing
[ˈkɒstɪŋ] (37343/11889 -2)
Back: n. 成本计算; 成本核算
v. 价钱为，花费(cost的现在分词)
分布：成本计算(97%)，动词cost的现在分词形式.(3%)
US ['kɑ:.stɪŋ] noun countable often plural uncountable
■(a) calculation of the future cost of something such as a possible product 成本计算，成本会计，成本核算
• We'll need accurate costings before we can agree to fund the scheme. 在同意投资该方案前，我们需要精确的成本计算。
n. [会计] 成本计算；生产费用
 - operating costs, manufacturing expenses
v. 花费（cost的ing形式）
 - spending

Word: biotechnology
Front: biotechnology
[ˌbaɪəʊtekˈnɒlədʒi] (9499/13260 -1)
Back: n. [生物]生物工艺学; [生物]生物技术
分布：生物技术(100%)
US [-oʊ.tek'nɑ:.lə-] (informal biotech)
noun uncountable
■the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria, in industrial processes 生物技术；生物工艺学
• a biotech company/firm 生物技术公司

Word: heal
Front: heal
[hi:l] (研四六托雅宝 4371/6363 -K3)
Vocabulary: heal
(once / 255 pages)
v
To heal is to recover or become healthy again. You'll need to wait until your blisters heal before you put your hiking boots back on and climb Mt. Everest.
They say time can heal, or cure, a broken heart, while you can be sure that rest, an ice pack, and propping your foot up will heal your twisted ankle. The Proto-Germanic word khailaz, which means "to make whole" is the root of both heal and the closely related word health. Don't confuse heal with heel, which is the back part of your foot or the command that makes a dog stop.
WORD FAMILY
heal: healed, healer, healing, heals, self-heal+/healed: unhealed/healer: healers/healing: healingly, healings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The woman told her the massage used energy to heal.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an overwhelming process that consumed her life, Grogan said, but she was determined to heal quickly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 恢复健康的状态; 使恢复正常; 使（某人）精神恢复健康
vi. 变得完整和健全
时态：healed, healing, heals
分布：治愈(67%)，痊愈(26%)，使和解(5%)，使恢复健康(2%)
→来自古英语haelan,治疗，挽救，来自kailo,完整的，词源同whole,holy.来自古代的健康观念，由完整引申词义未受伤害，健康。比较汉语身体发肤，受之父母。
v.治愈,愈合The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
【反】fester（v 溃烂；化脓）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injury 愈合；治愈
• The wounds were gradually healing (up). 伤口在逐渐愈合。
• The plaster cast helps to heal the broken bone. 石膏绷带有利于断骨的愈合。
■If a bad situation or painful emotion heals, it ends or improves, and if something heals it, it makes it end or improve （使）（坏的情况）好转；（使）（情感上的伤口）愈合
• Peace talks were held to try to heal the growing rift between the two sides. 双方举行了和谈以弥合日益扩大的裂痕。
• A broken heart takes a long time to heal. 受伤的心需要很长时间才能愈合。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. 治愈，痊愈；和解
 - charm away, charm off
vi. 痊愈
 - cure, scar

Word: exempt
Front: exempt
[ɪgˈzempt] (研六托雅宝 9520/8874 -2)
Vocabulary: exempt
(once / 556 pages)
adjv
If your accountant tells you that you’re exempt from taxes this year, give him a big hug. He is saying that you don’t have to pay taxes.
The adjective exempt traces back to the Latin word exemptus, meaning “to remove or take out” or “to free”. So if you are exempt, you are free of an obligation that others have to fulfill, such as paying taxes. But you can also be exempt from having to obey certain rules, like seniors being exempt from having to sell candy bars for a school fundraiser.
WORD FAMILY
exempt: exempted, exempting, exemption, exempts, nonexempt+/ exemption: exemptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it exempts bars, private clubs and casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or the brief proposal to amend Maine’s constitution to exempt lobster traps from property taxes.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Packaging for raw meat, poultry or seafood is also exempt.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使免除，豁免
adj. 被免除的，被豁免的
n. 被免除（义务，责任）的人; 免税人
时态：exempted, exempting, exempts
分布：免除(82%)，免除的(8%)，免税者(6%)，被免除义务者(4%)
→ex-, 向外。-em, 拿出，带出，词源同example, sample. 即拿出来的，免除或豁免。
免除,豁免(ex出+empt拿→拿出→豁免)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
a.免除的v.免除n.免税者;被免除义务者He was exempted from military service for illness.他因病被免除兵役.
【记】ex出，empt拿，买－拿出去－免除
【参】preempt（v 先占；以先买权取得）；exemption（n 解除；免税）
verb transitive
■to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc 免除，豁免（责任、付款等）
• Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase. 小公司可免增税。
[ɪg'zempt] adjective
■with special permission not to do or pay something 被免除（义务或付款）的；被豁免的
• Goods exempt from this tax include books and children's clothes. 免征这项税收的商品包括书籍和童装。
• Pregnant women are exempt from dental charges under the current health system. 在现行的医疗制度下，孕妇看牙医是免费的。
vt. 免除；豁免
 - discharge, forgive

Word: safely
Front: safely
[ˈseɪfli] (四六 4266/3916 -K)
Vocabulary: safely
(once / 214 pages)
adv
Do something in a careful or cautious way, and you'll do it safely. The most important thing you'll learn in a drivers ed class is to drive safely.
"Travel safely!" you might call to a departing friend. You're encouraging them to avoid danger as they make their way home. You can bike safely by wearing a helmet and using hand signals, and use power tools safely by following all the rules and focusing on your work. Safely comes from safe and its Latin root salvus, "uninjured or in good health."
WORD FAMILY
safe: safely, safeness, safer, safes, safest, unsafe+/unsafe: unsafely, unsafest
USAGE EXAMPLES
CCS captures CO2 from factories and power plants, and stores it safely under ground.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
They later updated that the festive beaver was “safely rescued by animal control and was released to a wildlife rehabilitator.”
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
“With the right guidance they could do everything safely,” Todd said.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 安全地; 平安地
分布：安全地(56%)，有把握地(22%)，无风险地(11%)，稳定地(11%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a safe way 安全地，平安地；可靠地
• We all arrived safely. 我们都安全到达。
• Drive safely (= Do not take any risks) ! 谨慎驾驶！
• Are the children safely fastened into their car seats? 车里的孩子们都系好安全带了吗？
• I think we can safely (= with no risk of being wrong) say they won't find us now. 我觉得我们可以有把握地说，他们现在找不到我们。
adv. 安全地
 - securely, wholesomely

Word: nelson
Front: nelson
[ˈnelsn] (-/5727)
Back: n. （摔跤运动中）压住对方头部或颈后及一臂或二臂的手法
分布：纳尔逊（姓氏(25%)，男子名）(25%)，肩下握颈（压住对方头部(25%)，颈后及一臂或二臂的手法）(25%)
→来自人名Nelson，具体词源不详。后拼写小写，用于肩下扼颈的拳击姿势。

Word: stranger
Front: stranger
[ˈstreɪndʒə(r)] (中高研四六 2691/3225 -K2)
Vocabulary: stranger
(once / 66 pages)
n
A stranger is someone you don't know or who doesn't belong in a specific place.
Parents tell their kids, "Don't talk to strangers." That's because strangers are people they don't know, who could be dangerous. Just like strange things are odd or weird, a stranger is unknown and therefore potentially scary. Also, anyone out of place can be considered a stranger. A fireman in a police station is a stranger, and a mascot in a scientific lab is a stranger. Either type of stranger is likely to make someone say, "Who's that?"
WORD FAMILY
stranger: strangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These are the questions that strangers often ask people with physical disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
We learn almost nothing about Holden before the coma, so when we meet him again 12 years later he’s basically a stranger.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To the layperson, this is one of Big Data’s stranger qualities—that the portrait of an individual emerges from the crunched crowd.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 陌生人，不认识的人; 外地人; 局外人; 门外汉
adj. 不熟悉的，陌生的(strange)的比较级
分布：陌生人(95%)，外地人(4%)，新手(1%)
→strange,外来的，陌生的，-er,人。
n.陌生人,生客;外地人,外国人He saw a stranger standing at the doorstep.他看到一个陌生人站在门口.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone you do not know 陌生人
• My mother always warned me not to talk to strangers. 我母亲总是告诫我不要和陌生人讲话。
• I'd never met anyone at the party before - they were complete strangers. 我以前从未见过聚会上的人——他们全是陌生人。
■A stranger in a particular place is someone who has never been there before 外地人，外来者
• Do you know the way to St Peter's church or are you a stranger here too? 你知道怎么去圣彼得教堂吗？你也是外地人吗？
UK ['streɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
be no stranger to sth formal
■to be familiar with a particular experience or activity 熟悉，对…毫不陌生
• He is no stranger to hard work. 棘手的工作他见识多了。
UK ['streɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
hello stranger humorous
■said to a person that you know but have not seen for a long time （用于称呼很久没见的熟人）你好，稀客
• Hello stranger, I haven't seen you for weeks! 你好，稀客啊，有几个星期没见了！
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
n. 陌生人；外地人；局外人
 - provincial, foreigner

Word: uncle
Front: uncle
[ˈʌŋkl] (中高 3345/2301 -K3)
Back: n. 叔叔; 伯父; 舅父; 姑父，姨父
分布：叔(81%)，舅(9%)，伯(5%)，姑父(3%)，姨父(2%)
→缩写自拉丁语avunculus, 叔舅，av-,祖父，词源同atavism,avuncular, -uncul, 小词后缀，词源同homunculus, molecule。即小祖父，引申词义叔叔，舅舅。
n.伯父,叔父,舅父,姑父,姨父Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the brother of someone's mother or father, or the husband of someone's aunt 舅父；伯父；叔父；姨父；姑父
• I've got several uncles and aunts. 我有几个叔叔和姑姑。
• We invited my Uncle Steve round. 我们邀请了我的叔叔史蒂夫过来。
• [as form of address] Did you bring me a present, Uncle Jack? 你给我带礼物了吗，杰克叔叔？
n. 叔叔；伯父；伯伯；舅父；姨丈；姑父
 - nuncle, oom

Word: stagger
Front: stagger
[ˈstægə(r)] (研六托雅宝 7724/7013 -1)
Vocabulary: stagger
(once / 342 pages)
vn
If you see someone stagger out of a bar, or walk unsteadily, like he's about to fall, chances are he's had a few too many drinks.
The word stagger isn't just used to describe the physical action of stumbling. When you're really shocked about a piece of news, it can stagger or shock you. When you want to spread something out overtime, like paying a large bill, you can stagger the payments over time. But, remember that if you fall behind, the debt you fall into might stagger you.
WORD FAMILY
stagger: staggered, staggerer, staggering, staggers+/staggerer: staggerers/ staggering: staggeringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harden and Westbrook are among the leading contenders, and the numbers for both players are staggering.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rousey showed little defensive acumen as she staggered and stumbled backward with Nunes relentlessly pursuing her and landing 27 punches in the brief bout.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
The disability charity Scope said it was a "staggering" number.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 蹒跚; 犹豫; 动摇
vt. 使蹒跚，使摇摆; 使犹豫; 错开时间; 使吃惊
n. 摇晃; 一种不稳定形式，部署或者秩序; 摇摆不定
时态：staggered, staggering, staggers
分布：蹒跚(53%)，动摇(14%)，使吃惊(8%)，犹豫(8%)，踌躇(5%)，使摇晃(5%)，使犹豫(5%)，摇摆不定(2%)
→来自古诺斯语 stakra,推，挤，使打转，来自 Proto-Germanic*stakon,棍子，柱子，来自 steg, 棍子，柱子，词源同 stack,stick.-er,表反复。其字面意思可能是用棍子在后面追打或赶，引申 词义蹒跚，踉跄，及相关比喻义。
vi.摇晃着移动;蹒跚n.摇晃不稳的动作;蹒跚The drunkard staggered along.那个醉汉摇摇晃晃地走过去.
US [-ɚ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk or move with difficulty as if you are going to fall 摇晃；蹒跚；踉踉跄跄地走
• After he was attacked, he managed to stagger to the phone and call for help. 他遇袭后，跌跌撞撞地走到电话旁打电话求救。
• figurative The company is staggering under a $15 million debt and will almost certainly collapse by the end of the year. 公司背负着1500万美元的债务，举步维艰，年底前几乎肯定要倒闭。
UK ['stæg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
SHOCK 震惊
transitive
■to cause someone to feel shocked or surprised because of something unexpected or very unusual happening 使震惊，使大吃一惊
• He staggered all his colleagues by suddenly announcing that he was leaving the company at the end of the month. 他突然宣布月底要离开公司，把所有同事都吓了一跳。
UK ['stæg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive
■to arrange, especially hours of work, holidays or events, so that they begin at different times from those of other people 使（尤指工作、假期或事件的时间）错开；使交错
• Some countries have staggered school holidays so that holiday resorts do not become overcrowded. 一些国家将学校假期时间错开，这样度假地就不会太拥挤了。
transitive
■If a race has a staggered start the competitors start at different times or in different positions. （赛跑时）使（起跑时间或起跑位置）错开
UK ['stæg.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable usually singular
■when you walk or move with difficulty as if you are going to fall 蹒跚；站立不稳
• He left the pub with a drunken stagger. 他醉得摇摇晃晃地离开了酒吧。
vt. 蹒跚；使交错；使犹豫
 - interlace
vi. 蹒跚；犹豫
 - titubate, hesitate
n. 蹒跚；交错安排
 - titubation, hitchiness
adj. 交错的；错开的
 - altern, interlaced

Word: forever
Front: forever
[fərˈevə(r)] (高研四六 2082/3798 -K2)
Vocabulary: forever
(once / 167 pages)
adv
Things that last forever never come to an end — they continue endlessly. An experience that changes you forever alters you in ways that will last the rest of your life.
The adverb forever literally means "eternally," so when you promise, "I'll love you forever." you mean it. You can also use forever in a less literal, more exaggerated way: "It is taking forever for the bus to get here," or to mean "without stopping," as when you comment that the rain can't continue forever. The word combines for and ever, which stems from the Old English æfre, "always."
WORD FAMILY
forever
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It's seared into his memory as the day his life changed forever.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Montgomery County Judge Mary Wiseman said Meno would be “forever disqualified’ from holding any public position of trust in Ohio.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 永远; 不断地，无休止地; 老是，经常
n. 永恒; 极长的一段时间
分布：永远(100%)
→for, 因为，为了。ever, 永远。
adv.(forever)永远;总是However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [fɔ:'rev.ɚ] adverb
 IMPROVER
■for all time 永远
• I like the house but I don't imagine I'll live there forever. 我喜欢那栋房子，但是我想我不会在那里永远住下去。
 IMPROVER informal
■very often 频繁地，老是
• She's forever telling him she's going to leave him but she never actually does. 她老是跟他说要离开他，但实际上从未那样做过。
 IMPROVER
■for an extremely long time or too much time 长久地
• We'd better walk a bit quicker - it's going to take forever if we go at this pace. 我们最好走快一点——如果以这个速度走下去，我们要走很久。
adv. 永远；不断地；常常
 - always, constantly, continually, unceasingly, straight

Word: contend
Front: contend
[kənˈtend] (研六托雅宝 3552/6083 -2)
Vocabulary: contend
(once / 175 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To defend a belief or keep affirming that it's true is to contend. People used to contend that the earth was flat, but eventually, when no one dropped off the edge no matter how far they traveled, the "round" theory won.
One of the meanings of contend is from the French "to strive with," and it is a literal fighting, as in "to contend with fists." Most contemporary uses of the verb contend illustrate competitions of proof or defense, where a person will contend that something is true, or better, or wrong. It is still a striving but more of a verbal kind, where what you contend is what you hope to convince others is correct.
WORD FAMILY
contend: contended, contender, contending, contends, contention +/ contender: contenders/ contention: contentions, contentious / contentious: contentiously, contentiousness, noncontentious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opponents also contend that special elections are expensive and generate extremely low turnouts.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
While there is wide support for the concept of buffers, county officials contend there is confusion and questions about the law.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The attorneys contend Gomez lacked the authority to allow a search of the computer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 争夺; 竞争; 奋斗; 争斗
vt. 声称，主张; 争论，争辩; 斗争，战斗
时态：contended, contending, contends
分布：竞争(48%)，争辩(30%)，争斗(18%)，坚决主张(4%)
→con-, 强调。-tend, 伸出，伸长。词根ten含有多种引申词义，1. 持，握，词源同tenure, contain. 2. 伸长，拉紧，词源同tend, tense, 3. 变细，变弱，attenuate, extenuate。
竞争,争论(con一起+tend→一起你拉我夺→争论)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.竞争,斗争;坚决主张He contended that smuggling was the worst of all evils.他坚持认为走私为万恶之首.
【记】con一起，tend伸展－一起你拉我夺－竞争con一起，t踢，end结束：互相踢直到有一人被结束了为止－竞争
【参】distend（v 使扩大；扩张）；extend（v 伸展；延伸）；
verb
COMPETE 竞争
intransitive
■to compete in order to win something 竞争；争夺
• There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. 有三位世界顶级网球选手争夺这项冠军。
• He's contending against someone with twice his experience. 他在和经验比他丰富一倍的人竞争。
[kən'tend] verb
CLAIM 声称
[T + (that)] formal
■to state that something is true or is a fact 声称；断言；主张
• The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. 该律师声称她的委托人从未走近过犯罪现场。
[kən'tend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  contend with sth
■to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation 必须处理，必须应对（困境或不愉快的事）
• At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. 九岁时他就不得不面对父母双亡这一境况。
• We don't need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems. 我们已有不少其他问题要解决，不想再为电脑故障问题伤脑筋。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
vi. 竞争；奋斗；斗争；争论
 - fight, debate, cope
vt. 主张；为...斗争
 - maintain, submit, advocate

Word: unpredictable
Front: unpredictable
[ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl] (托 6653/6854 -2)
Vocabulary: unpredictable
(once / 3138 pages)
adj
When something's unpredictable, it doesn't happen at expected times or it can't be predicted. If trains were unpredictable, they wouldn't follow a set schedule and you'd never know when one would arrive.
The adjective unpredictable can also describe something that's unexpected or not known in advance. Your soccer team's skill level might be wildly unpredictable — from game to game your coach never knows what you guys will do. It can be an insult if someone calls you an unpredictable person. That means people can't rely on you for things, such as consistently good work or keeping your promises.
WORD FAMILY
unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably+/ predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts/ predictability: predictabilities/ predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable /predicted: unpredicted/ prediction: predictions/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her screen presence was largely one of an irrepressible, unpredictable energy, all pluck and sass, and she seemed to live her life that way too.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But human activity is a huge — and unpredictable — factor in avalanches.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
"It's like a final for us if you want to be there until the end of the season. "But football is unpredictable.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 无法预言的; 不可预测的
n. 不可预测的事
分布：不可预知的(100%)
【记】un不，predictable（adj 可预言的）：无法预言的
【反】dependable（adj 可靠的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■likely to change suddenly and without reason and therefore not able to be predicted (= expected before it happens) or depended on 变幻莫测的；难以预见的，无法预测的
• The weather there can be a bit unpredictable - one minute it's blue skies and the next minute it's pouring down. 那里的天气有点儿变幻莫测—— 一会儿晴空万里，一会儿又大雨倾盆。
• The hours in this job are very unpredictable - you sometimes have to work late at very short notice. 这份工作的时间非常不固定——有时突然接到通知就得工作到很晚。
adj. 不可预知的；不定的；出乎意料的
 - changeable, errant

Word: clue
Front: clue
[klu:] (研四六托雅 3331/3489 -2)
Vocabulary: clue
(once / 549 pages)
1n 2v
A clue is a piece of evidence that helps solve a problem, or it's a slight hint. When you’re in the dark about the surprise party your friends are planning, they'll say, “She doesn’t have a clue!”
When you first join the police force, you’re mostly just walking the beat. But when you’re promoted to detective, your job is to look for that big clue that will help you solve the case. The original Middle English word was clew, which meant “a ball of thread.” If you were trapped in a labyrinth, you could follow the clew to help find your way out.
WORD FAMILY
clue: clued, clueless, clues, cluing+/ clueless: cluelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That will be a clue to the agency’s direction for the next four years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But maybe the dish being prepared offers a clue?
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 线索; 提示; （帮助警方破案的）线索; （纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的）提示词语
vt. <非正>为…提供最新情况（消息等）
时态：clued, cluing, clues
分布：线索(90%)，提示(10%)
→来自clew 的拼写变体，来自glei,黏，聚集成块，词源同clay,cling.原指球团，线团。线 索词义来自古希腊神话英雄Theseus 在迷宫中杀为非做歹的神牛的故事，因迷宫难行，克里 特公主给了Theseus 一个线团，以便他完成使命后原路返回，因此该词就有了线索之义。
n.线索,暗示The police haven't got a clear clue up to now.到目前为止警察局还没有一条明确的线索.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a sign or some information which helps you to find the answer to a problem, question or mystery 线索；迹象；提示
• Police are still looking for clues in their search for the missing girl. 警方仍在寻找能帮助搜索失踪女孩的线索。
• I'm never going to guess the answer if you don't give me a clue. 要是你不给我一点提示，我永远也猜不到答案。
[klu:] noun countable
not have a clue informal ADVANCED
■to be completely unable to guess, understand, or deal with something 毫无头绪；毫不理解；一无所知
• "Who invented algebra?" "I haven't a clue." “代数是谁发明的？”“我一点头绪也没有。”
• Don't ask your father which key to press - he hasn't got a clue about computers. 别问你父亲该按哪个键——他对电脑一窍不通。
[klu:] verb (clueing, clued, clued)
[klu:] verb (clueing, clued, clued)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clue sb in US (UK clue sb up)
■to give someone information that is necessary or new 给（某人）提供线索；使（某人）了解
• He'd been out of the country for weeks, so I clued him in on all that's been happening. 他好几个星期都不在国内，因此我把发生的事情全都告诉了他。
n. 线索；（故事等的）情节
 - action, plot, scenario

Word: emotion
Front: emotion
[ɪˈməʊʃn] (研四六托雅 2117/2454 -K3)
Vocabulary: emotion
(once / 82 pages)
n
An emotion is a strong feeling, like the emotion you feel when you see your best friend at the movies with a group of people who cause trouble for you.
The word emotion comes from the Middle French word émotion, which means "a (social) moving, stirring, agitation." We feel many different emotions every day, like love, fear, joy and sadness — just to name a few. On its own, emotion means "the expression of feeling," like a musician who plays with great emotion, or an actor whose face conveys emotions, even when he or she is just standing quietly on the stage.
WORD FAMILY
emotion: emotional, emotionless, emotions+/ emote: emoted, emotes, emoting, emotion, emotive / emotional: emotionalism, emotionality, emotionally, overemotional, unemotional/emotionalism: emotionalisms/emotionality: unemotionality/emotionless: emotionlessly, emotionlessness/unemotional: unemotionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This work is really hard. It’s very technical, and it involves a lot of emotion and a lot of technical skill,” Adams said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Gates said it’s hard to describe many of her emotions when she finally was fitted for her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 情感，感情; 情绪; 感动，激动
分布：情感(37%)，情绪(33%)，感情(30%)
→e-, 向外。-mot, 移动，流露，词源同move, motion.
感情(e出+motion→动出[感情]→感情)[mot=move,表示"动"]
n.情绪,情感,感情His voice shook with emotion.他的声音因激动而颤抖.
【记】e出，mot动－感动的说出来－感情
【参】demote（vt 使降级）；promote（vt 促进；提升）；emote（vi 夸张地作为；表现感情）
US [-'moʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a strong feeling such as love or anger, or strong feelings in general 感情，情感；情绪；激情
• Like a lot of men, he finds it hard to express his emotions. 像很多男人一样，他不大会表达自己的感情。
• My mother was overcome with emotion and burst into tears. 我母亲控制不住自己的感情，泪如雨下。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. [心理] 情感；情绪
 - mood, will, spirit, affect, feeling

Word: dodge
Front: dodge
[dɒdʒ] (托雅宝 6931/8830 -2)
Vocabulary: dodge
(once / 365 pages)
nv
To dodge something is to avoid it. In dodge ball, players dodge the balls being thrown at them.
Dodging is making quick, sudden movements, usually to avoid something. You have to move quickly to dodge a flower pot that's falling from a ledge. In football, running backs are good at dodging defensive players. Politicians do a lot of maneuvers and manipulations to dodge blame, and plenty of people dodge responsibility for something they're supposed to take care of. So any kind of evasion strategy is a dodge.
WORD FAMILY
dodge: dodged, dodger, dodges, dodging, dodgy +/ dodger: dodgers/dodging: dodgings/ dodgy: dodgier, dodgiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
They threw rocks, toppled streetlights, dodged clouds of tear gas and tipped over a television truck.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Delince dodged a death sentence after the failed coup by seeking asylum at the Brazilian Embassy in Haiti.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The crew sailed past ancient Viking settlements in Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland, dodging icebergs and battling storms, before reaching Canada.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 闪躲; 回避
n. 闪躲; 躲避; 伎俩; 妙计
时态：dodged, dodging, dodges
分布：躲避(55%)，避开(35%)，诡计(10%)
→可能来自dodder, 摇摆，蹒跚，引申词义摇摇晃晃的闪开。
【记】读：调职－目的是为了躲避诸如：小人，变态的上司，同性恋的同事等读：倒纸－假设有一天，一位张大爷对你说：“我要往你的头上倒纸！”你作何反应－强烈建议你闪开！大爷不禁打！
US [dɑ:dʒ] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to avoid being hit by something by moving quickly to one side 闪（身），躲闪，避开
• He dodged to avoid the hurtling bicycle. 他闪身躲过了疾驰而来的脚踏车。
transitive
■to avoid something unpleasant 迴避，逃避
• The minister dodged questions about his relationship with the actress. 部长迴避了关于他与那位女演员之间关系的问题。
UK [dɒdʒ] US [dɑ:dʒ] noun countable informal
■a clever, dishonest way of avoiding something （巧妙而具欺骗性的）逃避
• They bought another car as a tax dodge (= a way to avoid paying tax). 为了逃税，他们又买了一辆汽车。
n. 躲闪；托词
 - subterfuge
vi. 躲避，避开
 - escape, stay away from
vt. 躲避，避开
 - avoid, shun

Word: straw
Front: straw
[strɔ:] (高研四六 4730/4301 -2)
Back: n. 稻草; 麦秆; 吸管; 毫无价值的东西
adj. 稻草的，麦秆的; 稻草[麦秆]做的; 假的，假想的; 无价值的
时态：strawed, strawing, straws
分布：稻草(75%)，吸管(17%)，无价值的(3%)，麦杆(2%)，用稻草做的(1%)，不值钱的东西(1%)，像稻草人的(1%)
→来自古英语 streaw,草，来自 Proto-Germanic*strawa,草，来自 strew,展开，铺开，扩大形 式自*ster,展开，铺开，词源同 strew,structure.引申词义吸管。
n.稻草,麦杆;吸管It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back.最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼背.
US [strɑ:] noun
DRIED STEMS 干秆
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the dried yellow stems of crops such as wheat , used as food for animals or as a layer on the ground for animals to lie on, and for making traditional objects 禾秆；麦秆；稻草
• a bale of straw 一捆稻草
• a straw basket/hat 草编篮／草帽
• straw -coloured hair 浅黄色的头发
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
TUBE 管
countable
■a thin tube made of plastic or waterproof paper that is used to suck liquid into the mouth 吸管
• Why don't you drink your milkshake through a straw? 你为甚么不用吸管喝奶昔？
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
clutch/grasp at straws
■to be willing to try anything to improve a difficult or unsatisfactory situation, even if it has little chance of success （为摆脱困境）抓救命稻草，不放过任何微小的机会
• She offered to take a pay cut to keep her job, but she was just clutching at straws. 她提出减薪以保住工作，但这只不过是在乱抓救命稻草。
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
the final/last straw (also the straw that breaks the camel's back)
■the last in a series of unpleasant events which finally makes you feel that you cannot continue to accept a bad situation （压垮骆驼的）最后一根稻草；（一系列不快事件中）最终使人无法忍受的事，使人最终崩溃的一击
• Losing my job was bad enough, but being evicted from my house was the final straw. 失去工作已经够糟，但被房东赶出门后我彻底崩溃了。
• She's always been rude to me, but it was the last straw when she started insulting my mother. 她一直对我很无礼，但让我终于无法忍受的是她竟然开始辱骂我的母亲。
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
straw in the wind UK
■something that suggests what might happen （预示某事的）迹象，征兆，风向标
• She described the theatre's closure as "a straw in the wind" as companies faced up to the realities of life after the lottery. 她认为该剧院的关闭是一个信号，显示各家剧团终于放弃侥幸想法，开始面对现实了。
n. [作物] 稻草；吸管；一文不值的东西
 - halm, haulm
adj. [作物] 稻草的；无价值的
 - worthless, fourth-rate

Word: console
Front: console
[kən'səʊl] (研六托雅宝 9160/11790 -2)
Vocabulary: console
(once / 198 pages)
1v 2n 3n 4n 5n
Perhaps you avoid babysitting your baby brother because you're worried that if he starts to cry, you won’t be able to console him or make him feel better. Or maybe you just hate changing diapers.
You usually try to console someone by providing encouragement and offering solace. Others try to console themselves with tubs of ice cream. From the Latin word consolari, meaning “to comfort,” the noun console can also describe a central control panel. In an automobile, the controls for both the radio and air-conditioning are in the same center console.
WORD FAMILY
console: consolable, consolation, consolatory, consoled, consoles, consoling+/consolable: inconsolable, unconsolable/ consolation: consolations/consolatory: consolatorily/consoling: consolingly/ inconsolable: inconsolably/unconsolable: unconsolably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Understandably he was heartbroken as friends and family in the crowd tried to console him.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Fisher consoled the widow and soon announced he was leaving his wife and two children to marry Taylor.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
“He just needs a holiday. He said he apologised,” consoled Fox.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 安慰，慰问
n. 控制台，操纵台; 演奏台; 悬臂; 肘托
时态：consoled, consoling, consoles
分布：安慰(71%)，仪表盘(11%)，慰藉(8%)，落地式支座(5%)，操控台(5%)
→con-, 强调。-sol, 安慰，安抚，词源同solace,hilarious.console 控制台，仪表板
安慰(con+sole安慰→一起安慰)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
安慰(con共同＋sole→共同的太阳→安慰)[Sol=sun,表示"太阳"]
n.控制台,仪表板;落地柜vt.安慰,慰问She consoled him softly.她以温柔的话语安慰他.
【记】con共同，solo（n 独奏曲；adj 单独的）－大家都很孤单（尤其是去了美国的小男生们），唉！同病相怜，只好互相安慰了
【参】solitude（n 孤独）；consolation（n 安慰；起安慰作用的人或事）
【反】aggravate grief（加重悲伤）
US [-ˈsoʊl/
■to make someone who is sad or disappointed feel better by giving them comfort or sympathy 安慰，安抚，抚慰，慰藉
• He tried to console her, but she kept saying it was all her own fault. 他尽力安慰她，可是她不停地说那都是她自己的错。
• I tried to console her with a box of chocolates. 我竭力想用一盒巧克力来抚慰她。
• I was consoling Liz on having broken up with her boyfriend. 莉兹跟男友分手了，我在安慰她。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒn.səʊl] US [-soʊl/
■a surface on which you find the controls for a piece of electrical equipment or a machine （电子设备或机器的）操纵台，控制台，仪表板
• a computer console 电脑控制台
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
n. [计] 控制台； [电] 操纵台
 - Prefs, operation desk
vt. 安慰；慰藉
 - comfort, quiet

Word: purely
Front: purely
[ˈpjʊəli] (四六 5120/2929 -K2)
Vocabulary: purely
(once / 319 pages)
adv
Anything described as purely is consistent or restricted in some way. Kids often think of their teachers purely as teachers and can’t imagine them outside the classroom. So they get purely confused when they see a teacher at the store.
Something pure is made up of only one thing, like a pure gold ring. When anything is described as purely occurring or existing, it is similarly strict. A purely business-related letter is only business. A purely platonic friendship is not romantic at all. A purely bred dog has been bred only with dogs of the same breed. Someone who wants a dog purely for the sake of companionship will not bother with a purely bred dog.
WORD FAMILY
pure: impure, purely, pureness, purer, purest, purism, purity +/impure: impurely, impureness, impurer, impurest, impurity / impurity: impurities/purism: purisms, purist / purist: purists/ purity: purities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In purely economic terms cutting corporation tax may do some good, but for post-Brexit Britain it is at best a distraction.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The first four chapters attempt to deconstruct the purely materialist view of assets:
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
He told us that he could never write purely romantic love songs, as Smokey Robinson and other masters could.
The New Yorker(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 完全地，十足地; 纯粹地; 纯洁地，贞淑地
分布：纯粹地(67%)，纯洁地(22%)，清白地(11%)
US [pjʊr-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■only 仅仅，纯粹地
• On a purely practical level, it is difficult to see how such proposals would work. 从纯粹实际的角度来看很难看出这些计划的可行性。
• We made this decision purely for financial reasons. 我们作出这个决定纯粹是出于财务原因。
purely and simply
■for only one reason or purpose 纯粹地，不折不扣地
• They decided to close the museum purely and simply because it cost too much to run. 他们决定关闭博物馆纯粹是因为管理的费用太高。
adv. 纯粹地；仅仅，只不过；完全地；贞淑地；清洁地
 - merely, simply, totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly

Word: yourself
Front: yourself
[jɔ:ˈself] (中高 915/932 -K4)
Back: pron. 你自己; （用以加强语气）亲自; 你的正常或健康的情况
分布：代词(99%)，名词(1%)
pron.[反身代词]你自己;你亲自You aren't yourself today.你今天不太对劲.
US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
PERSON/PEOPLE ADDRESSED 所称呼的一个人／多个人
 ESSENTIAL
■used when both the subject and object of the verb are you 你自己；您自己
• Be careful with that knife or you'll cut yourself! 用那把刀要当心，否则你会弄伤自己的！
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give special attention to the subject of the sentence 你本人，你亲自，您本人，您亲自（用于强调句子主语）
• Did you make the dress yourself? 那件衣服是你自己做的吗？
• You can do that yourself. 你可以自己做那件事。
UK [jɔ:'self] US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
PEOPLE GENERALLY 泛指人
 ESSENTIAL
■used when both the subject and object of the verb are you and you is also being used to refer to people generally （泛指）你自己，人们自己
• You tell yourself everything's all right but you know it's not really. 你自己对自己说一切都好，但你知道事实并非如此。
UK [jɔ:'self] US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
be yourself
■to behave in your usual manner, rather than behaving in a way you think other people might like 行为自然；不造作
• The best thing you can do is to go into the interview and just be yourself. 你最明智的选择就是进去面试时自自然然地表现自己。
UK [jɔ:'self] US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
(all) by yourself
■alone or without help from anyone else 独自地；独力地
• I'm amazed you managed to move those boxes all by yourself. 你居然能一个人搬动那些箱子，真让我吃惊。
UK [jɔ:'self] US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
in yourself UK
■used when asking someone about their state of mind when they have a physical problem （用于询问某人身体抱恙时的自我感觉）
• I know you must still be uncomfortable, but how are you in yourself? 我知道你肯定还是不舒服，不过你自己感觉怎么样？
UK [jɔ:'self] US [jʊr-/ UK [jə-] US [jɚ-] (plural yourselves)
pronoun
(all) to yourself
■for your use only 独有；专用
• So you've got the whole house to yourself this weekend? 那么，本周末整个房子就是你一个人的天下了？

Word: twenty
Front: twenty
[ˈtwenti] (中高 2086/605 -5)
Back: n. 二十，二十个; 二十多岁; 二十年代; 许多，大量
num. 二十
adj. 二十的
分布：二十(100%)
→来自 two,二，-ty,十，词源同 ten.
num.二十pron./a.二十(个,只...)His room is twenty square metres.他的房间有二十个平方米.
US [-tˌi] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 20 （数字）20
• nineteen, twenty, twenty-one 19，20，21
• space for twenty people 可容纳20个人的空间
⇒ See also score
n. 二十；二十年代
 - score

Word: heed
Front: heed
[hi:d] (托宝 9134/11168 -1)
Vocabulary: heed
(once / 202 pages)
nv
Heed is an old word, meaning to listen to and follow. It can also be used as a noun: "Take heed of my instructions, little boy," said the old bearded man. "My potion will only work for the one who wears the ring."
The most common use of heed is with warnings. The word derives from Old English hēdan and is related to the Dutch hoeden and German hüten––from Germanic cultures where fairy tales with mysterious warnings and magical consequences abound.
WORD FAMILY
heed: heeded, heedful, heeding, heedless, heeds+/heeded: unheeded/heedful: heedfully, heedfulness/heeding: unheeding/ heedless: heedlessest, heedlessly, heedlessness/heedlessness: heedlessnesses/unheeded: unheededly/unheeding: unheedingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But why should Trump now heed a political movement that was unable to stop him?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Amazingly, people move in an orderly fashion as they heed arrows that guide them up and down stairs and along sidewalks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Experts, nevertheless, say the figures tell a story about people’s movement across state and city lines — what demographers call “domestic migration” — that is worth heeding.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 注意，留心
n. 留心，注意，听从
v. 嘻笑（ te-hee的过去式）
时态：heeded, heeding, heeds
分布：注意(70%)，留心(30%)
→来自kadh,躲避，保护，词源同hat,hood.引申词义注意，留心。
【记】把ee看成两个黑暗中注意的眼睛。
[hi:d] formal
verb transitive
■to pay attention to something, especially advice or a warning 注意，听从（尤指建议或警告）
• The airline has been criticized for failing to heed advice/warnings about lack of safety routines. 该航空公司因没有理会针对其日常安全工作不力所提出的建议／警告而受到批评。
[hi:d] formal
noun uncountable
■attention 注意，关注
• The company took no heed of (= did not consider) public opposition to the plans. 那家公司毫不在意大众对那些计划的反对。
vi. 注意，留心
 - take care of, mind you, be mindful of
vt. 注意，留心
 - watching, take care of, be mindful of, mind you

Word: shade
Front: shade
[ʃeɪd] (高研四六托 2984/3205 -K3)
Back: n. 遮阳，遮棚; 挡风物; 玻璃罩; （画的）阴暗部分
vt. 遮蔽; 险胜; 加灯罩; 画阴影于…之上
vi. 逐渐变化
时态：shaded, shading, shades
分布：阴影(41%)，遮蔽(18%)，渐变(15%)，遮光物(13%)，使阴暗(8%)，使渐变(5%)
→来自古英语 scead,遮盖，树阴，来自 Proto-Germanic*skadwaz,遮盖，来自 skot,遮盖，掩 盖，黑暗，可能来自 skeu,隐藏，遮盖，词源同 shoe,hide.引申诸相关词义。
n.荫,阴影;遮光物,罩v.遮蔽,遮光She shaded her face from the sun with her hand.她用手挡脸,遮蔽阳光.
【记】在夜幕降临的时候，shade和周围的颜色差别越来越小－细微差别
noun
SLIGHT DARKNESS 昏暗
 ADVANCED uncountable
■slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun 阴处；阴凉处
• The sun was hot, and there were no trees to offer us shade. 太阳火辣辣的，没有树让我们遮阳。
• The children played in/under the shade of a large beach umbrella. 孩子们在一把大沙滩遮阳伞下的阴凉处玩耍。
⇒ See also sunshade
 ADVANCED countable
■a covering that is put over an electric light in order to make it less bright 灯罩
• The lamps all had matching purple shades. 这些灯都有与之相配的紫色灯罩。
uncountable specialized (also shading)
■the parts of a picture or painting that the artist has made slightly darker than the other parts （画作中的）阴影部分，暗部
• A good artist can produce a very realistic effect using only light and shade. 高明的艺术家只用明暗色调就能创造出一种栩栩如生的效果。
shades [plural] informal
■dark glasses 太阳镜，墨镜
• She was wearing a black leather jacket and shades. 她穿了一件黑色皮夹克，戴着太阳眼镜。
countable US for * roller blind
[ʃeɪd] noun
DEGREE 程度
countable
■a type or degree of a colour 色调，色度
• Their kitchen is painted an unusual shade of yellow/an unusual yellow shade. 他们的厨房被刷成了一种少见的黄色。
• This hair colouring comes in several shades. 这种染发剂有几种深浅不同的颜色。
• The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout. 整个房间采用了清淡柔和的色彩作装饰。
countable
■type or variation 种类；差别
• They are hoping to satisfy all shades of public opinion. 他们希望能让持各种不同意见的人们都满意。
• There are several shades of meaning in that sentence. 那句话有多层意思。
a shade
■slightly 少许，少量
• Don't you think those trousers are a shade too tight? 难道你不觉得那条裤子稍嫌太紧了吗？
• The journey took us a shade over/under three hours. 旅途花了我们三个小时多一点／近三个小时。
• Our new car cost us a shade more/less than we were expecting it to. 我们买新车所花的钱比我们预期的要多／少一点。
shades of sth/sb informal
■similarities with something or someone 与…的相似处
• I fancied there were shades of socialism in the way the school was run. 我认为，这所学校的管理方式与社会主义有些类似。
■said to mean that something or someone makes you remember something or someone similar in the past 像（过去某人或某物）的样子
• In his speech he said - shades of Martin Luther King Jr. - that he had a dream. 他在演讲中说道——像小马丁‧路德‧金一样——他有一个梦。
[ʃeɪd] noun
light and shade
■different parts of the character of a person or the quality of a thing 丰富多彩，多种多样
• The orchestra's playing brought out the light and shade in the music. 该管弦乐队在演奏中表现出了音乐丰富的层次感。
[ʃeɪd] noun
put/leave sb in the shade
■to be so good that another person or thing does not seem important or worth very much 使黯然失色，使相形见绌
• Although I thought I'd done well, my sister's exam results put mine in the shade. 尽管我认为自己考得不错，但我妹妹的考试成绩让我相形见绌。
[ʃeɪd] noun
shades of grey
■the possibility of uncertainty 不确定性，灰色区域
• The film presents a straightforward choice between good and evil, with no shades of grey. 这部电影在善恶之间的选择问题上泾渭分明，没有半点模棱两可的地方。
[ʃeɪd] verb
STOP LIGHT 遮光
transitive
■to prevent direct light from shining on something 给…遮住直射光线
• I shaded my eyes from the glare of the sun. 我遮住眼睛，避开刺眼的阳光。
• The broad avenues are shaded by splendid trees. 宽阔的大道荫庇在大树下。
[ʃeɪd] verb
CHANGE 变化
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to gradually change or become 逐渐变化，渐变
• At sunset, the sky shaded from pink into dark red. 日落时分，天空逐渐由粉色变为深红。
• Their views shade into the policies of the extreme left of the party. 他们的观点逐渐演变成党内极左派的政策。
[ʃeɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shade sth in
■to make part of a picture darker 将（图画某部分）的颜色加深
shadow, shade
这组词都有“荫，荫凉处”的意思，其区别是：
shadow: 常指光线被物体挡住所产生的阴影，影子，有明显的轮廓。
shade: 指阳光被遮挡后出现的荫凉处，如树荫等，无一定的轮廓或边界。
n. 树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物；（照片等的）明暗度；少量、些微；细微的差别
 - umbrage, fantom
vt. 使阴暗；使渐变；为…遮阳；使阴郁；掩盖
 - dull, overshadow
vi. （颜色、色彩等）渐变
 - graduate

Word: strife
Front: strife
[straɪf] (研六托宝 10875/11438 -1)
Vocabulary: strife
(once / 406 pages)
n
Strife is the act or state of fighting or arguing violently. The years leading up to the U.S. Civil War were characterized by great strife between northern and southern states over slavery and the role of a federal government.
This word applies to major issues and events, such as war and religious conflict: a period of civil strife. Like its Old French source, the original meaning of the English noun strife and the English verb strive had to do with an argument or quarrel. But the verb strive has lost that earlier sense, and now means to try hard to do or achieve something.
WORD FAMILY
strife: strifes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The developments are easily visualised: the PA collapses in strife or rebellion and the Israeli army ends up governing.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“You want the strife of humankind to finally cease?” she raps.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 斗争; 争吵; 冲突; [古]奋斗
分布：冲突(76%)，争吵(12%)，竞争(6%)，倾轧(6%)
→来自 strive 的动词形式。词性比较 proof,prove.
n.争吵;冲突,斗争;竞争What caused the labor-management strife?劳资冲突的原因是什么?
【记】源于：strive（v 努力；斗争）
[straɪf] formal
noun uncountable
■violent or angry disagreement 冲突；纠纷；争吵
• What are the prospects for overcoming the strife between the Christian minority and Muslim majority? 解决基督教少数派和回教多数派之间冲突的前景如何？
• Twenty years of civil strife have left the country's economy in ruins. 20年的内战使该国经济满目疮痍。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
n. 冲突；争吵；不和
 - interference, conflict, argument, war, collision

Word: perk
Front: perk
[pɜ:k] (9621/11720 -1)
Vocabulary: perk
(once / 3103 pages)
1n 2v
A perk is something extra you get, in addition to a salary, in exchange for working. The major perk of your job at an ice cream shop might be all the hot fudge sundaes you can eat.
Some fairly common job perks include health insurance, free gym memberships, and company cars. You can also talk about the perks, or benefits, of a situation: "I have to ride to school with my annoying neighbor, but the perk is she always brings donuts." As a verb, perk means "to become more energetic or cheerful." So that donut perk? It might be just the thing to perk you up on a Monday morning.
WORD FAMILY
perk: perked, perking, perks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ahmad said he tries to perk his mother up by telling her about the new things he’s experiencing.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
China’s “iPhone City” was built in large part on billions of dollars worth of perks, tax breaks and subsidies, our investigation reveals.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Our investigation into the world’s biggest iPhone factory, in Zhengzhou, China, revealed a hidden bounty of perks, tax breaks and subsidies.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）活跃; 竖起，翘起; 振作; 滤煮
n. 额外津贴，外快
时态：perked, perking, perks
分布：打扮(34%)，竖起(31%)，特权(18%)，利益(7%)，滤煮(5%)，额外津贴(5%)
→缩写自perquisite,津贴，额外补贴。
US [pɝ:k] noun countable informal
■an advantage or extra thing, such as money or goods, which you are given because of your job （因工作而享有的）补贴，津贴，额外待遇
• A company car and a mobile phone are some of the perks that come with the job. 这份工作的一些额外待遇包括配备公司车和行动电话。
■an advantage 好处，有利条件
• Having such easy access to some of the best cinema and theatre is one of the perks of living in Sydney. 一些最好的电影院和剧院就近在咫尺，是在雪梨生活所能享受的便利之一。
UK [pɜ:k] US [pɝ:k] verb intransitive or transitive informal
■(to cause a liquid, especially coffee) to percolate （使）渗滤
UK [pɜ:k] US [pɝ:k] verb intransitive or transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] perk (sb) up
■to become or cause someone to become happier, more energetic or active （使）（某人）快活起来；（使）（某人）振作起来；（使）（某人）活跃起来
• She perked up as soon as I mentioned that Charles was coming to dinner. 我一提到查尔斯要来吃晚餐她就精神为之一振。
• He perked up at the news. 一听到这消息他精神就振作起来了。
• Would you like a cup of coffee? It might perk you up a bit. 你想喝杯咖啡吗？也许能让你提提神。
UK [pɜ:k] US [pɝ:k] verb intransitive or transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  perk up
■to improve or become more exciting 有所改善；有起色；变得更有趣
• Share prices perked up slightly before the close of trading. 股票价格在收市前稍微涨了一些。
vi. 振作；昂首
 - stir oneself, nerve oneself
vt. 使振作；打扮；竖起
 - dress oneself, array
n. 小费；额外收入
 - fee, tip

Word: tropical
Front: tropical
[ˈtrɒpɪkl] (研四六托 4182/3874 -K2)
Vocabulary: tropical
(once / 458 pages)
1adj 2adj
Our planet’s tropical regions, located just north and south of the equator, are known for being warm and humid. Some people think tropical areas make ideal vacation spots; others think they’re just good places for getting mosquito bites.
This word calls for a crash course in geography. If you stand at Earth’s equator at certain times of the year, you’ll see the Sun directly overhead. However, the Sun “wanders” a bit, and sometimes you have to move north or south to see the Sun right above you; latitude lines called tropics show just how far north and south you have to go. The region between each tropic and the equator is considered tropical. For more details, see your travel agent.
WORD FAMILY
tropical: semitropical, subtropical, tropically+/subtropic: subtropics/tropic: semitropic, subtropic, tropical, tropics/tropics: semitropics
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mercury got a boost from a record-challenging El Niño event, a cyclical warming of the tropical Pacific, which dispersed heat around the globe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s another example of the regard with which arts are supported by Cuba’s “tropical socialist” government.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 热带的; 炎热的; 热情的
分布：热带的(78%)，炎热的(16%)，热带植物的(6%)
→tropic,热带的，-al,形容词后缀。
热带的(tropic+al)[trop=vturn,表示"转"]
a.热带的They inhabit the tropical forests.他们居住在热带森林中.
US ['trɑ:.pɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■from or relating to the area between the two tropics 热带的
• tropical fish 热带鱼
• a tropical island/region/climate 热带岛屿／地区／气候
• Leprosy is one of the few tropical diseases which could be eradicated early in the 21st century. 21世纪初有几种热带病可以彻底根除，麻风病就是其中之一。
• She specialises in tropical medicine (= the treatment of diseases from the tropical areas of the world). 她专门医治热带病。
• The Amazon river basin contains the world's largest tropical rainforest. 亚马孙河流域有世界上最大的热带雨林。
• The hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm when its speed dropped to 70mph. 当飓风的速度降为每小时70英里时，就减弱为热带风暴。
⇒ See also subtropical informal
■extremely hot and feeling wet （天气）湿热的
• The weather was positively tropical last summer. 去年夏天天气非常湿热。
adj. [地理] 热带的；热情的；酷热的
 - intense, warm, hot, enthusiastic, passionate

Word: supervision
Front: supervision
[ˌsju:pə'vɪʒn] (六托 5614/3976 -2)
Back: n. 监督; 管理; 监督的行为、过程或作用
分布：监督(75%)，管理(25%)
US [-pɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone watches a person or activity and makes certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc. 监督，管理，指导
• Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a teacher. 学生们只有在老师的指导下才能动这些化学物品。
n. 监督， [管理] 管理
 - governance, administration, management, surveillance, regulation

Word: stun
Front: stun
[stʌn] (研六托宝 5131/11636 -2)
Vocabulary: stun
(once / 438 pages)
v
To stun is to knock unconscious or to shock. So getting hit in the head with a softball will stun you, but hearing that your favorite band is playing at the prom will also stun you.
If your cat catches a mouse, it may only stun the little animal and give you a chance to set it free. Being knocked hard enough in the head is generally what it takes to physically stun a person. It's more common for something that's astonishing to stun you, whether it's hearing terrible news or seeing something amazingly beautiful, like the northern lights or the Grand Canyon. Stun, in fact, shares a root with astonish.
WORD FAMILY
stun: stunned, stunner, stunning, stuns+/stunner: stunners/ stunning: stunningest, stunningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am in a shower when I find a lump in my left breast, and I am stunned.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s not a coincidence that they were able to stun New England on national television this year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 击晕，使昏厥; 使震聋; 使目瞪口呆; 使大吃一惊
n. 打击，刺激
时态：stunned, stunning, stuns
分布：震惊(30%)，使目瞪口呆(21%)，使昏迷(21%)，使震惊(15%)，晕眩(13%)
→来自古英语 stunian,打昏，震晕，大叫，猛击，来自 Proto-Germanic*stunona,大叫，轰鸣，来 自 stene,打雷，怒吼，词源同 stentorian,astonish,thunder.引申诸相关词义。
vt.使...失去知觉;使目瞪口呆,使吃惊They stunned him with a blow on the head.他们当头一击把他打昏过去.
【记】stun的人不能stand。
【参】stunning（adj 足以使人晕倒的；极好的）
[stʌn] (-nn-)
verb transitive
SHOCK 使震惊
■to shock or surprise someone very much 使震惊；使惊讶
• News of the disaster stunned people throughout the world. 灾难消息使全世界的人震惊。
• She was stunned by the amount of support she received from well-wishers. 居然有这么多人送上祝福，他们的支持令她受宠若惊。
[stʌn] (-nn-)
verb transitive
MAKE UNCONSCIOUS 使失去知觉
■to make a person or animal unconscious, or to cause them to lose the usual control of their mind, especially by hitting their head hard 使失去知觉，使昏迷；（尤指重击头部）把…打昏
• Stunned by the impact, he lay on the ground wondering what had happened. 遭重击昏倒后，他躺在地上想弄清楚发生了甚么事。
• This injection stuns the rhinoceros, so we can examine it. 这支注射针剂可以把犀牛弄晕，然后我们就可以对它进行检查。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使震惊；打昏；给以深刻的印象
 - shock, scandalize
n. 昏迷；打昏；惊倒；令人惊叹的事物
 - coma, stupor

Word: undoubtedly
Front: undoubtedly
[ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ] (研四六托雅 5545/3117)
Vocabulary: undoubtedly
(once / 254 pages)
adv
Undoubtedly means certainly. If you are undoubtedly beautiful, then everyone agrees you are attractive. No one could think otherwise.
There are a lot of things in life that people doubt. However, when you're sure of something or feel strongly about it, this is a handy word. A beautiful spring day is undoubtedly wonderful. Dogs undoubtedly love to chase squirrels. Adults undoubtedly love to drink coffee in the morning, and kids undoubtedly love to get a day off from school. You are undoubtedly aware that this is a long explanation for something as simple as this word.
WORD FAMILY
doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly +/doubter: doubters/ doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/ doubtless: doubtlessly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The result was a massive fraud that undoubtedly stretched to the highest levels of the Kremlin, though no small detail was overlooked.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Now consider that Alabama’s players are undoubtedly aware of that famous play.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
I’m six feet seven and three hundred pounds, and when the bird caught sight of me it undoubtedly feared for its life.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 毋庸置疑地，的确地; 显然; 必定; 无疑
分布：无疑地(100%)
ad.无疑,必定Undoubtedly he did it.无疑地是他做了那件事.
ADJ
无疑的；确实的；显然的
You can use undoubted to emphasize that something exists or is true.
例：The event was an undoubted success.这件事毫无疑问是成功的。
例：...a man of your undoubted ability.像你这样确实很有能力的人
adv. 确实地，无庸置疑地
 - strictly, real

Word: stack
Front: stack
[stæk] (研四六托雅 4466/6113 -2)
Back: n. 垛，干草堆; （一排）烟囱; 层积; 整个的藏书架排列
vt. & vi. 堆成堆，垛; 堆起来或覆盖住; 洗牌作弊; 秘密事先运作
时态：stacked, stacking, stacks
分布：堆(92%)，堆积(3%)，一大堆(3%)，堆放(2%)
→来自古诺斯语 stakkr,草堆，来自 Proto-Germanic*stakon,柱子，桩，来自 steg,柱子，桩， 词源同 stake,stick.引申诸相关词义。
n.堆,一堆v.堆积,堆起The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun countable
PILE 堆
■a pile of things arranged one on top of another （排放整齐的）堆，叠
• He chose a cartoon from the stack of videos on the shelf. 他从架子上的一堆录影带中挑了盒卡通片。
■informal
■a large amount 大量，许多
• Don't worry, we've got stacks of time. 别担心，我们有的是时间。
the stacks
■a set of shelves in a library which are positioned close together so that a lot of books can be stored on them （图书馆中排列密集的）藏书书架；书库
[stæk] noun countable
ACCIDENT 事故 Australian informal
■a car accident, especially one that causes damage （尤指造成伤害的）车祸
[stæk] verb transitive
■to arrange things in an ordered pile 把…放成整齐的一堆；把…放成堆
• Once the last few people had left the hall, the caretaker began stacking (up) the chairs. 最后几个人一离开大厅，看门人就开始把椅子堆起来。
[stæk] verb transitive
have the odds / cards stacked against you
■to be very unlikely to succeed because you are not in an good position 形势对…不利
[stæk] verb transitive
stack the cards UK (US stack the deck)
■to arrange something in a dishonest way in order to achieve the result you want 暗中做手脚
[stæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stack up mainly US informal
■to compare with another thing of a similar type （和类似事物）相比，比较
• The new model of this car just doesn't stack up against previous models (= is not as good as previous models). 这辆小轿车的新型号不如以前的型号。
[stæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  be stacked up
■If aircraft are stacked up over an airport, they circle over the airport at different heights, waiting to be told they can land. 盘旋飞行等待降落
n. 堆；堆叠
 - pile, bing
vi. 堆积，堆叠
 - pile, heap up

Word: submarine
Front: submarine
[ˌsʌbməˈri:n] (研四六托雅 6881/6579 -2)
Vocabulary: submarine
(once / 451 pages)
nadjv
If you're in the Navy, a submarine is a military ship that goes under the water. If you're hungry, it's a type of sandwich.
This word mainly refers to a vessel that travels underwater and is armed with torpedoes — also known as a U-boat. But you can submarine someone by attacking them with a submarine or bringing them down with a blow to the legs. A disappointment can submarine — or sink — your hopes and dreams. In the kitchen, a submarine is what you call a long, crusty sandwich filled with meats and cheese — also known as a sub, grinder, hero, or hoagie.
WORD FAMILY
submarine: antisubmarine, submarined, submariner, submarines, submarining+/ antisubmarine: antisubmariner/ marine: marineer, submarine /submariner: submariners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sentries at Faslane naval base were ordered to shoot suspected intruders after three people broke into a nuclear submarine, cabinet papers show.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The team’s solution was to require all ships and submarines to install a simple flow meter to measure the exact amount.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Navy submarine collided with their Japanese fishing vessel in 2001.
Time(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 潜艇; 海底生物
adj. 水下的，海底的
vt. 用潜艇攻击
vi. 驾驶潜艇; 划入底下
时态：submarined, submarining, submarines
分布：潜水艇(99%)，海面下的(1%)
→sub-,在下，marine,海的。
海底的n.潜水艇(sub在下面+marine→在海下面)[Marin=sea,表示"海洋"]
n.潜水艇a.水底的,海底的The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
noun countable (informal sub)
 ADVANCED
■a ship which can travel under water 潜艇
• a nuclear submarine 核潜艇
• a submarine base/commander 潜艇基地／指挥官
[ˌsʌb.mə'ri:n] ['---] adjective specialized
■existing below the surface of the sea 海面下的，海底的
n. 潜水艇；海底生物
 - sub, pigboat
adj. [海洋] 海底的；水下的
 - benthonic, undersea

Word: heartland
Front: heartland
[ˈhɑ:tlænd] (10435/14261 -1)
Back: n. 心脏地带; 中心区域
分布：心脏地区(62%)，中心地区(38%)
→heart,心，心脏，land,土地。比喻用法。
US ['hɑ:rt-] noun countable
■the central or most important area 中心地区；重要地区
• the Labour/Tory heartlands 工党／保守党的核心地区
n. [地理] 中心地带；心脏地区
 - central place

Word: symbolic
Front: symbolic
[sɪmˈbɒlɪk] (4160/4516 -2)
Vocabulary: symbolic
(once / 1123 pages)
adj
When one thing represents something else that's more abstract, it is symbolic, like a cowboy's black hat in western films is symbolic of his sinister intentions.
Images and designs on flags are often symbolic of something about a country, for instance, New Zealand's flag shows four stars that are symbolic of the constellation Crux. We're not sure exactly where the word symbolic came from, because several languages have similar words with similar meanings. The word could have come from the French symbolique, the Latin symbolicus, or the Greek sumbolikos.
WORD FAMILY
symbolic: symbolically, unsymbolic+/ symbol: symbolic, symbolical, symbolise, symbolism, symbolize, symbolling, symbols/symbolisation: symbolisations/symbolise: symbolisation, symbolised, symboliser, symbolises, symbolising/ symbolism: symbolisms, symbolist/symbolist: symbolists/symbolization: symbolizations/ symbolize: symbolization, symbolized, symbolizer, symbolizes, symbolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But these first steps will be largely symbolic while lawmakers debate the details of dismantling the healthcare law.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The minimal use of props allows for fluid scene changes, and the symbolic white sheet creates some dramatic stage images.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Featherstone’s “Fantastical Landscape” is a symbolic reconstruction of places like India and Nepal, where religious art is public, communal and ubiquitous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 象征的，象征性的
分布：象征的(61%)，符号的(27%)，代号(12%)
→symbol,象征，符号，-ic,形容词后缀。
US [-'bɑ:.lɪk] (also symbolical)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■representing something else 代表的，象征的
• The skull at the bottom of the picture is symbolic of death. 图片底部的骷髅象征死亡。
 ADVANCED
■describes an action that expresses or seems to express an intention or feeling, but which has little practical influence on a situation （行为举动）象征性的，没有甚么实际影响的
• Five hundred troops were sent in, more as a symbolic gesture than as a real threat. 派来500人的部队，只是一个象征性的举动，并不构成实质性的威胁。
adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的
 - emblematic, indicative

Word: inflow
Front: inflow
[ˈɪnfləʊ] (15695/16307 -1)
Back: n. 流入，注入; 流入物; 内流，吸入
分布：流入(94%)，流入物(4%)，流入量(2%)
→in-,进入，使，flow,流动。
US [-floʊ] noun countable or uncountable
■the action of people or things arriving somewhere 流入，涌入
• The government wanted an inflow of foreign investment. 政府希望引进外资。
n. [流] 流入；流入物；岭量
 - afflux, inrush
vi. [流] 流入；货币回笼
 - flow into, feed into

Word: consideration
Front: consideration
[kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六托 2487/1248 -K2)
Vocabulary: consideration
(once / 97 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Consideration is kindness and thoughtful regard for others, or an act of thoughtfulness. Treating others as you would have them treat you (the Golden Rule) is one example of consideration.
The verb consider comes from the Latin for "contemplate," and hidden in the word is sid,, the Latin root for "star." Originally it meant to examine something very thoroughly, or carefully, as if you were staring at the night sky, contemplating its mystery. If you give something consideration, you think about it carefully, and not too quickly. When you’re making a tough decision, you need to give consideration to all possible outcomes before making up your mind.
WORD FAMILY
consideration: considerations, inconsideration+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is one consideration, but it may be hard considering how great the need is now.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This pattern, and Bellevue’s capacity to accommodate more of the region’s new jobs and residents, is an important consideration as growth policies evolve.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But sometimes there are more strategic considerations at play.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 考虑，考察; 照顾，关心; 报酬; 尊敬
分布：考虑(88%)，体贴(6%)，考虑因素(3%)，意见(2%)，敬重(1%)
n.需要考虑的事,理由;考虑,思考;体谅,照顾That matter is under consideration.那件事正在考虑之中.
noun
CAREFUL THINKING 仔细考虑
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you think about something carefully 考虑，斟酌
• After some consideration, we've decided to sell the house. 一番斟酌之后，我们决定卖掉房子。
• The whole matter needs (to be given) careful consideration. 整件事需要仔细考虑。
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
SUBJECT/FACT 事件／事情
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging something 考虑到；注意到
• It may be fairly cheap to buy, but you've got to take into consideration the money you'll spend on repairs. 买它可能很便宜，但你得考虑你要花多少修理费。
• Comfort/Safety is an important consideration. 舒适性／安全性是需考虑的重要因素。
  Common Learner Errors  take into considerationRemember: use the correct preposition. Don't say 'take in/under/to consideration', say take into consideration :
✗ Please take all my suggestions in consideration. Please take all my suggestions into consideration.
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
CARE 关心
uncountable
■when you are kind to people or think about their feelings 体贴，关心
• You've got no consideration for others! 你毫不关心别人！
• Could you turn your music down and show a little consideration for the neighbours! 你能把音乐声量调低、考虑一下邻居吗？
• We didn't publish the details, out of consideration for the victim's family. 出于对受害者家属的考虑，我们没有公布细节。
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
MONEY 酬金
countable old-fashioned or humorous
■a payment for a service 报酬，酬金
• For a small consideration, madam, I'll show you the way there myself. 夫人，如果给点报酬，我会亲自带您到那里。
n. 考虑；原因；关心；报酬
 - attention, compensation, payment, cause, matter

Word: disarm
Front: disarm
[dɪsˈɑ:m] (托宝 8775/11775 -1)
Vocabulary: disarm
(once / 720 pages)
v
When you disarm someone, you take their weapons away from them. An archery instructor might, for example, disarm a student if he wasn't handling his bow and arrow carefully.
To disarm is to remove a gun, knife — or any kind of weapon — from someone's hands, or from a group of people. A government might work to disarm a rebel group, for example, and police officers sometimes offer to pay money for guns in an attempt to disarm citizens. You can also use the verb to mean "win someone over," like when you disarm a cranky store cashier with your friendly smile. Disarm has an Old French root word, desarmer.
WORD FAMILY
disarm: disarmament, disarmed, disarmer, disarming, disarms+/ arm: armament, armed, armful, arming, armless, armlet, armlike, armor, arms, disarm, forearm, overarm, re-arm, rearm, unarm, underarm/ armament: armaments/ armful: armfuls/arming: armings/armlet: armlets/ armor: armored, armorer, armoring, armors/armored: unarmored/armorer: armorers/disarmament: disarmaments/disarmer: disarmers/ disarming: disarmingly, disarmings/forearm: forearmed, forearming, forearms/rearm: rearmament, rearmed, rearming, rearms/rearmament: rearmaments/unarm: unarmed, unarming, unarms/underarm: underarms
USAGE EXAMPLES
His sense of humor is disarming, as he pivots from comical to solemn in a split-second.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“If the government provides security and asks us to put down our weapons, we will disarm,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
They heard the shot and disarmed him at Mueller Park Junior High School in Bountiful, about 11 miles north of Salt Lake City.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vi. 裁军; 解除武装; 放下武器
vt. 使缴械; 使息怒; 解除武装; 缓和
时态：disarmed, disarming, disarms
分布：解除武装(41%)，放下武器(28%)，裁军(24%)，缓和(7%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。arm, 武装，军备竞赛。即解除武装，裁军。
解除武装(dis+arm武装→去掉武装)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
解除武器(dis去掉+arm→去掉武器)[arm=weapon,表示"武器"]
【记】dis消除，arm武装－缴械
【反】put on guard（警戒）；bait（v 折磨打击）
US [-'sɑ:rm] verb
REMOVE WEAPONS 拿走武器
intransitive or transitive
■to take weapons away from someone, or to give up weapons or armies 缴…的械；解除…的武装；交出武器；裁军
• With one movement, she disarmed the man and pinned him against the wall. 她一下子就缴了那男子的械，并把他按到墙上。
• Many politicians argued that this was no time to disarm (= give up the country's weapons and army). 很多政治家争辩说现在不是交出国家的武器和军队的时候。
• Experts successfully managed to disarm the bomb (= stop it from exploding). 专家们成功地拆除了炸弹的引信。
UK [dɪ'sɑ:m] US [-'sɑ:rm] verb
PERSONALITY 个性
transitive
■to make someone like you, especially when they had not expected to （尤指出乎意料地）使产生好感
• His frankness completely disarmed her. 他的坦率彻底征服了她。
vt. 解除武装；裁军；缓和
 - relax, demilitarize

Word: purge
Front: purge
[pɜ:dʒ] (托雅宝 11512/11561 -1)
Vocabulary: purge
(once / 901 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To purge is to get rid of something or someone, and often it’s done suddenly. Purge rhymes with urge, and when you have a really strong urge to throw stuff away or clean something out, you have an urge to purge.
From the Latin purgare, meaning "purify," purge is used as a verb for removing impure things, whether they're guilty feelings in a person or rotten vegetables in a refrigerator. As a noun, the act of tossing out the too-small clothes in your closet before getting new ones might be called a purge. It can be a very bad act, too, as when individuals have an unhealthy urge to purge or empty their stomachs after eating or when a military group decides to purge a certain ethnic group from a country.
WORD FAMILY
purge: purgation, purgative, purged, purges, purging+/purgation: purgations/purgative: purgatives/purging: purgingly, purgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A one-time Cabinet candidate, Christie ran Trump’s transition before he and his allies were purged from the operation in the week after Election Day.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Clingman told Chief Public Defender Ben Baur that he could purge the contempt findings by following his statutory duty to represent defendants.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
A management shake-up purged those responsible for a series of past mistakes, and a big bump in spending has not hurt, either.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 清除，（使）净化; （使）通便; 肃清
n. 净化; <医>泻药; 整肃
时态：purged, purging, purges
分布：清除(41%)，净化(26%)，清洗(23%)，泻药(6%)，整肃(4%)
→来自拉丁语purgare,纯化，清洗，使干净，来自purigare,使纯化，来自purus,纯的，词源同pure,-ig,驱动，使，做，词源同agent,litigate.
使清净[Pur,purg=pure,表示"纯洁"]
US [pɝ:dʒ] verb transitive
REMOVE PEOPLE 清除某人
■to get rid of people from an organization because you do not agree with them 清除，肃清（反对者）
• Party leaders have undertaken to purge the party of extremists. 政党领袖已采取行动清除党内的极端分子。
• Hard-liners are expected to be purged from the administration. 主张强硬路线的人预测将从政府中清除出去。
UK [pɜ:dʒ] US [pɝ:dʒ] verb transitive
REMOVE EVIL 清除罪恶
■to make someone or something free of something evil or harmful 使涤罪；使洁净
• [R] Roman Catholics go to confession to purge their souls/themselves (from/of sin). 罗马天主教徒参加忏悔以净化灵魂／涤罪。
• The new state governor has promised to purge the police force of corruption. 新州长已保证要清除警界的腐败现象。
UK [pɜ:dʒ] US [pɝ:dʒ] noun countable
■the act of getting rid of people from an organization because you do not agree with them 清除（从一个组织中清除持不同意见者的行动）
• Between 1934 and 1938, Stalin mounted a massive purge of the Communist Party, the government and the armed forces in the Soviet Union. 1934至1938年间，史达林对苏联的共产党、政府和军队实施大动作清党。
vi. 净化；通便
 - fine purification, purify
vt. 净化； [机] 清洗；通便
 - cleanse, purify
n. 净化；泻药
 - purification, distillation

Word: strictly
Front: strictly
[ˈstrɪktli] (四六 4544/3514 -K2)
Back: adv. 严格地; 完全地
分布：严格地(58%)，完全地(42%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that would bring severe punishment if not obeyed 严格地，严厉地
• The speed limit is strictly enforced on urban roads. 市区道路严格限速行驶。
• The use of cameras in this museum is strictly forbidden. 本博物馆内严禁使用相机。
 IMPROVER
■in a very limited or limiting way 严格地；务必地
• Should I mark this letter to your accountant 'strictly confidential '? 我是否应该把这封给你会计师的信标注“绝密”字样？
• The proposed change in the law would make abortion illegal except for strictly defined medical reasons. 该法拟议中的修改将把堕胎列为非法行为，只有经过严格医学界定，属需要堕胎者除外。
• This unrepeatable offer is only available for a strictly limited period. 这么好的条件，机会难得稍纵即逝。
 ADVANCED
■exactly or correctly 完全地；确切地
• I have acted strictly in accordance with the regulations at all times. 我自始至终都是严格按照规定行事。
• It is essential that the safety procedures are strictly adhered to. 必须严格遵守安全规程。
• Their salaries are not strictly comparable (= cannot be directly compared) because of the differences in UK and US tax rates. 由于英美两国的税率不同，他们的薪酬严格来讲不能相提并论。
• Are all these questions strictly (= really) necessary ? 所有这些问题真有必要吗？
['strɪkt.li] adverb
strictly speaking
■being completely accurate 严格来说
• Strictly speaking, Great Britain consists of Scotland, Wales and England, and the United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 严格来说，大不列颠包括苏格兰、威尔士和英格兰，而联合王国则包括大不列颠和北爱尔兰。
adv. 严格地；完全地；确实地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, fully

Word: nonsense
Front: nonsense
[ˈnɒnsns] (研四六托 5969/4088 -K2)
Vocabulary: nonsense
(once / 237 pages)
nadj
Nonsense is stuff that sounds like language but doesn't have any meaning, like the phrase higgledy-piggledy-po, or fwumphy-doo. The most famous nonsense poem is Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky."
Nonsense means exactly what it sounds like: not containing a lick of sense. Nonsense words are made up. But sometimes if you say something in a really confusing way, people will say you're speaking nonsense: even though you're using normal words, you don't make any sense. Sometimes people will dismiss ideas that they don't like by calling them nonsense, but you might know better. Little household knick-knacks that have no purpose are also called nonsense.
WORD FAMILY
nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical +/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The suggestion that such categorizations are inherently offensive is nonsense,” Lane argued in earlier court documents.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Talk philosophical nonsense about the nature of violence?
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In short, there will be no more nonsense.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胡说，废话; 荒谬的念头; 愚蠢的行为; 胡闹
adj. 无意义的; 荒谬的
int. 荒唐
分布：胡说(60%)，废话(31%)，荒唐(9%)
→non-,无，非，sense,有意义词。
无意义的话(non无+sense感觉,意义→无意义)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.胡说,废话A sensible man's sensor is sensitive to nonsense on census.明智者的传感器对人口调查废话敏感.
US ['nɑ:n.sents] noun
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■an idea, something said or written, or behaviour that is silly or stupid 愚蠢的想法；谬论；胡扯；胡闹
• This report is nonsense and nothing but a waste of paper. 这份报告一派胡言，纯粹是浪费纸张。
• The accusations are (absolute/complete/utter) nonsense. 这些指控纯属子虚乌有。
• Nonsense/Don't talk nonsense! She's far too ill to return to work! 一派胡言／别胡说！她远不至于病得没法回来上班！
• You mustn't upset your sister with any more nonsense about ghosts. 不准你再讲那些鬼鬼怪怪的胡言乱语来吓唬你妹妹。
• [+ to infinitive] It 's (a) nonsense to say that he's too old for the job. 说他年纪太大，不能从事这份工作，那是一派胡言。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■language which cannot be understood because it does not mean anything 无意义的语言
• The translation of the instructions was so poor they were just nonsense. 这些使用说明翻译得很差，简直是不知所云。
UK ['nɒn.sənts] US ['nɑ:n.sents] noun
make (a) nonsense of sth UK
■to make something appear stupid or wrong, or to spoil something 使…显得荒谬；把…搞砸
• His repeated lack of promotion makes nonsense of the theory that if you work hard you'll be successful. 他屡次得不到提升，这令“只要努力就会成功”的理论成了无稽之谈。
UK ['nɒn.sənts] US ['nɑ:n.sents] noun
not stand any nonsense (UK also stand no nonsense)
■to refuse to accept bad or silly behaviour 不容忍胡闹
• The new teacher won't stand any nonsense. 新老师不容许任何人捣乱。
rubbish, nonsense
这组词都有“废话，胡说”的意思，其区别是：
rubbish: 从本义垃圾引申而指毫无价值的话或思想。
nonsense: 指因愚蠢或无知而出现的一切荒唐和无意义的言语。
n. 胡说；废话
 - bullshit, kibosh
adj. 荒谬的
 - ridiculous, preposterous

Word: socially
Front: socially
['səʊʃəlɪ] (4573/4316 -K)
Vocabulary: socially
(once / 1495 pages)
adv
Anything described as happening socially has to do with society and how people interact. Someone who’s socially gifted goes to all the parties. That person would never do something socially unacceptable, like jump to the front of the line.
People live in societies, and social things have to do with people interacting. Therefore, anything described as happening socially involves people’s involvement with each other. A socially active person spends a lot of time with other people. Someone who is socially awkward has trouble communicating. Someone socially conscious is interested in helping other people. Since social media has become popular, this word increasingly applies to online social networks. For example, someone socially invisible might not use the Internet.
WORD FAMILY
social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic/ socialist: socialists/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
He answered on two different levels, first socially.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The Screwvalas say they hope to raise a generation of socially conscious middle-class Indians, and perhaps the next wave of Indian entrepreneurs.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“If my dream was to be a lawyer or doctor, something that was socially acceptable, then everybody would be happy,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 在社交方面; 善于交际地; 在社会（地位）上; 在全社会中
分布：在社会上(58%)，在社交上(28%)，与礼貌行为相关(14%)
US ['soʊ-] adverb
GOING OUT 出外
■in or relating to a social situation 社交方面的；与社交场合有关的
• I chat to him at work now and then but I've never seen him socially. 我偶尔在工作时间和他闲聊一会儿，但我从未在社交场合见过他。
• Socially, she's a disaster - she's always offending someone or picking a fight. 她极不善于交际——总是得罪别人，招惹事端。
• Socially they're a great company to work for - I've never been to so many parties in my life. 从社交方面说，他们是一群值得为其卖力的人——我一生中从未参加过这么多派对。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl.i] US ['soʊ-] adverb
SOCIETY 社会
■by or relating to society 社会地；与社会有关的
• Drinking and driving is no longer socially acceptable. 酒后开车已不再为社会所接受。
• Private education is often regarded as socially divisive. 私立教育常常被认为会引起社会分化。

Word: certainty
Front: certainty
[ˈsɜ:tnti] (研四六雅宝 5560/4284 -2)
Back: n. 确定性，确实性; 确定的事，必然的事
分布：确定(98%)，确实的事情(2%)
肯定(certain肯定的)[-ty表名词,用在形容词后,把形容词变成名词]
n.确实性,确信,确实I can't say with any certainty when I shall be back.我不能确切地说什么时候回来.
【反】quandary（n 困惑）；supposition（n 推测）；misgiving（n 疑虑）；indecision（n 犹豫不决）
US ['sɝ:-] noun
IN NO DOUBT 毫无疑问
 ADVANCED countable
■something which cannot be doubted 确定的事情；必然的事情
• There are few absolute certainties in life. 世事无绝对。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something 肯定；确定；确实；确信
• I'm unable to answer that question with any certainty. 我不能确切地回答那个问题。
UK ['sɜ:.tən.ti] US ['sɝ:-] noun
EXTREMELY LIKELY 必然
countable
■something which is very likely to happen 必然的事；很有可能发生的事
• Joan will win - that's a certainty. 琼会赢的——这是必然的。
• [+ to infinitive] Joan is a certainty to win. 琼一定会赢。
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
n. 必然；确实；确实的事情
 - very like a whale, inerrability

Word: ted
Front: ted
[ted] (-/5340)
Back: vt. 翻晒
分布：摊晒(100%)

Word: holocaust
Front: holocaust
[ˈhɒləkɔ:st] (托雅宝 15211/20487 -1)
Vocabulary: holocaust
(once / 10658 pages)
n
The noun holocaust means "total destruction." However, this word has become inextricably connected with World War II and the mass murder of Jews by the Nazis (in this usage, Holocaust is capitalized).
When holocaust entered the English language in the thirteenth century, it referred to burnt offerings described in the Old Testament. The original Greek word meant "burnt whole" (note the relationship to the word caustic). Since at least 1942, though, the word is most often used to describe the extermination of Jews by the Nazis. Some people object to the religious connotations of the word, though, preferring to use the Hebrew Shoah (catastrophe) instead.
WORD FAMILY
holocaust: holocausts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His career, he wrote, was “divided between pursuing the dream of discovery and working to avoid the nightmare of a nuclear holocaust.”
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
AdSense helpfully suggested possible “Ad group ideas” and search terms that included: “holocaust hoax”, “was the holocaust fake” and “did the holocaust happen”.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
We had to be on America’s, but for a day or two we feared a nuclear holocaust unless Khrushchev backed off.
The Guardian(Nov 26, 2016)
Back: n. 大屠杀; 浩劫; 毁灭
分布：大屠杀(69%)，燔祭(16%)，浩劫(15%)
→holo-,整个的，整体的，-caust,燃烧，词源同caustic,cauterize.引申词义大灾难，大毁灭。
大火灾(holo全部+caust-全部烧光)[caust=bun(烧)]
【记】holo完全，整个，caust烧－浩劫holo＝hollow（空）；caust＝cause（v 导致）－导致空－大屠杀
【参】caustic（adj 腐蚀性的；刻薄的）；cauterize（v 烧灼）
US ['hɑ:.lə.kɑ:st] noun countable
■a very large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat, or the killing of very large numbers of people 大屠杀，大毁灭，浩劫
• A nuclear holocaust (= destruction caused by nuclear weapons) would leave few survivors. 一场核武浩劫后，几乎没多少幸存者。
n. 大屠杀；毁灭
 - destruction, death

Word: distrust
Front: distrust
[dɪsˈtrʌst] (10659/11594 -1)
Vocabulary: distrust
(once / 508 pages)
nv
Distrust is a feeling of doubt about some person or thing. We distrust people who aren't honest.
When you trust someone, you believe in her, so the opposite is true of distrust. Trust is from the Old Norse word traust meaning "confidence." Put a dis in front of it, and to distrust is to have no confidence in someone or something. As a noun, distrust is the feeling of doubt. In a corrupt workplace, there will be a lot of distrust. Where there's distrust, there's not much harmony.
WORD FAMILY
distrust: distrusted, distrusting, distrusts, self-distrust+/distrustful: distrustfully, distrustfulness/ entrust: entrusted, entrusting, entrusts/intrust: intrusted, intrusting, intrusts/mistrust: mistrusted, mistrustful, mistrusting, mistrusts/mistrustful: mistrustfully/ trust: antitrust, distrust, entrust, intrust, mistrust, trusted, trustee, truster, trustful, trusting, trusts, trusty/trusted: trustedly/trustee: trustees, trusteeship/trusteeship: trusteeships/truster: trusters/trustful: distrustful, trustfully, trustfulness/ trusting: trustingest, trustingly, trustingness, untrusting/trusty: trustier, trusties, trustiest, trustily, trustiness, untrusty/untrusty: untrustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nixon’s distrust of the CIA prompted him to undervalue most of the agency’s judgments, if he read them at all.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Why do we revere the intellect and ignore or distrust the body?
Washington Post(Dec 13, 2016)
“We’ve effectively brainwashed the core of our audience to distrust anything that they disagree with,” one conservative radio host said.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 不信任; 怀疑
n. 不信任，猜疑; 疑惑，不相信
时态：distrusted, distrusting, distrusts
分布：不信任(69%)，怀疑(31%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。trust, 相信，信任。
不信,猜疑(dis不+trust)[tru=true,表示"相信,真实"]
noun uncountable
■when you do not trust someone or something 不信任，不相信，怀疑
• The two groups have existed in a state of mutual distrust for centuries. 几个世纪以来这两个群体一直处于互不信任的状态之中。
• She has a (deep) distrust of journalists. 她对记者（非常）不信任。
[dɪ'strʌst] verb transitive
■to not trust someone or something 不信任，不相信，怀疑
• In spite of its election success, the government is still deeply distrusted on key issues. 政府虽然在选举中获胜，但在关键问题上仍然没有取得民众的信任。
doubt, suspect, distrust
这组词都有“怀疑”的意思，其区别是：
doubt: 普通用词，多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑，多含否定意味。
suspect: 指猜疑、疑心，肯定意味较多。
distrust: 指疑惑、猜疑，不信任。
doubt, supicion, distrust, uncertainty
这些名词均有“怀疑”之意。
doubt: 指对事物的真、假有怀疑。
supicion: 语气较强，指对某人做某事的目的、意图有怀疑，或认为某人做错事，但无确凿证据而产生怀疑。
distrust: 一般用词，泛指对某人某事不信任而感到怀疑。
uncertainty: 侧重指对某事或选择等需作决定时的迟疑不决。
vt. 不信任
 - mistrust
n. 不信任
 - nonconfidence

Word: separation
Front: separation
[ˌsepəˈreɪʃn] (高四六 3704/3669 -K)
Vocabulary: separation
(once / 362 pages)
1n 2n
When two things that were together come apart, it's a separation, whether they're the two halves of your Oreo or a married couple splitting up.
If you leave your beloved cat to go to college, it's a separation — the two of you are parting ways, at least for a little while. The root is the Latin word separare, which means "to pull apart." A separation from someone you care about can be hard, but the trickiest thing about separation is remembering how to spell it. One common trick is to keep in mind that there's "a rat" in the middle of the word.
WORD FAMILY
separation: separationism, separations+/ inseparable: inseparably/separable: inseparable, separability, separably/ separate: separable, separated, separately, separateness, separates, separating, separation, separatism, separative, separator/separateness: separatenesses/separationism: separationist/separationist: separationists/separatism: separatisms, separatist/separatist: separatists/separator: separators
USAGE EXAMPLES
For Saroo Brierley , that separation was real and lasting— a story so extraordinary and harrowing that it carries an excellent movie called “Lion.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last feasible option is a mix of separation and integration.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 分离，分开; 间隔，距离; [矿]分选; （夫妇）分居
分布：分离(91%)，分居(7%)，缺口(1%)，分隔线(1%)
US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
 IMPROVER
■when two or more people or things are separated 分离；分开
• During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation (= not being together). 战争期间，很多夫妇不得不忍受长期分离之苦。
• After many years the government finally abandoned its apartheid system of racial separation. 多年之后，政府最终废除了种族隔离制度。
countable or uncountable
■an arrangement, often legal, by which two married people stop living together as husband and wife 分居
• Couples may agree to divorce each other after a separation. 分居之后，夫妻双方可能同意离婚。
• They're considering separation as an option. 他们正在考虑选择分居。
n. 分离，分开；间隔，距离； [法] 分居；缺口
 - distance, interval, space, gap, remove

Word: rejection
Front: rejection
[rɪ'dʒekʃn] (六托 5003/4305)
Vocabulary: rejection
(once / 1170 pages)
1n 2n
The noun rejection can refer to the actual act of rejecting something or to the feeling one has after being rejected. In other words, you might have feelings of rejection after experiencing the rejection of others.
The Latin noun rēicere, which means "to throw back," is the ancestor of the word rejection. Nobody likes to feel the rejection of being excluded. The word rejection became popular in psychology in 1931, when parental rejection was seen as a motivation of bad behavior in children. The word found a medical meaning by 1943, as the body's refusal to accept a transplant.
WORD FAMILY
rejection: rejections+/ reject: rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejective, rejects
USAGE EXAMPLES
We believe that a rejection of peace and the promotion of settlements are also bad for Israel.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Rejection from a prestigious art academy in Japan strengthened his resolve to gain recognition for his individualized approach.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The obstacle is Palestinian rejection of Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state in any borders.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 拒绝; 摒弃; 剔除物; <医>排斥
分布：拒绝(99%)，被弃(1%)
拒绝(reject+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when someone refuses to accept, use or believe someone or something 拒绝；拒收；摈弃；拒绝相信
• The government's rejection of the plans is a setback for us. 政府拒绝批准这些计划使我们大受挫折。
• I've applied for ten jobs, but all I've got is rejections/rejection letters. 我申请了十份工作，但都被拒绝了／但收到的都是回绝信。
• He never asked her to marry him out of fear of rejection. 他因为怕被拒绝，所以从未向她求婚。
n. 拒绝；抛弃；被抛弃的东西
 - refusal, denial

Word: philosopher
Front: philosopher
[fəˈlɒsəfə(r)] (研四六托 5141/4797 -2)
Vocabulary: philosopher
(once / 197 pages)
n
A philosopher is someone engaged in the study of philosophy. Have you ever wondered about the meaning of life? This is the type of weighty question a philosopher tackles.
In ancient Greek, the word philosopho meant a “lover of wisdom.” Thales of Miletus, who lived in the 7th century B.C., generally gets credit for being the first western philosopher, though he is much less well known than Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. René Descartes, famous for his declaration, “I think, therefore I am,” is considered the first modern philosopher, though he lived in the 17th century.
WORD FAMILY
philosopher: philosophers+/ philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/ philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings/ philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize
USAGE EXAMPLES
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Hoover Institution senior fellow and prominent libertarian conservative philosopher Thomas Sowell announced his retirement in a final column Tuesday morning.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, the philosopher Jean Baudrillard describes this kind of voter alienation as a tactic.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 哲学家，哲人; 思想家，学者; 豁达的人; 爱卖弄大道理者
分布：哲学家(94%)，思想家(5%)，达观者(1%)
→来自philosophy,哲学。
n.哲学家,哲人The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
【记】phil喜欢，osoph知识，er人：喜欢知识的人－哲学家
【区】philology（n 语言学）
US [-'lɑ:.sə.fɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who studies or writes about the meaning of life 哲学家
• Plato was a Greek philosopher. 柏拉图是古希腊哲学家。
n. 哲学家；哲人
 - wise man, rishi

Word: startle
Front: startle
[ˈstɑ:tl] (研四六托雅宝 5455/7875 -2)
Vocabulary: startle
(once / 138 pages)
vn
To startle is to jump, like when you're surprised. If you’re sneaking through a dark room and step on a sleeping dog’s tail — you might startle the dog. If she barks, that dog startles you right back!
A startle is a quick, sharp movement, like a little jump that happens when you’re surprised or suddenly scared. If you sneak up on your mom and say "Boo!" you’ll startle her and she might jump up in her seat (before she yells at you to quit it). Alarm clocks and barking dogs often startle people. The original meaning of startle, around 1300, was "to run back and forth," from the Old English word styrtan, "to leap up."
WORD FAMILY
startle: startled, startles, startling +/startled: startledly/ startling: startlingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the truly startling thing about Ms. Carey’s New Year’s Eve fiasco is that she planned to perform “Emotions” at all.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The combination of tiredness and fear, when it combined with my letting down my guard, produced at least one moment that startled and haunted me.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
For that startling race, Whitlock’s training log showed that he did 43 training runs of three hours apiece.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使震惊，使大吃一惊; 使惊跳，使惊吓
vi. 惊吓; 受惊; 惊跳
n. 惊愕; 惊恐; 震惊，吃惊; 惊跳
时态：startled, startling, startles
分布：吃惊(59%)，惊恐(41%)
→来自古义 start,跳动，跳起，-le,表反复。引申比喻义吃惊，震惊。
v.惊吓,使吃惊The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
【记】star星星长出tle头－star头－使吃惊害怕得跳起
【反】lull（v 使平静）
US ['stɑ:r.l] verb transitive
■to do something unexpected which surprises and sometimes worries a person or animal 使大吃一惊；使受惊，使吓一跳
• She was concentrating on her book and his voice startled her. 她正在聚精会神地看书，被他的声音吓了一跳。
• The noise of the car startled the birds and the whole flock flew up into the air. 汽车声把一大群鸟惊吓得振翅飞了起来。
• Her article on diet startled many people into changing their eating habits. 她那篇有关饮食的文章使很多人惶惶不安，开始改变饮食习惯。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使吓一跳；使惊奇
 - surprise
vi. 惊吓；惊跳；惊奇
 - stand in amazement
n. 惊愕；惊恐
 - wonder, consternation

Word: translation
Front: translation
[trænsˈleɪʃn] (高研四六托 4290/3982 -K2)
Vocabulary: translation
(once / 218 pages)
1n 2n 3n
"C'est un dictionnaire en ligne." Don't understand? Here's a translation for you: "This is an online dictionary." A translation is the written or verbal rewording of something from one language into another that keeps the same meaning.
A translation doesn't have to be strictly from one language to another; it can be a rewording that makes something easier to understand or less technical in nature, as suggested by the common phrase, "Can you translate that into plain English?" If what is translated takes a written form, as in a book, for example, then the object itself is called a translation.
WORD FAMILY
translation: translational, translations+/ mistranslate: mistranslated, mistranslates, mistranslating, mistranslation/mistranslation: mistranslations/retranslate: retranslated, retranslates, retranslating/translatable: untranslatable/ translate: mistranslate, retranslate, translatable, translated, translates, translating, translation, translator /translational: nontranslational/ translator: translators/untranslatable: untranslatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Nissenbaum said he declined to sign the document, insisting on an English translation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Gorgeously surreal and almost entirely without dialogue, this tour de force marries “Lost in Translation” with Looney Tunes to haunting, slapstick effect.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
It is now available for translation in 95 languages.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 翻译; 译本; 转变; 转化
分布：翻译(86%)，译文(11%)，平移(3%)
→translate,翻译，转变，-ion,名词后缀。
n.翻译;译文,译本Chapman's translation of Homer.查普曼的荷马史诗译本.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■something which is translated, or the process of translating something, from one language to another 翻译（从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的内容，或将某种内容从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的过程）
• The children do one French translation a week. 孩子们每周做一次法语翻译。
• A literal translation of 'euthanasia' would be 'good death'. euthanasia 这个词从字面上翻译就是“安乐死”。
• The English version is boring - perhaps it has lost something in translation (= is not as good as the original). 英语版读起来枯燥乏味——也许翻译得有点走味。
in translation
■changed into someone's own language, not in the original language 翻译过来的
• She reads Proust in translation. 她读的是普鲁斯特作品的译本。
translation, interpretation
translation: 翻译，转换
interpretation: 口译，解释
translation, paraphrase, version
这组词都有“翻译，译文”的意思，其区别是：
translation: 普通用词，指从一种语言到另一种语言的翻译。
paraphrase: 可指非常自由的解释，不拘泥遣词造句，重在传意。通常指用同样语言深入浅出地解释艰深的句子或段落。
version: 可与translation换用，尤指不拘泥于文字的意译，更常指某种作品的一种译文。
n. [语] [计] 翻译；译文；转化；调任
 - interpretation, version

Word: simplify
Front: simplify
[ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ] (高研四六雅 8483/7074 -1)
Vocabulary: simplify
(once / 1297 pages)
v
To simplify something is to make it less complex and easier to understand. When you simplify, you make things clearer.
Since simple things have less parts or complexity, when you simplify, you're eliminating the clutter and reducing something to its essence. For example, if a speech is long and confusing, the person giving it might need to simplify their ideas: make them clearer. Teachers are good at simplifying; they take complex ideas and make them easier for students to understand. If you don't understand what someone is telling you, ask them to simplify it.
WORD FAMILY
simplify: oversimplify, simplification, simplified, simplifies, simplifying+/oversimplification: oversimplifications/oversimplify: oversimplification, oversimplified, oversimplifies, oversimplifying/ simple: simmpleness, simpleness, simpler, simples, simplest, simplicity, simplify, simplism, simplistic, simply/ simplicity: simplicities/simplification: simplifications/simplism: simplisms/ simplistic: simplistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
We hope the new board will simplify this and conduct its discussions on key issues in a more public friendly manner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Johnson said the characters he described were “a bit more babyish, more simplified” than the ones that turned up in the finished book.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Instead of just hitting the gym and dropping some pounds, consider changing some personal habits to simplify the tech in your life.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 简化; 使单纯; 使简易
时态：simplified, simplifying, simplifies
分布：简化(99%)，使简单(1%)
→simple,简单的，-fy,使。引申词义使简化。
v.简化,使单纯Try to simplify your explanation for the children.你给孩子们讲解要设法讲得简单明了.
【反】elaborate（v 精心制作；详细阐述）
US [-plə-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something less complicated and therefore easier to do or understand 使简化；使简易
• the new simplified tax system 简化后的新税制
• He tried to simplify the story for the younger audience. 在讲给年龄较小的听众听时，他尽可能地简化这个故事。
vt. 简化；使单纯；使简易
 - predigest, deformalize

Word: classroom
Front: classroom
[ˈklɑ:sru:m] (中高雅 1479/2842 -K2)
Back: n. 教室，课堂; 教学活动，教学方法
分布：教室(89%)，课堂(11%)
n.教室,课堂We go to the classroom in sequence.我们有秩序地走进教室.
US ['klæs-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a room in a school or college where groups of students are taught 教室；课堂
in the classroom
■being taught by a teacher 在教室上课
• Students learning computer studies spend two days each week in a computer lab and four days in the classroom. 学习电脑的学生每周有两天在电脑室上课，四天在教室上课。
■teaching classes of students in school or college 在教室授课
• There are also no promotions within the school, so that teachers remain in the classroom throughout their careers. 学校里也没有晋升制度，所以老师在整个教学生涯中都要授课。
n. 教室
 - schoolroom, teaching room

Word: landslide
Front: landslide
[ˈlændslaɪd] (托宝 11290/15171 -1)
Vocabulary: landslide
(once / 3230 pages)
n
When dirt and rock from a mountainside coming sliding down, call it a landslide. Another kind of landslide takes place when one candidate soundly defeats another in an election. With either type of landslide, it's probably safest to stay out of the way!
The political meaning of landslide is commonly used, but it's not the word's original definition. A geographical landslide occurs when a huge amount of earth slides down a slope or mountain, usually displacing rocks and vegetation and often houses and buildings as well. Landslides are caused by erosion, heavy rain, and earthquakes, among other events, and they're disruptive enough to give rise to the figurative meaning.
WORD FAMILY
landslide: landslides
USAGE EXAMPLES
She lost by a landslide in some Eastern Washington counties.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
It credited him with "unseen groundwork" to get Labour in a position to win its 1997 general election landslide.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Storm surges and flooding were also expected in low-lying and coastal areas and landslides were feared in mountain slopes, the disaster agency said.
Reuters(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. [地]山崩; 大胜利
分布：滑坡(84%)，山崩(15%)，占绝对优势的选举(1%)
→land,土地，slide,滑落。
【记】land地，slide滑－地向下滑－山崩的大石头。
noun countable
FALLING EARTH 坠落的泥土 (also landslip)
■a mass of rock and earth moving suddenly and quickly down a steep slope 山体滑坡，塌方
['lænd.slaɪd] noun countable
VICTORY 胜利
■the winning of an election with an extremely large number of votes （选举中）一方选票占压倒性多数，大胜
• The opinion polls are predicting a Liberal landslide in next week's election. 民意调查预测自由党将在下周的选举中大获全胜。
• a landslide victory 压倒性胜利
n. [地质] 山崩；大胜利
 - flying colours, mudslide

Word: banner
Front: banner
[ˈbænə(r)] (研四托雅 5333/5950 -2)
Vocabulary: banner
(once / 353 pages)
1n 2adj
As you listen to your guests sing to you on your birthday, you may see a long banner, or sign, hanging from the ceiling and announcing in sparkly letters, "Happy Birthday to You!"
The noun banner often refers to a long sign that is announcing or advertising something. A banner might declare "Congratulations!" "Free Hot Dogs Here!" or, at a protest, "We're Not Going to Take It Anymore!" Banners have also gone virtual; it's hard to avoid seeing at least one annoying advertising banner across the top of any highly-trafficked website. A banner can also be a flag, as in "The Star Spangled Banner," or a championship banner hanging in a school gym.
WORD FAMILY
banner: bannerlike, banners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sawyer was born at Banner Thunderbird Medical Center at 11:51 p.m. on Saturday and brother Everett arrived at 12:01 a.m.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say a woman arrested following the hanging a Dakota Access pipeline protest banner from the roof of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year's conference runs from Jan. 17-20 under the banner "Responsive and Responsible Leadership".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 横幅; 旗，旗帜; 标语; 大字标题
adj. 第一流的，第一位的; 杰出的; 领先的，为首的; 突出地支持（某一政党）的
分布：旗帜(59%)，横幅(36%)，大标题(1%)，特别好的(1%)，杰出的(1%)，以大标题报道(1%)，用横幅装饰(1%)
→词源同band , 绑，旗帜。
n.旗(帜)The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
US [-ɚ] noun
countable
■a long piece of cloth, often stretched between two poles, with a sign written on it, usually carried by people taking part in a march （游行队伍等用的）横额，横布条
• The demonstrators walked along the street, waving banners and shouting angrily. 示威者沿着大街行进，一边挥舞着横布条，一边怒吼。
countable (also banner ad/banner advertisement)
■an advertisement that appears across the top of a web page （纲际网路上的）横幅广告
only singular
■an idea, principle or belief that is strongly supported by someone 主张；原则；信仰
• They won the election under the banner of lower taxes. 他们打着降低税收的口号，在选举中胜出。
flag, banner
这组词都有“旗”的意思，其区别是：
flag: 普通用词，含义最广，多指有彩色图案，悬挂于旗杆或绳索上的长方形旗帜，或国旗，也可指单位或组织的旗。
banner: 比较庄重文雅的用词，指表示象征性的旗帜，如常用于指党旗或代表某种主义的旗。
n. 旗帜，横幅；标语
 - slogan, oriflamme

Word: freight
Front: freight
[freɪt] (研四六托雅宝 8566/5761 -2)
Vocabulary: freight
(once / 484 pages)
nv
Like many nouns that can mean an action as well as an actual thing, freight refers to either the sending of goods or the goods themselves. It can also mean the charge for sending goods. You pay freight for the freight of your freight.
Freight can also be used as a verb. If you freight a train with goods, you load it up with items to be shipped, and if you freight your furniture to your new home in another state, you send it there. Use freight like this only if you are sending your things a long distance. If you your new apartment is only across town, you would say that you're moving your things to your new place.
WORD FAMILY
freight: freightage, freighted, freighter, freighting, freights+/freightage: freightages/freighter: freighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
She started her own company as a freight broker.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Or consider, for example, the small passenger and freight airline called Warbelow’s Air, based here in Fairbanks in east-central Alaska.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Even the nickname for the role, Guardian Angel, was freighted with a presumption of unerring perfection and righteous power.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 货运，货物; 运费; 船运货物; 货运列车
vt. 运输; 装货于
时态：freighted, freighting, freights
分布：货运(59%)，货物(34%)，运送(6%)，装货于(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*fra-aigan, *fra, 整个的，*aigan, 拥有，所有，词源同own.即所有物，装上船的，发货的。其原义仅指水运或船运，后词义通用化。
n.货物,货运,运费My neighbor knows the height and weight of the highjacked freight.我邻居知道被劫持货船的高度和重量.
noun uncountable
■goods, but not passengers, that are carried from one place to another, by ship, aircraft, train or truck, or the system of transporting these goods 货物；货运
• The ship carries both freight and passengers. 这艘船既载货又载客。
• a freight company 货运公司
• Will the goods be sent by air or sea freight? 这些货物要空运还是海运？
• freight trains 货运列车
• US The escaped prisoner made his getaway in a freight car/wagon on a train. 逃犯躲在火车的载货车厢里逃脱了。
■the money paid for transporting goods 运费
[freɪt] verb transitive
■to send goods by air, sea or train 运送（货物）
• Grapes from this region are freighted all over the world. 这个地区生产的葡萄被运到世界各地。
[freɪt] adverb
■transported as part of a large group of things, by ship, aircraft, train or truck 货物；货运
• It would be much cheaper to send the goods freight. 把货物集中发运会便宜得多。
commodity, merchandise, ware, freight, goods
这组词都有“商品，货物”的意思，其区别是：
commodity: 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise: 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware: 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight: 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods: 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
vt. 运送；装货；使充满
 - ship, transit, forward
n. 货运； [交] 运费； [水运] 船货
 - charges, carriage

Word: refinery
Front: refinery
[rɪˈfaɪnəri] (六宝 9383/12519 -1)
Vocabulary: refinery
(once / 2655 pages)
n
A refinery is a facility where raw materials are converted into some valuable substance by having impurities removed. At an oil refinery, crude oil is treated and made into gasoline and other petroleum products.
Whenever a material needs to have unwanted parts removed in order to be made into a useable product, it must be refined — clarified or processed. This is done at a plant called a refinery. A sugar refinery, for example, converts sugar cane or beets into familiar white, refined crystals of sugar. Refinery comes from refine, which is rooted in the now-obsolete verb fine, "make fine."
WORD FAMILY
refinery: refineries+/overrefine: overrefined, overrefinement/ refine: overrefine, refined, refinement, refiner, refinery, refines, refining / refined: refinedest, refinedly, unrefined/ refinement: refinements/refiner: refiners/ refining: refinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tracks are owned by the railroad and serve the Wood River Refinery.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
U.S. crude stocks rose last week as refineries cut output, while gasoline stocks decreased and distillate inventories fell, the Energy Information Administration said on Thursday.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Without undertaking the work they need, refineries run the risk of more unscheduled outages at plants.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 精炼厂; 精炼设备; 提炼厂; 冶炼厂
分布：精练厂(100%)
US [-nɚ-] noun countable
■a factory where raw substances such as oil or sugar are made pure 精制厂；提炼厂；精炼厂
• There were two huge oil refineries on the coast. 海岸边曾有两个大型炼油厂。
n. [化工] [油气] [冶] 精炼厂；提炼厂；冶炼厂
 - smeltery, metallurgical plant

Word: duck
Front: duck
[dʌk] (中高研四六 3521/3713 -2)
Vocabulary: duck
(once / 243 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A duck is a bird that spends much of its life on or near water. You can sometimes see whole families of ducks paddling across lakes and ponds.
Ducks can be wild or domesticated — if you keep ducks in your yard, you'll need to provide them with at least a small body of water. When the word duck is a verb, it means "to bow or dip suddenly," like when your kite plunges suddenly and you duck to avoid getting hit in the head. You can duck figuratively, too: "Don't you dare duck out of helping me clean up after the party!"
WORD FAMILY
duck: ducked, ducking, duckling, ducks+/ducking: duckings/ duckling: ducklings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He traces an unexpected but plausible route from the Digesting Duck to the first programmable computer.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Trump used his reality-TV-burnished fame to scale new heights, with help from people like the Robertsons of “Duck Dynasty.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
According to the calendar, the Ducks will kick off 2017 by playing host to the Philadelphia Flyers on Sunday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鸭子，野鸭; 鸭肉; （表示友好的称呼）乖乖; （板球）零分
vt. & vi. 躲避，回避; 潜入; 忽然低下头（或弯下腰）; 迅速行进
时态：ducked, ducking, ducks
分布：鸭(94%)，鸭肉(4%)，潜入(1%)，亲爱的人(1%)
→可能来自dhewb, 深的，浸，潜，词源同deep, dip. 因鸭子喜欢潜水而命名。
n.鸭,鸭肉v.迅速俯身;快速低头;躲避The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
noun
BIRD 鸟
 ADVANCED countable
■a bird that lives by water, has webbed feet (= feet with skin between the toes) , a short neck and a large beak 鸭子
uncountable
■the meat of this bird 鸭肉
[dʌk] noun
PERSON 人
countable (also ducks) UK old-fashioned informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone you like （昵称）宝贝，乖乖
• [as form of address] Come and sit beside me, duck. 过来坐我边上，乖乖。
[dʌk] noun
take to sth like a duck to water informal
■to discover when you start to do something for the first time that you have a natural ability to do it 自然而然地做起…来，天生就会做…
• He took to fatherhood like a duck to water. 他天生就是个好父亲。
[dʌk] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to move your head or the top part of your body quickly down, especially to avoid being hit （尤指为避免被击中而）猛低头，猛弯腰
• I saw the ball hurtling towards me and ducked (down). 我看到球朝我飞过来就连忙低头躲了一下。
• Duck your head or you'll bang it on the doorframe. 请低头以免撞到门框。
transitive
■to push someone underwater for a short time 将（某人）按到水下
• The boys were splashing about and ducking each other in the pool. 男孩子们在游泳池里击水打闹，并按住对方往水里压。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly to a place, especially in order not to be seen （尤指为了避免被发现而）赶忙躲藏起来
• When he saw them coming, he ducked into a doorway. 他一见他们来了就赶忙躲到了门口。
[dʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  duck out of sth informal
■to avoid doing something 逃避，躲避
• You can't duck out of your responsibilities. 你不能逃避自己的责任。
dip, duck, submerge, plunge, immerse
这组词都有“沉浸，浸入”的意思，其区别是：
dip: 指部分地、暂时地或轻微地放进液体，多暗示一种谨慎或试探性的动作。
duck: 指把头伸进水中，或指游泳时开玩笑地把一个人的头按入水中。
submerge: 指长时间的完全浸入、潜入，强调浸入液体深层。
plunge: 暗示迅速而有力的动作，但浸入不一定很深。
immerse: 侧重全部被液体所覆盖，也可用于比喻意义。
n. 鸭子；鸭肉；（英）宝贝儿；零分
 - quacker, deary
vi. 闪避；没入水中
 - jank, to dodge
vt. 躲避；猛按…入水
 - avoid, stay away from

Word: bypass
Front: bypass
[ˈbaɪpɑ:s] (研六雅 7601/8253 -2)
Vocabulary: bypass
(once / 3694 pages)
vn
When you bypass something, you avoid it, go around it, or ignore it. You might wish you could just read the books assigned in your English class and bypass the papers and exams.
You can bypass something physically, like when you bypass the busiest intersections in town during rush hour, driving on smaller streets instead. You can also bypass things figuratively: political candidates often bypass hard questions from reporters, and big businesses sometimes find ways to bypass some of the taxes they owe. As a noun, a bypass is either an alternative road or route; or a heart operation that allows blood flow when an artery is blocked.
WORD FAMILY
bypass: bypassed, bypasses, bypassing
USAGE EXAMPLES
All oversize trucks exceeding 11 feet wide must use the posted detour route, which bypasses 11 miles of interstate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旁道，支路; 迂回管道; [电]分路迂徊; [医]导管
vt. 疏通; 忽视; 管道运输
时态：bypassed, bypassing, bypasses
分布：绕开(38%)，旁道(25%)，忽视(22%)，支路(15%)
旁路;忽略(by+pass通过→从旁边通过→忽略)[by-表示"在旁边,副的"]
n.(by-pass)旁道;vt.绕过The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
【记】by旁边，pass经过－从旁边经过－绕过
US [-pæs] verb transitive
■to avoid something by going around it 绕过；绕…走；避开
• We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic. 我们得赶时间，于是决定绕过坎特伯雷，因为我们知道那里交通会很挤塞。
■to ignore a rule or official authority 忽视；置…于不顾；越过
• They bypassed the committee and went straight to senior management. 他们越过委员会，直接找高级管理层。
UK ['baɪ.pɑ:s] US [-pæs] noun countable
ROAD 道路
■a road built around a town or village so that traffic does not need to travel through it （绕过村镇的）旁路，副道
UK ['baɪ.pɑ:s] US [-pæs] noun countable
OPERATION 手术 (also heart bypass)
■a bypass operation 接三通管的手术
vt. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回
 - ignore, neglect
n. 旁路； [公路] 支路
 - side road, passby

Word: reconcile
Front: reconcile
[ˈrekənsaɪl] (研六托雅宝 6560/5586 -2)
Vocabulary: reconcile
(once / 232 pages)
v
Reach for the verb reconcile to make different things come together or resolve a matter.
If you've ever had an argument with someone and then made up, you have reconciled. Reconcile is a verb that can mean "to become resigned" like if you're reconciled to getting the bottom bunk when you wanted the top. It also means to "bring into agreement and harmony." Words like it are pacify, harmonize, and accommodate — reconcile is definitely an agreeable word!
WORD FAMILY
reconcile: reconcilable, reconciled, reconciler, reconciles, reconciliation, reconciling+/ irreconcilable: irreconcilably/reconcilable: irreconcilable, unreconcilable/ reconciled: unreconciled/reconciler: reconcilers/ reconciliation: reconciliations/reconciling: reconcilingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other problems included delays in reconciling bank accounts and failing to update policy governing bank reconciliations.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
How does Israel reconcile a permanent occupation with its democratic ideals?
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Instead, it helped some people who distrust conservatism to reconcile themselves to Trump.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 使和好，使和解; 调停，排解（争端等）; [宗]使（场所等）洁净; [船]使（木板）接缝平滑
时态：reconciled, reconciling, reconciles
分布：调和(45%)，一致(25%)，和解(23%)，妥协(7%)
→re-,再，重新，concil-,和解，词源同 conciliation.
和解(re再+con+cil+e→[双方]再次召集到一起→和解)[cil=call,表示"召集"]
v.使和好,调解,使调和;(to,with)使一致The reconciled reptiles rest on a fragile tile.和解的爬行动物歇在易碎的瓷砖上.
verb transitive
■to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together 调和；调解；使一致
• It is sometimes difficult to reconcile science and religion. 有时很难调和宗教和科学之间的矛盾。
• It's difficult to reconcile such different points of view. 差别如此悬殊的观点是很难达成一致的。
• How can you reconcile your fur coat and/with your love of animals? 如果你爱动物，那怎么还穿毛皮大衣呢？
be reconciled
■When two people are reconciled they become friendly again after they have argued 和解；和好；重归于好
• They were finally reconciled with each other, after not speaking for nearly five years. 他们差不多有五年的时间连话都不说，但最后终于重归于好。
['rek.ən.saɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  reconcile yourself to sth
■to accept a situation or fact although you do not like it 与…达成妥协；使甘心于；使顺从于
• She must reconcile herself to the fact that she must do some work if she wants to pass her exams. 她必须接受这样一个事实： 要想通过考试，就必须下点工夫学习。
vt. 使一致；使和解；调停，调解；使顺从
 - accord, unify

Word: pity
Front: pity
[ˈpɪti] (中高 6927/3803 -K2)
Vocabulary: pity
(once / 67 pages)
nv
If you feel pity, you feel sympathy for someone else's suffering. A documentary on prisoners who have been wrongfully convicted might make you feel pity for them.
Use pity as a noun or a verb. You feel pity for the really bad singer so you try to look attentive, but then you pity yourself for having to suffer through his terrible rendition of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow." We also say something is a pity if it's something to be sad about. It's a pity that your computer crashed right after you finished your paper.
WORD FAMILY
pity: piteous, pitiable, pitied, pities, pitiful, pitiless, pitying, self-pity +/ piteous: piteously/ pitiable: pitiablest, pitiably/ pitiful: pitifulest, pitifully/ pitiless: pitilessly, pitilessness/pitying: unpitying/unpitying: unpityingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pity the poor letter carrier: This week will be a long one.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
But it would be a pity if it were a hard Brexit.
The Guardian(Dec 15, 2016)
“He said ‘Well, Fidelis, much as I congratulate you, I also pity you.
Nature(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: n. 怜悯; 同情; 可惜的事; 憾事
vt. 对…表示怜悯; 对…感到同情
时态：pitied, pitying, pities
分布：同情(34%)，怜悯(25%)，遗憾(24%)，可惜(17%)
→来自古法语pitet,可怜，同情，怜悯，关切，来自拉丁语pietas,职责，虔诚，笃信宗教，词源同piety,pious.词义演变由虔诚引申为行善，关爱世人，可怜，同情，怜悯等。
v.(觉得)可怜,惋惜n.憾事,怜悯It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
US ['pɪtˌ-] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a feeling of sympathy and understanding for someone else's unhappiness or difficult situation 同情，怜悯
• The girl stood gazing in/with pity at the old lion in the cage. 女孩站在那里，同情地盯着笼里的老狮子。
• We took pity on (= felt sorry for and therefore helped) a couple of people waiting in the rain for a bus and gave them a lift. 我们同情几个在雨中等公共汽车的人，就载了他们一程。
⇒ See also self-pity
 ADVANCED only singular
■If something is described as a pity, it is disappointing or not satisfactory 遗憾，可惜
• "Can't you go to the party? Oh, that's (such) a pity." “你不能参加派对吗？唉，真可惜。”
• [+ (that)] Pity (that) you didn't remember to give me the message. 真遗憾你忘了把讯息转达给我。
• [+ that] The pity was that so few people bothered to come. 令人遗憾的是没有多少人愿意来。
• We'll have to leave early, more's the pity (= and I am unhappy about it). 我们必须早早离开，太遗憾了。
• " What a pity you're ill!" “你生病了，太遗憾了！”
UK ['pɪt.i] US ['pɪtˌ-] verb transitive
■to feel sympathy for someone 同情，怜悯
• Pity (= Feel sorry for) those on the street with no home to go to. 同情一下大街上那些无家可归的人吧。
pity, sympathy, compassion, mercy
这组词都有“同情、怜悯”的意思，其区别是：
pity: 指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。
sympathy: 普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。
compassion: 较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。
mercy: 侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。
n. 怜悯，同情；遗憾
 - regret, feeling, compassion, mercy, sympathy

Word: maize
Front: maize
[meɪz] (托雅宝 13829/12455 -1)
Vocabulary: maize
(once / 1907 pages)
n
Maize is another word for corn, the tall-growing grain that produces yellow kernels on long ears. A small farmer might grow several different types of maize.
Maize is more commonly used in Britain than in the United States to talk about corn, but most Americans recognize the word. Sweet maize is the variety that tastes the most delicious — other kinds of maize are grown as grain to feed animals. The word maize comes from the Spanish maíz, or corn, and both the word and the grain itself moved north from Central and South America into North America, where it became the continent's largest grain crop.
WORD FAMILY
maize: maizes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, army worms destroyed maize, cassava, sorghum and rice fields.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
The climate is changing: now, we plant maize at the end of December or even January; we used to do that in November.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
We planted beans and maize, and that’s what we ate.
The Guardian(Dec 10, 2016)
Back: n. 玉米; 玉米色
adj. . 玉米色的
分布：玉米(100%)
→来自南美土著语。
【记】读：妹子－农村的大妹子中玉米
noun uncountable UK (US corn)
 ADVANCED
■a tall plant grown in many parts of the world for its yellow seeds which are eaten as food, made into flour or fed to animals 玉蜀黍，玉米
adj. 黄色的，玉米色的
 - yellow, xanthic
n. [作物] 玉米；黄色，玉米色
 - yellow, zea mays

Word: desirable
Front: desirable
[dɪˈzaɪərəbl] (研四六托雅宝 5313/3408 -2)
Vocabulary: desirable
(once / 261 pages)
adj
If something is desirable it is worthy, so many people might want it. If you're hoping for one of the most desirable roles in a play, you have to have an excellent audition.
Popular. Attractive. In demand. Sought-after. All of these describe things that are desirable. After all, it has at its base the word desire, which describes wanting. The root of desirable is the Latin word desiderare, which means "long for, wish for, demand, or expect." It may have originated from the phrase de sidere, "from the stars."
WORD FAMILY
desirable: desirability, desirableness, desirably, undesirable+/desirability: desirabilities/ desire: desirable, desired, desires, desiring, desirous / desired: desiredest, undesired/desiring: undesiring/ desirous: desirously, undesirous/undesirable: undesirability, undesirables, undesirably/undesiring: undesiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
"London is still one of the most desirable places to live, anywhere."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These Patriots are less dominant than absurdly competent, which — ask the Jets about this — is still a desirable quality.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 可取的; 性感的
n. 称心如意的人[东西]
分布：令人满意的(40%)，令人向往的(23%)，性感的(12%)，值得的(10%)，有吸引力的(10%)，有吸引力的人或物(5%)
值得要的(desire渴望)[-able表形容词"可…的,能..."]
a.值得做的;合意的,称心的;期望得到的It is most desirable that he should attend the meeting.他能参加此次会议,是最好不过的了.
US [-'zaɪr.ə-] adjective
WANTED 渴望的
 ADVANCED
■worth having and wanted by most people 值得拥有的；渴望获得的，令人向往的
• Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim. 大家希望减少学校的班别人数。
• It's regarded as a highly desirable job. 那是一份很多人都很想得到的工作。
• The house is in a very desirable area of the city. 那座房子坐落在城里一个很多人向往居住其中的区域。
UK [dɪ'zaɪə.rə.bl] US [-'zaɪr.ə-] adjective
ATTRACTIVE 有吸引力的
■sexually attractive 性感的
• a highly desirable man 非常性感的男人
plausible, desirable, negative
plausible: 似是而非的
desirable: 合意的，令人想要的，悦人心意的
negative: 否定的，消极的
adj. 令人满意的；值得要的
 - satisfying, fulfilling

Word: handout
Front: handout
[ˈhændaʊt] (六雅 12059/12316 -1)
Vocabulary: handout
(once / 9227 pages)
1n 2n
A handout is something that's given to a person in need. A useful handout for someone who doesn't have a home might be food, money, or clothing.
Handouts are anything that a person, government, charity, or other organization freely donates to needy people. While the word originated in the 1880s and gained popularity during the Great Depression among so-called "hobos," people who had to live entirely on the charity of others, handout has taken on a negative connotation in modern times. It's more often used to criticize the government or tax rates than to mean "a generous, thoughtful donation."
WORD FAMILY
handout: handouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
No American likes the idea of getting a “handout” — especially if they believe that handout is secretly being rerouted to their layabout neighbor anyway.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
It is an open invitation for a shakedown of the government by corporate executives seeking handouts.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
“Some people criticize the child benefit and say it’s a government handout. It’s not. It is support for traditional families.”
Washington Post(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 救济品; 施舍物; 印刷品; 讲义
分布：施舍(60%)，传单(32%)，讲义材料(8%)
→比喻用法。
noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
 ADVANCED
■a document given to students or reporters which contains information about a particular subject （尤指发给学生或听报告的人的）讲义，印刷品
• On page two of your handout you will find a list of the books that I have referred to during the lecture. 在讲义的第二页，你们会看到一份我在讲座中提到的书目。
['hænd.aʊt] noun countable
PRESENT 礼物 often disapproving
■something such as food, clothing or money that is given free to someone who has a great need for it 施舍物；救济款
• I'm not interested in government handouts - all I want is a job. 我不稀罕政府施舍的物品，我想要的是一份工作。
n. 散发材料（免费发给的新闻通报）；上课老师发的印刷品；文字资料 （会议上分发的）；施舍物
 - charity

Word: confess
Front: confess
[kənˈfes] (研四六托雅宝 3950/4102 -2)
Vocabulary: confess
(once / 66 pages)
v
When you confess, you admit to doing something wrong. You might feel guilty about eating the entire platter of chocolate chip cookies and confess to your mom before she notices. If she presses charges, you would confess to the cookie crime.
Confess can be used to describe admitting to committing a crime. If you watch crime shows on TV, you've likely seen detectives trying to get a suspect to confess. Confess can also be used in a religious context. Catholics confess their sins to a priest on a regular basis. Don't confuse the word confess with apology. An apology involves expressing regret about something. When you confess, you're merely owning up to doing it — you might not be sorry.
WORD FAMILY
confess: confessed, confessedly, confesses, confessing, confession, confessor+/confessed: self-confessed, unconfessed/ confession: confessional, confessions/confessional: confessionals/confessor: confessors/unconfessed: unconfessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Zhang told the activist he would need to pen “a self-criticism” in which he confessed to a series of crimes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In an interview with the Guardian last year, Fisher confessed that her next meeting with Ford would cost her a blush or two.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 供认; 坦白; 承认; 悔过
时态：confessed, confessing, confesses
分布：承认(88%)，供认(10%)，告解(1%)，听取忏悔(1%)
→con-, 强调。-fess, 说，交谈，词源同phone, profess.
承认,坦白(con全部+fess→全部说出→坦白)[fess=speak,表示"说"]
v.供认,承认,坦白,忏悔The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
【记】con全部，fess说－全部说出－供认
【参】profess（v 声称，讲授）；professor（n 教授）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about 坦白；供认，招认；承认（错误或罪行）
• [+ that] She confessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding ring. 她向丈夫坦白她卖掉了结婚戒指。
• He confessed to sleeping /having slept through most of the film. 他承认看这出电影时，大部分时间都在睡觉。
• He has confessed to the murder. 他供认了谋杀罪行。
• [+ (that)] I have to confess (that) when I first met Ian I didn't think he was very bright. 我要承认，我第一次见到你丈夫的时候，觉得他不是很聪明。
• I found it all very confusing, I must confess. 我要承认，我觉得这一切太令人费解了。
• [R] The director confessed him self (to be)puzzled by the company's losses. 主管坦言自己对公司的亏损感到困惑。
■in the Christian religion, especially the Roman Catholic Church, to tell God or a priest what you have done wrong so that you can be forgiven （基督教、尤指天主教中向上帝或神父）忏悔
• to confess your sins 忏悔你的罪过
acknowledge, assigned, allocate, allot, admit, confess
acknowledge: 表承认某事可以承担责任
assigned: 用途明确，但“指定”意味强，常常暗示分配人的武断性
allocate: 正式用词，尤指政府部门拨出定额款项的行为
allot: 指完整或定量的东西分为若干份来分配，不强调公平性和数量上的平均
admit: 表被迫承认做过某事
confess: 承认一些不好的事情，常有“忏悔”之意
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
vt. 承认；坦白；忏悔； [法] 供认
 - accept, recognize, agree, acknowledge, grant
vi. 承认；坦白；忏悔； [法] 供认
 - accept, recognize

Word: talented
Front: talented
[ˈtæləntɪd] (托雅 4080/6495)
Back: adj. 有才能的，有才干的; 能干的
分布：有才能的(62%)，有天赋的(38%)
US [-ɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■with talent; able or skilful 有才能的；能干的；技艺高超的
• a talented footballer/pianist 很有天分的足球运动员／钢琴家

Word: litre
Front: litre
[ˈli:tə(r)] (高研 -/5726 -K2)
Back: n. （容量单位）升
分布：公升(100%)
→来自拉丁libra,平衡，秤，用于液量单位升，词源同Libra,level.
n.(liter)升;公升(容量单位)
US [-tˌɚ] (written abbreviation l)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a unit for measuring the volume of a liquid or a gas （度量单位）升
• The tax increase will add 4p to a litre of petrol. 税率上调后每升汽油要涨四个便士。
n. [计量] 公升（米制容量单位）
 - liter

Word: tilt
Front: tilt
[tɪlt] (研六托雅宝 5070/6422 -2)
Vocabulary: tilt
(once / 780 pages)
1vn 2nv 3n
Tilt is both a noun and a verb. It has many shades of meaning, but most involve a slope or slant. When you're dizzy from eating too much, you might tilt when you walk away from the table.
The verb tilt can also indicate a slight preference for one thing over another. When Mavis and Marvin argue, you tend to tilt toward Marvin’s point of view, meaning you think he's probably right — you lean in that direction. As a noun tilt can mean a steep slant. When you climb Everest, you’ll find that the face of the mountain is at a dangerous tilt — it's very steep.
WORD FAMILY
tilt: tilted, tilter, tilting, tilts+/tilter: tilters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The vacancies reflect a long-term goal of McConnell and other leading Republicans to tilt the court system toward conservatives.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
At the end of the day, panelists vote on approval questions, and even here FDA tilts the outcome.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
In the U.S., officials at some colleges say it’s clear Trump’s election is tilting enrollment patterns.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使倾斜; （在马上）拿枪扎; 抨击，攻击
vi. 倾斜; 〈美〉有倾向性，偏袒; 抨击
n. 倾斜，歪斜; 斜坡，坡度; 马上刺枪比赛; 跳动锤，落锤
时态：tilted, tilting, tilts
分布：倾斜(89%)，抨击(6%)，争论(3%)，车盖(1%)，以全速(1%)
→来自古英语 tealt,倾斜的，不稳的，来自 Proto-Germanic*taltaz,倾斜，摇晃。引申词义倾斜， 倾侧，可能进一步引申词义马上打斗，骑马比武，并抽象化为打击，抨击。
v.(使)倾侧;(使)倾斜n.倾侧;倾斜The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move into a sloping position （使）倾斜
• He tilted his chair backwards and put his feet up on his desk. 他把椅子向后倾，双脚搁在写字枱上。
• Anna looked up at him with her head tilted to one side. 安娜歪着脑袋，抬头望着他。
• The front seats of the car tilt. 汽车前座倾斜了。
[tɪlt] verb
tilt at windmills literary
■to fight enemies who do not really exist 向风车挑战；跟实际不存在的敌人战斗
[tɪlt] verb
tilt the balance/scales (also tip the balance/scales)
■If something tilts the balance, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made when other situations or decisions are possible 打破平衡／使天平倾斜；起决定性作用
• This might just tilt the balance in the government's favour. 这样或许正好打破平衡，使形势有利于政府一方。
[tɪlt] noun countable usually singular
■when something is in a sloping position or when something moves in a particular direction, especially up or down 倾斜，倾侧
• She wore her hat at a tilt. 她歪戴着帽子。
• figurative There has been a tilt to/towards/away from the socialists among some groups of young people. 在一些青年团体中，存在着一种亲／反社会主义的倾向。
[tɪlt] noun countable usually singular
at full tilt
■as fast as possible 全速地；尽快
• The plant is operating at full tilt to cope with demand. 为应付需求，这家工厂全速生产。
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
vi. [航] [气象] 倾斜；翘起；以言词或文字抨击
 - pitch, slope, lean
vt. [航] [气象] 使倾斜；使翘起
 - slope, lean
n. [航] [气象] 倾斜
 - slope, pitch, clino

Word: terrify
Front: terrify
[ˈterɪfaɪ] (高研六托雅 5828/8606 -2)
Vocabulary: terrify
(once / 317 pages)
v
If you terrify someone, that person is enormously frightened of you.
The verb terrify is closely related to the word terror, and its Latin root is terrificus, "causing terror." While some people might say that monsters terrify them, others are terrified by heights, snakes, or speaking in public. If there's something that makes you feel a deep, horrible sense of fear, it terrifies you.
WORD FAMILY
terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying+/ terrified: terrifiedly/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even the attainment of joy in the finale is preceded by a terrifying outburst of sonic chaos.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I am terrified, as my mother became paralyzed from the waist down with neuropathy that began in the feet due to diabetes.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In Collier’s opinion, it was eventful and unusual but not terrifying.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使恐怖，使惊吓; 恐吓，吓唬; 威胁
时态：terrified, terrifying, terrifies
分布：使恐怖(39%)，使害怕(38%)，威胁(23%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-fy,使。
恐吓(terr+ify)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
v.使害怕,使惊恐I was terrified out of my wits.我被吓得不知所措.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to frighten someone very much 使害怕，使恐惧
• The idea of parachuting out of a plane terrifies me. 一想到从飞机上跳伞，我就害怕。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
vt. 恐吓；使恐怖；使害怕
 - gallow, intimidate

Word: multilateral
Front: multilateral
[ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl] (雅 9356/13225 -1)
Back: adj. 多方面的，多边的; 多国的; 多国参加的
分布：多边的(59%)，多国参加的(41%)
→multi-,许多，多个，-later,边，词源同unilateral.
US [-tˌi'lætˌ.ɚ-] adjective
■involving more than two groups or countries 多国（或多方）参加的，多国（或多方）间的；多边的
• Seven countries are taking part in the multilateral talks. 将有七个国家参加这次多边会谈。
Compare bilateral ; unilateral
adj. [数] 多边的；多国的，多国参加的
 - plurilateral, many-sided

Word: literally
Front: literally
[ˈlɪtərəli] (研六托雅 2469/3512 -2)
Vocabulary: literally
(once / 320 pages)
1adv 2adv
The adverb literally means "actually," and we use it when we want others to know we're serious, not exaggerating or being metaphorical.
If your mom complains that your room is overflowing with clothes, she probably doesn't mean this literally. Your room might be messy and chaotic, but your clothes aren't actually piled so high that they're flowing into the hallway. Your mom is being figurative — she's exaggerating. Now, if your clothes really were piled up so high that they were flowing into the hallway, your mom would say, "Your room is literally overflowing with clothes!"
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
figuratively / literally
Figuratively means metaphorically, and literally describes something that actually happened. If you say that a guitar solo literally blew your head off, your head should not be attached to your body.
Most of us were taught that figuratively means something other than literal, and that literally means "actually" or "exactly." Somewhere along the line, literally began to be used as, well, figuratively, like this:
But they're also going to create literally a tidal wave of data. (Washington Post)
There wasn't an actual tidal wave, just a lot of data. Here are some examples that make word nerds literally smile:
Today, protesters literally occupy Wall Street, camping in Zuccotti Park at the heart of New York's financial district. (Washington Post)
They're really, actually there.
People can literally drown in their own body fluids. (Scientific American)
"We literally had fish blood running through the parking lot," he says. (Forbes)
Ew, but true.
Figuratively is more imaginative, it's used when you mean something didn't really happen. It's metaphorical, as in these examples with boats and feathers:
Besides, figuratively speaking, they are still in the same boat. (Mayne Reid)
So Josh—as he figuratively put it—had not a feather to fly with. (Burford Delannoy)
Although literally has been horning in on figuratively's turf, they're really not the same, in fact the two words are often go together to complete a picture:
Watching a waterfall drowns out — literally and figuratively — everyday cares. (Seattle Times)
"The Piano Lesson" tells a more haunting story, both literally and figuratively. (New York Times)
Will people understand you if you use literally when you mean figuratively? Sure. Most people will recognize that when you say, "The guitar solo literally blew my head off" it was an awesome solo, but your head is, in fact, still on your neck.
WORD FAMILY
literal: literalise, literalism, literalize, literally, literalness, literals, nonliteral+/literalise: literalised, literalises, literalising/literalize: literalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
"They should be starting with the outcome that they want and working backwards. Right now they are literally just kind of flying blind."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Louis CK is a comedian whose work is highly autobiographical, though not literally so.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It was literally by chance that we survived.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 逐字地; 照字面地; 确实地，真正地; [口语]差不多，简直（用于加强语意）
分布：逐字地(44%)，简直(34%)，不夸张地(10%)，正确地(6%)，按照字面上地(6%)
ad.照字面意义,逐字地;确实The lateral elite is literally illiterate.边上的杰出人物简直是文盲.
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ.əl.i] adverb
 IMPROVER informal
■used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调）确实，真正地
• He missed that kick literally by miles. 他那一脚踢丢得确实相差好几英里远。
• I was literally bowled over by the news. 我听到这个消息真的惊呆了。
■having the real or original meaning of a word or phrase 名副其实地，按字面含义来讲
• They were responsible for literally millions of deaths. 他们的确对数百万人的死负有责任。
• We live literally just round the corner from her. 我们住的地方离她那里真的只需要转一个弯。
• You'll lose marks if you translate too literally (= one word at a time). 你如果逐字逐字地翻译会丢分的。
■informal
■simply or just 只是，仅仅，就
• Then you literally cut the sausage down the middle. 那么你就从香肠的中间切开吧。
adv. 照字面地；逐字地
 - verbatim

Word: collector
Front: collector
[kəˈlektə(r)] (3975/3678 -1)
Back: n. 收藏家，采集者; 收集器; 收税员; [电子学] 集流器
分布：收集器(87%)，收税员(7%)，收取款项的人(4%)，收集家(2%)
→来自collect, 收集，集中。词义由收税者外延至地方行政长官。
US [-tɚ] noun countable
HOBBY 爱好
■someone who collects objects because they are beautiful, valuable or interesting 收集者；收藏者；收藏家
• a keen stamp/antiques collector 著迷的集邮者／古董收藏家
• a collector of modern art 现代艺术收藏家
UK [kə'lek.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
JOB 职业
■someone whose job is to collect tickets or money from people 检票员；收款人；讨债人
• a tax/ticket collector 税务员／检票员
n. 收藏家； [电子] 集电极； [税收] 收税员；征收者
 - publican, taxman

Word: cult
Front: cult
[kʌlt] (托宝 5245/5396 -2)
Vocabulary: cult
(once / 972 pages)
1n 2n
People argue about whether the major religions of the world are just well-established cults — that, age and size aside, they are no different from any group that follows a spiritual leader.
A cult is group of people defined by a "religious" devotion to something — often a self-appointed leader. Most people view cults as strange and frightening, mostly because cults have, over the years, done some strange and frightening things, including murders and mass suicides. Sometimes, too, you'll see cult used as an adjective to describe something or someone with a small, devoted fan-base. John Water's movies are cult favorites, adored by a select group of film lovers but not by the public at large.
WORD FAMILY
cult: cultism, cults+/cultism: cultist/cultist: cultists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We want to be the Harlan Estate of the East Coast,” he said, naming one of the priciest cult Cabernets in Napa.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
The one exception is the movies’ writer, Michael Varrati, who specializes in two very different kinds of cult films—horror movies and Christmas movies.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
His revival of the work, in 1829, inaugurated the modern cult of Bach.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 狂热的崇拜; 宗教信仰; 邪教
adj. 受特定群体欢迎的; 作为偶像崇拜的
分布：个人崇拜(66%)，狂热崇拜(22%)，异教(10%)，宗教膜拜仪式(2%)
→来自kwel,弯，转，耕作，词源同cycle,colony.原指农耕文明靠天吃饭，因而对神灵的无 比虔诚。
崇拜;教派(cult→[对精神的]培养→崇拜,引申为教派)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
【记】cult读：靠他：这里主要指在心灵上的依靠，法轮功弟子们把他妈（本想用X来代替，不过这种人就该骂！！！！！！）李宏志当作神来狂热崇拜，妄图依靠他获得圆满，但是我们的新一代领导人在我们的国家主席江泽民的带领下……（不贫了！继续！！）
noun
RELIGION 宗教
countable
■a religious group, often living together, whose beliefs are considered extreme or strange by many people 邪教；异教；异端
• Their son ran away from home and joined a religious cult. 他们的儿子离家出走，加入了一个邪教组织。
countable
■a particular system of religious belief 宗教膜拜，宗教信仰
• the Hindu cult of Shiva 印度教湿婆崇拜
[kʌlt] noun
POPULARITY 流行
only singular
■someone or something that has become very popular with a particular group of people 风行；流行；崇拜
• the cult of celebrity 名人崇拜
⇒ See also personality cult
[kʌlt] adjective [before noun]
■liked very much by a particular group of people 热门的；流行的；被视为偶像的
• The singer had a cult following in the 1970's. 这位歌手在20世纪70年代拥有一批狂热的追随者。
• a cult figure/movie 偶像人物／风靡一时的电影
n. 祭仪（尤其指宗教上的）；礼拜；狂热信徒
 - church, exercise, worship

Word: patronage
Front: patronage
[ˈpætrənɪdʒ] (托宝 10066/6185 -1)
Vocabulary: patronage
(once / 836 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
If you give a store or business your support (financial or otherwise) as a customer or client, you are giving them your patronage. Great philanthropists are often known for their patronage, or financial support, of the arts.
In the days of classical art, composers like Bach or painters like Michelangelo were supported by patrons, whose patronage, or financial support paid the artists' ways. Patronage is still an important part of our world, but you have to be careful: If your senator is accused of political patronage, people are accusing that senator of exchanging jobs or other favors in return for political support. This is not a good thing.
WORD FAMILY
patronage: patronaged, patronages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Spots on the board are prime patronage gifts.
New York Times(Dec 04, 2016)
There is also the case of Pinto, who garnered extraordinary attention thanks to Obama’s patronage.
Washington Post(Nov 21, 2016)
Patronage grew 13 percent last year to 115,000, an influx similar to the entire population of Bellevue every day.
Seattle Times(Nov 21, 2016)
Back: n. 资助，赞助; 光顾，惠顾; 任免权; 支援，保护
分布：赞助(71%)，光顾(21%)，任免权(8%)
→来自patron,赞助，-age,名词后缀。
赞助,惠客(patron赞助人)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
/'peɪ.trən.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
SUPPORT 资助
■the support given to an organization by someone 赞助，资助
• The Conservative Party enjoys the patronage of much of the business community. 保守党获得了众多企业的资助。
■mainly disapproving
■the power of a person to give someone an important job or position 任命权
• Patronage is a potent force if used politically. 任命权用在政治上会成为一种强大的力量。
['pæt.rə.nɪdʒ] /'peɪ.trən.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
CUSTOMERS 顾客 formal
■the business given to a shop or restaurant, etc. by its customers 惠顾，光顾
• We would like to thank all of our customers for their patronage in the past. 我们衷心感谢所有顾客过去的惠顾。
n. 赞助；光顾；任免权
 - sponsorship, auspice

Word: accountable
Front: accountable
[əˈkaʊntəbl] (5713/7192 -2)
Vocabulary: accountable
(once / 604 pages)
adj
If you're responsible for your own actions, you are accountable for them. You are accountable for your behavior in school. So even if your friend throws pudding at you at lunch, you don't have the right to fling mystery meat back.
Accountable comes from the word "account," which is itself from the Old French word acont, meaning to count (as in money). While you can be accountable for monetary damages, you're most likely to be held accountable for your actions and behavior, and the actions of your children and pets. If your dog bites another dog, you may be accountable for any vet bills incurred by the other dog's owner.
WORD FAMILY
accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable +/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountability: accountabilities/ accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“And the Legislature ought to be held accountable. Something like that happens, then people will do something.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Anyhow, why should the players be held accountable when the padrones who recruited them aren’t?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Obama therefore sees this as the last chance to hold Russia accountable and to limit Trump’s options for rapprochement with Vladimir Putin after 20 January.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 负有责任的，应对自己的行为做出说明的; 可解释的; 有解释义务的; 可说明的
分布：负有责任的(50%)，可说明的(50%)
US [-tˌə-] adjective
■Someone who is accountable is completely responsible for what they do and must be able to give a satisfactory reason for it 应负责任的；应作解释的；应加以说明的
• She is accountable only to the managing director. 她只对总裁负责。
• The recent tax reforms have made government more accountable for its spending. 最近的税务改革要求政府的开支更加透明化。
• Politicians should be accountable to the public who elected them. 政界人士应对他们的选民负责。
adj. 有责任的；有解释义务的；可解释的
 - responsible, liable

Word: till
Front: till
[tɪl] (中高托 4897/2835 -K3)
Vocabulary: till
(once / 21 pages)
1vn 2n
The noun till means the same as "cash register." When you work at the store long enough, they'll let you operate the till.
When you pay taxes to your town, they go into the local till, or government fund, for community improvements. Till is also used as a verb, meaning to work the land, to get it ready for planting and harvesting. Till can also be used to mean "until," which makes things a bit confusing. So, technically, you could have a sentence like: Don't touch the till till you take the customer's money.
WORD FAMILY
till: tillable, tillage, tilled, tiller, tilling, tills+/tillage: tillages/tilled: untilled/ tiller: tillered, tillering, tillers/tilling: tillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Frustrated vets summarize the VA’s position this way: “Delay, deny, wait till I die.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Maybe he's just pathologically naïve - like I was till very recently.
New York Times(Mar 27, 2013)
Later, the party shifts to the malecón, the harbour wall, and continues till dawn.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: conj. 直到…时（为止）; 在…之前
vt. 耕种; 耕作
n. 钱柜，钱箱; 放钱的抽屉; [地]冰碛土（物）
prep. 直到
时态：tilled, tilling, tills
分布：耕作(33%)，放钱的抽屉(28%)，备用现金(25%)，直到 ... 为止(14%)
→来自古英语 til,朝向，直到，来自 Proto-Germanic*til,朝向，直到，来自 Proto-Germanic*tilan, 努力，终点，目标，可能来自 do,表方向，朝向，词源同 to.
prep.直到,直到...为止,与until意思相同He didn't return home till five.他直到五时才回家.
preposition conjunction
 IMPROVER
■up to (the time that); until 直到；到…为止
• We waited till half past six for you. 我们一直等你到六点半。
• Up till 1918, women in Britain were not allowed to vote. 在1918年以前，英国不允许妇女参加选举。
• How long is it till your baby is due? 你还有多久生孩子？
[tɪl] noun countable mainly UK (US usually register)
■the drawer in a cash register (= a machine which records sales in a shop, and in which money is kept) or the cash register itself 收银机的抽屉；收银机
• Next time you have the till open, could you give me some change? 下次打开收银机时，你给我些零钱好吗？
• I think these items have been rung up wrongly on the till. 我想这些商品在收银机上记错了。
[tɪl] verb transitive
■to prepare and use land for growing crops 耕，犁（土地）
• This piece of land has been tilled for hundreds of years. 这块土地已经被耕耘了几百年。
n. [地理] [水文] 冰碛；放钱的抽屉； [会计] 备用现金
 - glacial drift
prep. 直到
 - unto, hasta
vt. 耕种；犁
 - farm, plant crops
vi. 耕种；耕耘
 - plant crops

Word: fiddle
Front: fiddle
[ˈfɪdl] (11650/8776 -1)
Vocabulary: fiddle
(once / 591 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4v
A fiddle is the same thing as a violin. The instrument, which has strings and is played with a bow, is more likely to be called a fiddle when it's used to play traditional or folk tunes, rather than classical music.
Fiddle music is typically written for dancing, and it comes from backgrounds as diverse as Scotland, Eastern Europe, and the Cajun and Zydeco traditions from Louisiana. To play the fiddle is to fiddle, and when you mess or play around with something, you also fiddle: "Do you have to fiddle with your pen while I'm talking?" Someone who's "fit as a fiddle" is in perfect health.
WORD FAMILY
fiddle: fiddled, fiddler, fiddles, fiddling+/fiddler: fiddlers/fiddling: fiddlingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the perfect Garcon moment: a quotidian announcement in which he played second fiddle to someone else.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Some see Moscow playing Trump like a fiddle.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr Mutharika was "fit as a fiddle" and holding important meetings in the US, his spokesman insisted.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 小提琴; [航]桌面柜; 〈非〉胡扯，无聊; 欺诈，欺骗行为
vi. 拉小提琴; 神经质地摆弄手指或手; 瞎搞，胡混; 干预，篡改
vt. 用提琴演奏（乐曲）; 欺诈，欺骗; 伪造
时态：fiddled, fiddling, fiddles
分布：小提琴(65%)，摆弄(15%)，拉小提琴(9%)，浪费(7%)，骗局(4%)
→词源有争议。来自拉丁语vitula, 管弦乐器，词源同violin, 来自罗马欢乐和胜利女神Vitula.引申词义不停摆弄。
verb
CHEAT 欺骗
transitive informal
■to act dishonestly in order to get something for yourself, or to change something dishonestly, especially to your advantage （尤指为个人利益而）用诡计获得，篡改，伪造
• She managed to fiddle a free trip to America. 她想办法骗取了一趟去美国的免费旅行。
• He had been fiddling the accounts/books/finances for years. 多年来他一直在伪造账目／账簿／财务状况。
['fɪd.l] verb
MOVE ABOUT 四处移动
intransitive
■to move things about or touch things with no particular purpose 无目的地拨弄（或摆弄）
• Put your papers down and stop fiddling! 把档放下，不要乱摆弄！
['fɪd.l] verb
INSTRUMENT 乐器
intransitive informal
■to play the violin 拉小提琴
['fɪd.l] verb
fiddle while Rome burns
■to enjoy yourself or continue working as normal and not give any attention to something important and unpleasant that is happening that you should be taking action to prevent 不管不问；漠不关心（对应当采取行动阻止的重要或不愉快事情不予关心，继续如常玩乐工作）
• Environmentalists claimed governments were fiddling while Rome burned. 环保主义者称政府大事不管管小事。
['fɪd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fiddle about/around disapproving
■to spend time doing small things which are not important or necessary 瞎混；虚度光阴
• I was just fiddling around in the kitchen. 我只是在厨房随便做点甚么打发时间。
['fɪd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fiddle (about/around) with sth
■to make small changes to something to try to make it work 拨弄；摆弄
• Stop fiddling about with your hair - it looks fine. 别再摆弄你的头发了，看起来挺好的。
• Someone's been fiddling around with my computer! 有人动过我的电脑！
■to touch or move things with your fingers because you are nervous or bored （因紧张或无聊而）用手指拨弄（或摆弄）
• He was just fiddling around with the things on his desk. 他只是摆弄着他桌子上的东西。
['fɪd.l] noun
INSTRUMENT 乐器
countable informal
■a violin 小提琴
• to play the fiddle 拉小提琴
['fɪd.l] noun
DIFFICULTY 困难
only singular UK informal
■something difficult to do, especially because the things involved are small or need careful use of the fingers （需要用手的）精细工作，难事
• I find threading a needle a terrible fiddle. 我觉得穿针是件难事。
• [+ to infinitive] It's a real fiddle to assemble because of all the small parts. 这些零件太小，装配起来确实是件难事。
['fɪd.l] noun
DISHONEST BEHAVIOUR 不诚实的行为
countable or uncountable mainly UK informal
■something dishonest which someone does in order to get money or other advantages （为获得金钱或其他利益而做）不诚实的行为
• a tax fiddle 偷税行为
• Everyone suspected they were on the fiddle (= cheating). 大家都怀疑他们在搞欺诈。
n. 小提琴
 - violin
vi. 瞎搞；拉小提琴
 - play the violin
vt. 虚度时光；拉小提琴
 - play the violin

Word: crony
Front: crony
[ˈkrəʊni] (13579/19233 -1)
Vocabulary: crony
(once / 2563 pages)
n
A crony (rhymes with “pony”) is a buddy, a close confidant you spend time with and trust. Your boss might make everyone at work angry if she keeps only giving raises to her cronies.
While a crony is basically just a good pal or sidekick, the word sometimes has a negative connotation — that you and your crony are up to no good together. It also implies the idea of cronyism, or unfairly giving friends jobs or promotions they're not qualified for. Crony capitalism refers to doing that in an economic way, like people in government giving tax breaks to their friends. Crony is 17th century British student slang, from the Greek khronios, "long-lasting."
WORD FAMILY
crony: cronies, cronyism
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’ve seen this movie before: tax cuts, deregulation, crony capitalism.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In play is $630 million from his estate that the United States says he and his cronies laundered through the American financial system.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Putin’s cronies, on the other hand, depend on him; ravaging their assets wouldn’t hurt him much at all.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 密友; 好友
分布：密友(70%)，好朋友(20%)，亲伴(10%)
→来自词根chrono, 时间，见chronicle, chronology.
US ['kroʊ-] informal disapproving
noun countable
■a friend, or a person who works for someone in authority, especially one who is willing to give and receive dishonest help （尤指愿意提供或接受不正当帮助的当权者的）亲朋好友，亲信，密友
• The General and his cronies are now awaiting trial for drug-smuggling. 将军和他的亲信因走私毒品目前正在等待受审。
n. 密友；好朋友
 - familiar, cater-cousin

Word: devolve
Front: devolve
[dɪˈvɒlv] (宝 18123/11987 -1)
Vocabulary: devolve
(once / 1531 pages)
v
You've probably heard that organisms evolve over time. Well, life is complicated, and sometimes things devolve instead — to devolve is to get worse instead of better.
The de- in devolve is a clue to its meaning. When things devolve, they deteriorate, degenerate, fall apart, go to the dogs, and generally end up worse. When a classroom gets loud and rowdy, a teacher might say the class has devolved. There is another, less negative, meaning of devolve. You can devolve responsibilities: for example, the U.S. government could devolve a certain responsibility to the states. The non-negative meaning of devolve is kind of like passing things on in a will. If I devolve something to you, you inherit it.
WORD FAMILY
devolve: devolution, devolved, devolvement, devolves, devolving+/ devolution: devolutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brexit minister Michael Russell said it would include plans to retain a place for Scotland in the single market and new devolved powers for Holyrood.
BBC(Dec 17, 2016)
The plans also will outline further "substantial" new powers that should be handed to the devolved parliament in Edinburgh post-Brexit.
Reuters(Dec 17, 2016)
He also promoted federalism as a way of devolving power from the central government during his campaign for the presidency earlier this year.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 移交; 转移; 交给下属（或下层、晚辈等）; 衰落
时态：devolved, devolving, devolves
分布：移交(72%)，委任(19%)，退化(9%)
→de-, 向下。-volv, 转，词源同evolve, revolve. 即向下转，转交。
【记】involve（v 使参与）和本词是反义
US [-'vɑ:lv] verb transitive
■to (cause power or responsibility to) be given to other people 移交，转移（权力或职责）
• To be a good manager, you must know how to devolve responsibility downwards. 要成为一名优秀的经理就必须懂得如何向下放权。
• formal Those duties will necessarily devolve on/upon me. 那些任务必然会落到我的头上。
UK [dɪ'vɒlv] US [-'vɑ:lv] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  devolve sth to sb formal
■to give power or responsibility to a person or organization at a lower or more local level 将…移交（或下放）给（某人）
• The local education authorities have devolved financial control to individual schools. 当地教育主管部门已将财政管理权下放给了各个学校。
vi. 被移交；转让
 - transfer, make over
vt. 转移；移交；使滚下；衰落
 - shift, divert from

Word: wildly
Front: wildly
[ˈwaɪldli] (5596/6577 -K2)
Vocabulary: wildly
(once / 406 pages)
adv
If you've ever done something in a big, excited, uninhibited way, you know what it means to do things wildly. Preschoolers might sit in a calm circle for a little while, but they're usually happier running around wildly.
Doing something wildly involves exaggerating it, or doing it in an unpredictable or uncivilized way, like a wild animal. Angry people shout and gesture wildly, and sports fans jump around and cheer wildly when their team wins an important game. The adverb wildly comes from wild and its Proto-Indo-European root that means "wild" or "woodlands."
WORD FAMILY
wild: semi-wild, wildest, wildly, wildness, wilds+/wildness: wildnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Shocked, stunned and wildly disappointed,” said Patrick Nolan of Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The current iteration of the Second Avenue subway is both wildly more expensive and less ambitious than anticipated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
His choice of the wildly unqualified Ben Carson to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is a discouraging early sign.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 疯狂地; 粗暴地，野蛮地; 野生地; 失去控制地
分布：鲁莽地(36%)，激动地(16%)，狂热地(16%)，剧烈地(16%)，轻率地(16%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in an uncontrolled or extreme way 狂野地；失控地；狂暴地
• He was dancing wildly. 他疯狂地跳着舞。
• Inflation figures have fluctuated wildly between 0.2% and 25%. 通货膨胀指数在0.2%至25%之间剧烈波动。
• It was wildly (= very) expensive. 它贵得离谱。
• I must say I'm not wildly (= very) keen on the idea. 我必须说，我对这个想法不是特别热衷。
adv. 野生地；野蛮地；狂暴地；鲁莽地
 - savagely, barbarously

Word: plight
Front: plight
[plaɪt] (研托雅宝 7410/6906 -2)
Vocabulary: plight
(once / 746 pages)
1n 2vn
A plight is a situation that's hard to get out of. Learning about the plight of very poor people trying to rebuild their homes after a devastating earthquake might inspire you to send money to a charity.
Plight means predicament. It comes from the word for pleat, which means fold. A plight is a tough bind. You'll usually hear the word plight for groups of people or animals struggling to survive, or struggling for better lives. We talk about the plight of refugees, or the plight of sea birds after an oil spill. An old-fashioned use of plight is for pledge. If you get engaged, you give a plight of your love.
WORD FAMILY
plight: plighted, plighting, plights
USAGE EXAMPLES
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Though based in Amsterdam, he forged a career documenting the plight of those suffering the impact of war or natural disaster.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Until LeBron James leaves Cleveland, that will be the plight of most teams in the Eastern Conference.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 境况，困境; 誓约
vt. 保证，约定
时态：plighted, plighting, plights
分布：困境(90%)，苦境(5%)，宣誓(2%)，誓约(2%)，订婚(1%)
→来自古英语pliht,有风险的承诺，危险，风险，来自Proto-Germanic*pleg,承诺，责任，担保， 来自dlegh,忙于，从事于，责任，承诺，来自del,长的，词源同long,play,pledge.引 申词义誓言，誓约，特别是郑重的誓言，如订婚。plight 苦难，困境
n.情况,状态,困境,盟誓(婚姻)v.保证,约定He is in a sad plight.他陷入了悲惨的境地.
【记】原指：带有风险的承诺或保证，引申为困境，现在又引申为订婚p破，light灯：家里有一盏破灯－困境
【反】favorable condition（顺境）
noun only singular
■an unpleasant condition, especially a serious, sad or difficult one 困境，窘境
• the plight of the poor/homeless 穷人／无家可归者的困难处境
• Few of us can be unmoved by the plight of the Romanian orphans. 我们几乎无一不为罗马尼亚孤儿的困难处境而心有所感。
[plaɪt] verb old use or humorous
plight your troth
■to (promise to) marry 答应结婚，订婚；结婚
n. 困境；境况；誓约
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, fix, predicament
vt. 保证；约定
 - undertake, assure

Word: liberalism
Front: liberalism
[ˈlɪbərəlɪzəm] (8161/9214 -1)
Vocabulary: liberalism
(once / 2626 pages)
1n 2n
Liberalism in politics favors social progress, through the agency of government, while liberalism in economics favors a free and open market, without government interference.
Liberalism in contemporary politics is said to fall on the left-hand side of the political spectrum, which is why its adherents are sometimes called, collectively, "the Left." (Adherents of "conservatism" are called "the Right," and they are generally strongly opposed to liberalism.) "Political liberalism," which may favor more government regulation, is not interchangeable with "economic liberalism," which favors less government regulation, a strategy political conservatism often agrees with.
WORD FAMILY
liberalism: liberalisms, liberalist, liberalistic, neoliberalism+/ illiberal: illiberality, illiberally/illiberality: illiberalities/ liberal: illiberal, liberalise, liberalism, liberality, liberalize, liberally, liberalness, liberals, neoliberal/liberalise: liberalisation, liberalised, liberalising/liberalist: liberalists/liberality: liberalities/ liberalization: liberalizations/ liberalize: liberalization, liberalized, liberalizes, liberalizing/neoliberal: neoliberals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The debate between liberalism and republicanism, especially active in the 1970s, eventually subsided.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temptation will be, once again, to defend liberal values by reinforcing the institutions of liberalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Deals surged in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of economic liberalism in the region.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 自由主义; 开明的思想或见解
分布：自由主义(97%)，自由主义神学(1%)，开明的思想(1%)，自由党的政策和原则(1%)
→来自liberal,自由的。
N-UNCOUNT
（主张通过修改法律逐步实现社会进步的）自由主义
Liberalism is a belief in gradual social progress by changing laws, rather than by revolution.
例：...a democrat who has decided that economic liberalism is the best way to secure change.认定经济自由主义是促进变革的最好办法的民主党党员
例：...the tradition of nineteenth-century liberalism.19世纪的自由主义传统
N-UNCOUNT
（主张个体拥有广泛的政治和个人自由的）自由主义
Liberalism is the belief that people should have a lot of political and individual freedom.
例：He was concerned over growing liberalism in the Church.他对教会中日益增强的自由主义倾向心存忧虑。
n. 自由主义；开明的思想或见解
 - latitudinarianism

Word: portion
Front: portion
[ˈpɔ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 2178/4270 -2)
Vocabulary: portion
(once / 77 pages)
1nv 2n
If a friend asks you to invest in her new start-up in exchange for a portion, or part, of the company’s profits, consider the agreement carefully. Remember, a portion of zero is still zero.
Portion can also refer to the amount of food provided for each person at a meal. If you’re reviewing a restaurant, for example, you'll want to take note of the portion size. In addition, portion can be used as a verb meaning “divide and distribute something.” At birthday parties, we find it odd that the person celebrating her birthday is expected to perform the annoying task of portioning her own cake (perhaps it’s so she can claim the biggest portion).
WORD FAMILY
portion: portioned, portioning, portions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Russian leader seized Crimea from Ukraine and now holds portions of Ukraine itself.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Next season’s portion of the contract is guaranteed if Taylor is unable to pass his physical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Write down all your meals and snacks, including portion size and timing, she says.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一部分; 一份遗产（或赠与的财产）; 嫁妆; 分得的财产
vt. 把…分成份额; 分配; 把…分给(to); 命运注定
时态：portioned, portioning, portions
分布：部分(83%)，份(11%)，命运(2%)，分配(2%)，命运注定(1%)，分担的责任(1%)
→词源同part,分开，部分，-ion,名词后缀。
部分,一般(port+ion→一部分)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.一部分,一份On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
US [ˈpɔːr-]
 IMPROVER
■a part or share of something larger 一部分；一份
• A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new projects. 公司利润的一大部分／主要部分又直接投入了新的专案计划。
• I accept my portion of the blame. 我承担部分责任。
 IMPROVER
■the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant or a shop which sells food ready to be eaten （食物的）一份，一客
• The portions are very generous in this restaurant. 这家餐厅每道菜量都很足。
verb UK [ˌpɔː.ʃən] US [ˌpɔːr-]
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] portion sth out
■to share something out 分配，分享
• We'll have to portion the money out among/between the six of us. 我们得把这些钱在我们六个人中分。
⇒ See also apportion
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 部分；一份；命运
 - part, proportion, fate, percent, lot
vt. 分配；给…嫁妆
 - part, to allocate

Word: fearful
Front: fearful
[ˈfɪəfl] (研四六 6198/6886 -2)
Vocabulary: fearful
(once / 186 pages)
adj
If you're fearful, you're afraid of something. A kid who's fearful around dogs might cry or run away when sees even a small puppy.
To be fearful is, literally, to be full of fear. You can also use this adjective to describe the thing that scares you: "I lay awake all night listening to the fearful creaks of the old house around me." Some people are always fearful — it's just part of who they are — while others are only fearful in certain instances. You might be fearful on airplanes but fearless when riding a horse.
WORD FAMILY
fearful: fearfulest, fearfully, fearfulness+/ fear: feared, fearful, fearing, fearless, fears, fearsome/fearing: unfearing/fearless: fearlessest, fearlessly, fearlessness/fearsome: fearsomely, fearsomer/unfearing: unfearingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, with almost no way to communicate with him, Sovannara’s family waits in Long Beach, fearful that Prey Sar prison may become his tomb.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Clark’s biggest fear was that others in the group would see how fearful she was.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Immigrants and minorities are fearful, bigots are emboldened, discourse is coarsened.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 害怕的，担心的; 胆怯的; 吓人的，可怕的; <口>极端的
分布：可怕的(86%)，担心的(14%)
a.可怕的,吓人的;害怕,担心,惊恐What a fearful waste of time and money!这样浪费时间和金钱真是不得了!
US ['fɪr-] adjective
FRIGHTENED 恐惧的 slightly formal
■frightened or worried about something 恐惧的；担心的；忧虑的
• He hesitated before ringing her, fearful of what she might say. 给她打电话之前他犹豫不决，害怕她会说甚么。
• She's fearful (that) she may lose custody of her children. 她担心自己会失去对几个子女的监护权。
UK ['fɪə.fəl] US ['fɪr-] adjective
BAD 糟糕的 UK old-fashioned
■very bad 极坏的；极糟糕的
• a fearful argument 极不愉快的争论
• a fearful temper 糟糕的脾气
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的；担心的；严重的
 - worried, acute, terrible, afraid, serious

Word: stronghold
Front: stronghold
[ˈstrɒŋhəʊld] (10622/11520 -1)
Vocabulary: stronghold
(once / 885 pages)
n
A stronghold is a building or other structure that is safe from attack. A fortress is a perfect example of a stronghold.
A castle or fort surrounded by stone walls and moats is one kind of stronghold; they are built to keep the people or valuables inside them safe from invading armies. You might build a stronghold of driftwood and rocks around your prized sand sculpture on the beach, or even a figurative stronghold around yourself — to guard against having your feelings hurt.
WORD FAMILY
stronghold: strongholds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It is the last major IS urban stronghold in Iraq.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The strikes appeared to be the first Russian support for a Turkish-backed rebel offensive aimed at recapturing the last IS stronghold in Aleppo province.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 要塞; 据点; 根据地
分布：要塞(51%)，堡垒(43%)，中心地(6%)
→strong,坚固的，hold,堡垒。
US ['strɑ:ŋ.hoʊld] noun countable
■a building or position which is strongly defended 要塞，堡垒；据点
• a rebel stronghold 叛军据点
• They captured the last stronghold of the presidential guard. 他们攻占了总统护卫队的最后一个堡垒。
■a place or area where a particular belief or activity is common （特定信仰或活动的）势力强大的地方，大本营，根据地
• Rural areas have been traditionally thought of as a stronghold of old-fashioned attitudes. 乡村地区传统上一向被视为守旧思想的大本营。
n. 要塞；大本营；中心地
 - presidio, fastness

Word: detainee
Front: detainee
[ˌdi:teɪˈni:] (8016/13381 -1)
Back: n. 被拘留者; 未判决囚犯
noun countable
■a person who has been officially ordered to stay in a prison or similar place, especially for political reasons （尤指因政治原因的）被拘留者，被关押者
• a political detainee 政治犯

Word: depart
Front: depart
[dɪˈpɑ:t] (研四六托雅 4829/4497 -2)
Vocabulary: depart
(once / 64 pages)
v
To depart is to go away or to choose a different direction. If you are catching a plane, you are soon to depart. And, if you are wearing a kilt instead of jeans, you depart from your usual look.
Airports and train stations have gates for arrivals and departures. Airplanes and people coming in "arrive" while those going out depart. You also can depart without going anywhere, as when you change your mind and depart from an earlier decision. To "depart from the norm" is an expression for doing something different than expected, like giggling during a tear-jerker of a movie.
WORD FAMILY
depart: departed, departer, departing, departs, departure +/departer: departers/ departure: departures
USAGE EXAMPLES
With few alternatives, the passengers sat hoping their flight would eventually depart.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms Chen is the latest in a string of high-profile Twitter executives to depart from the firm.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
After assessing the damage, airport authorities announce that departing flights will be delayed an average of four months, nearly twice as long as usual.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 离开，出发; 去世; 离职; 脱轨
时态：departed, departing, departs
分布：离开(99%)，死亡(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。part, 分开，部分。即离开，分开。
vi.离开,起程a.过去的,逝世的Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
【记】de分开，part部分一使各个部分分开一离开
US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to go away or leave, especially on a journey 出发，动身，启程
• The plane departs at 6.00 a.m. 那架飞机在早上六时起飞。
• The train for London departs from Platform 2. 前往伦敦的列车从2号月台开出。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
depart this life
■to die 去世，辞世，逝世
• In loving memory of my dear husband, who departed this life on May 5, 1978. 深切怀念我亲爱的丈夫，他于1978年5月5日辞世。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  depart from sth
■to be different from the usual or expected way of doing or thinking about something 脱离，背离，偏离
• I see no reason for us to depart from our usual practice. 我看不出有打破惯例的必要。
• At this point in the speech, the minister departed from his prepared text. 说到此处，部长脱离了事先准备好的讲稿。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
vi. 离开；出发，起程；违反；去世
 - leave, split, vary, quit, get out

Word: spit
Front: spit
[spɪt] (高研四六雅 4932/5395 -2)
Back: vt. 吐，吐出
n. 唾沫; 口水; 烤肉叉
vi. 吐痰，吐口水; 发出劈啪声
时态：spat, spitting, spits
分布：吐出(49%)，吐口水(15%)，唾液(12%)，烤肉叉(9%)，下小雨(7%)，彻底的擦洗(3%)，厉声说出(1%)，酷似(1%)，小雨(1%)，彻底地擦洗设备(1%)，用烤肉叉叉住(1%)
→来自拟声词根辅音丛 sp-,吐，喷出，比较 spate,spew,spit,spout,sputter.spit 烤肉扦
v.吐(唾沫),吐痰n.唾液No spitting!不准随地吐痰!
verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
FORCE OUT 用力弄出
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to force out the contents of the mouth, especially saliva 唾，吐（尤指唾液）
• Bob Ewell spat contemptuously right in the lawyer's face. 鲍勃‧尤厄尔轻蔑地朝律师脸上吐了口唾沫。
• He spat the meat out in disgust. 他厌恶地把肉吐了出来。
• They bought watermelons and ate them as they walked, spitting out the seeds. 他们买了西瓜，边走边吃，一路吐着西瓜籽。
intransitive or transitive literary
■to say or shout words quickly and angrily 怒斥，厉声说出
• [+ speech] 'Get out!' she spat, when Ace appeared in the doorway. 埃斯出现在门口时，她厉声说道，“出去！”
intransitive
■If something hot, such as a fire, spits, it produces short sharp noises and throws out little pieces. （炉火等）劈啪作响，爆出火花
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
RAIN 下雨
intransitive informal
■to rain very slightly 飘小雨；下毛毛细雨
• If it 's only spitting (with rain) , perhaps we don't need waterproofs. 如果只是一点毛毛细雨，也许我们不用穿雨衣。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
be the spitting image of sb (also be the spit and (image) of sb)
■to look extremely similar to someone 和…极为相似
• Josie is the spitting image of her granny at the same age. 乔茜和她奶奶当年长得一模一样。
• The old man was the (dead) spit of Winston Churchill. 那位老人和温斯顿‧邱吉尔长得简直一模一样。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
in/within spitting distance informal
■If something is in or within spitting distance, it is very close 非常近；一步之遥
• The house is within spitting distance of the sea. 这栋房子就在海边。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
spit blood/venom (US also spit nails) (Australian also spit tacks)
■to speak in an angry way, or to show anger 怒气冲天（地说）；咬牙切齿（地说）
• I thought he was going to spit blood when he saw what had happened. 我想等他看到发生了甚么事时，一定会破口大骂。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spit sth out
■to say something quickly and angrily 厉声说出
• He spat out an insult and marched out of the room. 他一边大步走出房间，一边骂了句脏话。
Spit it out! informal
■used to tell someone to start speaking or to speak more quickly, when they are unwilling to speak or are speaking slowly 有甚么尽管说出来！爽快点吧！
• Come on, spit it out, who told you about this? 说吧，爽快点，是谁告诉你这事的？
[spɪt] noun
STICK 叉
countable
■a long, thin, metal stick put through a piece of food, especially meat, so that it can be cooked above a fire （用于烧烤食物的）炙叉；（尤指）烤肉叉，烤肉针
• Roast the lamb on a spit. 把羊肉叉在烤肉叉上烤。
[spɪt] noun
LAND 陆地
countable
■a long, thin, flat beach which goes out into the sea 岬；沙嘴
[spɪt] noun
FROM MOUTH 从口内
uncountable (formal spittle) (Australian informal slag) informal
■ saliva , especially when it is outside the mouth （尤指吐出的）唾液，口水
• She used a little spit on a tissue to wipe the mirror clean. 她在纸巾上吐了点口水，把镜子擦拭干净。
[spɪt] noun
spit and polish informal
■careful cleaning and shining 仔细的清洁擦洗
• The car needs some spit and polish. 这辆汽车需要好好擦洗一下。
vi. 吐痰；吐口水；发出劈啪声
 - golly
vt. 吐，吐出；发出；发射
 - release, project, let go
n. 唾液
 - saliva, slabber

Word: discredit
Front: discredit
[dɪsˈkredɪt] (宝 8965/9585 -2)
Vocabulary: discredit
(once / 869 pages)
nv
Discredit means to cause mistrust or cast the accuracy of something into doubt. If you say that schooling is important to you, but you never study, your actions discredit you and your words.
You discredit what someone says when you choose not to believe it. You can discredit the rumors going around about your boyfriend if you are sure of his love. On a more personal level, you discredit people when you cast their authority or reputation into doubt. If you're running a tough race for class president, your opponent may try to discredit you by talking about your failures or even making up lies about you. But this would be to the discredit of your opponent — his or her own reputation would suffer for this bad behavior.
WORD FAMILY
discredit: discreditable, discredited, discrediting, discredits+/ credit: creditable, credited, crediting, creditor, credits, discredit /creditable: creditably/ creditor: creditors/discreditable: discreditably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And while the win can’t be discredited, the fashion in which it happened failed to provide much confidence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Europe and Japan rebuilt; the Soviet Union failed; communism was discredited.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The electoral college is not only antiquated but also discredited.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 使不可置信; 使被怀疑; 败坏…的名声; 拒绝相信
n. 丧失名誉，名声; 不信，怀疑; 败坏名声的人或事; 耻辱
时态：discredited, discrediting, discredits
分布：怀疑(46%)，丢脸(14%)，丧失名誉(14%)，不信(12%)，不信任(10%)，败坏…的名声(4%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。credit,信任，信誉。
不信任,怀疑(dis不+credit相信→不相信)[creed,cred=believe,trust,表示"相信,信任"]
【记】credit（n /v 信任，信用）
[dɪ'skred.ɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to cause people to stop respecting someone or believing in an idea or person 使名誉受损；使受到怀疑
• Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited the President. 总统与贩毒分子有染的证据使他名誉扫地。
• discredited theories 受到怀疑的理论
[dɪ'skred.ɪt] formal
noun uncountable
■loss of respect for or belief in someone or something 丧失名誉、信誉
• The stupid behaviour of one pupil has brought discredit on the whole school. 一名学生的愚蠢行为让整个学校蒙羞。
• To her discredit, she never admitted her role in the scandal. 她一直不承认自己参与了这桩丑闻，这使她在人们心中的形象大打折扣。
vt. 不信；使……丢脸
 - misbelieve, disbelieve
n. 怀疑；无信用；名声的败坏
 - doubt, challenge, suspicion

Word: recruitment
Front: recruitment
[rɪ'kru:tmənt] (六 6379/4219)
Vocabulary: recruitment
(once / 4797 pages)
n
Recruitment is the act of getting people to sign up for something, especially the military.
If you've ever been recruited for something, then someone convinced you to do or join something. The person who convinced you was in the business of recruitment. Recruitment refers to everything people do to get others to join things, like the military. Colleges, sports teams, and businesses are all involved in recruitment when they are trying to attract new students, athletes, and employees. When recruitment is successful, people sign up and join.
WORD FAMILY
recruitment: recruitments+/ recruit: recruited, recruiter, recruiting, recruitment, recruits/ recruiter: recruiters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their summer recruitment failed badly and there are two glaring gaps that need filling.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“China are certainly looking to develop their football, looking at their signings and their recruitment,” Clattenburg told The Associated Press.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Recruitment by Russia’s military should be expected, he said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 征募新兵; 补充; 募集
分布：招聘(91%)，补充(6%)，征募新兵(3%)
noun uncountable
■the process of finding people to work for a company or become a new member of an organization 招聘，吸收
• The recession has forced a lot of companies to cut down on graduate recruitment. 经济衰退迫使很多公司减少毕业生的招聘人数。
• It's all part of a recruitment drive intended to increase the party's falling numbers. 这只不过是该党为了补充下滑的党员人数而发起的纳新运动的一部分而已。
n. 补充；征募新兵
 - supplement, renewal

Word: loyalist

Word: fantasy
Front: fantasy
[ˈfæntəsi] (高研四托雅宝 2964/3642 -3)
Vocabulary: fantasy
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A fantasy is something you imagine, which might involve dragons, unicorns, or an imaginary best friend. If you live in a fantasy world, you're not worrying much about reality — pleasant, maybe, but not very practical.
Fantasy is dreams and imagination. In a football fantasy league, you can create your own dream team. In literature, fantasy — a genre similar to science fiction — might include a story about a three-headed squirrel and a bionic aardvark who fall in love on a planet made entirely of strawberries. Romance can be fantasy, too, according to a Billy Joel song: "It's just a fantasy. It's not the real thing. But sometimes a fantasy is all you need."
WORD FAMILY
fantasy: fantasied, fantasies, fantasise, fantasist, fantasize, fantastic, fantastical, fantasying+/fantasist: fantasists/ fantasize: fantasized, fantasizes, fantasizing/ fantastic: fantasticly/fantastical: fantastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throw just six touchdowns into the mix, and this was a lost fantasy season for Gurley and his owners.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are many other examples including those of second rate scientists or non-scientists finding high-profile media venues to spin their fantasies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
So how did the Norman Rockwell fantasy align with unabashed greed and narcissism?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 幻想; 空想的产物; 幻想作品; 非正式的货币
vt. & vi. 想像; 幻想; 奏幻想曲
时态：fantasied, fantasying, fantasies
分布：幻想(100%)
→来自bha, 发光，照耀，词源同beacon, phantasm. 引申义白日做梦，幻想。
n.幻想,空想;空想的产物,幻想作品The young man lives in a world of fantasy.这个年青人生活在幻想的世界里.
【记】源于：Final Fantasy（最终幻想）系列，Square公司的大作
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about, but which is unlikely to happen, or the activity of thinking itself 幻想；想像
• Steve's favourite fantasy was to own a big house and a flashy car. 史蒂夫最爱幻想拥有一座大房子和一辆豪华轿车。
• sexual fantasies 性幻想
• She retreated into a fantasy world , where she could be anything she wanted. 她遁入了幻想世界，在那里她想要成为甚么都可以。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. [心理] 幻想；白日梦；幻觉
 - fancy, illusion
adj. 虚幻的
 - visional
vt. 空想；想像
 - imagine, picture, think of
vi. 耽于幻想；奏幻想曲（等于phantasy）
 - stargaze

Word: propel
Front: propel
[prəˈpel] (研六托雅宝 6618/9762 -1)
Vocabulary: propel
(once / 699 pages)
v
To propel is to push or drive forward, like a sheep dog nipping at the heels of his flock to keep them moving.
When you hear the verb propel, imagine the propeller on an airplane — that spinning thing on the front that pulls the plane forward. Or maybe think of the old proverb that goes, “Our passions are the winds that propel our vessel. Our reason is the pilot that steers her. Without winds the vessel would not move and without a pilot she would be lost.”
WORD FAMILY
propel: propellant, propelled, propellent, propeller, propelling, propellor, propels, propulsion, propulsive +/ propellant: propellants/propelled: self-propelled/propellent: propellents/ propeller: propellers/propelling: self-propelling/propellor: propellors/ propulsion: propulsions/ propulsive: propulsively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The band moved on to be managed by Brian Epstein, who helped propel them to stardom.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Being a businessman in addition to a researcher helped Stella propel his inventions from patents to products.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It suspended disability payments to hundreds of Conn’s former clients, propelling them into a yearlong battle with the government.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 推进; 推动; 驱动; 驱使
时态：propelled, propelling, propels
分布：推进(83%)，驱使(17%)
→pro-,向前，-pel,推动，词源同pulse,compel.
推进(pro+pel推→向前推)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
推进(pro向前+pel→向前推→推进)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
vt.推进,推动;激励,驱使He was propelled by ambition.他受到野心的驱使.
[prə'pel] (-ll-)
verb transitive
■to push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force 推进，推动
• a rocket propelled through space 在推力作用下穿越外太空的火箭
• The Kon-Tiki sailed across the Pacific Ocean propelled by wind power. “太阳号”草船借助风力横渡了太平洋。
propel sb into/to/towards sth
■to cause someone to do an activity or be in a situation 推动（某人）做…／将（某人）推向（某一境地）
• The film propelled him to international stardom. 这部电影使他成为了国际巨星。
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
vt. 推进；驱使；激励；驱策
 - stimulate, power

Word: racism
Front: racism
[ˈreɪsɪzəm] (3948/5469 -2)
Vocabulary: racism
(once / 1890 pages)
n
Racism is the practice of discriminating against people based on their race, national or ethnic background. Although old prejudices often live on, most people will agree that racism is unacceptable.
Someone who practices racism is called a racist. Racism comes from the idea that the different races are intrinsically different. It’s racism when a white person discriminates against a black person, just as it’s racism if a Japanese person discriminates against a German person. Many worldwide political movements have fought to end racism.
WORD FAMILY
racism: racist +/interracial: interracially/ race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy/racer: racers/ racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone should read “Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America,” which shows how racism adapts to every anti-racist victory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Actually, though, Adams was a gentle and sensitive man, a rare opponent of the anti-Asian racism dominating the Australian labour movement.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But sometimes he felt he was the one who was actually the victim of racism.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 种族主义; 种族偏见; 种族歧视[隔离，迫害]; 人种偏见
分布：民族的差别主义(100%)
→来自 race,人种，种族，-ism,主义。 racist 种族主义者
['reɪ.sɪ.zəm/ (UK old-fashioned racialism) disapproving
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the belief that people's qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other races 种族主义；种族歧视，种族迫害
• The authorities are taking steps to combat/fight/tackle racism in schools. 当局将采取措施反对／打击／应对各学校中的种族歧视。
• The report made it plain that institutional racism (= racism in all parts of an organization) is deep-rooted in this country. 报告明确指出，该国各组织机构中都存在着根深蒂固的种族偏见。
n. 种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见
 - racial discrimination, the colour bar

Word: separately
Front: separately
[ˈseprətli] (高四六托 5463/3772 -K)
Vocabulary: separately
(once / 694 pages)
adv
When things happen separately, they occur on an individual basis. Students who study separately study on their own. If you buy a remote-controlled helicopter and the box says “batteries sold separately,” you’ll be land-bound until you get some AAs.
To separate things is to take them apart, like separating two students by making them sit in different parts of the room. Anything that occurs separately also exists on its own. If the President meets with members of Congress separately, he meets with them one at a time. If you don’t like it when your food touches, then you should eat the mashed potatoes and salad separately, not on the same plate.
WORD FAMILY
separate: separable, separated, separately, separateness, separates, separating, separation, separatism, separative, separator+/ inseparable: inseparably/separable: inseparable, separability, separably/separateness: separatenesses/ separation: separationism, separations/separationism: separationist/separationist: separationists/separatism: separatisms, separatist/separatist: separatists/separator: separators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separately, a young African man was found hidden in a woman's suitcase.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Separately, the compound is being tested in human clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis, which is also promising, Sharma said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 分别地，另行; 分开，单独; 分离地; 个别地
分布：分别地(39%)，个别地(37%)，分开地(12%)，独立地(12%)
US [-ɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■not together 各自地；单独地
• Detectives interviewed the men separately over several days. 几天内，侦探们分别查访了那些人。
• I tend to wear the jacket and skirt separately rather than as a suit. 我想把上衣和裙子分开穿，而不想当套装穿。
• I think we'd better deal with these two points separately. 我想我们最好还是分开处理这两件事。
adv. 分别地；分离地；个别地
 - respectively, personally, in several

Word: wrap
Front: wrap
[ræp] (研四六托雅 2090/3118 -K3)
Back: vt. 包; 缠绕; 用…包裹（或包扎、覆盖等）; 掩护
n. 膝毯，披肩，围巾，围脖，头巾，罩衫，外套，大衣; 包装纸; 〈俚〉机密
vi. 缠绕，盘绕（通常与 over, around 等连用）; 包上，裹上; 穿上（衣服等）
时态：wrapped, wrapping, wraps
分布：包(72%)，裹(19%)，围巾(3%)，覆盖(2%)，披肩(2%)，包装材料(1%)，隐藏(1%)
→词源有争议，来自werp,弯，转，缠绕，来自wer的扩大形式，弯，转，词源同versus,environment。引申词义裹住，包裹。
v.裹,缠,卷,包n.披肩,围巾She wrapped her shawl closer about her.她用披肩紧裹住身体.
verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to cover or surround something with paper, cloth or other material （用纸、布或其他材料）包，裹
• She wrapped the present and tied it with ribbon. 她把礼物包起来，并用丝带扎紧。
• Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours. 用锡纸将鸡肉包起来，加热两个小时。
 ADVANCED
■to cover someone with material in order to protect them 用…包裹；用…覆盖
• She wrapped the baby in a blanket. 她用一块毯子把婴儿包起来。
• He wrapped a towel around his shoulders. 他用毛巾裹住他的肩膀。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
be wrapped up in sth/sb informal
■If you are wrapped up in someone or something, you are very interested in them and ignore other people or things 全神贯注于…
• She's always been completely wrapped up in the children. 她一直把所有精力都放在孩子身上。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap sb (up) in cotton wool UK
■to try to protect someone too carefully 娇惯（某人）；过分保护（某人）
• You can't wrap (up) your children in cotton wool for ever. 你不可能永远娇惯自己的孩子。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap sb around/round your little finger
■to persuade someone easily to do what you want them to do 轻而易举地说服（某人）
• She could wrap her father round her little finger. 她能轻松说服她父亲。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap yourself in the flag slightly disapproving
■to show great loyalty and support for your country in a way that does not ask questions 表达强烈的爱国情感
• Although national pride is important to the prime minister, he does not wrap himself in the flag as his predecessor used to do. 虽然国家自豪感对总理来说至关重要，但他并没有像前任总理那样表达强烈的爱国情感。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrapped (up) in secrecy
■If something such as plan is wrapped (up) in secrecy, the details about it are kept secret. 处于保密状态
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  wrap sth around/round sb/sth UK (US wrap sth around sb/sth)
■to put a piece of clothing or material around someone or something, usually to keep them warm （通常为了保暖）用…裹住…
• It was so cold that he wrapped a scarf tightly around his face. 太冷了，他便用一条围巾紧紧裹住自己的脸。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  wrap sth around/round sth UK (US wrap sth around sth)
■to put part of your body, such as your fingers or arms, around something tightly （用身体的一部分，如手指或胳膊）环绕，抱住
• She wrapped her arms around her knees. 她用双臂抱住膝部。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wrap (sb) up
■to dress in warm clothes, or to dress someone in warm clothes （使某人）穿得暖和
• Wrap up well - it's cold outside. 穿暖和点——外面很冷。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wrap sth up
COVER
■to cover or surround something in paper, cloth or other material （用纸、布或其他材料）包，裹
• Have you wrapped up Jenny's present yet? 你把珍妮的礼物包起来了吗？
FINISH informal
■to complete something successfully 圆满完成
• That just about wraps it up for today. 这就差不多给今天画了个圆满的句号。
[ræp] noun
COVERING 包裹
countable (US also wrapper)
■a loose piece of clothing which is worn tied around the body 宽松外套；浴衣
• a towelling wrap 毛巾布浴衣
• a beach wrap 沙滩浴衣
countable
■a long piece of cloth which a woman wears around her shoulders to keep her warm or for decoration （女式）披肩，围巾
• a chiffon/silk wrap 雪纺／丝绸披肩
uncountable
■material which is used to cover or protect objects 包裹物；覆盖物
• plastic wrap 塑胶包装布
• gift wrap 礼品包装纸
[ræp] noun
FOOD 食物
countable
■a sandwich made with one piece of very thin bread which is folded around a filling 卷饼
[ræp] noun
take the wraps off sth
■to allow people to know about something 使公开；透露秘密
[ræp] noun
under wraps
■secret 秘密的
• They tried to keep the report under wraps. 他们试图将该报告保密。
vt. 包；缠绕；隐藏；掩护
 - wind, lock
vi. 包起来；缠绕；穿外衣
 - wind
n. 外套；围巾
 - outerwear, outer coat

Word: brew
Front: brew
[bru:] (托雅 10422/9680 -2)
Back: vt. 酿造; 泡，煮; 策划，酿成
vi. 以酿造麦酒或啤酒为职业; 被冲泡; 即将发生
n. 酿造的饮料; 啤酒
时态：brewed, brewing, brews
分布：酿造(61%)，酝酿(23%)，混合物(8%)，策划(5%)，酿造物(3%)
→来自PIE *bhreue, 加热，蒸，词源同burn.
verb
DRINK 饮料
transitive
■to make beer 酿（啤酒）
intransitive or transitive
■If you brew tea or coffee, you add boiling water to it to make a hot drink, and if it brews, it gradually develops flavour in the container in which it was made 泡（茶）；煮（咖啡）；（茶）冲泡；（咖啡）煮
• [+ two objects] He brewed us some coffee./He brewed some coffee for us. 他替我们煮了些咖啡。
[bru:] verb
BAD SITUATION 坏事
intransitive
■If an unpleasant situation or a storm is brewing, you feel that it is about to happen （坏事或暴风雨）即将来临，酝酿
• It was too quiet - I felt that trouble was brewing. 太安静了——我觉得要出事了。
• A storm was brewing in the distance. 远处一场暴风雨即将来临。
[bru:] noun
DRINK 饮料
countable
■a type of beer, especially one made in a particular place or at a particular time （尤指某地或某个时间酿造的）啤酒
countable usually singular UK informal
■a drink of tea or a drink of beer 一杯茶；一份啤酒
• Make us a brew, Bren. 布伦，替我们泡杯茶吧。
[bru:] noun
MIX 混合
countable
■a mixture of several things 混合物
• They gave her a strange brew to drink. 他们让她喝一种奇怪的混合饮料。
• War, with its fear, its deprivation, its excitement and violence makes for a very heady brew (= powerful combination). 战争是恐惧、剥夺、刺激和暴力等因素的混合体，给人以强烈震撼。
vt. 酿造；酝酿
 - vint, vinify
vi. 酿酒；被冲泡；即将发生
 - impend
n. 啤酒；质地
 - beer, texture

Word: beast
Front: beast
[bi:st] (高研四托 4428/4515 -2)
Vocabulary: beast
(once / 101 pages)
n
A beast is an animal — and usually not a gentle or attractive one. You can also call a person a beast when they're behaving in a crude, savage, or horrible way.
There are many types of beast in the world: dogs, cats, horses, monkeys, birds, and fish are all beasts. Even tiny critters like bugs are beasts. A beast is basically any living thing, except for plants, because plants can't intentionally move. People can be called beasts too when they behave in a beastly way. A criminal is likely to be called a beast. So is a rude person. Anyone acting in an uncivilized or cruel way is being a beast.
WORD FAMILY
beast: beastly, beasts+/beastliness: beastlinesses/beastly: beastlier, beastliest, beastliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Purring jaguars prowled about our tents at night along with other unseen beasts.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“She was reunited with her family,” Avila told the Daily Beast.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When White’s role in the swearing-in ceremony was reported Wednesday, the Daily Beast said in a headline, “Shady Pastor to Pray With Trump at Inauguration.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 野兽; 人面兽心的人; 讨厌的人（或事物）; 老顽固，坏蛋
分布：兽(95%)，畜牲(5%)
→来自拉丁词bestia, 野兽，同bestial, 狂野的。
n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
noun countable formal
■an animal, especially a large or wild one （尤指大型或野生的）动物；野兽
• a wild beast 野兽
• The room wasn't fit for man or beast. 这个房间根本就住不了。
■old-fashioned
■an unpleasant, annoying or cruel person 粗暴（或卑劣、凶残）的人
• He was a beast to her throughout their marriage. 结婚后，他一直对她很粗暴。
[bi:st] noun countable
beast of burden literary
■an animal such as a donkey or an ox which is used to carry or pull things 役畜（如驴、牛等）
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
n. 野兽；畜生，人面兽心的人
 - wild animals, subman

Word: comprise
Front: comprise
[kəmˈpraɪz] (研四六托雅 4392/2504 -2)
Vocabulary: comprise
(once / 516 pages)
v
When something comprises other things, it is made up of them or formed from them. The periodic table comprises 118 elements, because the whole comprises the parts.
In its traditional use, the word comprise is the opposite of compose: if A comprises X, Y, and Z, then X, Y, and Z compose A. But because compose and comprise sound so much alike, people have long confused the two. So now you often hear things like "The band is comprised of a guitarist, a bassist, and a hairy drummer," whereas sticklers would prefer "is composed of" in that sentence. The word is undergoing a usage shift, making it just as hairy as that drummer!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
compose / comprise
Compose is to make up a whole, and comprise is to contain parts.  Poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises poodles. The parts compose the whole, and the whole comprises the parts. Confused? Everybody else is!
Compose means to make up a whole (it also means to create, but that's not the definition that troubles people). Mention the parts first, then the whole, as in "four rooms compose our small house."The whole can be first if you say composedof, as in "our house is composed of four rooms." Check it out:
Fresh pītal flowers composed the royal throne, Golden blossoms raised the state umbrella. (Vidyapati Thakura)
The nest is composed of dry grass and lined with finer fibres. (Rev. C.A. Johns)
Comprise means made up of, contain, include. When you use comprise, mention the whole thing first, then the parts, as in "the house comprises four rooms." It doesn't need an of after it. (That's the other word.) Here are some examples of the whole comprising the parts:
The stories comprised in this volume deserve to be widely known and appreciated. (Williams Andrews)
"Earth" comprises clay, mud, ochre, marl, and "peculiar earths generally." (Georgius Agricola)
The Penn State police force comprises 46 armed officers. (Slate)
Often comprise shows up in the phrase composed of, but really, comprise does not like of to follow it around. Usage maven Bryan Garner points out that this error is at stage 4 of his language change index ; many are mixing up the words so much that the language is changing, but it hasn't changed yet. Remember that those fluffy poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises eager pups. Woof.
WORD FAMILY
comprise: comprised, comprises, comprising
USAGE EXAMPLES
The task force is comprised of officers from several law enforcement agencies and the Rhode Island State Police.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He will no longer travel from place to place with a court comprised entirely of his numerous well-coiffed children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
With the exception of superhero origin stories “Logan” and “Wonder Woman,” the list is comprised of either sequels or reboots of earlier films.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 包含，包括; 由…组成; 由…构成
时态：comprised, comprising, comprises
分布：包含(51%)，构成(49%)
→来自法语。-prise, 缩写自-prehend, 抓住，理解，见prehensile，apprise.
包括,含有(com全部+prise→全部抓住→包括)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
vt.包含,包括,由...组成;构成,组成"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻
[kəm'praɪz] formal
verb transitive [L only + noun] [not continuous]
 ADVANCED
■to have as parts or members, or to be those parts or members 包含；包括；构成，组成
• The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. 这门课的教材包括一册课本、一本练习用书和一盒录音带。
• The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students. 这个班主要由义大利和法国学生组成。
• Italian students comprise 60% of the class. 义大利学生占全班人数的60%。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 包含；由…组成
 - involve, contain

Word: naked
Front: naked
[ˈneɪkɪd] (研四六托雅 3185/3507 -K2)
Vocabulary: naked
(once / 219 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you have no clothes on, you're naked. Likewise, things that are uncovered or unhidden, like a bare tree, are also naked.
Naked people are nude, and naked animals are missing their hair or fur. When piles of snow melt in the spring, they leave naked fields and sidewalks. If your white walls don't have any pictures or mirrors hanging on them, they'll look naked too. If you don't try to hide your sorrow, you'll show naked emotio. And, finally, to see without the aid of glasses or a microscope is called using "the naked eye."
WORD FAMILY
naked: nakeder, nakedest, nakedly, nakedness+/nakedness: nakednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is uncomfortable to be naked and helpless, with our humanness showing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
I saw a freestyle you recorded for SB:TV where you said you'd been told to "get naked and wear thongs" to sell records.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We did the whole thing naked under white sheets.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 裸体的，裸露的; 率直的，赤裸裸的; 缺乏保护; 不加掩饰的
分布：裸体的(62%)，无覆盖的(16%)，明白的(12%)，无掩饰的(10%)
→来自nogw,裸体的，词源同nude,gymnasium.
a.裸体的,无遮敝的,无掩饰的The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
adjective
NOT COVERED 无遮盖的
 ESSENTIAL
■not covered by clothes 未穿衣的，裸体的
• a naked man 赤裸身体的男子
• naked bodies 赤裸的身体
• stark naked (= completely naked) 一丝不挂
• US informal buck/butt naked (= completely naked) 一丝不挂
• He was naked to the waist (= not wearing clothes above his waist). 他上身赤裸。
• The children were half naked (= partly naked). 孩子们半裸着身体。
• They stripped naked (= took off their clothes) and ran into the sea. 他们脱光衣服，奔向大海。
 IMPROVER
■Something that is naked does not have its usual covering 无遮盖的；光秃秃的
• a naked flame/light bulb (= one with nothing surrounding or covering it) 明火／无罩灯泡
• a naked hillside (= one without trees or plants) 光秃秃的山坡
['neɪ.kɪd] adjective
NOT HIDDEN 毫不掩饰的
[before noun]
■A naked feeling or quality is not hidden, although it is bad （感觉或特质）毫不掩饰的，显而易见的，赤裸裸的
• naked aggression/greed 赤裸裸的侵略／贪婪
['neɪ.kɪd] adjective
the naked eye
■If something can be seen with the naked eye, it can be seen without the help of an instrument 肉眼
• This organism is too small to be seen with the naked eye. 这种生物太小，用肉眼观察不到。
• The police found traces of blood on his jacket that were invisible to the naked eye. 警方在他的外套上发现了肉眼观察不到的血迹。
barren, naked, bald, bare
这组词都有“裸露的”的意思，其区别是：
barren: 着重缺少肥力或生活能力，无草无木，荒瘠不毛。
naked: 指全身一丝不挂，暴露无遗。
bald: 指头上无发，山坡无树无草，树顶无叶。
bare: 指缺少必要的遮盖物。用于人时，多指身体的部分裸露。
adj. [生物] 裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的
 - explicit, frank

Word: acceptance
Front: acceptance
[əkˈseptəns] (研四六 3443/2899 -2)
Vocabulary: acceptance
(once / 470 pages)
1n 2n
Acceptance is taking something given to you. You might be relieved by your friend's acceptance of your apology for accidentally riding your bike over his foot.
An acceptance of someone or something is also an indication that you approve of or believe in it (or them). If you dye your hair green and wear a suit made of bear fur, gaining your grandmother’s acceptance may prove difficult if she's a conservative dresser and an animal lover. In legal terms acceptance is language signifying consent to the terms of an offer, leading to the creation of a contract.
WORD FAMILY
acceptance: acceptances, nonacceptance+/ accept: acceptable, acceptance, acceptant, acceptation, accepted, accepting, acceptive, accepts/acceptability: acceptabilities/ acceptable: acceptability, acceptableness, acceptablest, acceptably, unacceptable, unacceptably/acceptation: acceptations/ accepted: acceptedly, unaccepted/accepting: acceptingly/unacceptable: unacceptability, unacceptableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those who want to attend a U.S. university get a letter of acceptance conditional upon completion of the ELS program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, the league using FanDuel to drive its TV business is exactly the type of mainstream acceptance Freeman mentioned.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We do not want to live with the acceptance of terror and the state should teach a lesson to the terrorist organisations.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 接受，接纳; [金融]承兑; 无怨接受（逆境、困境等）; 赞成
分布：认可(45%)，承兑(42%)，同意(13%)
n.接受,接收,验收,接纳;承认,认可The child won acceptance by the teacher.孩子得到了老师的喜爱.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■general agreement that something is satisfactory or right, or that someone should be included in a group 认可，接纳
• The idea rapidly gained acceptance (= became approved of) in political circles. 这个想法很快就得到了政界的认同。
• The party marked his acceptance into the community. 这次聚会意味着社团已接纳他为成员。
■the act of agreeing to an offer, plan or invitation 接受（提议、计划或邀请）
• Her acceptance of the award was very controversial. 她接受该奖项引发了很大的争议。
• an acceptance speech 接受提名（或奖项）的演讲
■accepting a difficult or unpleasant situation 容忍
• His attitude to his children's behaviour is one of resigned acceptance. 他对自己孩子的行为抱着能忍则忍的态度。
n. 接受；接纳； [金融] 承兑；赞同
 - receiving, adoption

Word: textbook
Front: textbook
[ˈtekstbʊk] (高研四六雅 4473/6096 -1)
Back: n. 教科书; 课本; 教材
adj. 规范的; 标准的
分布：教科书(66%)，课本(34%)
→text,课文，book,书。
n.课本,教科书He bought a new mathematical textbook.他买了本新的数学教科书.
noun countable
■a book that contains detailed information about a subject for people who are studying that subject 教科书，教材，课本
• a science textbook 自然科学教科书
['tekst.bʊk] adjective [before noun]
■(of an example of something) extremely good, or thought to be usual or typical 典范的；合乎规范的；典型的
• That was a textbook goal from Taylor. 泰勒那个入球堪称典范。
• It was a textbook example of how to deal with the problem. 这是如何处理此问题的一个范例。
n. 教科书，课本
 - coursebook, schoolbook

Word: cop
Front: cop
[kɒp] (研雅 2199/6717 -2)
Vocabulary: cop
(once / 828 pages)
1n 2v 3v
A cop is a police officer. If you realize you're speeding in a school zone, you might look around nervously, hoping you won't see a cop.
Cop is an informal, somewhat derogatory word for a police officer. When it's a verb, it means "to steal" or to "strike an attitude." An angry cop might say to a young troublemaker, "Hey, don't cop an attitude with me!" In the US, a legal defendant can also "cop a plea," or agree to a plea bargain. The earliest meaning of cop was "to catch," probably from the Latin capere, "to take."
WORD FAMILY
cop: copped, copping, cops
USAGE EXAMPLES
We need to free ourselves from the fantasy that we are world saviors or even successful cops.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I thought, My God, you’re responsible for killing cops, and here you are laughing?”
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Mendieta is a classic pulp detective: hapless, tough and driven, kind of corrupt but the only cop around not on the cartel’s payroll.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 〈俚〉警察; 管纱; 〈英方〉（山）顶
vt. 偷盗; 抓住，获得; 取走
时态：copped, copping, cops
分布：警察(99%)，纺锤状线团、管纱(1%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，握，词源同capture, captive.
n.警察(slang俚语)I will call the cops.我去叫警察.
US [kɑ:p] noun
OFFICER 警官
countable (UK old-fashioned copper) informal
■a police officer
• Quick, run - there's a cop coming! 快跑——员警来了！
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] noun
QUALITY 品质
not much cop slang
■not very good 不太好，不怎么样
• His last book wasn't much cop. 他上一本书不怎么样。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] noun
CRIME 罪行
only singular See it's a fair cop at fair
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
CRIME 罪行 UK slang
■to arrest someone for a crime 拘捕，逮捕
• He was copped for driving without a licence last week. 上星期他因无牌驾驶被拘捕。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
TAKE 拿 slang
■to take or hold 抓，拿，握
• Cop (hold of) that, would you - I can't carry both myself. 拿一下好不好——我一个人拿不了两个。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop a feel US slang
■to touch someone in a sexual way without their permission （未经对方许可挑逗性）触碰
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop a plea slang US
■to admit to having committed a crime in order to avoid being punished for a more serious crime 承认有罪以求轻判
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop it UK informal
■to be punished or spoken to severely because you have done something wrong 受罚；挨骂
• You'll really cop it if your parents find out you've been stealing. 要是你父母发现你一直在偷东西，那就有你好看的了。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  cop out slang
■to avoid doing something that you should do or that you have promised to do because you are frightened, shy, or you think it is too difficult 逃避，退出
• She copped out of the parachute jump at the last minute with some feeble excuse. 她在最后一刻找了个蹩脚的借口躲过了跳伞。
vt. 抓住
 - grasp, noble, collar, clutch at
n. 巡警，警官
 - patrolman, Irvine

Word: victorian
Vocabulary: victorian
(once / 11819311 pages)
adj
Someone who's victorian is particularly prudish or prissy. Your victorian math teacher might demand complete silence and expect to be addressed as "Sir."
When you describe someone as victorian, you mean that the person has an old fashioned, uptight idea of how others should speak and behave. You'll often see the adjective spelled with a capital V, since it comes from the other meaning of the word, "from the time period during the reign of Britain's Queen Victoria." Ever since the mid-1930's, people have described overly proper acquaintances as victorian, meaning that they seem like they're living in the nineteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
victorian
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Mackey had just turned 25 years old when he opened a small vegetarian food market in an old victorian house in Austin, Texas.
Washington Post(Aug 03, 2014)
Anything that gets in the way of water will be devoured.The victorian drainage system is not capable of coping.
BBC(Jul 10, 2012)
She took a gold victorian toothpick from the pocket of her mannish jacket and used it energetically.
Moore, Ward, Greener Than You Think(2010)
Victorian
(once / 1884 pages)
nadj
Something that's Victorian existed during the time that Queen Victoria ruled Great Britain. If your house is Victorian, it was built in the 19th century.
Queen Victoria was the reigning monarch of Britain from 1837 until 1901, and things that were created, designed, or written then can be described as Victorian, especially if they're related to the popular style or standards of the time. There is Victorian art, architecture, and literature, and there are also typically uptight Victorian values and attitudes. To describe someone as Victorian these days means to criticize them as prudish or old fashioned.
WORD FAMILY
Victorian: Victorians+/Victoria: Victorian, Victorias
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was at a party in a Victorian mansion in Moseley.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They hold support groups at their Victorian home outside Boston; manage a website, ecttreatment.org; and answer inquiries from people seeking guidance.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They hold support groups at their Victorian home outside Boston here; manage a website, ecttreatment.org; and answer inquiries from people seeking guidance.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)

Word: circulate
Front: circulate
[ˈsɜ:kjəleɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5888/4483 -2)
Vocabulary: circulate
(once / 244 pages)
1v 2v
To circulate is to move continuously in a specific circuit, often in a circle. A ceiling fan circulates cool air around the room on a warm day.
Blood circulates through your body, pumped from your heart through veins and arteries — your circulatory system — and delivering oxygen to your tissues. This system is closed, meaning the blood stays in your body, bringing oxygenated blood back to your heart. People circulate when they move around a room at a party, chatting with different people, and rumors circulate when they're passed in a circle, from person to person. Circulate comes from the Latin circulare, "to form a circle."
WORD FAMILY
circulate: circulated, circulates, circulating, circulation, circulative, circulatory+/ circle: circled, circles, circlet, circling, circular, encircle, semicircle/ circlet: circlets/circular: circularise, circularity, circularize, circularly, circulars, circulate /circularise: circularisation, circularised, circularises, circularising/circularity: circularities/circularize: circularization, circularized, circularizing/circulation: circulations, recirculation/ encircle: encircled, encirclement, encircles, encircling/encirclement: encirclements/encircling: encirclingly/semicircle: semicircles, semicircular/semicircular: semicircularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police are interviewing witnesses and ask people to help circulate their call for tips and help in finding the shooter.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
During the 19 months he spent there, a rumor circulated among the guards that he would be released as part of a prisoner exchange.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As a result, prominent patrons circulated a petition imploring Beethoven to keep the premiere in Vienna.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）循环; （使）流通; （使）流传; 散布
vi. 传送，传递，传阅
时态：circulated, circulating, circulates
分布：循环(41%)，流通(34%)，传播(25%)
循环,流通(circ+ulate→绕圈走→循环)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
v.(使)循环,(使)流通The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
US ['sɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to move around or through something, or to make something move around or through something （使）循环；（使）流通；（使）传递；（使）散布
• Hot water circulates through the heating system. 热水在供暖系统中循环。
• I try to circulate (= move around and talk to a lot of people) at a party and not just stay with the friends I came with. 聚会上我尽量来回周旋广交朋友，而不仅仅只和跟我一道来的朋友呆在一起。
• I've circulated a good luck card for everyone to sign. 我拿了一张好运卡传着让每个人都签名。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
vi. 传播，流传；循环；流通
 - spread abroad, to disseminate
vt. 使循环；使流通；使传播
 - cycle

Word: christianity

Word: commonly
Front: commonly
[ˈkɒmənli] (四六 3755/2983 -K)
Vocabulary: commonly
(once / 255 pages)
adv
The adverb commonly is good for talking about something that usually or ordinarily happens. Mice, for example, are commonly afraid of cats.
Commonly describes an action that's to be expected. You could say that the bus commonly picks you up fifteen minutes late, or that colds and flu are commonly passed around between kids at school. The earliest use of commonly, around 1300, was to mean "in a way common to all," from the adjective common, or "belonging to all." The Latin root communis means "in common, public, or shared by all or many."
WORD FAMILY
common: commonality, commonest, commonly, commonness, commons, uncommon+/commonality: commonalities/commonness: commonnesses/uncommon: uncommoner, uncommonest, uncommonly, uncommonness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there were other uncomfortable truths in the speech, less commonly heard by Israelis.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In restrictive housing, commonly called solitary confinement, inmates are alone for 23 hours a day.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Shelters commonly offer adoption deals during the holidays.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adv. 通常地; 一般地; 平凡地; 粗俗地
分布：通常地(47%)，一般地(33%)，普通地(20%)
US ['kɑ:.mən-] adverb
USUALLY 经常地
■often or usually 经常地；普通地；通常；一般
• Elbow injuries are commonly found among tennis players. 肘伤在网球运动员中很常见。
UK ['kɒm.ən.li] US ['kɑ:.mən-] adverb
SHARED 共有的
■shared by two or more people 共同的；共有的
• a commonly held belief 共同的信仰
adv. 一般地；通常地；普通地
 - currently, normally, generally

Word: wrangle
Front: wrangle
[ˈræŋgl] (宝 20853/19216 -1)
Vocabulary: wrangle
(once / 1334 pages)
1vn 2v
To wrangle is to take part in a long, angry, intense argument, especially over an issue with lots of details. You can also wrangle, or herd, a bunch of cows. Politicians and lawyers frequently wrangle, no cows necessary.
Wrangle in its current meaning comes from the nineteenth century American term wrangling, the art of herding cattle, probably with the idea in mind that rounding up those tiresome details is a bit like rounding up all those tiresome cattle; they tend to go flying off in all directions. From wrangler in the cowboy sense we get Wrangler jeans, though not all wranglers wear Wranglers of course.
WORD FAMILY
wrangle: wrangled, wrangler, wrangles, wrangling+/wrangler: wranglers/wrangling: wranglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“She was actually sent to hospice,” oncologist John Wrangle said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Just as in the case of Mr. Trump, Mr. Obama’s press team said at the time it was informed too late to wrangle reporters.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 争吵; 争论
vt. 通过争辩使某人…; 放牧
n. 争吵; 吵架
时态：wrangled, wrangling, wrangles
分布：争吵(49%)，争论(36%)，吵架(15%)
→来自wrengh,弯，转，来自wergh的鼻音形式，词源同wring,wriggle。引申词义纠缠，扭打，争吵。
noun countable
■an argument, especially one which continues for a long period of time （尤指长时间的）争论，争辩
• a lengthy wrangle about/over costs 关于费用的长时间争论
• The joint venture ended in a legal wrangle between the two companies. 这家合资企业最终陷入了一场那两家公司间旷日持久官司。
n. 争论；吵嘴
 - controversy, combat
vi. 争论；争吵
 - debate, row, exchange blows words
vt. 争论；争吵；辩驳
 - debate, exchange blows words

Word: believer
Front: believer
[bɪˈli:və(r)] (托 5362/7599 -1)
Vocabulary: believer
(once / 407 pages)
n
A believer is a follower of a particular religion or spiritual practice. Whether you are a Hindu, a Pagan, or a Catholic, you can call yourself a believer.
Most believers have specific religious beliefs, but you can be a secular believer as well — for example, you might be a firm believer in socialist economic policies or a believer in the benefits of homeschooling. Basically, anyone who holds a strong belief in the truth of something is a believer. The verb believe is at the heart of believer, and it stems from the Old English belyfan, "to believe."
WORD FAMILY
believer: believers, nonbeliever, unbeliever+/ belief: beliefs, disbelief, unbelief /believability: believabilities/ believable: believability, believably, unbelievable / believe: belief, believable, believed, believer, believes, believing, disbelieve, misbelieve/believing: believingly, believings, unbelieving/ disbelief: disbeliefs/disbelieve: disbelieved, disbeliever, disbelieves, disbelieving/disbeliever: disbelievers/disbelieving: disbelievingly/misbelieve: misbelieved, misbeliever, misbelieves, misbelieving/misbeliever: misbelievers/nonbeliever: nonbelievers/ unbelief: unbeliefs/ unbelievable: unbelievably/unbeliever: unbelievers/unbelieving: unbelievingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m a very big believer in providence and everything happens for a reason,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is educated, a leader, a world-class ultramarathoner and a traditional believer.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I'm not a believer, and was not brought up religious in any way, but I followed her invitation.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 信仰者; 相信…者
分布：信徒(98%)，相信者(2%)
US [-vɚ] noun countable
■a person who has a religious belief or has confidence in the goodness of something 宗教信仰者；信徒
• She's been a believer since she survived a terrible car accident. 自从遇了一场可怕的事故后，她就成了一名宗教信徒。
• Harvey's a great believer in health food. 哈威特别迷信健康食品。
• I'm a great believer in allowing people to make their own mistakes. 我认为应该允许人犯错误的。
n. 信徒；相信...者
 - Christian, apostle

Word: flame
Front: flame
[fleɪm] (高研四六托雅 3199/3195 -K2)
Vocabulary: flame
(once / 77 pages)
nv
The flame of a fire produces light and heat and often flickers or dances. As a verb, to flame is to be on fire or to flare up.
On the Internet, flame has a different meaning: to post or send aggressive, negative, or insulting messages in a public electronic forum. "Flame wars" are exchanges of such messages between individuals or parties and often occur behind a veil of anonymity. It's an appropriate term, given that inflammatory, which takes flame as its root, describes speech or action that tends to incite a heightened and negative response.
WORD FAMILY
flame: flame-colored, flamed, flames, flaming, inflame +/flaming: flamingest, flamingly, flamings/ inflame: inflamed, inflames, inflaming, inflammation, inflammatory /inflamed: inflamedly/inflaming: inflamings/ inflammation: inflammations/ inflammatory: anti-inflammatory, inflammatorily, noninflammatory, pro-inflammatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, we keep seeing the same vague flashes of flames and shadowy figures.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
State police say Purcell’s home was engulfed in flames when firefighters got there Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Flames swept through the Ghost Ship, an illegally converted warehouse in Oakland where a concert was underway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 火焰; 热情，激情; 〈俚〉爱人，情人; 激动
vi. 燃烧，发出火焰; 面红; 闪光
vt. 烧; 激起，激怒
时态：flamed, flaming, flames
分布：火焰(69%)，燃烧(18%)，情人(6%)，热情(5%)，面红(1%)，爆发(1%)
→来自bhel, 燃烧，闪光，词源同blank, blaze.
火焰[flam,flagr=blaze,表示"火焰"]
n.火焰,火苗;热情;光辉v.发火焰,燃烧The shameless lame man is to blame for the flaming frame.无耻的跛子应为燃烧的框架负责.
noun
FIRE 火
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■burning gas (from something on fire) which produces usually yellow light 火焰；火舌
• The flames grew larger as the fire spread. 火势蔓延，火焰越来越高。
• The car flipped over and burst into flames (= started burning immediately). 汽车翻了，顿时起火烧了起来。
• When the fire engine arrived the house was already in flames (= burning). 消防车赶到时，房屋已是一片火海。
[fleɪm] noun
EMOTION 情感
countable literary
■a powerful feeling 强烈的感情；激情
• Flames of passion swept through both of them. 他们俩一时间激情澎湃。
⇒ See also old flame
[fleɪm] noun
COMPUTING 使用电脑
countable slang
■an angry or offensive email 含辱骂内容的电子邮件；无礼邮件
• flame wars 电子邮件辱骂大战
[fleɪm] noun
go up in flames
■to burn or be destroyed by fire 燃起大火；毁于大火中
• The factory went up in flames. 工厂毁于大火之中。
■to be damaged or destroyed 毁于一旦，受到重创
• His career went up in flames when he was jailed for theft. 他因为偷窃而被判入狱，事业受到了重创。
[fleɪm] verb
BURN 燃烧
intransitive literary
■to burn (more) brightly （更明亮地）燃烧
• The fire flamed cozily in the hearth. 壁炉里的火暖烘烘地燃烧着。
• The fire suddenly flamed (up). 突然火着起来了。
[fleɪm] verb
EMOTION 情感
intransitive literary
■If an emotion flames, you feel it suddenly and strongly （感情）爆发
• Seeing the damage made hatred flame within her. 看到损毁的情况，她心头燃起了仇恨之火。
intransitive literary
■to suddenly become hot and red with emotion （因激动而）变红
• His face flamed (red) with anger. 他气得脸通红。
[fleɪm] verb
COMPUTING 使用电脑
transitive slang
■to send an angry or insulting email 发送辱骂资讯
• Please don't flame me if you disagree with this message. 如果您不同意此资讯的内容，也请不要给我发送恶意回信。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
n. [化工] 火焰；热情；光辉
 - passion, fire, warmth
v. 焚烧；泛红
 - set on fire

Word: mitt
Front: mitt
[mɪt] (16039/35202)
Back: n. 露指手套，棒球手套，拳击手套
分布：手套(100%)
→缩写自mitten,连指手套。
noun
countable
■a special type of glove for protecting a person's hand, especially a thick leather glove used for catching a baseball 防护手套；（尤指）棒球手套
• a catcher's mitt 接球手套
• oven mitts 烤箱防护手套
countable usually plural * a mitten
• baby/woollen mitts 婴儿／羊毛手套
countable usually plural slang
■a person's hand 手
• Get your filthy mitts off my sandwich! 别用你的脏手碰我的三明治！
n. 手；棒球手套；连指手套；女用露指长手套
 - hand, danny

Word: beg
Front: beg
[beg] (高研四托 3452/3537 -2)
Vocabulary: beg
(once / 76 pages)
1v 2v
To beg is to ask for something in an earnest, pleading way. You might beg your roommates to be quiet if you're desperately trying to get some sleep.
You can beg your parents to let you go to a concert with your friends, and you can beg your sister for forgiveness after you inadvertently hurt her feelings. In either case, you are imploring, asking sincerely for something you want. Many dogs are skilled at this, and will beg by sitting beside you while you eat, looking adorable. Another way to beg is to ask for desperately needed charity — to solicit money or food from strangers.
WORD FAMILY
beg: beggary, begged, begging, begs+/beggary: beggaries/begging: beggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In July Griffiths contacted comedienne and mental health advocate Mike King, begging him to travel north and facilitate a straight-up conversation about suicide in Kaitaia.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
While the majority of our Pacific Northwest society might think winter salmon anglers are significantly disturbed, I beg to differ.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“I never imagined that my career would be begging in the streets of Paris, to beg to live, to survive,” Roughol writes.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 乞讨; 恳求（原谅）; 回避（问题）
时态：begged, begging, begs
分布：乞讨(60%)，恳求(40%)
→词源不确定，俗词源认为来自于bag, 背包流浪乞讨的。
vt.请求,乞求vi.恳请,行乞Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make a very strong and urgent request 乞求
• They begged for mercy. 他们乞求饶恕。
• [+ speech] "Please, please forgive me!" she begged (him). “请原谅我！”她请求（他）说。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] He begged her to stay, but she simply laughed and put her bags in the car. 他求她留下来，但是她只是一笑置之，然后把袋子放进汽车里。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to ask for food or money because you are poor 乞讨，行乞
• There are more and more homeless people begging on the streets these days. 近来越来越多无家可归的人在街上行乞。
• She had to beg for money and food for her children. 她不得不为孩子们乞讨金钱和食物。
intransitive
■If a dog begs, it sits with its front legs in the air as if to ask for something （狗）作乞求状
• They have trained their dog to sit up and beg. 他们训练狗两腿直立做乞求动作。
I beg your pardon
■a polite way of saying "I am sorry" or "Could you repeat what you just said?" （礼貌的说法）对不起，你能否再说一遍
■a way of showing that you are angry about something that someone has just said. 指对之前某人所说的话很生气
• I beg your pardon? I hope you're not implying that I lied! 我没听错吧？我希望你不是在暗示我撒谎了！
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
beg the question
■If a statement or situation begs the question, it causes you to ask a particular question （说法或情况）使人想要提出问题
• Spending the summer travelling round India is a great idea, but it does rather beg the question of how we can afford it. 到印度去旅行过夏天当然是个好主意，但关键问题是我们如何能负担得起。
• To discuss the company's future begs the question whether it has a future. 要讨论这间公司的前途问题，不得不问一句：这间公司有前途吗？
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
beg , borrow or steal
■to do whatever is necessary to get something （为获得某物）不择手段
• I'm going to get a dress for the ball, whether I have to beg, borrow or steal one. 我要找一套舞会上穿的晚装，不管是去讨、借还是偷。
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
go begging UK informal
■If something is going begging, it is available to be taken because no one else wants it 无人问津，没人要
• If that bottle of wine is going begging, I'll have it. 如果那瓶酒没人要，那我就买下。
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
I beg to differ/disagree
■a polite way of saying "I do not agree" （礼貌的说法）恐怕我难以苟同
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  beg off
■to ask to be allowed not to do something that you are expected to do 请求不做…
• She begged off early from the party because she was so tired. 她请求早点离开聚会，因为她太累了。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 乞讨；恳求；回避正题
 - pray for, beseech
vi. 乞讨；请求
 - demand, apply for

Word: ensue
Front: ensue
[ɪnˈsju:] (六雅宝 9538/8586 -1)
Vocabulary: ensue
(once / 334 pages)
v
If something happens after something else, it will ensue, meaning it will follow after or be the result. When a sneeze comes out, and he hears the "Achoo!," a "Bless you" or "Gesundheit" soon will ensue.
One way to remember the verb ensue is to rhyme it with "due." A happening that is due to happen will ensue, "Throwing a glass of ice water in his face guaranteed that a chase would ensue." Often what follows is a response to words or actions, so what will ensue is what will happen as a consequence. A struggle might ensue if a thief grabs a purse, and a discussion might ensue if two sides disagree.
WORD FAMILY
ensue: ensued, ensues, ensuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But when they tried to arrest Alexander Kearney, they say a violent struggle ensued until Kearney was arrested several minutes later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the ensuing brawl, a 26-year-old cook in the restaurant used his knife to deliver two fatal stabs to Daniel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ensuing anger will inevitably be met with matching levels of violence.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 接踵发生，继而产生
vt. [圣]追求
时态：ensued, ensuing, ensues
分布：跟着发生(48%)，继起(33%)，因而产生(19%)
→en-, 进入，使。-sue, 顺序，词源同suit, sequence.
【记】en进入，sue（v 追求，求爱，控告）－进入追求状态－整天作别人跟P虫－继而发生sue＝sequ跟随；参：sequence（n 次序；序列）因为治安不好，sue（v 诉讼）ensue继而发生
【反】anterior（adj 前面的）－ensuing（随后的）
US [-'su:] formal
verb intransitive
■to happen after something else, especially as a result of it （尤指作为结果而）接着发生，继而发生，因而产生
• The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had ensued. 那名员警说他逮捕了那个男子后随即发生了扭打。
vi. 跟着发生，接着发生；继起
 - follow on, succeed to
vt. 追求
 - ambition, pursue / pursuit

Word: ferry
Front: ferry
[ˈferi] (高研六托雅宝 6492/4590 -2)
Vocabulary: ferry
(once / 608 pages)
nv
A ferry is a boat that carries people, cars, and cargo back and forth across a body of water. The Staten Island Ferry ferries commuters from Manhattan to Staten Island every ten minutes during rush hour.
To ferry means to transport by ferry, or to transport in other ferry-like ways, i.e., multiple short trips. If you have an ice-skating birthday party, your dad might ferry a few van loads of kids back to your house afterward, for pizza and cake.
WORD FAMILY
ferry: ferried, ferries, ferrying+/ferrying: ferryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least 23 people were killed and 17 others were missing after a ferry caught fire Sunday off the coast of Indonesia’s capital, officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Rickety boats ferry small groups of migrants to Curacao, Bonaire and other Caribbean islands a short distance from Venezuela’s north coast.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Ferry accidents are common in Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelagic nation, with more than 17,000 islands.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 渡船; 渡口; 摆渡; 用船渡运
vt. 航海; 渡运; （乘渡船）渡过（河等）
vi. 摆渡
时态：ferried, ferrying, ferries
分布：渡船(51%)，渡口(27%)，摆渡(16%)，运输(6%)
→来自per, 向前，穿过，词源forth , fort. 引申词义渡船。
渡运n.渡口,渡船(fer+ry→带来带去的东西→渡船)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
渡口(fer带来...把人从河这边带到河那边)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.摆渡;渡船;渡口v.摆渡;渡运(人,车或物等)The terraced terrain near the Mediterranean ferry is terrific.地中海渡口附近的台地地形好极了.
【记】fer带－把人、货物带来带去的东西－渡船ferr铁，用铁做的渡船
【参】floriferous（adj 多花的；有花的）；differ（v 不同）
noun countable (also ferry boat)
 IMPROVER
■a boat or ship for taking passengers and often vehicles across an area of water, especially as a regular service （尤指定期的）渡船，渡轮
• a car ferry 汽车渡轮
• We're going across to France by / on the ferry. 我们正在坐渡船去法国。
• We took the ferry to Calais. 我们乘渡船去了加莱。
['fer.i] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to transport people or goods in a vehicle, especially regularly and often （尤指定期）渡运，摆渡
• I spend most of my time ferrying the children about. 我大部分时间都花在把孩子渡运过河上。
vt. （乘渡船）渡过；用渡船运送；空运
 - lift, cross, wing

Word: disagreement
Front: disagreement
[ˌdɪsəˈgri:mənt] (高六雅 5117/5048 -K2)
Vocabulary: disagreement
(once / 1463 pages)
n
A disagreement is a type of conflict, either between people or ideas. No it’s not! Yes it is! It’s an argument. If your opinion contradicts the facts, there's a disagreement.
When ideas conflict, there's disagreement. If you want to go to an action movie, but your friend wants to go to a romantic comedy, that's a disagreement. Statements, opinions, and claims can also disagree. If I say my grandmother was a sweet woman, and you say she was a horrible person, that's disagreement. If the IRS finds a disagreement between your taxes and your real income, you could be in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
disagreement: disagreements+/ agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree /agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ agreement: agreements/ disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is disagreement as well on whether the Bible contains helpful accounts of ancient myths but is not literally true.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There is even disagreement between Russia and the US about what these properties are.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
But the possibility that the reforms are at the heart of the disagreements is an issue that should be addressed.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 分歧，意见不合; 异议，争论; 不一致; 不适合
分布：争论(46%)，不一致(35%)，不合(19%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an argument or a situation in which people do not have the same opinion 分歧；意见不合
• We had a disagreement about/over the fee for the work. 我们对这项工作的费用有争议。
• Literary critics were in total disagreement (about the value of the book). （关于这本书的价值）文学评论家的看法迥异。
n. 不一致；争论；意见不同
 - controversy, combat, variance, disparity

Word: illusion
Front: illusion
[ɪˈlu:ʒn] (研四六托雅宝 4317/4675 -2)
Vocabulary: illusion
(once / 297 pages)
n
An illusion is something that isn't real. It may look real, but it's actually fake — just a crafty construction or fantasy. Like the old rabbit-out-of-the-hat trick practiced by magicians around the globe.
An illusion is an act of deception. Some optical illusions are pretty cool to watch, but an illusion can also point to an erroneous belief or false perception of reality, which is where you start getting into hallucination territory — seeing things that aren't there. You can give the illusion that you’re fascinated by your professor’s lecture by chewing on your pencil, furrowing your brow, and making sure to nod enthusiastically every so often.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
allusion / illusion / delusion
Novelists, magicians, and other tricksters keep these words busy. Novelists love an allusion, an indirect reference to something like a secret treasure for the reader to find; magicians heart illusions, or fanciful fake-outs; but tricksters suffer from delusions, ideas that have no basis in reality.
Blink and you'll miss it: an allusion is a quick indirect mention of something. It's a literary device that stimulates ideas, associations, and extra information in the reader's mind with only a word or two:
Littlemore was not quick at catching literary allusions. (Henry James)
Thomas Paine's writings contain several affectionate allusions to his father, but none to his mother. (Daniel Moncure Conway)
Magicians love to create illusions, or visual tricks, like making a tiger disappear or sawing a person in half. Your eye can be fooled by an optical illusion, and Dorothy and the gang get to the bottom of the Wizard's illusion and discover he's just a regular guy. Illusions aren't always glamorous; sometimes they're just hiding the man behind the curtain:
"We have no illusion that these credits are going to create lots of new jobs," the editorial said. (New York Times)
But while investing in your company's stock might feel safer than betting on the stock market as a whole, that is usually an illusion. (Seattle Times)
Delusions are like illusions but they're meaner. A delusion is a belief in something despite the fact that it's completely untrue. Hence the phrase is delusions of grandeur. People with delusions often wind up on the shrink's couch. Whether you are trying to deceive yourself or someone is trying to deceive you, if you believe the false idea, you have a delusion about reality:
Delusions are closely allied to hallucinations and generally accompany the latter. (Samuel Henry Prince)
Two medical experts had concluded then that the accused gunman suffered from schizophrenia, disordered thinking and delusions. (Reuters)
"Basically, I think he's suffering from delusions of grandeur," he said. (Chicago Tribune)
An allusion shows up in art, while illusions love kids' parties. If you believe something despite reality, you have a delusion.
WORD FAMILY
illusion: disillusion, illusional, illusionary, illusionist, illusions, illusory +/ disillusion: disillusioned, disillusioning, disillusionment, disillusions/disillusioning: disillusioningly/ disillusionment: disillusionments/ illusionist: illusionists/ illusory: illusorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“No hint of the continuing disaster is allowed to shatter the illusion.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But she was under no illusions about what she signed on for.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
While acts like The Stones continue to fill stadiums well into their seventies, Mr. Taylor said such age-defying stage antics require a bit of illusion.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 错觉; 幻想; 错误观念; 假象
分布：错觉(51%)，幻觉(49%)
→il-,进入，使，-lus,玩乐，玩耍，词源同ludic,elude,elusive.引申词义玩弄，欺骗，虚幻。
幻觉(il+lus玩弄+ion→被(幻觉)玩弄→幻觉)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
错觉,幻觉(it不好+lus+ion→玩得不好→产生"错觉"[lud,lus=play,表示"玩,戏剧"]
n.幻想,错误的观念;错觉,幻觉,假象Life is only an illusion.浮生若梦.
noun
countable or uncountable
■an idea or belief which is not true 幻觉，幻想
• He had no illusions about his talents as a singer. 他对自己作为歌手的才华不抱幻想。
• I'm under no illusions (= I understand the truth) about the man I married. 我对我所嫁的男人不抱幻想。
• My boss is labouring under the illusion that (= wrongly believes that) the project will be completed on time. 我的老板还存有工程能按时完成的幻想。
countable
■something that is not really what it seems to be 假像，错觉
• A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space. 房间里放面大镜子能给人一种房间很宽敞的错觉。
• The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion. 办公室里的平静其实只是种假像。
n. 幻觉， [心理] 错觉；错误的观念或信仰
 - hallucination, fantasm

Word: famine
Front: famine
[ˈfæmɪn] (研四六托雅宝 8193/6925 -2)
Vocabulary: famine
(once / 589 pages)
n
A famine is a severe shortage of food, but not the "I forgot to go to the grocery store and there's nothing to eat in the house" type of shortage. A famine is usually caused by crop failure or disaster.
Although the "extreme shortage of food" meaning is most common, the noun famine can also mean any shortage or insufficiency, and it is often used idiomatically in the phrase "feast or famine." This usage refers to something that is alternately plentiful and scarce — like the feast and famine experienced by an artist who only occasionally sells his paintings.
WORD FAMILY
famine: famines
USAGE EXAMPLES
But with Syria capturing most international attention, a famine resulting from the turmoil was mostly overlooked.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Many migrants reach Libya, the starting point for the sea journey to Europe, after fleeing war and famine in their own countries.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
The World Food Program says the country is on the brink of famine.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 饥荒; 饥饿; 极度缺乏
分布：饥荒(99%)，极度缺乏(1%)
→来自拉丁语fames,饥饿，饥荒。
饥荒(fam饿+ine;参考:famish挨饿)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
饥荒[fam=hunger(饿)]
n.饥荒,饥馑In the famine I got familiar with this famous family name/surname.在饥荒中,我熟悉了这个有名的姓.
noun countable or uncountable
■when there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens 饥荒；饥荒时期
• Another crop failure could result in widespread famine. 庄稼再歉收就可能导致大规模饥荒。
• There were reports of refugees dying of famine. 有关于难民饿死的报告。
• Thousands of people emigrated during the Irish potato famine of 1845-46. 在1845年到1846年间的爱尔兰马铃薯饥荒时期，成千上万的人移居国外。
hunger, famine, starvation
这组词都有“饥饿”的意思，其区别是：
hunger: 普通用词，指人体对于食物迫切需要的正常生理现象。
famine: 指因天灾人祸而引起大规模饥荒；用作引申，指严重缺乏某种物资或人力。
starvation: 语气比hunger强得多。指因长期缺乏食物所造成的痛苦，甚至死亡，侧重人为的灾难所致。
n. 饥荒；饥饿，奇缺
 - hunger, fames

Word: ethical
Front: ethical
[ˈeθɪkl] (六 3454/5465 -2)
Vocabulary: ethical
(once / 716 pages)
adj
For someone who is honest and follows good moral standards, use the adjective ethical. An ethical teacher will grade your papers honestly — even if she catches you sticking your tongue out at her.
Ethical comes from the Greek ethos "moral character" and describes a person or behavior as right in the moral sense - truthful, fair, and honest. Sometimes the word is used for people who follow the moral standards of their profession. An ethical lawyer or doctor does not try to take advantage of the client or patient's unfortunate situation. If something has happened and you are not sure what the right thing to do is, you are having an ethical dilemma.
WORD FAMILY
ethical: ethically, unethical +/ ethic: ethics /ethicism: ethicist/ethicist: ethicists/ ethics: ethical, ethicism/ unethical: unethically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So what would an ethical fix to our organ transplant shortage look like?
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 伦理学的; 道德的，伦理的; 凭处方出售的
n. 凭医师处方出售的药品
分布：道德的(51%)，伦理的(35%)，凭处方出售的(14%)
adjective
■relating to beliefs about what is morally right and wrong 道德的；伦理的
• ethical and legal issues 道德和法律问题
• the ethical dilemmas surrounding genetic research 围绕基因研究的伦理困境
■morally right 伦理学；道德学
• ethical practice/trading 道德准则
• a medical procedure which most people believe to be ethical 一项大多数人认为合乎伦理准则的医学手术
adj. 伦理的；道德的；凭处方出售的
 - moral
n. 处方药
 - prescription medicine, prescription drugs

Word: beside
Front: beside
[bɪˈsaɪd] (中高 1981/1623 -K3)
Back: prep. 不中（目标），不对（题），与…无关; （表示排斥）除…之外; （表示位置）在…旁边，，在…一侧，在…附近; （表示关系）与…无关，和…相比，比起…来，比得上
adv. 〈古〉同“besides”
分布：与 ... 相比(34%)，和... 无关(33%)，在 ... 旁边(33%)
prep.在...旁边,在...附近;和...相比He sat down beside the fire.他在火炉旁坐下.
preposition
 IMPROVER
■at the side of, next to 在…旁边；在…附近
• Come and sit here beside me. 过来坐在我身边。
• Our school was built right beside a river. 我们的学校就建在河边。
■compared to another person or thing 与…相比
• Those books seem rather dull beside this one. 与这本书相比，那些书似乎都很枯燥。
be beside the point
■to be in no way connected to the subject that is being discussed 离题，与讨论的问题无关
• Let's stick to discussing whether the road should be built at all. The exact cost is beside the point. 我们还是继续讨论这条路到底该不该建的问题吧。确切的造价不是问题的根本。
[bɪ'saɪd] preposition
be beside yourself
■If you are beside yourself with a particular feeling or emotion, it is so strong that it makes you almost out of control （因情绪太强烈而）无法控制自己
• He was beside himself with grief when she died. 她死时他悲痛欲绝。
beside, besides
beside: 在……旁边。如：Come and sit beside me.
besides: 除……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
prep. 在旁边；与…相比；和…无关
 - at the side of, in comparison to

Word: enthusiast
Front: enthusiast
[ɪnˈθju:ziæst] (8539/5709)
Vocabulary: enthusiast
(once / 1155 pages)
n
When you're an enthusiast, you're all jazzed up about a person or cause. A sports enthusiast is someone who is really passionate and excited about sports.
Enthusiast comes from the Greek enthousiastēs, meaning "person inspired by a god." While it doesn't retain those same religious connotations today, an enthusiast is someone who is inspired by a cause or person. A candidate running for office will have a group of enthusiasts working doggedly on his campaign. Often your mother is your biggest enthusiast or supporter. Non-profit organizations are always looking for enthusiasts who can make donations and become patrons of their organization.
WORD FAMILY
enthusiast: enthusiasts+/ enthusiasm: enthusiasms, enthusiast, enthusiastic / enthusiastic: enthusiastically, overenthusiastic, unenthusiastic/overenthusiastic: overenthusiastically/unenthusiastic: unenthusiastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Enthusiasts of garage architecture will also appreciate the perforated walls, like coral, or a cheese grater, of the six-story car park next door.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Conforming to no stereotype — they were health-food enthusiasts and hippie-bashers — they were each, in their way, sympathetic to visual art.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His right hand was gripping the barrel relatively far forward in what looked to some gun enthusiasts like an awkward pose.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 热情者，热心者; 热衷于…的人; 狂热者; 宗教狂
分布：热衷者(53%)，热心人(47%)
热心者(en进入+thus[=theo神]...进入神的状态...热情)[-ast表名词"…人,物"]
US [-'θu:-] noun countable
■a person who is very interested in and involved with a particular subject or activity 热衷于…的人；热心者；爱好者
• a keep-fit enthusiast 热衷健身运动的人
• a model-aircraft enthusiast 飞机模型爱好者
n. 狂热者，热心家
 - Wild Ginger, zealot

Word: petroleum
Front: petroleum
[pəˈtrəʊliəm] (研四六托雅宝 8098/8161 -2)
Vocabulary: petroleum
(once / 617 pages)
n
Petroleum is oil — a fossil fuel that powers many vehicles and other machinery.
Petroleum is a fancy, technical word for something you've probably heard of: oil, an energy source. Petroleum is also known as crude, crude oil, fossil oil, and rock oil. A lot of petroleum is found in the Middle East, and people are always looking for new sources of petroleum. You have to drill for petroleum, because it's deep inside the Earth. There’s a limited amount of petroleum, so many people worry that we're going to use it all up.
WORD FAMILY
petroleum: petroleums
USAGE EXAMPLES
But OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, recently agreed to cut production beginning in January to restore some stability to the market.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The Oklahoma Energy Resources Board provides free tuition for petroleum industry classes there.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Since the Nov. 30 meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries crude prices are up nearly 17%.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 石油
分布：石油(100%)
→来自拉丁语petroleum,石油，来自petra,石头，词源同petrology,oleum,油，词源同oil.
石油[ole=oil(油)]
n.石油The continent continues to control the import of petrol and petroleum.大陆方面继续控制汽油和石油进口.
【记】petr石头，oleum油－石油
【参】linoleum（n 油布）；petrology（n 岩石学）
US [-'troʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a dark thick oil obtained from under the ground, from which various substances including petrol, paraffin and diesel oil are produced 石油
n. [油气] 石油
 - fossil oil, geoline

Word: slot
Front: slot
[slɒt] (研六雅宝 4842/5604 -2)
Back: n. 位置; 狭槽，水沟; [人名] 斯洛特; 硬币投币口
vt. 跟踪，跟着足迹追赶; 开槽于
时态：slotted, slotting, slots
分布：槽(78%)，插入(9%)，投币口(4%)，狭缝(4%)，时间段(2%)，放置(1%)，留细长的孔(1%)，职位(1%)
n.狭缝;空位vt.放入狭缝中;把...纳入Please put a coin in the slot of this machine.请把硬币放进这台机器的一个投币口.
US [slɑ:t] noun countable
LONG HOLE 长洞口
■a long narrow hole, especially one for putting coins into or for fitting a separate piece into 狭缝；（尤指）投币口，狭槽
• I put my money in the slot and pressed the button but nothing came out. 我把钱放入投币口，按了按钮，但没有东西出来。
• The holder has slots for 100 CDs. 这个CD架的凹槽可以放100张CD。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] noun countable
AMOUNT OF TIME 时间段
■an amount of time which is officially allowed for a single event in a planned order of activities or events （为某活动安排的）时段
• The programme will occupy that half-hour slot before the nine o'clock news. 那个节目将在九点新闻前的半小时这一时段播出。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (-tt-)
■to put something into a slot or fit together using slots 放于狭槽中，或用狭槽配合在一起
• The legs of the chair are meant to slot into the holes at the back. 椅子脚要插到后面的洞里。
• Do these two pieces slot together ? 这两个零件能插在一起吗?
• Slot piece A into piece B, taking care to keep the two pieces at right angles. 把 A 件插入 B 件，注意使二者保持直角。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slot sb/sth in
■to find time to see someone or do something between various other arrangements that have already been made 为…安排时间；把…安排进计划
• Doctor Meredith is busy this morning, but she might be able to slot you in around one o'clock. 今天上午马里帝兹医生很忙，但她也许可以安排在一点钟左右见你。
n. 位置；狭槽；水沟；硬币投币口
 - location, situation, site, lie
vt. 跟踪；开槽于
 - dog, follow up the scent

Word: protectionist
Front: protectionist
[prə'tekʃənɪst] (托 17410/21677)
Back: n. 贸易保护主义者
adj. 保护贸易论的
分布：保护贸易论的(67%)，保护贸易论者(33%)
N-COUNT
贸易保护主义者
A protectionist is someone who agrees with and supports protectionism.
例：Trade frictions between the two countries had been caused by trade protectionists.贸易保护主义者引起的两国之间的贸易摩擦。
ADJ-GRADED
（政策、措施、法律）贸易保护主义的
Protectionist policies, measures, and laws are meant to stop or reduce imports.
例：GATT member countries have largely agreed to replace expensive and inefficient protectionist policies with a competitive free market system for world trade.关贸总协定的成员国已大体上同意在全球贸易中用竞争性的自由市场体制取代代价高且效率低的保护主义政策。

Word: bipartisan
Front: bipartisan
[ˌbaɪpɑ:tɪˈzæn] (6644/28034 -1)
Vocabulary: bipartisan
(once / 2900 pages)
adj
If something is bipartisan, it has the support of two political parties that normally don’t agree on much. You might read about a bipartisan plan to improve the school system where you live.
The word bipartisan is easy to figure out when you break it apart: bi-, meaning “two,” plus partisan, meaning "supporter of a party." So something that’s bipartisan involves two parties finding enough common ground to support the same thing. A key aspect of something that’s bipartisan is that the two parties involved typically hold opposing views about the best way to do things, so a bipartisan agreement is one that likely involved a lot of effort, compromise, and cooperation.
WORD FAMILY
bipartisan: bipartisanly+/ nonpartisan: nonpartisans/ partisan: bipartisan, nonpartisan, partisanly, partisans, partisanship / partisanship: nonpartisanship, partisanships
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Montana Gov. Steve Bullock is opening his second term with an appeal to Republican leaders for bipartisan cooperation in the state’s interests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The tax overhaul and an infrastructure bill may be two opportunities for bipartisan cooperation — the Senate Finance Committee is already moving in that direction.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 两党的; 代表两党的; 获得两党支持的
分布：两党的(85%)，代表两党的(15%)
→前缀bi-, 二。party, 政党。
US [-'pɑ:r.tˌɪ-] adjective
■supported by or consisting of two political parties 为两党派所支持的；包括两个党派的
• a bipartisan committee 代表两党的委员会

Word: depositor
Front: depositor
[dɪˈpɒzɪtə(r)] (托 16829/17320)
Back: n. 存放人，存款人; 寄托者; 沉淀器
分布：寄托者(100%)
US [-'pɑ:.zə.tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who deposits money 存款人，储户

Word: rewrite
Front: rewrite
[ˌri:ˈraɪt] (高 7628/9748 -1)
Vocabulary: rewrite
(once / 1810 pages)
vn
When you rewrite something, you start from scratch, writing it again to improve it. You might decide to rewrite a poem after your entire poetry class seems confused by your original version.
A newspaper editor might instruct a reporter to rewrite her story, approaching it from a new angle or including more interviews. To rewrite something is to edit it, but the word implies making significant changes — or even starting all over again with a blank piece of paper or computer screen. You can call the new version itself a rewrite too. In journalism, it was once common for a "rewrite man" to work crafting new stories out of other people's reporting.
WORD FAMILY
rewrite: rewriter, rewrites, rewriting, rewritten, rewrote+/overwrite: overwrites, overwriting, overwritten, overwrote/rewriter: rewriters/rewriting: rewritings/ underwrite: underwriter, underwrites, underwriting, underwritten, underwrote/underwriter: underwriters/ write: overwrite, rewrite, underwrite, writer, writes, writing, written, wrote/writer: writers/ writing: writings/written: unwritten
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brad Kaaya rewrote the Miami record book in three years, and is off to a bigger challenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2014, the village lost a legal battle with someone who wanted to remove their shutters, so officials rewrote the rules.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In 2014, Woodstock lost a legal battle with someone who wanted to remove their shutters, so officials rewrote the rules.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 书面答复; 重写; 加工编写; 改写，修改
n. 改写或重写的文稿; 改写的作品
时态：rewrote, rewritten, rewriting, rewrites
分布：重写(60%)，改写(31%)，修改(9%)
→re-,再，重新，write,写。
[ˌri:'raɪt] (rewrote, rewritten)
verb transitive
■to write something such as a book or speech again, in order to improve it or change it because new information is available 重写；改写；修改
• The news of the revolt meant she had to rewrite her speech. 叛乱的消息传来，这意味着她必须重写发言稿。
vt. 改写； [计] 重写
 - reword, overtype
vi. 改写； [计] 重写
 - write over

Word: unchanged
Front: unchanged
[ʌnˈtʃeɪndʒd] (8737/5360 -2)
Back: adj. 未改变的，无变化的，依然如故的
分布：无变化的(100%)
adjective [usually after verb]
 ADVANCED
■staying the same 不变的，没有变化的
• The area has remained virtually unchanged in fifty years. 这个地区在50年里基本上没有甚么变化。
adj. 未改变的
 - unvaried, untouched

Word: francis
Front: francis
[ˈfrɑ:nsɪs] (-/3046)
Back: n. 弗朗西斯（男子名，涵义：自由之人，无拘无束的人）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: dictate
Front: dictate
[dɪkˈteɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4933/4665 -2)
Vocabulary: dictate
(once / 208 pages)
nv
When you dictate something, you are giving orders — acting a bit like a dictator.
Dictate can also be used in a broader sense. Weather often dictates how many layers of clothes you wear, and the school rules dictate how you behave in and out of class. In a very different meaning, dictate means to say something out loud to a person or into a machine so it can be recorded. Up until fairly recently, bosses dictated letters and reports to secretaries who wrote them down.
WORD FAMILY
dictate: dictated, dictates, dictating, dictation, dictator +/ dictation: dictations/ dictator: dictatorial, dictators, dictatorship /dictatorial: dictatorially/ dictatorship: dictatorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Geneva 1 dictates that there should be a governing body with full authority of the president, according to the Syrian constitution.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The spokesman spoke anonymously as dictated by agency policy.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
My left hand dictates the steering wheel, while my right hand is clasped to Becca’s manicured fingers.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 口述; 命令，指示; 使听写; 控制，支配
vi. 口述; 命令
时态：dictated, dictating, dictates
分布：规定(37%)，口授(24%)，听写(16%)，指挥(13%)，指令(10%)
→来自词根dict, 说，命令，词源同dictionary.
口授;命令;听写(dict+ate说话→口授,命令)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.口授;(使)听写;指令,指示,命令;The teacher dictated to the whole class.老师给全班同学作了听写.
【记】dict讲话，命令；参：abdicate（v 退位；放弃）
【参】dictator（n 独裁者；口授令他人笔录者）；
US [ˈ--]
GIVE ORDERS 下命令
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give orders, or state something exactly, with total authority 命令，下（令）；决定，规定
• The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region. 联合国将决定军队从该地区撤军的条件。
• [+ question word] He disagrees with the government dictating wh at children are taught in schools. 他不同意由政府来决定孩子在学校学习哪些课程。
• [+ that] The tennis club rules dictate that suitable footwear must be worn on the courts. 网球俱乐部的规则规定上场必须穿适当的运动鞋。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to influence something or make it necessary 影响；决定；要求
• The party's change of policy has been dictated by its need to win back the support of voters. 该党政策上的变化是由于它需要赢回选民的支持。
• [+ that] I wanted to take a year off, but my financial situation dictated that I got a job. 我想休息一年，但我的经济状况迫使我必须工作。
verb UK [dɪkˈteɪt] US [ˈ--]
SPEAK 说
intransitive or transitive
■to speak something aloud for a person or machine to record the words said, so that they can be written down 口述，口授
• I dictated my order over the phone. 我透过电话口述了命令。
• She spent the morning dictating letters to her secretary. 她花了一上午的时间向秘书口述信件。
verb UK [dɪkˈteɪt] US [ˈ--]
  Phrasal Verbs  dictate to sb
■to tell someone what to do 告诉（某人）怎么做，指挥（某人）
• The President is so powerful that he is able to dictate to the government. 总统的权力很大，他能够指挥政府。
• I will not be dictated to like that! 我不愿意那样受人摆布！
noun countable usually plural /ˈdɪk.teɪt/ formal
■an order which should be obeyed, often one which you give to yourself 命令；（对自身的）要求
• the dictates of conscience/common sense 良心／情理的驱使
Compare diktat
vt. 命令；口述；使听写
 - require, order, command
n. 命令；指示
 - instruction, order, bidding, telling, word

Word: devolution
Front: devolution
[ˌdi:vəˈlu:ʃn] (23211/9228 -1)
Vocabulary: devolution
(once / 16765 pages)
n
Devolution is a process of decline. Something has gone from great to good, good to bad, or excellent all the way to horrible.
If you know that evolution refers to how smaller or lesser creatures evolved into more complex beings, than you have a great clue to what devolution means. When devolution occurs, things have gone in a negative direction. If a rich person loses all their money, that's devolution. If a championship basketball team suddenly has a losing record, that's devolution. This word also refers to a central government delegating authority to a smaller body, such as a regional government.
WORD FAMILY
devolution: devolutions+/ devolve: devolution, devolved, devolvement, devolves, devolving
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she claimed the devolution of new powers to Holyrood meant the Scotland Office was now a "zombie department".
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Simon Brooks told BBC Wales "an unintended consequence" of devolution was more public sector jobs were being centralised in the capital.
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Dai Lloyd, a Plaid Cymru AM, suggested that devolution was under attack following the EU referendum vote.
BBC(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: n. 移交，授权; 转移; 授权代理
分布：权力下放(65%)，移交(22%)，委托(13%)
noun uncountable
■the moving of power or responsibility from a main organization to a lower level, or from a central government to a regional government （上级组织向下级组织或中央政府向地方政府的）放权，权力下放，责任移交
• The majority of people in the province are in favour of devolution. 该省大部分人赞同权力下放。
n. 相传，转移；委付；依次；落下
 - transfer, falling, drop, diversion

Word: invoke
Front: invoke
[ɪnˈvəʊk] (托宝 5414/5725 -1)
Vocabulary: invoke
(once / 589 pages)
1v 2v
To invoke is to call up something such as a law, a higher power, or even a ghost. In court, you might invoke the Fifth Amendment (the right not to say something that will make you look bad) if you don't want to talk.
You can invoke all kinds of people or ideas, alive or dead: "She invokes the spirit of good writing when she proofreads her work." In a time of need, you might invoke a higher power. You could invoke Martin Luther King when talking about equal rights. You might even invoke the spirit of your dead cat at a séance. Just make sure you don't evoke (to bring on a strong emotional reaction) your dead cat; that would just be weird.
WORD FAMILY
invoke: invocation, invoked, invokes, invoking+/ invocation: invocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
She invoked Trump’s victory speech pledging to be “president for all Americans,” not just those who voted for him.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
President Vladimir Putin invoked a bit of seasonal enchantment in his New Year’s Eve remarks to the nation.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Looking back at 2016, it’s remarkable how often the year was invoked as an argument against its own events.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 乞灵，祈求; 提出或授引…以支持或证明; 召鬼; 借助
时态：invoked, invoking, invokes
分布：请求(37%)，援引(31%)，引起(16%)，求助(9%)，乞灵于(7%)
→in-,进入，使，-vok,说，祈求，词源同voice,evoke.即召唤神灵，祈求神灵，引申词义援引，提及。
请求,使[使[法规]生效(in进+vok+e喊进去→请求)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
【记】in进入，voke喊－进门大喊－恳求
【参】invocation（n 祈祷）；revoke（vt 撤回；废除）
【反】suspend（v 暂停）
US [-'voʊk] formal
verb transitive
■to request or use a power outside yourself, especially a law or a god, to help you when you want to improve a situation 求助于，借助于（尤指法律或神灵）
• Police can invoke the law of trespass to regulate access to these places. 员警可以借助有关非法侵入的法律来约束人们进入这些地方。
• Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods. 他们表演圣舞以祈求古代神灵保佑。
■to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something 唤起，引起，使记起
vt. 调用；祈求；引起；恳求
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: strive
Front: strive
[straɪv] (研六托雅宝 5062/5540 -2)
Vocabulary: strive
(once / 173 pages)
v
To strive is to endeavor, reach, or strain for something above or beyond. We strive for self-improvement, a better world, or success in general.
The Old French origin of this word, estriver ("quarrel," "dispute"), had its 800th birthday not too long ago. Though it shares its roots with strife ("conflict"), it changed over the years (centuries, actually) to describe something more like a conflict with oneself, the attempt to overcome limitations and stay focused on a goal, regardless of whatever quarrels or disputes come up.
WORD FAMILY
strive: strived, striven, strives, striving, strove+/striving: strivings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A Navajo, he said, strives for hozho — balance — in a world where canyons, coyotes, the sky and turtles are considered equally alive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It also set off a race for a vaccine, as global health officials strive to avoid a repeat.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 努力奋斗，力求; 斗争，力争
时态：strove, striven, striving, strives
分布：努力(71%)，奋斗(18%)，力求(9%)，斗争(2%)
→来自中古英语 striven,艰难尝试，努力，奋斗，来自古法语动词 estriver,争吵，争斗，来自古 法语名词 estrif,争吵，争斗，改写自 estrit,争吵，来自 Proto-Germanic*strido,纷争，斗争，战 斗，词源同 stride.后主要用于褒义词义努力，奋斗，原词义见名词 strife,纷争，冲突。
v.奋斗,努力The striver contrives to derive that privacy can't be deprived.奋斗者想方设法推导得出隐私(权)不可剥夺.
[straɪv] (strove or strived, striven or strived)
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties （尤指长期或不畏艰难地）努力，奋斗，力争
• [+ to infinitive] Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to. 罗先生激发了人们的期望，现在他必须努力不辜负这种期望。
• In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms. 她在写作中力图在创新和传统散文形式之间取得平衡。
attempt, try, endeavour, strive
这些动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
attempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
endeavour: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。
strive: 和endeavour一样，表示付出巨大努力，但strive侧重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。
vi. 努力；奋斗；抗争
 - apply oneself, struggle, labor

Word: anticipate
Front: anticipate
[ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3187/3106 -K2)
Vocabulary: anticipate
(once / 164 pages)
v
To anticipate something is to be expecting it. Your dog might be waiting by the door, anticipating his next walk or squirrel chase.
"Anticipating something" also often implies that you are preparing to take some action because of your expectations — like when you anticipate your chess opponent's next move and plan a counterattack. The word anticipate can also mean "to come beforehand" — as in a certain musical trend anticipating another.
WORD FAMILY
anticipate: anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, anticipative, anticipator, anticipatory +/ anticipated: unanticipated / anticipation: anticipations/anticipative: anticipatively/anticipator: anticipators/ anticipatory: anticipatorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bowles would not comment on his coaching staff, although changes are anticipated there as well.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What we did not anticipate was the reaction of other countries and the complexity of history.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Fans in Denver, anticipating his departure, chanted “Kooooobes” with less than a minute left in the game.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 预感; 预见; 预料; 先于…行动
vi. 过早地提出; 过早地考虑（或说、做）一件事; （在口头或用文字）预言; 预测
时态：anticipated, anticipating, anticipates
分布：预期(81%)，提前使用(10%)，预言(7%)，抢 ... 前(2%)
→前缀ante-, 在前。词根cip, 同cap, 拿，抓，见capture.
预料;预期的(anti前＋cip抓＋ent→开始抓→开始的)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
vt.预料;期望;预先考虑;抢先;提前使用Mum tried to anticipate all my needs.母亲设法将我需要的东西预先准备好.
【记】anti前，cip落下，ate吃的过去式－前面落下吃的－天上掉馅饼－每个人期待的事情
【参】incipient（adj 初始的）；emancipate（vt 解放）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to imagine or expect that something will happen, sometimes taking action in preparation for it happening 预期，预料；期望，盼望；预见（并做准备）
• We don't anticipate any trouble. 我们不希望出现任何问题。
• We had one or two difficulties along the way that we didn't anticipate. 在进行的过程中，我们遇到一两个没有预料到的难题。
• Are you anticipating a lot of people at the party tonight? 你预计今晚的聚会会有很多人来吗？
• [+ -ing verb] They anticipate having several applicants for the job. 他们预计会有几个人来应征这份工作。
• [+ that] They anticipate that they will have several applicants for the job 他们预计会有几个人来应征这份工作。
• It's always best to anticipate a problem before it arises. 防患于未然永远都是最明智之举。
• [+ question word] At this stage we can't really anticipate wh at will happen. 在这个阶段我们真的无法预料会发生甚么。
• The anticipated inflation figure is lower than last month's. 预计中的通货膨胀数字低于上月。
• The army anticipated (= took action in preparation for) the explosion by evacuating the town. 这支军队预料该镇会发生爆炸，已疏散了居民。
expect, anticipate
expect: 怀着确信之心来期待；
anticipate: 怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想
await, anticipate, hope
这组词都有“希望，期待”的意思，其区别是：
await: 书面用词，指对将要或预料要发生的事怍于期待状态。
anticipate: 指对未来的期望，一般是对好事的期待。
hope: 指希望得到积极、有利的结果，所期待的可能实现，也可能不会实现。
vt. 预期，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用
 - hope, presume upon

Word: insistence
Front: insistence
[ɪnˈsɪstəns] (托 7306/6368 -2)
Vocabulary: insistence
(once / 1485 pages)
n
Insistence is when someone persists in forcefully asking for or requiring something. A parent's insistence might be the only reason an unmotivated teenager sits down and does his homework.
A store manager's insistence on selling things for the lowest prices might be the thing that keeps customers coming back, and your insistence on reading your speech first in class might get you to the front of the line. When you insist on something, you demand it — both words come from the Latin insistere, "persist, dwell upon, or stand upon," from in-, "upon," and sistere, "take a stand."
WORD FAMILY
insistence: insistences+/insistency: insistencies/ insistent: insistence, insistency, insistently
USAGE EXAMPLES
The only regulatory mechanism is the insistence that all participation is voluntary, and all experience is reciprocal.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
He was pegged as “a field Marine,” a grunt suited for battle but not for the corps’ broader insistence on perfection.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
That is Mrs. May’s insistence that post-Brexit, the U.K. will no longer accept the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 坚持; 强调; 极力主张
分布：坚持(88%)，强调(8%)，坚决主张(4%)
→来自insist,坚持。
坚持;强调(insist+ence)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
坚持(insist坚持)[-ence表名词"性质,状态"]
【记】insist（v 坚持；强调）
【参】resistance（n 反抗；抵抗力）；persist（vi 坚持；坚韧不拔）
noun uncountable
■when you demand something and refuse to accept opposition, or when you say firmly that something is true 坚决要求；坚持主张；坚持
• Insistence on better working conditions by the union has resulted in fewer employee absences. 工会坚决要求改善工作条件使员工缺勤的现象有所减少。
• At her father 's insistence, Amelia's been moved into a new class. 基于阿梅莉亚父亲的坚决要求，她被转到了一个新的班级。
• [+ that] Her insistence that she should have the best room annoyed everyone. 她坚持要最好的房间，这使大家都很恼火。
n. 坚持，强调；坚决主张
 - stress, adherence

Word: dock
Front: dock
[dɒk] (研四六雅宝 4912/3530 -2)
Vocabulary: dock
(once / 442 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv
A dock is a structure that's made for bringing boats or ships in to the shore and loading or unloading them of goods or passengers. The small dock behind your lake house might be mainly used for launching your canoe.
Smaller docks are wooden planks that jut into the water — boats can pull up and be tied or anchored there. Larger docks in harbors might have gates enclosing areas of water where ships can be repaired or cargo unloaded. When boats dock, they pull up to a dock or a pier. You can also use the verb form of dock to mean "cut off," as when a farmer docks an animal's tail or a boss docks a worker's wages.
WORD FAMILY
dock: dockage, docked, docker, docking, docks, undock+/docker: dockers/docking: dockings/undock: undocked, undocking
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the contract was awarded competitively and will pay for replacement of part of dry dock number 3 at the shipyard.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His body was found just off a dock.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The man was brought to the boat dock at Silver Palm Park and flown to St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 码头; 被告席; 草本植物; 尾巴的骨肉部份
vt. & vi. （使）船停靠码头; 剪短（尾巴等）; 削减，缩减（工资等）; 在…设置船坞
vi. 入船坞
时态：docked, docking, docks
分布：码头(77%)，船坞(22%)，船埠(1%)
→来自词根duc, 引导，词源同duke, conduct. 用于指码头，船坞。
n.船坞,码头At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
【源】原指：剪掉动物的尾巴而露出的骨头，其形状是一个小的突起，比较向码头延伸出来的样子，就引申为码头了。Doc：Word文档格式，k象一把张开的剪刀－简短
US [dɑ:k] noun
FOR SHIPS 船用
 IMPROVER countable
■an area of water in a port that can be closed off and that is used for putting goods onto and taking them off ships or repairing ships 泊位；船坞 Compare harbour
docks
[plural]
■a group of these areas of water in a port and the buildings around them 码头（包括多个泊位和四周的建筑）
• The strike has led to the cancellation of some ferry services and left hundreds of passengers stranded at the docks. 罢工导致部分轮度停业，数百名旅客滞留码头。
countable US
■a long platform built over water where passengers can get on or off a boat or where goods can be put on and taken off 码头
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] noun
LAW 法律
the dock only singular mainly UK
■the place in a criminal law court where the accused person sits or stands during the trial 被告席
• The defendant seemed nervous as he left the dock and stepped up to the witness box. 被告人在离开被告席走向证人席时似乎有些紧张。
• The company will find itself in the dock (= in court) if it continues to ignore the pollution regulations. 如果该公司继续无视控制污染的规定，它就会被告上法庭。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] noun
PLANT 植物
countable or uncountable
■a common wild plant with large wide leaves which grows in some northern countries such as Britain 酸模
• Rubbing dock leaves on nettle stings helps to relieve the pain. 将酸模叶子揉碎抹在荨麻刺伤处有助于止痛。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] verb
REMOVE 拿走
transitive
■to remove part of something, especially money 克扣，扣发（尤指金钱）
• The University has docked lecturers' pay/wages by 20% because of their refusal to mark examination papers. 该大学由于教师们拒绝批改试卷扣发了他们20%的工资。
• The lambs' tails are docked (= cut short) for hygiene reasons. 出于卫生方面的考虑，羊的尾巴都被剪短了。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] verb
SHIP 船
intransitive or transitive
■If a ship docks, it arrives at a dock and if someone docks a ship, they bring it into a dock （使）靠岸，（使）停泊，（使）进港
• Hundreds of people turned up to see the ship dock at Southampton. 数百人前来观看该船驶入南安普敦港。
• The Russians and Americans docked (= joined together in space) (their spacecraft) just after one o'clock this morning. 俄国人和美国人（的太空船）今天凌晨一点刚过时实现了太空对接。
port, harbor, dock
port: 重心在陆地，包括其所在的城市，port city
harbor: 重心在水，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口，为避风港湾
dock: 码头
n. [水运] 码头； [船] 船坞；被告席；尾巴的骨肉部分
 - landing, pier
vt. 使靠码头；剪短
 - crop, bob

Word: recount
Front: recount
[rɪ'kaʊnt] (托 5484/8510 -1)
Vocabulary: recount
(once / 775 pages)
1v 2vn
As a verb, recount can mean either "tell the story of" or "add up again." As a noun, recount usually refers to the second (or third or fourth) tallying of votes in a close election.
The word count comes from the old French conter, which means "add up" or "tell a story." Here's a story to recount (narrate): In an election featuring Count Dracula and Count Johnson, Dracula wins by two votes, so Johnson demands a recount (an adding up of the votes again). The officials recount (count again) the votes, and this time find Count Johnson the winner. Dracula threatens to bite the officials and they quickly change their minds.
WORD FAMILY
recount: recounted, recounting, recounts+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin Luther King, Jr., recounted an experience of it in the early days of the bus boycott in Montgomery, in 1956.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But it was another four weeks before McCrory conceded while dozens of ballot protests were considered and a partial recount was held in Durham County.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 详细叙述; 重新计算
时态：recounted, recounting, recounts
分布：重新计算(41%)，详述(36%)，列举(23%)
→re-,再，重新，count,数数。即重数，引申词义重新叙述。
verb transitive (also re-count) [ˌriːˈkaʊnt/
COUNT AGAIN 再数
■to count something again 重数；重新清点
noun countable /ˈriː.kaʊnt/
■another count, especially of the number of votes in an election 重新计算；（尤指大选中）重新计算选票
• to demand a recount 要求重新计票
vt. 叙述；重新计算
 - relate, narrate
n. 重算
 - roll-back

Word: viable
Front: viable
[ˈvaɪəbl] (托雅宝 5049/5700 -2)
Vocabulary: viable
(once / 3048 pages)
1adj 2adj
When something is viable, it has the ability to grow or function properly. A viable seed can develop into a plant, while a viable company has the resources to succeed.
The adjective viable refers to something able to function properly and even grow. It is made up of the Latin roots vita which means "life," and the ending -able which means "to be possible." In terms of science or botany, when a plant is viable it can live and flourish in an environment such as a cactus in the desert. Consider also the Wright brothers, who were the first to develop a viable airplane after many tries and spectacular failures.
WORD FAMILY
viable: nonviable, viability, viably+/ vie: viable, vied, vieing, vies, vying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As those efforts proved unavailing, maintaining at least the appearance of a viable “peace process” became an end in itself.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
One viable path in that strategy would be a rematch with Holm, who is fighting for the title in the newly created featherweight division.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Theater is not commercially viable in and of itself, so art loses.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 切实可行的; 能养活的; 能自行生产发育的; 有望实现的
分布：可行的(98%)，能生存的(2%)
→来自拉丁语vita,生命，存活，字母t脱落，词源同vital,vitamin.
能活的(vi+able)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
【记】via路，ble：有路可走－可行的via活，ble：能活下去的
【参】viaduct（n 高架桥）via路，duct引导。Aqueduct（n 沟渠）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to work as intended or able to succeed 可以实施的；可望成功的
• In order to make the company viable, it will unfortunately be necessary to reduce staffing levels. 很遗憾，为使公司继续运转下去，将不得不裁员。
• I am afraid your plan is not commercially/economically/financially/politically viable. 恐怕你的计划在商业／经济／财政／政治上行不通。
■specialized
■able to continue to exist as or develop into a living being 能生长发育的；可以存活的
• There is a continuing debate about the age at which a human fetus can be considered viable. 关于人类胎儿在何时可被视为已有生命的问题仍处于争论中。
adj. 可行的；能养活的；能生育的
 - feasible, working

Word: churn
Front: churn
[tʃɜ:n] (8407/9874 -1)
Vocabulary: churn
(once / 1456 pages)
nv
A churn is a container that you fill with cream and then agitate until the cream becomes butter. You may have only bought butter at the store, but your ancestors probably used a traditional plunger-type churn to make their own.
The verb churn means to mix cream until it turns into butter, separating out the buttermilk. You can make your own butter by churning it in a jar if you don't have a churn, shaking heavy cream until it becomes solid. To churn can also simply mean to agitate, like a boat might churn in a turbulent ocean, or your stomach might churn with anxiety about your big test the next day.
WORD FAMILY
churn: churned, churning, churns
USAGE EXAMPLES
All the while, the instruments churn through their material, indifferent to the singer’s plight.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
My parents in their eager search delved through the brochures, the interviews and assessments, the continuous churning of paperwork.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
The churning guitar menace of Dacus’ “Troublemaker, Doppelganger” gets your heart racing and then the spare “Trust” breaks it.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 搅拌; 制造（奶油等）; 买卖
vi. 制造（奶油等）; 产生剧烈搅动
n. 搅乳桶
时态：churned, churning, churns
分布：搅拌(36%)，搅乳器(28%)，搅动(20%)，翻腾(13%)，〈口〉粗制滥造(3%)
→词源可能同grain, 谷物，颗粒，因奶油剧烈搅拌后颗粒状的外观而引申此词义。
US [tʃɝ:n] verb
MOVE/MIX 晃动／混合
transitive (also churn up)
■to mix something, especially a liquid, with great force 剧烈搅动（尤指液体）；翻搅；使猛烈翻腾
• The sea was churned up by heavy winds. 狂风搅得大海白浪滔天。
transitive
■to mix milk until it becomes butter 用搅乳器搅拌（牛奶以制成奶油）
intransitive
■If your stomach is churning, you feel ill, usually because you are nervous （通常指由于紧张而）胃部翻腾，反胃，恶心
• I had my driving test that morning and my stomach was churning. 参加驾照考试的那天早上，我的胃里一直在翻腾。
UK [tʃɜ:n] US [tʃɝ:n] verb
CUSTOMERS
intransitive or transitive specialized
■If customers churn between different companies that provide a particular service, they change repeatedly from one to another. 顾客辗转光顾提供某种服务的不同公司
UK [tʃɜ:n] US [tʃɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] churn sth out informal
■to produce large amounts of something quickly, usually something of low quality （不顾品质快速地）大量生产；粗制滥造
• The factory churns out thousands of pairs of these shoes every week. 那家工厂每周生产数千双这样的劣质鞋子。
• She churns out a new bestselling novel every year. 每年她都能炮制出一本新的畅销小说。
UK [tʃɜ:n] US [tʃɝ:n] noun
CONTAINER 容器
countable
■a large container for transporting milk or for making milk into butter 奶罐，奶桶；搅乳器
• a milk churn 奶罐
• a butter churn 搅乳器
UK [tʃɜ:n] US [tʃɝ:n] noun
CUSTOMERS 客户
[S or U] (also churn rate) specialized
■the number of customers who decide to stop using a service offered by one company and to use another company, usually because it offers a better service or price （客户）流失率
• Internet and cable television companies suffer from a high churn rate. 网际网路公司和有线电视公司的用户流失率很高。
vi. 搅拌；搅动
 - mix round, stir up
vt. 搅拌；搅动
 - mill, mix round

Word: fashionable
Front: fashionable
[ˈfæʃnəbl] (研四六托 7651/4986 -K2)
Vocabulary: fashionable
(once / 375 pages)
adj
Something that's fashionable is in style. Your cousin might insist that wearing wide-brimmed fishing hats is very fashionable right now.
Things that are very trendy or popular are fashionable, whether they're a brand of jeans or a particular baked good that everyone seems to be eating. A person who follows these trends can also be described as fashionable: "Did you see John walk by wearing those yellow boots and eating a huge doughnut? He's so fashionable." The noun fashion is at the root of fashionable, with its Old French origin, façon, "face, appearance, design, or beauty."
WORD FAMILY
fashionable: fashionably, unfashionable+/ fashion: fashionable, fashioned, fashioning, fashions, refashion/fashioned: fashionedest, fashionedly/fashioning: fashionings/refashion: refashioned, refashioning, refashions/unfashionable: unfashionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
After the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991, it became fashionable to talk of the United States as the only true superpower.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
So we saw not so much of the Piazza del Duomo, quite a lot of the Talbot dealer in the less fashionable outskirts.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
In my little corner of Brooklyn, ambient feminism appeared to influence the way fashionable young women dressed.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 流行的; 时髦的，符合时尚的; 时髦人物使用的; （尤指）有钱人常光顾的
n. 时髦的人
分布：时髦的(65%)，流行的(35%)
时髦的,流行的(fashion+able)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.流行的,时髦的He dashed to smash the fashionable ashtray with cash.他猛冲过去用现金砸那个时髦的烟灰盘.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■popular at a particular time 流行的；时髦的；时尚的
• a fashionable nightclub/restaurant 时尚夜总会／餐厅
• fashionable ideas/clothes 时髦的思想／衣服
• It's not fashionable to wear short skirts at the moment. 现在不流行穿短裙了。
■wearing clothes, doing things and going to places that are in fashion （人）时髦的
• A fashionable couple posed elegantly at the next table. 一对穿着入时的夫妻优雅地坐在邻桌。
adj. 流行的；时髦的；上流社会的
 - popular, going, modern, ruling, epidemic

Word: comeback
Front: comeback
[ˈkʌmbæk] (6496/8111 -2)
Vocabulary: comeback
(once / 1641 pages)
1n 2n
A comeback is a quick, witty reply. “Your mama” is a lame comeback but a popular one. It's also a return to prominence after a break, like an athlete who retires and then makes a comeback by returning to the sport.
If someone insults you, and you say something back that turns the insult around, that's a comeback. Nice job. Another comeback is when someone — especially in entertainment or sports — comes back after being gone. If a popular singer leaves music for a few years and then returns with a hit song, that's a comeback. In the song “Mama Said Knock You Out,” LL Cool J starts by saying, “Don’t call it a comeback, I been here for years!”
WORD FAMILY
comeback: comebacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
But that delivery method of a bygone era may be in for a comeback under Donald Trump.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This year’s Rose Bowl will feature a legendary comeback, no matter what happens on the field between USC and Penn State.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But Annacone, who will be commentating on the Australian Open for Tennis Channel, says Federer must "stay patient" in the early stages of his comeback.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 恢复，复原; 巧妙的回答或反驳; 东山再起; 回归
分布：东山再起(47%)，恢复(44%)，机智的回答(7%)，反唇相讥(2%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a successful attempt to get power, importance or fame again after a period of having lost it 复辟；复出；东山再起
• She's trying to make a comeback with her first album for twenty years. 她想凭借自己20年来的第一张专辑东山再起。
n. 恢复；复原
 - recovery, restoration, regression, rehabilitation, retrieval

Word: fry
Front: fry
[fraɪ] (高研四六雅 7089/8929 -K3)
Vocabulary: fry
(once / 447 pages)
1v 2n
To fry food is to cook it in very hot oil until it's crispy. For breakfast, you could fry yourself an egg, and maybe fry some bacon to go with it.
You can stir fry vegetables and deep fry doughnuts — and you have to be careful on a hot summer day not to (figuratively) fry yourself in the sun. When fry is a noun, it's usually short for "French fry," but it also means youngster, or "small fry." This less common meaning comes from Scottish, possibly from the Old Norse root frjo, "offspring."
WORD FAMILY
fry: friable, fried, frier, fries, fryer, frying+/friable: friability/ fried: frieder, friedly/frier: friers/fries: frieses, friess/fryer: fryers/frying: fryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our new friend invited us to share a lunch buffet of fried chicken, potato salad and sweets.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She recalls visiting one avant garde gallery to discuss her work and as she left, the owner, Rose Fried, called her back.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
We also get the chili chicken, sautéed green vegetables and fried rice.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鱼苗，鱼秧; 弗赖伊（姓氏）; 油炸食物; （口语）烦恼，愤激
vi. 用油煎; 用油炸烤炒; 油炸
vt. 油炸; 油煎; （美俚）使被处电刑; 瓦解
时态：fried, frying, fries
分布：油炸(59%)，油煎(41%)
→来自拉丁语frigere, 烤，煎，来自bher, 燃烧，烤，煎，词源同burn, brew.fry 鱼苗
v.油煎,油炸The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to cook food in hot oil or fat 油炸；油煎；油炒
• Fry the mushrooms in a little butter. 用少许牛油煎一下蘑菇。
• informal figurative You'll fry (= burn) if you lie in the sun all day. 你如果整天躺在阳光下会晒伤的。
[fraɪ] plural noun
■young, small fish 小鱼；鱼苗
vt. 油炸；油煎
 - deep-fry, panbroil
vi. 油炸；油煎
 - deepfry

Word: inspiration
Front: inspiration
[ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 4058/4499)
Vocabulary: inspiration
(once / 284 pages)
1n 2n
An inspiration is a product of your thought, like a brilliant idea. If you have the next revolutionary inspiration like the printing press, the telephone, or the computer, you may just change the world.
The noun inspiration can also mean a sudden intuition or idea, or something that arouses your desire to take action. You may find that doing some routine provides inspiration (gets your creative juices flowing), like going for a walk, looking at art, or reading a great poem. Inspiration can also mean breathing in or inhaling.
WORD FAMILY
inspiration: inspirational, inspirations+/ inspirational: inspirationally/ inspire: inspiration, inspiratory, inspired, inspirer, inspires, inspiring / inspired: inspiredly, uninspired/inspirer: inspirers/ inspiring: inspiringly, uninspiring/uninspiring: uninspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Isolating a moment of inspiration in a film is an interesting challenge.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Rubin became an inspiration for women in science, especially, and further afield.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“As 2016 continued, Trump delighted them, or derived inspiration from them.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 灵感; 鼓舞人心的人或事; 启发灵感的人（或事物）; 吸气
分布：灵感(93%)，吸气(7%)
→来自inspire,启发，鼓舞。
吸气;灵感(有灵气)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
n.灵感;鼓舞,激励Poets and artists often got their inspiration from nature.诗人与艺术家往往由自然得到灵感.
【记】原指：把空气吸到肺里，这种行为容易产生灵感，很多作家喜欢在户外进行创作就是这个道理。in进入spir呼吸
【参】expire（v 期满；断气）；aspiration（n 渴望；热望）；inspired（adj 得到灵感的）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something 给人以灵感的人（或物）
• The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting. 秋天金色的阳光给这幅画的创作带来了灵感。
• He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration. 他去做礼拜，也许为的是寻找神的启示。
countable
■a sudden good idea 灵感；突然想出的好主意
• He had an inspiration - why not apply for some government money? 他突然想到一个好主意——为甚么不去申请一些政府资金呢？
only singular
■an example which people admire （受人仰慕的）典范
• She has been an inspiration to us all. 我们所有人都从她身上得到了鼓舞。
n. 灵感；鼓舞； [生理] 吸气；妙计
 - stimulation, afflatus

Word: libertarian
Front: libertarian
[ˌlɪbəˈteəriən] (14043/22324 -1)
Vocabulary: libertarian
(once / 6789 pages)
n
Someone who is a libertarian advocates the importance of the individual over government control — libertarians believe strongly in freedom.
A libertarian holds onto the idea of a person's free will and individualism, with the word based on the Latin root liber, meaning “free.” In the U.S., libertarians can be to the left or the right of the political spectrum. A libertarian believes that someone should make his or her own decisions rather than rely on a political party line. If you think the government should keep its nose out of your business, then you might be a libertarian.
WORD FAMILY
libertarian: libertarianism, libertarians+/ liberate: liberated, liberates, liberating, liberation, liberator / liberation: liberations/ liberator: liberators/ liberty: liberate, libertarian, liberties
USAGE EXAMPLES
A voluntary 24/7 sobriety program passed the Senate last year but stalled in the House, with MADD, civil libertarians and others raising opposition.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hoover Institution senior fellow and prominent libertarian conservative philosopher Thomas Sowell announced his retirement in a final column Tuesday morning.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The 2016 election also saw former Gov. Gary Johnson finish as a distant runner-up in the presidential contest as a Libertarian candidate.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. （思想或行动等的）自由论者; [哲]自由意志论者
adj. 自由的; 自由意志论者的; 自由论者的
分布：行动自由者(40%)，主张个人思想的(20%)，自由意志主义支持者(20%)，自由意志主义支持者的(20%)
→来自liberty,自由。引申词义自由论者。
US [-ɚ'ter.i-] noun countable
■a person who believes that people should be free to think and behave as they want and should not have limits put on them by governments （反对政府控制的）自由主义者，自由派
• Civil libertarians are worried about what they see as government censorship. 民权自由派对政府的审查制度深感不安。
adj. 自由的；自由论者的；持自由论的
 - free, unrestricted

Word: obsess
Front: obsess
[əbˈses] (研托雅宝 15161/33482 -2)
Vocabulary: obsess
(once / 881 pages)
v
If you obsess about something, you constantly think about it, like kids who obsess about their grades so much, they get upset before every test.
Obsess comes from the Latin word obsessus, which means to besiege, the way obsessive thoughts can besiege, or attack, your mind. You can obsess about something, like the tiny spot on your shoes that no one can even see, or be obsessed, or haunted or preoccupied by something. For example, the memory of a big, delicious dinner could obsess a hungry man.
WORD FAMILY
obsess: obsessed, obsesses, obsessing, obsession, obsessive +/ obsession: obsessional, obsessions/obsessional: obsessionally/ obsessive: obsessively, obsessiveness, obsessives, obsessivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Doctors and hospitals here are obsessed with metrics, not least because under the health law, they may be rewarded or penalized based on their performance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I use the grapefruit shower gel, and I’m obsessed with the brown sugar scrub.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Mike is obsessed by exploring the connection between the dramatic and the real,” the director Lance Hammer, a neighbor of Mills’s, said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使着迷; 缠住，迷住; 使困扰
时态：obsessed, obsessing, obsesses
分布：困扰(50%)，着迷(50%)
→ob-,在上，表强调，-sess,坐，词源同sit,assess,session.即坐上去的，用于指传说中鬼神附体或着魔，引申词义痴迷，着迷。
verb intransitive or transitive
■If something or someone obsesses you, or if you obsess about something or someone, you think about them all the time （使）着迷；（使）困扰；（使）牵挂；（使）萦回于心
• The whole relationship obsessed me for years. 这一关系多年来一直困扰着我。
• She used to obsess about her weight. 她过去总是过分在意自己的体重。
vt. 迷住，缠住；使…着迷；使…困扰
 - possess, spell

Word: vigorous
Front: vigorous
[ˈvɪgərəs] (研四六托雅宝 6236/5561 -2)
Vocabulary: vigorous
(once / 194 pages)
adj
Anything vigorous is done with force and energy. Vigorous exercise makes you sweat, and a vigorous denial makes someone else sweat.
Vigorous is a description for something strong or enthusiastic. It comes from the French word vigour, meaning "liveliness, activity." An active, physically energetic person is vigorous, and mental activities can be vigorous too, when they require a lot of mental effort. A vigorous argument doesn’t have to include physical wrestling; it just might involve verbal sparring.
WORD FAMILY
vigorous: vigorously +/ vigor: vigorous, vigors
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 15th major is unlikely but vigorous pursuit would be thrilling.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The medical examiner said that the infant suffered “vigorous and repetitive shaking” and ruled the death a homicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
B.D.N.F. helps neurons to grow and remain vigorous and also strengthens the synapses that connect neurons, allowing the brain to function better.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 有力的; 精力充沛的; 充满活力的; 朝气蓬勃的
分布：有力的(69%)，精力充沛的(29%)，元气旺盛的(2%)
精力旺盛的[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
a.朝气蓬勃的,精力旺盛的The vigorous young plants grew fast.这些茂盛的小植物生长得很快.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
■very forceful or energetic 充满活力的；有力量的；精力旺盛的
• a vigorous debate 激烈的辩论
• There has been vigorous opposition to the proposals for a new road. 修建一条新路的提议遭到了强烈的反对。
• He takes plenty of vigorous exercise. 他做大量的剧烈运动。
■healthy and strong 健壮的；强壮的
• Cutting the bush back in the autumn will help promote vigorous growth in the spring. 秋天将灌木丛剪短有利于它在春天茁壮生长。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。
active: 指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic: 提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous: 指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk: 指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively: 侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。
adj. 有力的；精力充沛的
 - male, live, energetic, mighty

Word: pray
Front: pray
[preɪ] (高研四六 2399/3042 -2)
Vocabulary: pray
(once / 34 pages)
v
To pray is to talk to a deity or god. Some people pray by asking for help or guidance.
Most religious believers pray in one way or another — some pray out loud, thanking God for the things they have. Others pray silently when they're afraid or worried, or in a group of worshipers at a church or temple. You can also pray in a non-religious way, by begging for something: "I pray you'll really listen to my explanation." Pray comes from the Old French preier, "to pray," with its Latin root word, precari, "ask earnestly, beg, or entreat."
WORD FAMILY
pray: prayed, prayer, praying, prays+/ prayer: prayerful, prayers/prayerful: prayerfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
When Graf met Dr. Wrangle for the first time more than a year and a half ago, she asked him if he prayed.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
So what she does here, she says, is “aim at the middle and pray.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think the next step is Anne and I need to pray about it,” Reeves said, referring to his wife of 25 years.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 祈祷，祷告; 请求，恳求; 央求
vi. 祈祷; 请; 恳求
时态：prayed, praying, prays
分布：祈祷(73%)，祈求(19%)，恳求(4%)，请求(4%)
→来自古法语preier,祈祷，祈求，来自拉丁语precari,乞求，要求，恳求，来自prek,要求，恳求，词源同precarious,deprecate,postulate.
v.请求,恳求;祈祷,祈求The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to speak to a god either privately or in a religious ceremony in order to express love, admiration or thanks or in order to ask for something 祷告，祈祷
• She knelt and prayed silently. 她跪下默默祈祷。
• Let us pray for the victims of this terrible disaster. 让我们为这次可怕灾难的受害者祈祷吧。
• [+ that] We've been praying to God that your son will make a complete recovery. 我们一直在祈祷上帝让你的儿子完全康复。
• formal You must pray (= ask for) God's forgiveness for what you have done. 你必须祈求上帝宽恕你的所作所为。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to hope for something very much 强烈地希望；祈望，祈求
• We're praying for good weather for tomorrow's cricket match. 我们祈祷明天的板球比赛有个好天气。
[preɪ] adverb old use or formal
■a forceful way of saying 'please' 请
• Pray tell your sister that I long to see her. 请告诉你姐姐我想见她。
• And where have you been, pray tell ? 请告诉我你去哪了？
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 祈祷；恳求；央求
 - beseech, obsecrate
vi. 祈祷；请；恳求
 - cry on, appeal to sb for sth

Word: capitalisation

Word: identical
Front: identical
[aɪˈdentɪkl] (研四六托雅 3822/3273 -2)
Vocabulary: identical
(once / 480 pages)
adj
When you're looking for exact replicas, don't waste your time on snowflakes or fingerprints; no two are identical, or exactly the same.
Great mind may think alike, but they'll never be identical. Twins, on the other hand, very well may be — if they've come from the same split embryo that is. It makes sense then, that the word identical has linguistic roots in the Latin word idem, meaning "the same."
WORD FAMILY
identical: identically, identicalness+/ identity: identical, identities
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
These opposite poles of life are dressed in identical trappings, and we’re invited to react to them with a single, limited set of coded responses.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
But Allen nearly blocked a kick earlier in the game in identical fashion, off by just six inches, Huff said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 同一的; 完全同样的，相同的; 恒等的; 同卵的
n. 完全相同的事物; 同卵双胞
分布：相同的(89%)，同一的(11%)
→来自拉丁语id,那个，同前，同样，-ent, 形容词后缀。引申词义相同的。
一样的[ident=same(相同)]
a.(to.with)同一的,同样的The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生辨认出了身份证上相同的成语.
US [-tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■exactly the same, or very similar 完全相同的；极为相似的
• I've got three identical blue suits. 我有三套完全相同的蓝色西装。
• The two rooms were virtually identical. 这两个房间几乎一模一样。
• The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap considerably. 双方的利益可能并不完全相同，但的确也有很多重合之处。
• The tests are identical to those carried out last year. 这些测试和去年进行的完全相同。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. [数] 同一的；完全相同的
 - self, same

Word: primarily
Front: primarily
[praɪˈmerəli] (四六 2134/2673 -K2)
Vocabulary: primarily
(once / 610 pages)
adv
Primarily means "for the most part." If in the summer, you primarily work at a restaurant, this is the thing you do most, though you also might hang out with friends, exercise, and read books.
You can use the adverb primarily any time you'd use the word "mainly" — today, many people rely primarily on the Internet to get their news. This doesn't mean they never read newspapers or watch television news, but most of the time, they learn about current events online. The Latin root of primarily is primus, which means first — most important, most likely, or what you choose before anything else.
WORD FAMILY
primary: primaries, primarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arguments against combining medical and dental benefits, whether valid or otherwise, are primarily financial.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There is so much political pressure - primarily from the left - not to get an agreement,” he said in a phone interview.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 首先; 首要地，主要地; 根本上; 本来
分布：主要地(80%)，起初地(20%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■mainly 主要地
• We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down. 我们主要关心的是缩减开支。
• Soccer is primarily a winter game. 英式足球基本上是一项冬季运动。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 首先；主要地，根本上
 - firstly, basically, mainly, mostly, largely

Word: liberate
Front: liberate
[ˈlɪbəreɪt] (高研四六托宝 7492/8543 -3)
Vocabulary: liberate
(once / 391 pages)
1v 2v
To liberate something means to release it from confinement. As the saying goes, "If you love something, set it free," — liberate it.
Liberate is a powerful verb he verb that has been an important part of the history of the United States. In the Revolutionary War we fought to liberate ourselves from Great Britain, and the Civil War was fought in part to liberate the Southern slaves. As recently as the 1920's, women sought to be liberated from second-class citizen status. Even today, there are rebel groups in foreign countries striving to liberate their people who are denied freedom by their governments.
WORD FAMILY
liberate: liberated, liberates, liberating, liberation, liberator +/ liberation: liberations/ liberator: liberators/ libertarian: libertarianism, libertarians/ liberty: liberate, libertarian, liberties
USAGE EXAMPLES
A government campaign to liberate Mosul and surrounding areas in Nineveh province began in mid-October.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“God willing, they will liberate Mosul and I will return and start another restaurant there.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The site, though liberated last month from the extremists, is reduced to rubble, largely unguarded and vulnerable to looters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 解放; 释放; 释出，放出
时态：liberated, liberating, liberates
分布：解放(76%)，放出(20%)，释出(3%)，使获得自由(1%)
→来自liberal,自由的，-ate,动词后缀。
解放,释放(liber+ate→使...自由→解放)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
vt.解放,释放I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
【记】liber自由，使人自由－释放
【反】incarcerate（v 把…关进监狱）；fetter（v 束缚；加脚镣）management（n 管理）unfettered liberty（没有约束的自由）
US [-ɚ.eɪt] verb transitive
■to help someone or something to be free 解放，使自由
• They said they sent troops in to liberate the people/the country from a dictator. 他们称他们向该国派出军队是要把那里的人民／那个国家从独裁者手中解放出来。
■humorous
■to steal something 偷窃，偷盗
• She liberated those spoons from a restaurant last week. 上周她从一家餐厅偷了那些汤匙。
free, liberate, discharge, release
这组词都有“解放，释放”的意思，其区别是：
free: 指不再受任何限制、约束、阻碍和压迫，完全可按自己的意志行事。
liberate: 常指从束缚和压迫中解放出来，强调获得最终的解放，有时可和free换用。
discharge: 强调把某人或某物从监禁、束缚中释放出来。
release: 侧重指放松限制、解除监禁或免除义务。
vt. 解放；放出；释放
 - deliver, issue, emancipate

Word: royalty
Front: royalty
[ˈrɔɪəlti] (研六宝 6908/6037 -2)
Vocabulary: royalty
(once / 553 pages)
1n 2n
Royalty is a good word for describing a family of kings, queens, princes, and princesses. If you are in the music business, you may expect a payment, or royalty every time your song is played. How's that for royal treatment?
The noun royalty means a group of royals, or kings and their extended families. Queen Elizabeth of England is a member of Britain's royalty, for example. You can also use royalty to describe the payment a writer receives whenever her book is sold, or that a musician gets when his song is played in a grocery store. The word comes from the Latin regalis, "regal," which in turn comes from rex, "king."
WORD FAMILY
royalty: royalties
USAGE EXAMPLES
The status of Hollywood royalty was almost automatically conferred upon them.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
They include Hawaiian royalty, Inuit children, Aboriginal diplomats, a Native American missionary and Pocahontas herself.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps now, he agreed, they might excavate the word, slap it on signage and claim, with evidence, that it means something about royalty.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 王族成员; 版税; 王位，王权; 堂皇，庄严
分布：版税(58%)，皇族(21%)，皇家(21%)
→来自 royal,国王的，王室的，-ty,名词后缀。引申词义王室成员，王室享有的权利，后用于指 国君授予个人或团体的特权或权利，再后用于指矿区土地使用费，版权，版税等，且成为主 要词义。
n.皇家,皇族He is dreaming of gaining royalty.他幻想可以赢得王位.
【记】读：肉油ty。又有肉，又有油水－版税
US [-tˌi] noun
RULERS 王室
 IMPROVER uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the people who belong to the family of a king and queen 王室成员；皇族成员
• She believes she's related to royalty. 她认为她和王室有血缘关系。
UK ['rɔɪ.əl.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
PAYMENT 费用
countable usually plural
■a payment made to writers, people who have invented things, owners of property, etc. every time their books, devices, land, etc. are bought or used by others （专利）使用费；（著作的）版税；（土地等的）开采使用费，租用费
n. 皇室； [税收] 版税；王权；专利税
 - crown, majesty

Word: spawn
Front: spawn
[spɔ:n] (托宝 6476/9953 -1)
Vocabulary: spawn
(once / 1736 pages)
nv
Technically, the mass of small eggs laid by animals like fish, frogs, mollusks is called spawn. But the word has been borrowed to mean offspring, or the act of making them in general.
When someone is in league with the devil, a preacher might refer to them as “Satan’s spawn.” Your dad probably find something satanic in the kids next door when he refers to them as the neighbor’s spawn. Bill Gates’ programming project in college spawned Microsoft, a multi-billion dollar industry giant.
WORD FAMILY
spawn: spawned, spawner, spawning, spawns+/spawner: spawners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Decoding a genome now runs between a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, spawning a flurry of potential new applications.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Of the salmon and steelhead that now return to spawn each year, experts say, about 70 to 90 percent originate in hatcheries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （鱼、蛙等）大量产（卵）; 引起，酿成
vt. 大量生产
n. （鱼、蛙等的）子，卵; （裂殖菌类植物的）丝，菌; 产物，结果
时态：spawned, spawning, spawns
分布：卵(40%)，产卵(31%)，产生(12%)，大量生产(5%)，产物(3%)，结果(3%)，造成(3%)，后代(2%)，种菌丝于(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 espaundre,来自古法语 espandre,展开，播洒，产卵，来自拉丁语 expandere, 展开，词源同 expand.引申比喻义引发，导致等。拼写比较 spouse,sponsor.
【记】读：死抱－死死的抱住自己产的卵。
US [spɑ:n] noun
EGGS 卵
uncountable
■the eggs of fish, frogs , etc. （鱼、青蛙等的）卵
⇒ See also frogspawn
UK [spɔ:n] US [spɑ:n] noun
YOUNG 年轻的
countable (plural spawn) literary
■a young animal or child 小动物；小孩
• disapproving She started screaming that I was a spawn of Satan because I was smoking a cigarette. 她开始尖叫着说，我是魔鬼之子，因为我抽烟。
UK [spɔ:n] US [spɑ:n] verb
START 开始
transitive
■to cause something new, or many new things, to grow or start suddenly （使）产生，（使）突然成长
• The new economic freedom has spawned hundreds of new small businesses. 新的经济自由催生了上百家新的小企业。
• Her death spawned countless films and books. 她的去世促成了无数电影和书籍面世。
UK [spɔ:n] US [spɑ:n] verb
EGGS 卵
intransitive
■to produce eggs 产卵
• The frogs haven't spawned yet. 青蛙还未产卵。
n. [动] 卵；菌丝；产物
 - child, creation, fruit
vt. 产卵；酿成，造成；大量生产
 - create, egg laying
vi. 产卵；大量生产
 - oviposit, mass production

Word: teenage
Front: teenage
[ˈti:neɪdʒ] (3868/5330 -2)
Back: adj. 十几岁的; 青少年的
n. 青少年时期
分布：十几岁的(100%)
→来自 teen,青少年，age,时代，年纪。
ADJ
十几岁的;青少年的
Teenage children are aged between thirteen and nineteen years old.
例：Almost one in four teenage girls now smoke.如今，十几岁的女孩几乎 4 个当中就有 1 个抽烟。
ADJ
面向十几岁青少年的;由十几岁青少年完成的
Teenage is used to describe things such as films, magazines, bands, or activities that are aimed at or are done by teenage children.
例：...'Smash Hits', a teenage magazine.青少年杂志《流行金曲》
例：...teenage pregnancies.少女怀孕
adj. 青少年的；十几岁的
 - juvenile
n. 青少年时期
 - youth

Word: boil
Front: boil
[bɔɪl] (高研四托雅 4258/4944 -K3)
Vocabulary: boil
(once / 107 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
If you heat water to 212° Fahrenheit, then expect to see it boil — bubbling as it turns from a liquid to a vapor. It's what a watched pot never seems to do!
If the water is bubbling and roiling, then it's probably boiling. Cooks boil stuff all the time on the stove; geysers and hot springs boil naturally. And if you spill boiled red cabbage on the new white couch, mom's temper might just boil over. So you see boil can be used both literally and figuratively — to depict boiling hot liquids or boiling hot tempers.
WORD FAMILY
boil: boiled, boiler, boiling, boils, overboil+/boiler: boilers/boiling: boilings/overboil: overboiled, overboiling, overboils
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gurley is nearly three weeks removed from the Rams’ 42-14 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, when his frustration boiled to the surface.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“They stab them with a screwdriver, break the back shell off, clean them and then boil the body,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In a small saucepan, combine the vinegar, soy sauce, sugar and chile flakes and bring to a boil over high heat, stirring once or twice.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 煮沸，沸腾; 疔，疖子; [医]疡肿，脓肿
vt. & vi. （使）沸腾，开
vt. 用开水煮，在沸水中煮
vi. 怒火中烧，异常气愤
时态：boiled, boiling, boils
分布：煮沸(42%)，沸腾(39%)，疖(7%)，激动(7%)，翻滚(5%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同ball.
v.(使)沸腾,煮(沸)That makes George's blood boil.那事使乔治热血沸腾.
verb
HEAT LIQUID 热的液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to reach, or cause something to reach, the temperature at which a liquid starts to turn into a gas （使）沸腾，煮沸，烧开（液体）
• Liquid nitrogen boils at a very low temperature. 液态氮在很低的温度下就会达到沸点。
• She scalded herself on some boiling water. 她被开水烫伤了。
• If you give water to a small baby to drink, you have to boil it first. 如果你喂婴儿喝水，必须先把水烧开。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to heat a container, especially one used for cooking, until the liquid in it starts to turn into a gas 煮沸，烧开（尤指做饭用的容器中的水）
• Could you boil the kettle for me? 你能替我烧壶水吗？
• The pan's boiling. 锅烧开了。
■ IMPROVER transitive
■to cook food by putting it in water that is boiling 在沸水中煮，烹煮
• I've boiled some potatoes for dinner. 晚饭我煮了些马铃薯。
• boiled carrots 煮熟的胡萝卜
boil dry
■If a container or food boils dry, all the liquid in the container in which the food was cooking turns to gas. 煮干，烧干
transitive
■to wash clothes in a container of very hot water 在沸水中洗（衣服）
[bɔɪl] verb
BE ANGRY 愤怒
[I usually continuous] informal
■to be extremely angry 暴怒
• He was boiling with rage. 他怒不可遏。
[bɔɪl] verb
can't boil an egg humorous
■Someone who can't boil an egg, is unable to cook even the simplest meal. 连煮个鸡蛋都不会，根本不会做饭
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil away
■When a liquid boils away, it all turns into a gas so that none of it is left in liquid form. （液体）汽化，煮干
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil (sth) down
■to heat a liquid or food so that part of it is turned into gas and its amount is reduced （使）煮浓；（使）熬浓
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil sth down
■to reduce information, usually so that it contains only its most important parts 浓缩，简化
• He had boiled down a lengthy report to just a few paragraphs. 他已将大篇幅的报告浓缩成了只有几段。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil down to sth
■If a situation or problem boils down to something, that is the main reason for it （形势或问题）主要原因在于，归结为
• The problem boils down to one thing - lack of money. 问题归结为一点——缺钱。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil over
PERSON
■If a difficult situation or negative emotion boils over, it cannot be controlled any more and people start to argue or fight. （形势或负面情绪）失去控制，爆发
LIQUID
■If a liquid that is being heated boils over, it rises up and flows over the edge of the pan （液体）沸溢，煮溢
• Take the milk off the heat before it boils over. 趁牛奶还没有煮沸溢出之前把它从火上拿下来。
■If a pan boils over, the liquid in it rises up and flows over the edge （容器）沸溢
• That saucepan is boiling over. 锅里的东西煮得溢出来了。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil up
■If a bad emotion boils up, it becomes very strong and difficult to control （负面情绪）难以控制
• Anger suddenly boiled up in him. 他突然怒火中烧。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil sth up
■to heat up liquid or food in a pan until it boils 烧开，煮沸
• Could you boil some water up for me? 你能为我烧点水吗？
[bɔɪl] noun
SWELLING 肿
countable
■a painful red swelling on the skin, that is filled with pus (= thick yellow liquid) 疖子，脓疮
[bɔɪl] noun
HEAT 加热
only singular
■when you wash or cook something in very hot water 煮；烹煮
the boil
■the state of boiling 沸腾（状态）
• Bring the water to the boil, then add the pasta. 先把水烧开，再加入面团。
• Let the liquid come to the boil and then reduce the heat. 先将液体煮沸，然后关小火。
[bɔɪl] noun
go off the boil UK
■to lose interest or become less urgent 失去兴趣；不再紧迫
• They were really excited about the project, but now they seem to have gone off the boil. 当初他们对这个企划案非常感兴趣，可现在似乎已经热情冷却了。
vi. 煮沸， [声] 沸腾；激动，激昂
 - warm, fire
vt. 煮沸，烧开；使…激动；使…蒸发
 - agitate
n. [声] 沸腾，煮沸；疖子
 - ebullition, gurgitation

Word: tinker
Front: tinker
[ˈtɪŋkə(r)] (宝 11283/14058 -1)
Back: n. 〈英〉小炉匠，补锅匠，修补匠，补锅，修补; 拙劣的工人，粗劣的修补; 〈美〉杂活工人，打杂工 4。吉卜赛人，流浪工人，流浪者; <美>小鲭鱼
vi. 做焊锅匠; 焊补; 胡乱修补; 笨手笨脚地做某事
vt. 粗修; 修补; （尤指不起作用地）修修补补; 小修理
时态：tinkered, tinkering, tinkers
分布：修补(52%)，修补匠(22%)，改进(9%)，调整(7%)，焊锅(4%)，做焊锅匠(4%)，笨拙地修补(2%)
→可能来自拟声词，-er,人。比喻用法。
【记】tin（n 锡；易拉罐），ker：修理易拉罐的人－笨拙的修理
US [-kɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to make small changes to something, especially in an attempt to repair or improve it 修补；改进；摆弄
• He spends every weekend tinkering (about) with his car. 他每个周末都在摆弄他的汽车。
• I wish the government would stop tinkering with the health service. 我希望政府不要再在公共医疗卫生服务上折腾了。
Compare fiddle
UK ['tɪŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun
TRAVELLER 旅行者
countable
■especially in the past, a person who travelled from place to place, repairing pans or other metal containers （尤指过去游走四方的）补锅匠
UK ['tɪŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun
CHILD 孩子
countable UK old-fashioned informal
■a child who behaves badly 小淘气
• [as form of address] You tinker, Nicky, you shouldn't have done that. 尼基，你这个小淘气，你不该那么做。
• Don't be such a tinker. 别这么淘气。
UK ['tɪŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun
CHANGES 改变
only singular UK
■when you make small changes to something （对…作的）修补，改进
• I'll just have a tinker with the television and see if I can get it to work. 我就摆弄一下电视，看能不能修好。
UK ['tɪŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun
not give a tinker's cuss UK and Australian English (US not give a tinker's damn) old-fashioned informal
■to not be interested in or worried about something or someone 毫不在乎
• I couldn't give a tinker's damn about what they think. 我根本不在乎他们怎么想。
vi. 做焊锅匠；焊补；笨手笨脚地做事
 - weld up, burn on
vt. 修补；粗修
 - piece up, patch up

Word: tyre
Front: tyre
['taɪə(r)] (高四六雅 -/4491 -K2)
Back: n. 轮胎
分布：轮胎(99%)，现属黎巴嫩).(1%)
→来自 tire 拼写变体。
US [taɪr] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a thick rubber ring, often filled with air, which is fitted around the outer edge of the wheel of a vehicle, allowing the vehicle to stick to the road surface and to travel over the ground more easily 轮胎
• I've got a flat tyre (= the air has gone out of it). 我的车胎没气了。
• He was driving along the motorway when his tyre burst. 他正在高速公路行驶时，突然爆胎了。
• I keep a spare tyre in the back of the car. 我的车后有个备用轮胎。
n. [橡胶] 轮胎；轮箍
 - tire

Word: absurd
Front: absurd
[əbˈsɜ:d] (高研六托雅宝 5901/5676 -2)
Vocabulary: absurd
(once / 167 pages)
adjn
Something absurd is really silly, absolutely ridiculous, or total nonsense. Thinking you can wear flip flops and a bikini to the North Pole is an absurd idea, for example.
If you run into someone dressed in an absurd outfit or watch a movie full of absurd jokes, you'll probably have a good laugh. But find yourself dealing with the absurd; you'll likely be stuck in a depressing existential crisis. The absurd describes a state of being where human life has no purpose and everything is completely irrational.
WORD FAMILY
absurd: absurder, absurdest, absurdity, absurdly, absurdness+/ absurdity: absurdities
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s absurd how many cars and trucks are driving with only one functioning headlight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This was my subway stop, and the fact that they were turning it into 42nd Street seemed absurd,” Mr. Lethem recalled.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sure, the previous sentence looks absurd when read in isolation, because that’s quite a list of occurrences.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 荒谬的; 荒唐的; 无理性的，杂乱无章的; 荒诞主义的，荒诞的
n. 无价值，无意义
分布：荒唐(45%)，可笑的(26%)，荒唐的(21%)，不合理的(8%)
→前缀ab-,此处用于强调义。词根sur, 模糊不清的说话，拟声词，见susurration,沙沙声，杂音。此处词义由杂音扩大为听不清，听不懂，荒谬。
a.荒谬的,荒诞的,荒唐可笑的;不合理的It is absurd to argue about this.争论这个问题是不合情理的.
US [-'sɝ:d] adjective
 ADVANCED
■stupid or unreasonable; silly in a humorous way 荒谬的，荒唐的；愚蠢的；可笑的
• What an absurd thing to say! 这话多荒唐啊！
• Don't be so absurd! Of course I want you to come. 别说傻话了！我当然想让你来。
• It's an absurd situation - neither of them will talk to the other. 这情形真是让人哭笑不得——他们谁也不愿意理谁。
• Do I look absurd in this hat? 我戴这顶帽子是不是很滑稽？
the absurd
 ADVANCED
■things that happen that are stupid or unreasonable 荒诞（的事物）；悖理
• The whole situation borders on the absurd. 整个局面几乎到了荒诞不经的地步。
• She has a keen sense of the absurd. 她对荒诞事物有敏锐的识别能力。
absurd, ridiclous
这两个形容词均含有“荒谬的”之意
absurd: 普通用词，强调指违背常理的荒谬。
ridiclous: 强调荒谬到令人发笑的地步。
ridiculous, silly, absurd
这组词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思，其区别是：
ridiculous: a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
 • It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.   仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly: a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
 • a silly little boy   傻小子
absurd: a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
 • There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.   过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
adj. 荒谬的；可笑的
 - ridiculous, preposterous

Word: warehouse
Front: warehouse
[ˈweəhaʊs] (高研六托雅宝 4922/4490 -2)
Vocabulary: warehouse
(once / 841 pages)
nv
A warehouse is a place where a company stores things they are going to sell. If you order a book online, it is almost certainly shipped from a warehouse to your house.
When a business has to store a lot of items, they often use a warehouse, or a large building, to keep them safe and organized until they're sold or made into a finished product. You can use the word warehouse as a verb, too: "I need to warehouse all these roller skates, because they're not selling as fast as I'd hoped." Warehouse combines ware, or "manufactured goods," and house. In other words, it's a place to house your wares.
WORD FAMILY
warehouse: warehoused, warehouser, warehouses, warehousing+/warehouser: warehousers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
King Spa opened here in 2003 in a converted warehouse and office building.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bridge's two towers were built of Cornish granite and originally designed as five-storey warehouses.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 仓库，货栈; 批发商店; 福利库
vt. 把…放入或存入仓库; 把…存入保税仓库; 不良安置
时态：warehoused, warehousing, warehouses
分布：仓库(99%)，存入仓库(1%)
→ware,物品，house,屋子。即仓库。
n.仓库,货栈The warehouse is infested with rats.这个仓库里老鼠横行.
US ['wer-] UK (US storehouse)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large building for storing things before they are sold, used or sent out to shops, or a large shop selling a large number of a particular product at a cheap rate 货仓，仓库批发店；大型零售商店
• The goods have been sitting in a warehouse for months because a strike has prevented distribution. 因为罢工无法发货，货物已经堆在仓库里好几个月了。
• We bought both sofas from a big furniture warehouse that's just off the motorway. 这两张沙发都是我们在高速公路旁的一家大型家俱店里买的。
n. [建] [经] 仓库； [贸易] 货栈；大商店
 - stockroom, godown

Word: veil
Front: veil
[veɪl] (研四六托雅宝 7300/7969 -1)
Vocabulary: veil
(once / 152 pages)
nv
A veil is a cloth covering the head and face, mostly worn by women. Wedding veils are drawn back when the groom hears, "Now you may kiss the bride." (Or else the groom gets a gauzy mouthful.)
This is a technical term for part of an embryo or mushroom, but it’s usually a covering for the head and face. Priests wear veils during certain Catholic ceremonies, and a grieving widow might wear a veil at her husband's funeral. To veil also means to conceal something. You could veil your attempt to steal some cookies by turning the TV up loud as a distraction. When something — like a lie — is "thinly veiled," people can see right through it.
WORD FAMILY
veil: unveil, veiled, veiling, veils+/ unveil: unveiled, unveiling, unveils/unveiling: unveilings/veiling: veilings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The cocktail hat was characterized by a small silhouette, feathers, a veil and sparkles.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The show also contains 11 of Stout’s graphite drawings, whose finely textured images range through the gray spectrum and seem almost veiled.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Flashbacks whisper and boom, taunt and explain, push away veils and illuminate fissures.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 面纱; 掩饰; 覆盖物; 托词
vt. 用面纱遮盖; 掩饰; 用帷幕分隔; 隐匿
时态：veiled, veiling, veils
分布：面纱(83%)，面罩(6%)，戴面纱(6%)，遮蔽(4%)，掩饰物(1%)
→来自拉丁语velum,帘布，帆，引申词义面纱。
面纱,借口[veil=cover,表示"盖上"]
n.面纱,遮蔽物v.用面纱掩盖,掩饰I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
【参】inveigle（v 诱骗），in，veigl＝veil，e：戴着面纱用来诱骗。
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of thin material worn by women to cover the face or head 面纱；面罩
• After the ceremony, the bride lifted up her veil to kiss her husband. 仪式过后，新娘撩起面纱亲吻她的丈夫。
• The women wore black veils which covered all but their eyes. 那些女人戴着黑色面纱，把除眼睛之外的所有地方都遮住了。
take the veil
■A Christian woman who takes the veil becomes a nun. 成为修女
take/adopt the veil
■A Muslim woman who takes or adopts the veil decides to wear traditional Muslim clothing. 决定穿戴穆斯林女性的传统服装
[veɪl] noun
UNCLEAR 不清楚
only singular literary
■a thin covering of something, which you can see through, but not very clearly 遮蔽物；笼罩物
• The view over the lake was obscured by a veil of mist that hung in the air. 薄雾笼罩下，湖面上的景色看上去模模糊糊的。
only singular literary
■something that prevents you from knowing what is happening 掩饰，掩盖；托词
• The government has been urged to lift the veil of secrecy surrounding the minister's unexpected resignation. 民众已在极力要求政府将部长突然辞职的真相公之于众。
draw a veil over sth literary
■to not talk any more about a subject because it could cause trouble or embarrassment 避而不谈…
• I think we should draw a veil over everything that happened at the party, don't you? 我觉得我们不应再提派对上发生的任何事，不是吗？
[veɪl] verb
MATERIAL 材料
transitive often passive
■to cover something, especially the face or body, with a veil 用幕遮掩；（尤指）用面纱遮住
• In some societies, women are expected to be veiled when they go out in public. 在某些社会里，女性去公共场合就得戴上面纱。
[veɪl] verb
HIDE 遮盖
transitive
■to hide or cover something so that you cannot see it clearly 遮盖；隐藏；笼罩
• Thick fog veiled the city. 浓雾笼罩着城市。
n. 面纱； [服装] 面罩；遮蔽物；托词
 - yashmak, facemask
vt. 遮蔽；掩饰；以面纱遮掩；用帷幕分隔
 - shadow, shield, curtain

Word: significance
Front: significance
[sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns] (高研四六托 2937/1922 -2)
Vocabulary: significance
(once / 318 pages)
n
Significance means having the quality of being "significant" — meaningful, important. It also refers to the meaning of something. A certain date might have significance because it's your birthday or the anniversary of Princess Di's wedding.
Significance starts with the word sign for a reason. An item's significance is a sign of its importance. The significance of something can be implicit or explicit — meaning it can be clear or only known with a deeper understanding of the situation. Your perfect score on the Calculus exam might have added significance for people who know that you never even opened your textbook to study.
WORD FAMILY
significance: significances+/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/ signature: signatures/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly /signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
After the game, Huskies coach Chris Petersen addressed the turnovers his team committed and failed to create and acknowledged their significance.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
What is the moral significance, if any, of national borders?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Instead, she agreed to pick a favorite piece from the show and discuss its significance to her by email.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 意义; 意思; 重要性
分布：意义(89%)，重要性(11%)
→来自 significant,重要的，-ance,名词后缀。引申词义重要性。
重要;意义(sign+ific带有+ance→带有信号→[有]意义)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
n.意义,含义;重要性,重要的Money holds no significance for him.金钱对他不重要.
noun uncountable
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 IMPROVER
■importance 重要性，重要意义
• The discovery of the new drug is of great significance for/to people suffering from heart problems. 这种新药的发现对心脏病患者来说具有重要意义。
[sɪg'nɪf.ɪ.kənts] noun uncountable
SPECIAL MEANING 特别意义
■special meaning 特别意义，特殊含意
• Do you think that look he gave you had any significance? 你觉得他看你的那一眼有甚么特殊含意吗？
significance, dominance, eminence
significance: 重要性，意义，显著性
dominance: 主导，统治
eminence: 显赫，名望
n. 意义；重要性；意思
 - meaning, stress, weight, consequence

Word: bible
Front: bible
['baɪb(ə)l] (研四雅 2742/3430 -2)
Back: n. 圣经; 有权威的书
分布：圣经(100%)
→词源同paper, 纸，书。
圣经[biblio=book,表示"书"]
n.圣经The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
noun countable or only singular
 IMPROVER (usually Bible) (also Holy Bible)
■(a copy of) the holy book of the Christian religion consisting of the Old and New Testaments, or the holy book of the Jewish religion consisting of the Law, the Prophets and the Writings 基督教《圣经》（包括《旧约》和《新约》）；犹太教《圣经》（包括《律法书》、《先知书》以及《圣录》）
• In the Bible it says that Adam and Eve were the first human beings. 《圣经》中写道，亚当和夏娃是人类的祖先。
• Her parents gave her a bible when she was a young child. 当她还是小孩时，她父母就给了她一本《圣经》。
• Bible -reading classes are held in the church hall every Thursday evening. 读经班每周四晚上在教堂大厅上课。
■a book, magazine, etc. which gives important advice and information about a particular subject 权威著作
• Vogue magazine quickly became the bible of fashionable women. 《时尚》杂志很快就成了时尚女性的必读宝典。

Word: invitation
Front: invitation
[ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn] (高研四六 4072/3177 -K3)
Vocabulary: invitation
(once / 199 pages)
n
An invitation is a request, a solicitation, or an attempt to get another person to join you at a specific event. You need an invitation to go to the Academy Awards, even if you're George Clooney.
When you ask people to attend a party, visit your beach house, or witness your marriage, you invite them — using the verb — and you've given them an invitation. An invitation can be delivered as a verbal request, a beautifully engraved card, or even puffs of smoke behind an airplane. If you give invitations to two hundred of your closest friends to attend your Mardi Gras party, you’d better make a lot of jambalaya.
WORD FAMILY
invitation: invitational, invitations+/ invite: invitation, invitatory, invited, invitee, invites, inviting /invited: uninvited/invitee: invitees/ inviting: invitingly, uninviting/uninvited: uninvitedly/uninviting: uninvitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Singer Rebecca Ferguson says she will accept Donald Trump’s invitation to sing at his inauguration under one condition: she wants to sing “Strange Fruit.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
I'm not a believer, and was not brought up religious in any way, but I followed her invitation.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
She capitalized with a best-selling book, movie roles and an invitation to host “Saturday Night Live.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 招待，邀请; 请柬，请帖; 引诱，吸引，诱惑
分布：邀请(93%)，邀请函(5%)，招待(2%)
→来自invite,邀请，招致。
n.邀请,招待;请柬Naturally, she accepted the invitation to the party.她当然接受了参加宴会的邀请.
noun countable or uncountable
ASK TO AN EVENT 邀请
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone is asked to go to an event 邀请，约请
• Thanks for the invitation to your birthday party. 谢谢你邀请我参加你的生日聚会。
• I'm happy to accept your invitation. 我很高兴接受你们的邀请。
• The first day of the exhibition will be by invitation (only) (= only those who have been invited can come). 展览会的第一天只有持请柬者可以入场。
[ˌɪn.vɪ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
ENCOURAGEMENT 鼓励
■an action which causes or encourages something to happen 引起，招致
• Leaving your house unlocked is an open (= clear) invitation to burglars. 你不锁房子的门无异于开门揖盗。
[ˌɪn.vɪ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
FORMAL REQUEST 正式请求
■when someone is formally requested to do something （尤指正式地）征求，请求
• [+ to infinitive] This is a once in a lifetime invitation to invest in your dream home in the sun. 这是一个千载难逢的机会，购买即可拥有你阳光普照的梦想之屋。
n. 邀请；引诱
 - calling, temptation

Word: grapple
Front: grapple
[ˈgræpl] (8354/11170 -1)
Vocabulary: grapple
(once / 1043 pages)
1vn 2n
When you wrestle with something — literally or figuratively — you grapple with it, or try to overcome it.
If you trace the word grapple back to its French roots, you’ll discover that the word originally referred to "a grape hook," a pronged tool used to harvest grapes. If you think about how awkward it would be to harvest grapes, with the individual grapes ready to scatter everywhere, it makes sense that grapple eventually evolved to include a verb form used to describe struggling with something unruly. You might grapple with a budget shortfall, grapple for answers, grapple with a wrestling opponent, or grapple with a new technology.
WORD FAMILY
grapple: grappled, grappler, grapples, grappling+/grappler: grapplers/grappling: grapplings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Progressive parties need to grapple with four main issues.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In a stuffy second-floor squad room, the detectives of the 40th Precinct grapple with an inheritance of government neglect.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Here, seven that offer everything from brisk efficiency tips to profound discussions that will help you grapple with life’s bigger questions.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 抓住，捉牢; 搏斗; 与…格斗; 用铁锚（铁钩）钩住
vi. 抓住; 格斗
n. 扭打，格斗; 紧握; 抓机，抓斗; 与…格斗
时态：grappled, grappling, grapples
分布：抓住(48%)，搏斗(26%)，扭打(19%)，抓钩(7%)
→词源同grab, grasp. 由抓住引申义扭打，搏斗。
verb intransitive
■to fight, especially in order to win something （尤指为了得到某物而）扭打，搏斗
• The children grappled for the ball. 孩子们为了争球打成一团。
['græp.l] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  grapple with sb
■to hold onto someone and fight with them 与（某人）扭打
• Two officers grappled with the gunman. 两名警官与一名持枪歹徒扭打在一起。
['græp.l] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  grapple with sth
■to try to deal with or understand a difficult problem or subject 尽力解决；设法对付；尽量克服
• Today, many Americans are still grappling with the issue of race. 今天，仍有许多美国人还没有克服种族歧视的观念。
vi. 抓住；格斗；抓斗机
 - take hold, clutch at
vt. 抓住；与…格斗
 - grasp, noble, collar
n. 抓住；格斗
 - grasp, melee

Word: elusive
Front: elusive
[iˈlu:sɪv] (托宝 6930/7605 -1)
Vocabulary: elusive
(once / 1593 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Things that are elusive are hard to find, pin down, or remember. They slip right out of your grasp.
Ever try to catch a mouse? It's not easy, because mice are quick and elusive — they're tough to catch. Rabbits are speedy, so they're elusive too. Also, things that are tough to understand or describe are elusive — like the concepts of love and beauty. If you had an idea and then forgot it, the idea is elusive: it slipped away. Anything you can't get hold of, with your hands or with your brain, is elusive.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
elusive / illusive
An elusive fairy is one you can't catch, but an illusive one was never really there at all. It was just an illusion!
Anything elusive is hard to get a hold of. It eludes you. Existentialism, love, and small rodents are among things people find elusive. If you can't understand what "nothingness" is, find that special someone, or catch the little mouse who eats your cake at night, then those things are elusive. Some examples:
Predicting extreme events any further than 10 days in advance has long been an elusive goal for meteorologists. (Scientific American)
He proved an elusive foe for law enforcement. (Reuters)
Something illusive, on the other hand, is not real, even if it seems to be. The word illusive is used mostly in literature, where we find our favorite illusions. If flickering candlelight is casting scary shadows on the wall, don't worry, those are illusive villains. They aren't really there. Check out some examples from literature:
Then he knew it was an illusion of his eyes, straining suddenly in that illusive light. (Charles George Douglas Roberts)
But though all my rural visions had proved illusive, there were some very substantial realities. (Harriet Beecher Stowe)
Although both words can apply to things you don't have, don't let the difference be elusive! You can't quite catch something elusive, but illusive things are just illusions. The word illusive is less common. It likes to hang around the library, where it can be easily caught.
WORD FAMILY
elusive: elusively, elusiveness+/ elude: eluded, eludes, eluding, elusion, elusive / elusion: elusions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is what creates the red patches and silvery scales of psoriasis, and it also explains why “cures” are elusive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Russian companies newly sanctioned by the U.S. also suggest an elusive link.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Murray’s focus now turns to the Qatar Open in Doha as he builds towards his push for an elusive first Australian Open title next month.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 难以捉摸的; 不易记住的; 逃避的; 难以找到的
分布：难懂的(40%)，逃避的(25%)，难捉摸的(21%)，难找的(14%)
→来自elude, 逃避。
难懂的,难捉摸的(e出+lus+ive→把人玩出去→让人难懂的)[lud,lus=play,表示"玩,戏剧"]
adjective
■difficult to describe, find, achieve or remember 难以描述（或找到、达到、记起）的；困难的；难懂的
• The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever. 这些问题的答案仍然是不得而知。
• Success, however, remained elusive for her. 但是对她来说，成功仍然不可企及。
• elusive memories 模糊的记忆
adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸的
 - complicated, abstruse

Word: fame
Front: fame
[feɪm] (研四六托雅 4593/5040 -K2)
Vocabulary: fame
(once / 56 pages)
n
Fame is what you have if you're a celebrity: a lot of people know who you are. A musician's fame might mean she wears sunglasses and a baseball cap to disguise herself when she's in public.
Movie stars, rock stars, well-known public figures — these are all people who have achieved some amount of fame. You may have a kind of fame in a much smaller sphere: "She won every spelling bee in the state, which gave her some fame at her school." Fame is an Old French word that means "reputation or renown," from the Latin fama, "rumor, reputation, or renown," and also "ill-fame" or "scandal."
WORD FAMILY
fame: defame, fames, famous +/ defamation: defamations/ defame: defamation, defamatory, defamed, defamer, defames, defaming/defamer: defamers/ famous: famouser, famousest, famously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roger Clemens fails to get votes necessary for Baseball Hall of Fame, hurls bat shard at Mike Piazza’s plaque in Cooperstown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2007, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Conrad, 30, rose to fame in the reality TV show Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and subsequently got her own spinoff show, The Hills.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 名声; 名望; 传闻; 传说
vt. 使闻名; 使出名; 使有名望; <古>盛传
分布：名声(67%)，名望(29%)，使出名(4%)
→来自bha, 说，告知，词源同phone, fable.引申为众人皆知的，有名声。
n.名声;名望;传说vt使出名;传扬...的名The writer's fame spread all over the country.这位作家名震全国.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you are known or recognized by many people because of your achievements, skills, etc 名声，名气；声誉；名望
• She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16. 她16岁时便作为歌手一举成名。
• She moved to London in search of fame and fortune. 她为了追逐名利移居伦敦。
• The town's fame rests on its beautiful 14th-century abbey. 这个镇因其建于14世纪的美丽修道院而闻名。
fame, honor, reputation
这些词都可表名声。
fame: 是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor: 荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation: 名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 名声，名望；传闻，传说
 - tradition, celebrity, tale

Word: ceo

Word: warsaw
Front: warsaw
[ˈwɔ:sɔ:] (-/8260)
Back: n. <美>黑石斑鱼（产于西印度洋和美国佛罗里达州的暖水海洋中）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: consecutive
Front: consecutive
[kənˈsekjətɪv] (研六托雅 4845/7149 -2)
Vocabulary: consecutive
(once / 744 pages)
adjadv
If things are consecutive, they happen one after the other with no break. If there are five consecutive snowstorms on five consecutive days, you'll have to shovel your way out on day six.
Consecutive comes from the Latin consecutus, meaning "following closely" with no gap. Just like those snowstorms — one storm happened each day, back to back, for five days in a row. Consecutive numbers also follow each other, or advance in the right order. For example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are consecutive numbers. You should number the pages on a term paper to keep them consecutive so the teacher doesn't get confused.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
concurrent / consecutive
Bad guys don't like these words because they often describe jail terms: concurrent means at the same time, and consecutive means one after the other in a series. Con artists would rather serve concurrent terms and get them over with, instead of consecutive ones.
Concurrent events happen at the same time, like when thieves make a plan to rob two houses at midnight. Here are some examples from the Times. Don't try to read them all at once:
Most patients ultimately require at least two concurrent treatments to achieve remission of their depression, he said. (New York Times)
A second Esquire promotion, meanwhile, is concurrent with its Brooklyn Decker effort, with both running through Feb. 28. (New York Times)
He was given 20 concurrent life sentences, and has been held for nearly 30 years in the Broadmoor high-security psychiatric hospital west of London. (New York Times)
The adjective consecutive, on the other hand, means one after the other, like little ducks all in a row. Thieves go from one house to the next on down the block if they're robbing consecutive houses. Sports fans like the word consecutive, especially when their team is winning. Here are some consecutive examples, read them one at a time:
Harvard also won its 19th consecutive game at home. (Seattle Times)
Each team will have to play on three consecutive nights at least once. (Seattle Times)
South Korea's factory activity shrank for a fourth consecutive month. (Reuters)
If the robbers served time consecutively, they'd serve first two months for robbing houses, and then another two months for stealing a car. If they served time concurrently, they'd be out in just two months. Woohoo!
WORD FAMILY
consecutive: consecutively, consecutives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bucks: Starting G Matthew Dellavedova missed his third consecutive game with a strained right hamstring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also recently finished a career as the United States men’s national team coach, winning three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Netanyahu, the leader of the conservative Likud Party, is serving his third consecutive term in office, and his fourth overall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 连续的，连贯的; [语]表示结果的
分布：连续的(79%)，连贯的(21%)
→con-, 强调。-sec, 连接，连续，词源同sequence, persecute.
连贯的,连续的(con全部+secu+tive→一个接一个跟随)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
a.连续的;连贯的;顺序的The streets of New York are numbered in consecutive order.纽约的街是按序编号的.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes events, numbers, etc. that follow one after another without an interruption 连续的，连贯的，无间断的
• This is the fifth consecutive weekend that I've spent working, and I'm a bit fed up with it. 这是我连续第五个周末加班，我有点厌倦了。
consecutive, successive
consecutive: 按顺序来的，连续不断的
successive: 一连串的
adj. 连贯的；连续不断的
 - connected, coherent

Word: pending
Front: pending
[ˈpendɪŋ] (托宝 6809/8086 -2)
Vocabulary: pending
(once / 950 pages)
adj
If something is supposed to happen but hasn’t happened yet, it is pending, like the pending snowstorm that has everyone scrambling to the store for bread and milk.
The word pending comes from the French pendant, meaning “hanging.” If someone leaves you hanging, you are waiting for a call, a message, a visit — whatever the thing is that's supposed to happen. Pending is a good word to use when something has to happen before something else — like if you are learning to drive, maybe you'll have a car of your own soon, pending your success at passing the test.
WORD FAMILY
pending
USAGE EXAMPLES
Turkish immigration authorities informed the Brunsons that they would be detained pending deportation from the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
McDonald, a pending free agent, said “the attitude around here” needs to be more about winning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Anderson and Ervin were being held Monday without bail pending an initial court appearance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 直到，在等待…期间
adj. 未决的; 未定的; 待定的; 即将发生的
分布：直到(52%)，待定的(30%)，即将发生或来临的(6%)，等待 ... 的时候(6%)，在 ... 期间(6%)
→来自拉丁语pendere,悬挂，词源同pendulum.引申词义悬而未决的，待定的。
悬而未决的(pend+ing)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
【记】pend挂，ing－挂着的状态－悬而未决的
adjective
■about to happen or waiting to happen 即将发生的；待定的，待决的
• There were whispers that a deal was pending. 有传言说即将达成一笔交易。
• The pending releases of the prisoners are meant to create a climate for negotiation. 囚犯即将获释，此目的是要营造一个有利谈判的氛围。
['pen.dɪŋ] preposition formal
■used to say that one thing must wait until another thing happens 等到…之后；直到…时为止
• The identity of the four people was not made public, pending (the) notification of relatives. 四名受害者的身分要等到家属确认之后才能公开。
• Flights were suspended pending (an) investigation of the crash. 坠机事故正待调查，航班暂时取消。
adj. 未决定的；行将发生的
 - unsettled, undecided
prep. 在…期间；直到…时为止；在等待…之际
 - in the course of, during the course of

Word: conversion
Front: conversion
[kənˈvɜ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 4664/3129 -2)
Vocabulary: conversion
(once / 491 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Something that is transformed from one state or form to another has had a conversion. The twentieth century saw the conversion from outhouses to indoor plumbing. You may oversee the conversion of your attic into an extra bedroom.
The noun conversion can be used to describe some very specific transformations. If you exchange euros for dollars, you have made a monetary conversion. If your Canadian friend tells you, "It was warm today! It got up to 28!" and you figure out that 28 degrees in Celsius is the same as 82 degrees in Fahrenheit, then you have made a mathematical conversion. If you change your religion, you've had a religious conversion.
WORD FAMILY
conversion: conversions+/ convert: conversion, converted, converter, convertible, converting, convertor, converts, reconvert/converted: unconverted/converter: converters/ convertible: convertibility, convertibles, convertibly, inconvertible, unconvertible/convertor: convertors/inconvertible: inconvertibility/reconvert: reconverted, reconverting, reconverts/unconvertible: unconvertibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The team added to its total in the second half—a touchdown and a two-point conversion.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At this year’s Republican National Convention, Perkins pushed to include language supporting conversion therapy in the official party platform.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Louisville was 0 for 13 on third-down conversions well into the fourth quarter before converting its first.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 变换，转变; 改装物; 财产转换，兑换; [逻] 换位（法）
分布：转变(58%)，换算(42%)
→con-, 强调。-verse, 转，词源同introvert, versus.指转换的，转变的。
转化;(宗教的)改变[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.转变,转换;信仰的改变;In this version, some conversions are made to the verbs and adverbs in the conversation.该版本中,会话中的动词和副词作了一些转换.
US [-'vɝ:-] noun
CHANGE 转变
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone or something is converted from one thing to another 改变，转变；转化
• Her conversion to Buddhism/Islam was a very gradual process. 她对佛教／伊斯兰教的皈依是一个渐进的过程。
• He used to be very right-wing, but he's undergone something of a conversion recently. 他过去是个极右翼分子，但最近有些转变。
• Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity. 太阳能动力是将太阳能转化为热和电。
countable
■a place for living in that has been changed from its previous use 改建的房屋
• a barn/factory conversion 谷仓／厂房改建的房屋
UK [kən'vɜ:.ʃən/ UK [-ʒən] US [-'vɝ:-] noun
RUGBY 橄榄球
countable
■in rugby, an attempt to score more points after a try by kicking the ball over the bar and between the two posts （橄榄球中触地得分后的）附加得分
n. 转换；变换； [金融] 兑换；改变信仰
 - transformation, reforming, switching, exchange, changing

Word: timetable
Front: timetable
[ˈtaɪmteɪbl] (高四六雅 8819/4536 -K2)
Back: n. 交通工具的运行时间表，时刻表; 计划; 课程表; 进度
vi. 为…安排时间
分布：时间表(78%)，时刻表(16%)，课程表(6%)
UK (US schedule)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a list of the times when events are planned to happen, especially the times when buses, trains and planes leave and arrive （尤指公共汽车、火车和飞机的）起讫时刻表；时间表
• Do you have a Birmingham to London train timetable that I could borrow? 你有从伯明罕到伦敦的列车时间表借我一用吗？
• The timetable for our trip to Paris includes visits to Notre Dame, the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre. 我们巴黎之行的时间表上包括参观巴黎圣母院、埃菲尔铁塔和罗浮宫。
• Here is the timetable of events for the day. 这是一天的排程表。
• I've got a very busy timetable next week (= I have a lot of activities planned). 下周我的时间表排得满满的。
 ADVANCED
■a list of the times when classes in school happen （学校的）课程表
• The first lesson on the timetable for Monday morning is history. 课程表上周一上午的第一节课是历史。
['taɪmˌteɪ.bl] UK (US schedule)
verb transitive usually passive
■to plan when something is going to happen 为…安排时间
• [+ to infinitive] We are timetabled to go to the British Museum on Thursday and the Tower of London on Friday. 根据时间表的安排，我们周四去大英博物馆，周五去伦敦塔。
• The lecture is timetabled for 5.00 p.m. 根据时间表的安排，讲座在下午五点开始。
n. [交] 时间表； [铁路] 时刻表；课程表
 - kalendar, milestones

Word: fool
Front: fool
[fu:l] (高研四 4030/3660 -3)
Vocabulary: fool
(once / 52 pages)
1nv 2v
In the Middle Ages, a fool was a clown or jester. Today fools are simply idiots who clown around.
The original fools were clowns hired by the king for entertainment. They were actually witty and smart, but today's fools are not. When you call someone a fool, you either mean he's gullible or just a run-of-the-mill idiot. To fool also means to play a trick or hoax on someone, and fooling around is carelessly spending time on something silly. If someone doesn't believe something you said, you might defend yourself by saying, "I'm not fooling!"
WORD FAMILY
fool: fooled, foolery, fooling, foolish, fools+/foolery: fooleries/ foolish: foolisher, foolishest, foolishly, foolishness/foolishness: foolishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It also prompted suspicions that David might be playing Goliath for a fool.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2013, Company of Fools merged with the Sun Valley Center for the Arts, creating the largest arts organization in Idaho.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 愚人，傻瓜; 受骗者; 有癖好的人; 受愚弄的人
vt. 愚弄，欺骗; 浪费，虚度; 闹笑话; 游手好闲
vi. 开玩笑; 欺骗; 戏弄
adj. 愚蠢的; 傻的
时态：fooled, fooling, fools
分布：傻瓜(51%)，愚弄(20%)，欺骗(18%)，开玩笑(4%)，小丑(3%)，玩弄(2%)，鬼混(1%)，干蠢事(1%)
→来自拉丁语follis, 风箱，皮袋，词源同bellows. 特指铁匠的鼓风袋，后来词义引申为夸夸其谈的人，笨蛋，傻瓜，等。
n.傻子,笨蛋vt.欺骗,愚弄vi.干蠢事You can't fool me!I don't believe you.你骗不了我!我不相信你.
noun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED countable
■a person who behaves in a silly way without thinking 傻瓜，笨蛋，蠢人
• [as form of address] You fool, you've missed your chance! 你这个傻瓜，你错过机会了！
• He's a fool if he thinks she still loves him. 如果他以为她还爱着自己，那他就是个傻瓜。
• [+ to infinitive] He's a fool to think she still loves him. 他以为她还爱着自己，真是个傻瓜。
• He's fool enough to think she still loves him. 他可够蠢的，以为她还爱着自己。
• My fool of a (= silly) husband has gone out and taken my keys! 我的笨蛋老公出门时拿了我的锁匙！
countable
■in the past, a person who was employed in the court of a king or queen to make them laugh by telling jokes and doing funny things （旧时宫廷里的）弄臣，小丑
act/play the fool
■to behave in a silly way, often intentionally to make people laugh （常指为逗人笑）装疯卖傻，干蠢事，扮丑角
• Stop acting the fool, I'm trying to talk to you. 别再装疯卖傻了，我有话要跟你说。
any fool
■anyone 任何人
• Any fool could tell that she was joking. 谁都看得出她是在开玩笑。
make a fool of sb
■to trick someone or make them appear stupid in some way 愚弄（某人），令（某人）出洋相
make a fool of yourself
 ADVANCED
■to do something that makes other people think you are silly or not to be respected 出丑，出洋相
• I got a bit drunk and made a fool of myself. 我有点喝醉了，出了洋相。
more fool sb mainly UK
■said to mean that you think someone is being unwise （某人）蠢极了，犯傻
• "I lent Rhoda $100 and she hasn't paid me back." "More fool you - you know what she's like!" “我借了100美元给罗达，她到现在还没还我。”“你真傻——你知道她是个甚么样的人！”
be no fool (also be nobody's fool)
■to not be stupid or easily deceived 一点都不傻，不易受人愚弄（或欺骗）
• I notice Ed didn't offer to pay for her - he's no fool. 我发现埃德并没有提出要替她结账——他可一点都不傻。
[fu:l] noun
SWEET DISH 甜品
countable or uncountable
■a sweet soft food made of crushed fruit, cream and sugar 鲜奶油果泥
• gooseberry fool 鲜奶油醋栗
[fu:l] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to trick someone 愚弄（某人），欺骗（某人）
• Don't be fooled by his appearance. 别被他的外表给骗了。
• She said she was doing it to help me but I wasn't fooled. 她说她这样做是为了帮我，但我没上她的当。
• Tim was fooled into believing that he'd won a lot of money. 蒂姆受了骗，以为自己赢了很多钱。
You could have fooled me! informal
■used to tell someone that you do not believe what they have just said 我才不相信你呢！
• "Really, I'm very happy." "You could have fooled me." “真的，我很快乐。”“说得像真的一样。”
[fu:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fool around/about
SILLY
■to behave in a silly way, especially in a way that might have dangerous results 干蠢事，瞎弄，乱弄（尤指可能带来危险的后果）
• Don't fool around with matches. 不要摆弄火柴。
FUNNY
■to behave in a humorous way in order to make other people laugh 吊儿郎当
• He's always getting into trouble for fooling around in class. 他老是因为在课堂上吊儿郎当而惹麻烦。
NOT USEFUL
■to spend your time doing nothing useful 虚度光阴，闲荡
• We spent the afternoon fooling around on the beach. 我们在海滩上闲荡了一个下午。
HAVE A SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP mainly US
■If a married person fools around, they have a sexual relationship with someone who is not their husband or wife 乱搞男女关系
• She'd been fooling around with someone at work. 她和某个同事乱搞男女关系。
[fu:l] adjective [before noun] mainly US informal
■silly 愚蠢的，傻的
• You've done some fool things in your time, but this beats everything. 你以前也做过些蠢事，但没有一件比得上这一次。
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
idiot, fool
这组词都有“笨蛋，傻瓜”的意思，其区别是：
idiot: 指智能低、动作迟钝、行为不符合正常的人。
fool: 一般指缺乏智力、无判断力和识别能力、头脑糊涂的人。
vi. 欺骗；开玩笑；戏弄
 - pull a fast one, give the shaft
n. 傻瓜；愚人；受骗者
 - stupid, donkey
vt. 欺骗，愚弄
 - sell, fox, kid
adj. 傻的
 - twp, softheaded

Word: mortality
Front: mortality
[mɔ:ˈtæləti] (研宝 4662/3259)
Vocabulary: mortality
(once / 713 pages)
n
One of the most difficult things for a child is experiencing the death of a beloved pet; it's a hard lesson in mortality. Mortality is the quality of being mortal, or the reality of death.
It's not easy for most people to come to terms with their own mortality, or the fact that they really will die someday. Mortality can refer to an individual or to a larger group of people, particularly when you're talking about the total number of deaths within a population, using the phrase mortality rate. The words mortality and mortal come from the Latin root mortis, or "death."
WORD FAMILY
mortality: mortalities+/ immortal: immortalise, immortality, immortalize, immortally, immortals/immortalise: immortalised, immortalises, immortalising/ immortality: immortalities/ immortalize: immortalized, immortalizes, immortalizing/ mortal: immortal, mortality, mortally, mortals, postmortal
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If the mortality rates were similar to the rest of Honduras, ninety per cent of the inhabitants died of disease.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They also suffer higher mortality rates and increased risk of depression, cognitive decline and illnesses like coronary artery disease.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 死亡数，死亡率; 必死性，必死的命运
分布：死亡率(96%)，必死性(3%)，死亡数目(1%)
→来自mortal,死亡的，致命的。引申词义死亡率，死亡数量。
死亡(率)(mort+ality性质→死亡)[mort=death,表示"死"]
US [mɔ:r'tæl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable formal
■the way that people do not live forever 必死性，生命的有限
• Her death made him more aware of his own mortality. 她的去世让他更加意识到自己终有一死。
Compare immortality the number of deaths within a particular society and within a particular period of time 死亡数字，死亡率
• the mortality rate 死亡率
• Infant mortality is much higher in the poorest areas of the city. 在这个城市最贫困的地区，婴儿的死亡率要高得多。
n. [医] 死亡数，死亡率；必死性，必死的命运
 - Deaths, death rate

Word: distinct
Front: distinct
[dɪˈstɪŋkt] (研四六托雅宝 3254/2609 -2)
Vocabulary: distinct
(once / 80 pages)
adj
When something is distinct, it is easily identifiable or set apart from others of its kind. An eighth-grader who is six feet tall has a distinct advantage over the other kids on the basketball court.
A thing can be distinct if it is easy to see, either because it is different in some way from the things around it or if it is more clear and visible, as in: “The license number of the getaway car was more distinct once I cleaned my glasses.” The word distinct comes from “to distinguish,” which is when a person or thing is set apart from the pack: “The research that she did was distinct in its attention to detail.”
WORD FAMILY
distinct: distincter, distinctest, distinctive, distinctly, distinctness, indistinct +/ distinctive: distinctively, distinctiveness/ indistinct: indistinctest, indistinctly, indistinctness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A landmark research study identifies distinct stages in the process of changing one’s life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He argued that several thousand years ago, at the time the Iliad was written, our brains were “bicameral,” composed of two distinct chambers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 明显的，清楚的; 卓越的，不寻常的; 有区别的; 确切的
分布：不同的(55%)，明显的(30%)，独特的(13%)，清晰的(2%)
→词源同distinguish, 区分，分开。
清楚的;明显的(dis分开+stinct→把刺分开→与众不同的→明显的)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
a.清楚的,明显的;(from)截然不同的In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】在拉丁语中原是distinguish（v 区别；辨别）的过去分词
【反】nebulous（adj 星云的；朦胧的）；undifferential（难区别的）；indistinct－easily visible（容易分辨的）
adjective
NOTICEABLE 显著的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■clearly noticeable; that certainly exists 显著的，明显的；确实的
• There's a distinct smell of cigarettes in here. 这里确实有一股烟味儿。
[dɪ'stɪŋkt] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的
■clearly separate and different (from something else) 明显不同的，差别明显的
• The two concepts are quite distinct (from each other). 这两个概念（之间）有显著的差别。
• There are two distinct factions within the one political party. 在同一政党内有两个不同的派系。
as distinct from
■rather than 而不是
• She's a personal assistant as distinct from a secretary. 她是私人助理而不是秘书。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的
 - obvious, visible, unique, evident, individual

Word: von
Front: von
[vɒn] (-/5785)
Back: prep. （常加在姓前）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: monk
Front: monk
[mʌŋk] (六 5856/4817 -2)
Vocabulary: monk
(once / 401 pages)
n
A monk is a man who has dedicated his live to religion, partly by giving up some aspects of regular, worldly life. Many monks live together in a religious community.
To a greater or lesser extent, a monk has chosen to leave society and devote his life to prayer and service. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, some monks pray unceasingly, while Buddhist monks often teach others, and Roman Catholic monks sing in choirs. In some cases, monks raise money for their churches by training dogs, baking bread, or even brewing beer. Originally, monk referred to men or women, though it's more common today to use nun for a woman.
WORD FAMILY
monk: monkish, monks+/monkish: monkishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Warrior monks don’t talk and do whatever is asked,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The dynasty followed the monk to its grave.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Meditation halls are filled with the chanting of hundreds of monks and worshipers, sometimes with the aid of a karaoke-style scroll on a large screen.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 修道士，僧侣
分布：僧侣(61%)，修道士(39%)
→来自希腊语monas,单个的，词源同monad,monastery.即单独生活的人，用于指僧侣，修道者，苦修者等。
noun countable
■a member of a group of religious men who do not marry and usually live together in a monastery 修道士；僧侣
n. 僧侣，修道士；和尚
 - religious, monastery

Word: defensive
Front: defensive
[dɪˈfensɪv] (托 2881/4720 -2)
Vocabulary: defensive
(once / 394 pages)
nadj
Someone on the defensive is concerned with justifying their actions or words. They have a defensive attitude as they try to protect themselves.
If you know that to defend is to protect, you have an idea what defensive means. When a person is acting defensive, they're trying to protect or justify themselves. People who are insecure or guilty tend to act defensive. Also, defensive players in football try to prevent the other side from scoring, just like defensive military strategies try to protect something. When someone has a defensive attitude, or is forced to defend something, we also say they're "on the defensive."
WORD FAMILY
defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives+/ defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/ defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive /defendable: undefendable/ defendant: co-defendant, defendants/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The quarterback on the Tigers’ scout team this season was someone who is paid millions of dollars to do something else: defensive coordinator Brent Venables.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
They brought us an energy and a toughness that we lack a lot of the times on the defensive end.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 防御用的，防守的; 辩护的; 自卫的
n. 守势; 辩护
分布：防御的(45%)，防卫的(25%)，防卫物(11%)，辩护的(11%)，防卫姿势(8%)
adjective
■used to protect someone or something against attack 防御性的，防卫性的
• These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. 这些是纯粹的防御性武器，并不是用来进攻的。
Opposite offensive too quick to protect yourself from being criticized 急于为自己开脱的；戒备的，怀有戒心的
■in a sports event, trying to prevent the opposing player or players from scoring points, goals, etc. （比赛中）防守性的，防守的
• He's currently the best defensive player on the team. 他目前是队里最好的防守队员。
[dɪ'fent.sɪv] noun
on the defensive
 IMPROVER
■ready to protect yourself because you are expecting to be criticized or attacked 处于防卫状态，处于戒备状态
adj. 自卫的；防御用的
 - self-defensive
n. 防御；守势
 - defence against, phylaxis

Word: jungle
Front: jungle
[ˈdʒʌŋgl] (高研四六托雅 4507/5317 -2)
Vocabulary: jungle
(once / 419 pages)
n
A jungle is a forest thick with trees, other plants, and animals. Jungles are a little dangerous, which is what people mean when they say, "It's a jungle out there!"
Jungles — thick tropical forests — are full of life: birds, insects, reptiles, monkeys, and often gorillas and other animals. They're dangerous places, even for the animals that live there. This is why jungle also means any place that is risky or wild. If someone does something a dishonest or shady to get their way, some people will say that's "The law of the jungle," meaning you have to do some shifty things to survive.
WORD FAMILY
jungle: jungles, jungly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These guys were not dressed for a New Year’s Eve travellers’ rave in a jungle.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
For Marsalis completists, the Philharmonic will perform all six movements of the “The Jungle” on tour this July in Shanghai.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
I was in this jungle, trapped, and he was on top of a cliff.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （热带）丛林; 丛林音乐; 乱七八糟的一堆事物; 尔虞我诈的环境
分布：丛林(87%)，丛林的(7%)，密林(5%)，垃圾的(1%)
→来自印度语jangal,森林，荒漠，无人居住的土地。现多用于比喻义指水泥丛林，钢铁丛林。
n.丛林,生死地带Tigers live in the jungle.老虎在丛林里生活.
noun
FOREST 丛林
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a tropical forest in which trees and plants grow very closely together 热带丛林
• The Yanomami people live in the South American jungle. 亚诺马米人生活在南美丛林中。
• Either side of the river is dense, impenetrable jungle. 河的两岸是茂密得难以穿行的丛林。
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
UNTIDY PLACE 不整洁的地方
only singular
■an uncontrolled or confusing mass of things 乱七八糟的一丛，杂乱的一堆
• Our garden is a real jungle. 我们的花园真是乱七八糟。
• a jungle of electronic equipment 林林总总的电子设备
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
SITUATION 局面
only singular informal
■a situation in which it is difficult to succeed because a lot of people are competing against each other 弱肉强食的地方，生存竞争激烈残酷之处
• You've got to be determined in this life - it's a jungle out there, kid. 孩子，你必须意志坚定——这个世界就像一个弱肉强食的丛林。
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■a type of popular dance music with an extremely fast rhythm and a low range of musical notes 丛林音乐（一种节奏极快、曲调低的流行舞曲）
jungle, shrub, bush
这一组词均与树木有关。
jungle: n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
shrub: n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
bush: n.矮树丛。
bushes, jungle, forest, plantation, woods, grove
这组词都有“林，树林”的意思，其区别是：
bushes: 指灌木丛，矮树林。
jungle: 特指热带的丛林。
forest: 多指树木高大，面积大、人迹罕至的原始森林。
plantation: 指人造林。
woods: 指面积不大的树林或小块的树林。
grove: 通常指面积较小，树木整齐，地面干净的小树林，尤指果林。
n. 丛林， [林] 密林；危险地带
 - mott, chaparral
adj. 丛林的；蛮荒的
 - backwoods

Word: smash
Front: smash
[smæʃ] (研四六托雅 5113/4350 -K3)
Vocabulary: smash
(once / 394 pages)
1vnadv 2vn 3v 4v 5n
To smash something is to hit or throw it so hard that it breaks or is hurt. It's important to pay careful attention while you're driving so you don't smash into the car in front of you.
A running child can smash into her friend and knock her down, and an angry chef can smash a plate by throwing it on the floor. In the latter example, there's the additional meaning of "break into pieces." A smash can be a car accident, but it can also be a "great big success," like a TV series that starts slow but turns out to be a smash. This "hit" meaning dates from 1920s reviews of Broadway plays.
WORD FAMILY
smash: smashed, smasher, smashes, smashing+/smasher: smashers/smashing: smashingly, smashings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Angry, traumatized protesters cry, march, shout, smash windows, set fires — and that’s just the New York Times editorial board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Weirdly enough, it never occurred to me that smashing busts of Thatcher might be considered a little dig.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
By smashing subatomic particles together at high energies, the machines deepen scientists’ understanding of the most fundamental aspects of nature.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: v. 打碎; 撞击; 猛击; 扣球
n. 打碎; 撞车; 扣球; 十分走红的歌曲
时态：smashed, smashing, smashes
分布：粉碎(48%)，打碎(27%)，破碎(10%)，猛撞(7%)，撞击(6%)，极为成功的(1%)，轰动的演出(1%)
v./n.打碎,粉碎He dashed to smash the fashionable ashtray with cash.他猛冲过去用现金砸那个时髦的烟灰盘.
verb
BREAK NOISILY 打碎
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to break noisily into a lot of small pieces 打碎，摔碎
• Rioters ran through the city centre smashing windows and looting shops. 暴动者穿过市中心，砸碎商店橱窗，掠劫店铺里的东西。
• She dropped her cup and watched it smash to pieces/to smithereens on the stone floor. 她失手摔落了杯子，看着它在石地板上摔得粉碎。
[smæʃ] verb
MOVE FORCEFULLY 猛烈移动
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to cause something to move with great force against something hard, usually causing damage or injury 猛撞，猛冲，猛击（通常造成破坏或伤害）
• Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm. 暴风雨期间，几艘小船撞上了礁石。
• He tried to smash the door down to get to me. 他试图将门撞倒来抓我。
• The car was travelling very fast when it smashed into the tree. 汽车正在高速行驶时，猛然间撞到了树上。
• He threatened to smash my face in if I didn't give him the money. 他威胁说如果我不给钱他就要揍扁我的脸。
intransitive or transitive
■in tennis, to hit the ball down toward the ground quickly and forcefully （网球运动中）打高压球，猛扣（球）
[smæʃ] verb
DEFEAT 打败
transitive
■to defeat someone or to destroy something completely 击溃，摧毁，粉碎
• The government said it would do whatever was necessary to smash the rebellion. 政府表示将采取一切必要行动来粉碎叛乱。
[smæʃ] verb
DO BETTER 提高
transitive
■to do much better than the best or fastest result recorded previously （轻松）打破（纪录）
• Petersen smashed the 400m record by over half a second. 彼得森以快了半秒多的成绩轻松打破了400米纪录。
[smæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smash sth up
■to damage something in a violent and destructive way 捣毁，砸碎
• In the sixties he was famous for taking drugs and smashing up hotel rooms. 60年代，他因吸毒和砸毁旅馆房间而出名。
smashed-up /ˈsmæʃt.ʌp] adjective
• a smashed-up car 被砸毁的汽车
[smæʃ] noun
NOISE 声响
uncountable
■the sound of something being smashed 砸碎声，摔碎声
• I was woken by the smash of glass. 玻璃被砸碎的声音把我吵醒了。
countable
■the sound of something smashing against something 撞击声，破碎声
• The cars collided with a loud smash. 两车相撞，发出一声巨响。
[smæʃ] noun
ACCIDENT 意外
countable
■a smash-up
[smæʃ] noun
TENNIS 网球
countable
■(in tennis) a powerful downward hit which sends the ball forcefully over the net （网球运动中的）高压球，扣球
[smæʃ] noun
SUCCESSFUL FILM/SONG 成功的影片／歌曲
countable
■an extremely popular and successful song, play or film 大获成功的歌曲（或戏剧、电影）
• This CD contains all the latest smash hits. 这张 CD 里收录了所有最新热门歌曲。
• Her first movie was an international box-office smash. 她的第一部影片取得了国际票房的巨大成功。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 粉碎；使破产；溃裂
 - comminute, pulverize
n. 破碎；扣球；冲突；大败
 - interference, conflict, cleaning, war, collision
vi. 粉碎；打碎
 - size reduction, to break up
adj. 了不起的；非常轰动的；出色的
 - cool, impressed, marvelous

Word: shrine
Front: shrine
[ʃraɪn] (六宝 6082/7176 -1)
Vocabulary: shrine
(once / 415 pages)
nv
Set up some candles and a photograph of someone important in your life in the corner of a room where you spend time reflecting silently, and you've created a shrine.
Shrine comes from the Latin scrinium meaning "case or box for keeping papers." Think of a shrine as a niche or case in which the spirit of someone special is kept. It could be a statue or some other form of commemoration to either a person or a relic. A shrine can be as small as a tiny mantel in your house or it can be as massive as a building commemorating, or shrining, a sacred person.
WORD FAMILY
shrine: enshrine, shrined, shrines, shrining+/ enshrine: enshrined, enshrines, enshrining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Weaver’s funeral will be Thursday at the Jaffa Shrine Center.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Temple bells echoed at midnight as families gather around noodles and revelers flock to shrines for the biggest holiday in Japan.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
To be a Ranger is to sense the sacred trust of upholding all that such a name means in this shrine of football.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 圣地，圣陵，神龛
vt. 把…置于神龛内
时态：shrined, shrining, shrines
分布：圣地(45%)，庙(27%)，神龛(26%)，将 ... 置于神龛内(1%)，把 ... 奉为神圣(1%)
→来自古英语 scrin,箱子，圣物箱，来自拉丁语 scrinium,箱子，盒子，文件盒。引申词义圣地， 圣祠，神龛等。
【记】原指：圣物箱－装圣物的容器shrine经常shine（v 照耀）
noun countable
■a place for worship which is holy because of a connection with a holy person or object 圣地；神龛；圣坛；神殿
• Islam's most sacred shrine is at Mecca in Saudi Arabia. 伊斯兰教最神圣的圣殿位于沙乌地阿拉伯的麦加。
■a special place in which you remember and praise someone who has died, especially someone famous （尤指名人的）纪念之所
• She's turned her bedroom into a shrine to the dead pop star and covered the walls with pictures of him. 她把自己的卧室变成了纪念那位已故流行歌星的地方，墙上贴满了他的照片。
n. 圣地；神殿；神龛；圣祠
 - temple, Holy Land
vt. 将…置于神龛内；把…奉为神圣
 - enshrine

Word: clip
Front: clip
[klɪp] (研六托雅宝 4208/6959 -2)
Vocabulary: clip
(once / 393 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4n
Use the noun clip to talk about a fastener that holds things together, like a paper clip or a hair clip.
A clip keeps loose things attached to each other, but when you clip something, you cut small pieces off of it. Think of when you clip your dog's toenails or clip the dangling ends off the blanket you're knitting. You can also use the verb clip for a figurative kind of cutting, like when you clip two minutes off your marathon time or clip your words — say them quickly and tensely — when you're angry.
WORD FAMILY
clip: clipped, clipper, clipping, clips, unclip+/clipped: clippedly/ clipper: clippers/clipping: clippings/unclip: unclipped
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leah ran down the bleachers and unfastened the clips on Grimes’s shoulder pads.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In the Purple Rain room, purple light cascades down one wall while Prince’s movie clips roll on another.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
All the newspaper articles, television clips and political ads suggesting he was a racist.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （塑料或金属的）夹子; 回纹针; 修剪; 剪报
vt. & vi. 用别针别在某物上，用夹子夹在某物上
vt. 剪; 剪掉; 缩短; 给…剪毛（或发）
vi. 剪; 修剪; 剪下报刊上的文章（或新闻、图片等）; 迅速行动
时态：clipped, clipping, clips
分布：修剪(30%)，夹子(24%)，回形针(13%)，夹住(11%)，猛击(10%)，疾驰(4%)，弹夹(4%)，剪短(2%)，钳(2%)
→1. 剪，拟声词，剪具剪东西的声音。 2. 夹子，来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clamp,cling.
v.剪,修剪;钳,夹住n.夹,钳;回形针With his lips the sly fly clipped the slippery slipper that eclipsed his sight.狡猾的苍蝇用嘴唇夹住遮挡他视线的滑拖鞋.
【参】clipper（n 大剪刀，快速帆船）
noun
FASTENER 扣件
countable
■a small usually metal or plastic object used for fastening things together or holding them in position 夹子；别针；回纹针
• a paper/hair/tie clip 回纹针／发夹／领带夹
• The wires were fastened together with a plastic clip. 这些电线用一个塑胶夹子扣在一起。
[klɪp] noun
FILM/TELEVISION 电影／电视
countable
■a short part of a film or television programme （电影或电视节目的）剪辑，片段
• I've seen a clip from the film. 我看过这部电影的一个片段。
[klɪp] noun
SPEED 速度
at a fast/good clip US informal
■fast 快速，迅速
• We set off at a good clip, but we gradually slowed down. 我们出发时速度很快，可是后来渐渐慢了下来。
[klɪp] noun
GUN PART 枪的部分
countable
■a container which is fastened to a gun, from which bullets go into the gun for firing 弹夹，弹匣
[klɪp] noun
CUT 剪
only singular
■when you cut something in order to make it tidy 修剪
• That hedge needs a clip. 树篱需要修剪了。
[klɪp] noun
HIT 击打
a clip round/on the ear countable usually singular UK old-fashioned
■a quick hit on the side of someone's head 一记耳光
• You do that once more and you'll get a clip round the ear, my lad. 小子，你再做这种事，我就给你一记耳光。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
CUT 剪
transitive
■to cut something with scissors or a similar sharp tool, especially to make it tidier 剪，修剪
• I'm going to clip the hedge this weekend. 这个周末我打算修剪一下树篱。
• When the guard came to clip my train ticket (= make a hole in it to show that it had been used) , I couldn't find it. 列车长过来剪票时，我找不到票了。
• I'm always clipping recipes out of magazines. 我总是从杂志上剪食谱。
transitive
■to reduce something by the stated amount 减少；缩小；缩短
• Christie has clipped a tenth of a second off the record. 克利斯蒂把纪录缩短了0.1秒。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
HIT 击打
transitive
■to hit something or someone with a short sharp movement 快速击打，猛击
• He clipped the edge of the kerb with his front tyre. 他的车前轮撞到了路缘上。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
FASTEN 扣住
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to fasten something with a clip （用夹子）夹上，别住，固定住
• You can always tell a real bow tie from one that clips on. 真领结和用夹子别上的领结总是能区分开来的。
• When you've finished your work sheets, clip them together and hand them in to me. 练习题做完后，把它们夹在一起交给我。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
clip sb's wings
■to limit someone's freedom 限制（某人）的自由
vt. [园艺] 修剪；夹牢；痛打
 - shear, crop
vi. [园艺] 修剪
 - shear, trim off
n. [园艺] 修剪；夹子；回形针
 - shear, cutting back

Word: bondholder
Front: bondholder
['bɒndˌhəʊldə] (22772/29748 -1)
Back: n. 债券持有人; 公债证书所有者; 公司债所有者
分布：债券持有人(100%)
US ['bɑ:nd.hoʊl.dɚ] noun countable
■a person or organization who holds a bond (= a document that shows that a government or organization will pay back money borrowed with interest) 债券持有人

Word: feud
Front: feud
[fju:d] (托雅宝 10345/11494 -1)
Vocabulary: feud
(once / 926 pages)
nv
A feud is a long-standing fight, often between two families. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare describes the lovers' long-feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues.
Feuds do not have to be violent—what characterizes them is long-standing hostility. Ethnic groups can sometimes be said to be feuding. Kids in school who refuse to sit at the same lunch table over a period of years could describe their relationship as a feud.
WORD FAMILY
feud: feuded, feuding, feuds
USAGE EXAMPLES
In North Carolina, lawmakers continue to feud over whether to repeal its transgender bathroom law nine months after they passed it.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Though both countries are nominally peaceful democracies, political feuds and ethnic and religious discrimination are widely cited as factors motivating some citizens to flee.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I was born in 1986, so I lived through the biggest Camorra feud in my neighbourhood,” he recalls.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 不和，世仇; 封地
vi. 长期不和; 经常争吵
时态：feuded, feuding, feuds
分布：长期不和(38%)，争执(35%)，封地(14%)，结世仇(9%)，长期斗争(4%)
→peig, 敌对的，敌视的，词源同foe, fiend. -d, 同-th, 名词后缀。
【记】原指：封建制度下的封地＝field，但是封地总是导致feud，field就演化成feud了。
noun countable
■an argument which has existed for a long time between two people or groups, causing a lot of anger or violence 夙怨；世仇；长期争斗
• a family feud 家族世仇
• a 10-year-old feud between the two countries 两国间长达十年的不和
• a bitter feud over land 土地引起的激烈的长期争执
[fju:d] verb intransitive
■to have a feud with someone （与某人）长期斗争；结世仇
• They've been feuding with their neighbours for years over a boundary issue. 多年来，他们一直为了地界问题与邻居不和。
n. 不和；争执；封地
 - difference, conflict, misunderstanding

Word: maritime
Front: maritime
[ˈmærɪtaɪm] (六托雅宝 9625/7994 -1)
Vocabulary: maritime
(once / 611 pages)
adj
Use maritime to describe anything involving the sea and ships. A maritime museum would probably be located in a coastal town, and stuffed full of historic boats, oars, life preservers, and fishing gear.
Maritime comes from the Latin word maritimus, which means "of the sea," so the meaning hasn't evolved much. Whales and dolphins are maritime animals, and according to maritime law, the captain of a ship can marry two people at sea. It's very similar to nautical, except nautical refers to ships, and maritime covers ships and other ocean-related stuff.
WORD FAMILY
maritime: maritimer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hijackings and attempted hijackings in the Gulf of Aden, a popular shipping route, increased five-fold that year, according to statistics from the International Maritime Bureau.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
He said China in 2016 upheld its peaceful development while resolutely defending its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Navy later paid the Maritime Administration just $35 million to buy both ships.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 海的; 海事的; 海运的; 船舶的
分布：海的(51%)，海事的(27%)，海上的(22%)
→来自中古法语maritime,来自拉丁语maritimus,海的，与海相关的，来自mari-,海，词源marine,-tim,最高级后缀，词源同intimate,ultimate.引申词义海事的，海运的等。
海的;海运的(mari[=marin]+tim[来源不明]+e→海的)[Marin=sea,表示"海洋"]
adjective formal
■connected with human activity at sea 海运的；航海的；海事的
• Amalfi and Venice were important maritime powers. 阿马尔菲和威尼斯一度是重要的海事基地。
• Make sure you visit the maritime museum if you're interested in anything to do with ships or seafaring. 如果你对舰船或航海感兴趣，一定要参观一下那家海事博物馆。
■near the sea or coast 近海的，沿海的
• The temperature change in winter is less pronounced in maritime areas. 沿海地区的冬季温度变化不那么明显。
adj. [海洋] 海的；海事的；沿海的；海员的
 - coastal, thalassic

Word: cola
Front: cola
[ˈkəʊlə] (雅 17680/15220 -2)
Back: n. 可乐果树; 可乐饮料
分布：可乐(100%)
→来自西非某土著语言，其果实为Coca-Cola重要原材料。
US [koʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
■a sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) brown drink which does not contain alcohol 可乐饮料，碳酸类饮料
• Coke and Pepsi are types of cola. 可口可乐和百事可乐都是碳酸类饮料。
n. 可乐；可乐树（其子含咖啡碱）
 - kola

Word: loophole
Front: loophole
[ˈlu:phəʊl] (宝 9628/14372 -1)
Vocabulary: loophole
(once / 2173 pages)
n
A loophole is an accidental technicality or unclear section of a written document that allows someone to avoid following a rule or fulfilling an obligation. If you've discovered a way to get out of paying taxes on money you made last year, you've found a loophole.
There can also be loopholes in politics, where politicians get away with something through a technicality. And if a criminal goes free despite being found guilty of a crime, it might be because of some unforeseen loophole in the law. The original loopholes were narrow slits in a fortress or wall through which defenders could safely shoot arrows — it was seen as an unfair advantage by some, which resulted in the modern meaning of loophole.
WORD FAMILY
loophole: loopholes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The limits of the loophole are unclear, she said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Trade in ivory was banned internationally in 1989, but a loophole allowed southern African countries to hold occasional legal sales of their ivory stockpiles.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Seattle experiment should be carefully watched to see if this superficially appealing idea simply creates new campaign-finance loopholes.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 漏洞; 枪眼; 观察孔
分布：漏洞(85%)，枪眼(6%)，钻空子(4%)，换气孔(2%)，小窗(2%)，开孔(1%)
→原指墙上的小洞，后用于比喻义漏洞。
【记】loop（n 圈）；hole（n 洞）
US [-hoʊl] noun countable
■a small mistake in an agreement or law which gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something （协定或法律的）漏洞，空子，破绽
• tax loopholes 税法的漏洞
• The company employed lawyers to find loopholes in environmental protection laws. 该公司雇用律师来寻找环境保护法的漏洞。
n. 漏洞；枪眼；换气孔；射弹孔
 - leak, barbican

Word: compulsory
Front: compulsory
[kəmˈpʌlsəri] (高研六托雅宝 12735/3997 -2)
Vocabulary: compulsory
(once / 931 pages)
adj
When something is compulsory, it is required or must be done. In most states, it's compulsory for kids to attend school (or an equivalent homeschool) from age six to seventeen.
This adjective is from Medieval Latin compulsorius "using force," from Latin compulsus, from compellere "to force." The Latin suffix –orius corresponds to English -ory "containing or involving." Other English words descended from the same Latin verb are compel and compulsive.
WORD FAMILY
compulsory: compulsorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nonetheless, in those days of compulsory patriotic flag-waving the media showed no inclination to be even slightly skeptical, and the result was catastrophic.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Chess is compulsory in schools; grandmasters are salaried and top players get the same adulation as pop stars.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
It isn’t compulsory to earn more money, achieve more goals, realise our potential on every dimension, or fit more in.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 必须做的，强制性的; 义务的; 必修的
分布：强制的(46%)，义务的(42%)，势在必行的(12%)
强制性的(com+puls+ory)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
强制性的(com共同＋puls推)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
a.必须做的,强制性的,(课程)必修的The limping shrimp impulsively implemented the compulsory duty.跛行的虾冲动实现强制的职责.
US [-sɚ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law 必须做的；强制性的；必修的
• Swimming was compulsory at my school. 在我们学校，游泳是必修课。
• Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law. 坐车系安全带是法律强制规定的。
adj. 义务的；必修的；被强制的
 - required, obligatory
n. （花样滑冰、竞技体操等的）规定动作
 - required routine

Word: possess
Front: possess
[pəˈzes] (高研四六托 2842/2129 -K2)
Vocabulary: possess
(once / 29 pages)
1v 2v
To possess something is to have or own it. You can possess a physical object, you can possess a particular quality or skill, or you can possess control or influence over someone.
Related words are possessive (describing those who hold onto people or things in a controlling way), and possessed, as in a person being possessed by an idea or even by a demon. This verb is from Middle French possesser "to own," from Latin possidēre, from potis "able, having the power" plus sedēre "to sit."
WORD FAMILY
possess: dispossess, possessed, possesses, possessing, possession, possessive, possessor, prepossess, repossess+/dispossess: dispossessed, dispossesses, dispossessing, dispossession/dispossession: dispossessions/ possessed: possessedly, self-possessed/ possession: possessions, self-possession/ possessive: possessively, possessiveness, possessives/possessor: possessors/prepossess: prepossessed, prepossesses, prepossessing, prepossession /prepossessing: prepossessingly, unprepossessing / prepossession: prepossessions/repossess: repossessed, repossesses, repossessing, repossession/repossession: repossessions/ unprepossessing: unprepossessingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the Browns also possess the first-round choice of the Eagles, projected to be 12th overall, thanks to the Carson Wentz trade.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet we possess this ever-prevalent drive to call some people or situations or scenarios normal—and others not.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
From the exterior, the building possesses none of Prince’s flash.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 拥有; 掌握，懂得; 主宰; 缠住，迷住
时态：possessed, possessing, possesses
分布：拥有(88%)，持有(10%)，支配(2%)
→来自古法语possesser,拥有，所有，使占有，来自拉丁语possidere,拥有，所有，-ss,过去分词格，来自posse,使能够，有权力，sidere,坐下，词源同sit,session.引申词义着魔，鬼神附体。
v.占有,拥有He possesses two cars.他有两辆汽车.
verb transitive
OWN 拥有
 IMPROVER
■to have or own something, or to have a particular quality 拥有；具有
• I don't possess a single DVD (= I don't have even one DVD). 我一张DVD光碟都没有。
• In the past the root of this plant was thought to possess magical powers. 过去这种植物的根被认为具有神奇的力量。
[pə'zes] verb transitive
CONTROL 控制
■(of a wish or an idea) to take control over a person's mind, making that person behave in a very strange way （欲望或想法）影响，控制，支配
• [+ to infinitive] Whatever possessed him to wear that appalling jacket! 他中了甚么邪竟穿了那件怪异的夹克！
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 控制；使掌握；持有；迷住
 - contain, regulate, bit, bottle, manage

Word: unnecessary
Front: unnecessary
[ʌnˈnesəsəri] (四六 5396/3637 -K2)
Vocabulary: unnecessary
(once / 308 pages)
adj
Anything that is extra or not needed is unnecessary. Wearing long underwear in July is an unnecessary precaution against being cold.
If you don't need something, it's unnecessary. You take an unnecessary risk if you get in the car and don't bother to fasten your seatbelt. Driving your car when you could ride a bike instead is an unnecessary use of gasoline. If you keep dropping you pen in class, your teacher might say, "That's unnecessary." Walking your dog with two leashes is definitely unnecessary. That's obvious, but lots of times it's hard to tell what's necessary and what's unnecessary.
WORD FAMILY
unnecessary: unnecessarily+/ necessary: necessaries, necessarily, unnecessary
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
“Stop with the unnecessary questions. What about my breast?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不必要的，多余的; 无用的，无益的; 无须
分布：不必要的(88%)，多余的(12%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not needed or wanted, or more than is needed or wanted 不必要的；多余的
• I found a lot of the violence in the film totally unnecessary. 我发现这部电影中有很多完全不必要的暴力场面。
• The idea is to kill the animal as quickly as possible without causing unnecessary suffering. 该主张是要尽快杀死动物，不致引起不必要的痛苦。
■describes an offensive remark or action that could have been avoided （具有冒犯性的言论或行为）不必要的，不应该的
• He just humiliated her in front of everyone - it was so unnecessary. 他就在众人面前羞辱她——这太不合适了。
adj. 不必要的；多余的，无用的
 - spare, useless, waste, needless, redundant

Word: buzz
Front: buzz
[bʌz] (六托雅 8191/8051 -2)
Vocabulary: buzz
(once / 461 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v
A buzz is a vibrating sound, like the sound a bee makes. Your dog might get nervous in your yard when she hears the buzz of insects.
Buzz can be a noun or a verb: "My doorbell started to buzz like crazy when everyone showed up for my party." You can also talk about a buzz of activity, a low background noise, or describe the way stunt planes buzz the trees, flying very low. You might tell someone to "buzz off" if you're annoyed with them — this began in 1914 as a way to describe hanging up a telephone — or telling someone to hang up.
WORD FAMILY
buzz: buzzed, buzzer, buzzes, buzzing+/buzzer: buzzers/buzzing: buzzingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is famous for its buzzing, swirling, incomprehensible traffic.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lionsgate’s “La La Land,” continued to capitalize on awards buzz.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Lionsgate’s La La Land continued to capitalize on awards buzz.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 嗡嗡叫; 低声谈; 散布：嗡嗡叫，发哼声; 匆忙来去，奔忙
vt. 使嗡嗡叫; 咕哝：用快而低的嗓音讲话; [非正式用语]低飞; 打电话给…
n. 嗡嗡声; 电话; 乱哄哄的说话声; 醉酒
时态：buzzed, buzzing, buzzes
分布：嗡嗡声(39%)，电话(27%)，打电话(8%)，使嗡嗡叫(7%)，发出嗡嗡声(7%)，充满(4%)，匆忙(4%)，低飞掠过(4%)
→拟声词。
verb
MAKE SOUND 发声
intransitive
■to make a continuous low sound such as the one a bee makes 发嗡嗡声，发蜂鸣声
• I can hear something buzzing. 我能听见甚么东西在嗡嗡地响。
intransitive or transitive
■to press a buzzer in order to get someone's attention 用蜂鸣器（给…）发讯号
• I buzzed him but there was no answer. 我用蜂鸣器叫他，可是没有应答。
• The first person to buzz may answer. 第一个按蜂鸣器的人可以回答。
[bʌz] verb
BE VERY ACTIVE 充满活力
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be busy and full of energy 繁忙；充满活力
• The place was buzzing (with excitement). 那个地方一派繁忙热闹的景象。
• Reporters were buzzing around , trying to get the full story. 记者们围着跑来跑去，试图弄清事情的来龙去脉。
your head/mind is buzzing
■If your head/mind is buzzing, you are thinking about many different things at the same time. 同时思考着很多事
[bʌz] verb
FLY LOW 低飞
transitive informal
■If an aircraft buzzes a place or people, it flies over them very low and fast. （飞机）低空飞过
[bʌz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  buzz off informal
■to go away 离开
• I've got some stuff to do at home, so I'm going to buzz off now. 我家里有些事要做，所以我现在得走了。
■If someone says buzz off to another person, they are telling them to go away in a rude way 滚开
• Buzz off, I'm busy! 滚开，我很忙！
[bʌz] noun only singular
SOUND 声音
■a continuous low sound 发嗡嗡声，发蜂鸣声
• I heard a buzz and then saw the plane in the distance. 我听见嗡嗡的声音，接着看见了远处的飞机。
[bʌz] noun only singular
FEELING 感觉 informal
■a feeling of excitement, energy and pleasure 兴奋；快乐
• I love cycling fast - it gives me a real buzz. 我喜欢骑快车——这能让我异常兴奋。
• I get a buzz out of public speaking. 在公共场合演讲让我感到兴奋。
[bʌz] noun only singular
give sb a buzz informal
■to telephone someone 给（某人）打电话
• I'll give you a buzz next week. 我下周给你打电话。
n. 嗡嗡声
 - zoom

Word: indiana
Front: indiana
[ˈindiˈænə] (-/19262)
Back: n. 印地安那州
分布：名词(100%)

Word: injection
Front: injection
[ɪnˈdʒekʃn] (四六雅宝 5734/4565 -2)
Vocabulary: injection
(once / 1986 pages)
n
An injection is a shot, or a dose of medicine given by way of a syringe and a needle. When you get jabbed in the arm with a tetanus vaccine, that's an injection.
The medical kind of injection forces a small amount of a drug under the skin or directly into a muscle. Other injections are similar in that they involve a liquid being forced by pressure, like the fuel injection in a car, which pushes gasoline directly into the engine. Since the 1600s, injection has been used to mean "forcing a fluid into a body," from the Latin inicere, "to throw in" or "to throw on."
WORD FAMILY
injection: injections+/ inject: injectable, injected, injecting, injection, injector, injects/injectable: uninjectable/injector: injectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He received weekly injections of Toradol, an anti-inflammatory drug.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The physician, suspecting an ectopic pregnancy, administered an injection to stop the progression.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 注射; 注射剂; [医]充血; （卫星等的）入轨
分布：注射(99%)，注射物(1%)
【记】inject（vt 注射；注入）；in里面，ject扔－扔到里面－注射
noun countable or uncountable
DRUG 药物
 ADVANCED
■when someone puts a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle and a syringe (= small tube) 注射
• Daily insulin injections are necessary for some diabetics. 有些糖尿病患者必须每日注射胰岛素。
• This steroid is sometimes given by injection. 这种类固醇有时透过注射注入体内。
[ɪn'dʒek.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
SOMETHING NEW 新东西
■the introduction of something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or process 投入；增添；引入，带来
• A cash injection of £20 million will be used to improve the health service. 2000万英镑将被投入用于改善医疗服务。
• an injection of humour/excitement 增添幽默／刺激
n. 注射；注射剂；充血；射入轨道
 - congestion, inoculability

Word: span
Front: span
[spæn] (研四六托雅宝 5718/6903 -2)
Vocabulary: span
(once / 608 pages)
1nv 2n
Any distance between two things is called a span. These end points can be physical, like the span of a rope between two trees, or they can be more abstract, such as the span of time between five and six o'clock.
Span comes from the Old English spann, the width of the stretched-out hand, measured from thumb to little finger. It came to refer to various other measurements, such as the distance across an arch. The first reference to a length of time came in the late 16th century, and the phrase "attention span" first appeared in 1922 (as "span of attention").
WORD FAMILY
span: spanned, spanning, spans
USAGE EXAMPLES
He reached the conference title game three times during that span.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A: This is a multibillion dollar industry that spans the whole world.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is a story that spans 96 years, but we will try to keep it brief.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 共轭（马、骡）; 跨度，墩距; 一段时间; [航] 跨绳
vt. 缚住或扎牢; 跨越时间或空间; 以掌测量; 以手围绕测量类似测量
时态：spanned, spanning, spans
分布：跨度(75%)，横跨(12%)，弥补(3%)，间距(2%)，贯穿(2%)，遍及(2%)，时期(2%)，延续(1%)，动词spin的过去式形式.(1%)
→来自古英语 span,拃，张开大拇指和小拇指的距离，来自动词 spannan,张开，展开，绑定， 连接，来自 Proto-Germanic*spannan,张开，拉开，来自 spen,张开，拉开，悬挂，词源同 pendulum,depend.引申诸相关词义。
n.跨度,跨距The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
noun
TIME 时间
countable usually singular
■the period of time that sometimes exists or happens 一段时间
• He has a short attention / concentration span. 他的注意力持续时间很短。
• an average life span of seventy years 平均寿命70岁
• Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country's economic prospects. 仅仅三年的时间，新政府已经使该国的经济前景出现改观。
⇒ See also lifespan
[spæn] noun
LENGTH 长度
countable
■the length of something from one end to the other 长度；宽度； 跨度
• huge wings with a span of over a metre 翼展超过一公尺的巨型翅膀
⇒ See also wingspan
countable
■the area of a bridge, etc. between two supports （桥等的）跨度，跨距，墩距
• The bridge crosses the river in a single span. 河上的桥是单孔桥。
[spæn] verb
SPIN 织 past simple of
■ spin
[spæn] verb
TIME 时间
transitive (-nn-)
■to exist or continue for a particular length of time （时间）持续，跨越
• Tennis has a history spanning several centuries. 网球的历史长达几个世纪。
• Her acting career spanned almost six decades. 她的演艺生涯持续了近60载。
[spæn] verb
BRIDGE 桥
transitive (-nn-)
■If a bridge spans a river, it goes from one side to the other 横跨
• An old bridge spans the river just outside the town. 一座老桥横跨在镇外的河上。
[spæn] adjective
spick and span
■ See at spick
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. [建] 跨度，跨距；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area
vt. 跨越；持续；以手指测量
 - stride leap, last for

Word: reckless
Front: reckless
[ˈrekləs] (研六托雅 8562/8577 -1)
Vocabulary: reckless
(once / 323 pages)
adj
If you are reckless, you don't think or care about the consequences of your words or actions, like a reckless driver who speeds while texting, knitting, and eating a sandwich.
The word reckless comes from the Old English word receleas, meaning "careless, thoughtless, heedless." If you have a reckless attitude, you aren't concerned about what happens to yourself or others who are affected by your actions. In this usage, reckless is the opposite of considerate. Reckless friends will invite people you don't know to your house because with your parents away, it's party time. Surprise!
WORD FAMILY
reckless: recklessly, recklessness+/recklessness: recklessnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In previous campaigns, there was a clear delineation between the serious main event and the reckless fringe, but not in this one,” Ronson writes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He was cited on suspicion of misdemeanor reckless driving.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Driver Johnthony Walker, 24, faces charges of vehicular homicide, reckless driving and reckless endangerment.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 鲁莽的，不顾危险的; 粗心大意的; 满不在乎的; 胆大妄为
分布：鲁莽的(53%)，不计后果的(45%)，大意的(2%)
→reck,关心，顾虑，-less,无，没有。引申词义不顾后果的。
a.不注意的,大意的,卤莽的,不顾后果的Some of these young motorcyclists are very reckless.有些年轻的摩托车骑士很鲁莽.
【记】reck（v 顾忌），less一不顾忌后果一轻率的
【区】feckless（adj 无精神的；无目标计划的）
【反】circumspect（adj 慎重周到的）；measured（adj 有规则的）
adjective
■doing something dangerous and not worrying about the risks and the possible results 鲁莽的；轻率的；不顾后果的
• He was found guilty of reckless driving. 他被判鲁莽驾驶罪名成立。
adj. 鲁莽的，不顾后果的；粗心大意的
 - indiscretionary, temerarious

Word: suburban
Front: suburban
[səˈbɜ:bən] (3472/6971 -2)
Vocabulary: suburban
(once / 1038 pages)
adj
Suburban refers to areas just beyond a city’s border. Your parents might have grown up in the city and then moved to a more suburban area after they had kids.
If you see a lot of malls, plus houses that all look the same, and you're just outside a city, then you're in a suburban area: the suburbs. If you're from the suburbs, the chaos of New York City might be shocking. Suburban areas aren't as busy as urban (city) areas, but there's a lot more going on than in rural areas — farmland. One difference between suburban and urban areas is the urban areas have more cabs and public transportation.
WORD FAMILY
suburban: suburbanest, suburbanise, suburbanite, suburbanize+/suburbanise: suburbanised/suburbanite: suburbanites/suburbanize: suburbanized/ urban: suburban, urbanise, urbanize/urbanise: urbanisation, urbanised/urbanize: urbanization, urbanized, urbanizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Education experts say that while urban and suburban school districts generally spend more than rural ones, they face challenges not experienced in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It is not uncommon for new development plans in Northern Virginia to raise hackles among residents who want to limit suburban sprawl.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 城郊的，在郊区的，城郊住宅区的; 土气的; 见闻不广的
n. 郊区居民
分布：郊区的(86%)，市郊的(14%)
→sub-,在下，urban,城市的。
郊区的[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
US [-'bɝ:-] adjective
■relating to a suburb 近郊住宅区的；城郊的
• suburban schools/housing 近郊学校／住宅
• They live in suburban Washington. 他们住在华盛顿近郊。
■disapproving
■used to suggest that something is boring and has no excitement 平淡乏味的；无趣的
• suburban life 平淡乏味的生活

Word: nurture
Front: nurture
[ˈnɜ:tʃə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5533/8542 -2)
Vocabulary: nurture
(once / 1496 pages)
vn
If you plant a seed, water it daily and give it lots of light, you nurture it until it is ready to be transplanted outside. When you nurture a person or thing, you care for it and help it to grow.
After a fight with your friend, you may have to nurture the relationship a little until you're close again. Use the phrase "nature versus nurture" to help you remember the word. Nature is a baby just out of the womb. Nurture is how that baby is raised or taken care of. Once the child is older, you may wonder if its love of reading is nature or nurture — is it natural born or is it because you read to the baby every night.
WORD FAMILY
nurture: nurtural, nurturance, nurtured, nurtures, nurturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is about nurturing, comfort and spending time with people who are important to us.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Physical health is foundational to be sure, but its our more humanitarian capacities that need nurturing.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“Ergo,” Mr. Heller wrote, “the lid is a nurturing apparatus.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 养育; 培育; 滋养; 培植
n. 教养，培育; 营养物，食物; 环境因素
时态：nurtured, nurturing, nurtures
分布：培育(65%)，养育(24%)，照顾(4%)，扶持(4%)，环境因素(3%)
→来自nurse,护理，养育。
n./v.养育,教育,教养n.营养品v.给与营养物The two brothers received very different nurture.这两个兄弟接受过极不同 的教育.
【反】withhold sustenance from（停止供给食物）；impede（v 阻止）；stunt（v 阻碍…发育）；disregard＝ignore（v 不理睬）；neglect＝overlook（v 没注意到）；fail to support（失败的供给）
US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] verb transitive formal
HELP DEVELOP 培育
■to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop 养育，培育（尤指幼儿或植物）
• She wants to stay at home and nurture her children. 她想留在家里照顾孩子。
• a carefully nurtured garden 精心打理的花园
■to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful 促进；扶助；培养
• As a record company director, his job is to nurture young talent. 作为唱片公司主管，他的职责是培养有才华的年轻人。
UK ['nɜ:.tʃər] US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] verb transitive formal
FOR A LONG TIME 长期
■to have a particular emotion, plan or idea for a long time （长期）怀有，抱有
• Winifred nurtured ambitions for her daughter to be a surgeon. 威妮弗雷德一直盼望她女儿会成为外科医生。
UK ['nɜ:.tʃər] US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
■the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with 教育，培养；（尤指）后天养育
• Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture? 你认为先天条件还是后天教育对孩子的成长影响最大？
vt. 养育；鼓励；培植
 - encourage, raise, heart, mother, foster
n. 养育；教养；营养物
 - nursing, breeding

Word: relentless
Front: relentless
[rɪˈlentləs] (托雅宝 7035/9607 -2)
Vocabulary: relentless
(once / 851 pages)
adj
Relentless is a good word for describing something that's harsh, unforgiving, and persistent, like the hot sun in the desert, or a cold that keeps you in bed for days with a nose like a strawberry.
When you're relentless about something, you mean business. You're not stopping until you get what you want, and you're not taking "no" for an answer. People might try to steer you from your goal, but you have eyes only for the prize and they're just going to have to get out of your way. If you're a relentless student, for instance, you might stay up all night studying your vocabulary, just in case there might be a quiz in the morning.
WORD FAMILY
relentless: relentlessly, relentlessness+/ relent: relented, relenting, relentless, relents/relenting: unrelenting / unrelenting: unrelentingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This attack shows how rampant Russian hacking is. It’s systemic, relentless, predatory,” Rep. Peter Welch said in a statement.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It is a condition doctors attribute to the stress of living under relentless airstrikes and shelling.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The song from 1988 reminds me of the necessity of positivity as a force in this relentless epoch of fear.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不懈的; 坚韧的，不屈不挠的; 不间断的; 未减轻的
分布：不间断的(58%)，冷酷无情的(42%)
→relent,缓和，-less,无，没有。
无情的(relent宽厚)[-less表形容词"无…的,不...的"]
无情的[lent=loose(松)]
adjective
■continuing in a severe or extreme way 持续严厉的；持续强烈的
• relentless criticism/pressure 不断的严厉批评／施压
• relentless heat 持续高温
adj. 无情的；残酷的；不间断的
 - cruel, iron, ongoing, ruthless

Word: tablet
Front: tablet
[ˈtæblət] (研四六雅 7864/4781 -K2)
Back: n. 碑，匾; 药片; 便笺簿; 小块
vt. 用碑牌纪念; 将（备忘录等）写在板上; 将…制成小片或小块
分布：平板电脑(82%)，药片(13%)，匾(4%)，片状物(1%)
→来自 table,石板，木板，-et,小词后缀。引申词义牌匾，后用于指药片，药丸，比喻用法。
n.药片;碑,匾Vegetables and tablets on the stably established table show no instability.放在稳定设置的桌子上的蔬菜和药片没有显示不稳定性.
noun countable
MEDICINE 药
 IMPROVER
■a small solid piece of medicine 药片
• a sleeping tablet 一片安眠药
• a vitamin tablet 一片维生素
['tæb.lət] noun countable
BLOCK 块
■a thin, flat, often square piece of hard material such as wood, stone, or metal 匾，牌；块
• The poem was engraved on a tablet of stone. 这首诗刻在一块石匾上。
• UK a tablet of soap 一块肥皂
['tæb.lət] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑 (also tablet PC)
■a small computer with a screen that you can write on using a special pen or that you can connect a keyboard to 掌上电脑
n. 碑； [药] 药片；写字板；小块
 - wordpad, nubble

Word: charismatic
Front: charismatic
[ˌkærɪzˈmætɪk] (8535/11569 -1)
Vocabulary: charismatic
(once / 6414 pages)
adj
If all kinds of people are attracted to you, you are charismatic. Most great leaders in history have been charismatic, like John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.
People who have powerful personalities that attract and fascinate other people are charismatic. Charismatic people are popular and beloved: they are full of charm and magnetism. Being charismatic is the opposite of being boring or dull. Often, the term is applied to people in politics, or to religious leaders, but there are charismatic people everywhere.
WORD FAMILY
charismatic: charismatically+/ charisma: charismatic
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He was charismatic and a true American entrepreneur,” Pickens said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Coach Bryant was such a charismatic figure, the guy who walked into a room and everyone quit talking,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
With Jet’s charismatic founder now sweating such details, Walmart’s attempt to catch up to Amazon should gather pace in 2017.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 有魅力的; 神赐能力的; 神授
分布：有魅力的(100%)
有魅力的(charisma非凡的能力)[-atic表形容词"有…性质的"]
有魅力的(charisma个人魅力)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
CHARACTER 个性的
■describes a person who has charisma 充满个人魅力的
• Few were able to resist this charismatic and persuasive leader. 没有几个人能抗拒这位领袖的雄辩及魅力。
UK [ˌkær.ɪz'mæt.ɪk] US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
CHURCH 教堂的
■belonging or relating to various groups within the Christian Church who believe that God gives people special powers, such as the ability to make others well again and to speak to him in a special language （基督教派）蒙受神恩的，有特恩的
• the charismatic movement 神恩运动

Word: drown
Front: drown
[draʊn] (高研四六雅 4927/4492 -2)
Vocabulary: drown
(once / 206 pages)
v
The verb drown means to die from inhaling water into the lungs and being unable to breathe. It is possible to drown in a small amount of water — even an inch or two in a bathtub.
If you kill people by submerging your victims in liquid (especially water) until it fills their lungs and asphyxiates them, then you drown them. You can drown things in a less literal way as well. If you drink alcoholic beverages to forget your troubles, for example, you can say you're trying to "drown your sorrows." If you're submerged in a tidal wave of school assignments, then you are "drowning in work."
WORD FAMILY
drown: drowned, drowning, drowns
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was very concerned about it because I really envisioned … panicking and drowning,” he said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Some said there should be more awareness, but others spoke of the loss of their child to drowning as simply “God’s will”.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
On April 14, four months after a state judge returned the two children to their mother, Rylan drowned in a pond near the mobile home.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 淹死; 浸没; 麻痹某人对…的意识; （一声音）淹没（另一声音）
vi. 淹死
时态：drowned, drowning, drowns
分布：淹死(53%)，淹没(47%)
→来自drench, 湿透，词义进一步恶化，淹死。
v.溺死,淹没At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
verb
DIE 死亡
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) die by being unable to breathe under water （使）淹死，（使）溺死
• He drowned in a boating accident. 他在一次划船事故中溺水身亡。
• Many animals were drowned by the tidal wave. 许多动物被潮水淹死了。
[draʊn] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover or be covered, especially with a liquid （被）覆盖；（被）淹没，（被）没过
• A whole valley was drowned when the river was dammed. 河水被大坝拦住后，整个山谷都被淹没了。
• disapproving He drowned his food in/with tomato sauce. 他在食物上浇了很多番茄酱。
[draʊn] verb
drown your sorrows
■to drink alcohol in order to forget your problems 借酒浇愁
[draʊn] verb
A drowning man will clutch at a straw. saying
■said about someone who is in a very difficult situation, and who will take any available opportunity to improve it 只要能救命稻草也要抓。
[draʊn] verb
look like a drowned rat informal
■to be very wet, especially because you have been in heavy rain （尤指被雨淋得）像落汤鸡
[draʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  drown in sth
■to have more of something than you are able to deal with 对…应接不暇
• I'm drowning in unpaid bills. 未付的帐单让我喘不过气。
[draʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drown sth out informal
■If a loud noise drowns out another noise, it prevents it from being heard. （噪音）盖过，淹没
vt. 淹没；把…淹死
 - flood, flow

Word: coach
Front: coach
[kəʊtʃ] (中高研四六托雅 1033/2347 -K4)
Vocabulary: coach
(once / 94 pages)
1nv 2nv
Nowadays, we mostly think of a coach as someone who trains a team, but it can also refer to a vehicle, such as a horse-drawn coach or coach bus (the kind with a bathroom in the back).
The first meaning of coach was in the mid-16th Century for a carriage, probably named for Kocs, the Hungarian village where they were first made and called kocsi. In the mid-19th Century, the name was given to railway cars, and nowadays the least expensive travel class is described as "coach." It's thought that the idea of a coach as a teacher came about because of the idea that a coach "carries" a student to success through his or her teaching.
WORD FAMILY
coach: coached, coaches, coaching+/coaching: coachings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t long before other coaches scrambled to catch up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
PASADENA, Calif. — In mid-August, after prolonged vacillation, Southern California Coach Clay Helton declared the junior Max Browne his starting quarterback.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Wildcats coach did not specify during his weekly radio show Monday night when the previously-taped talk with Pitino would air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 教练; （铁路）旅客车厢; 长途客运汽车; 四轮大马车
vt. & vi. 训练; 辅导
vt. 训练; 指导
vi. 作指导; 受训练[辅导]; 坐马车旅行
时态：coached, coaching, coaches
分布：教练(80%)，指导(10%)，训练(8%)，经济舱(1%)，四轮马车(1%)
→一种早期的马车，因产于匈牙利Kocs 村而得名。后用于牛津大学俚语义，即把导师比作马 车，帮助学生通过考试。
n.长途公共汽车;教练v.训练,指导,培训The reproached coach unloaded the loaves to the approachable roadside.遭到责备的教练把面包卸到可接近的路旁.
【记】读：口齿－教练要求口齿伶俐。
US [koʊtʃ] noun countable
TEACHER 教师
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to teach people to improve at a sport, skill, or school subject 教练；辅导老师；私人教师；家庭教师
• a tennis/maths coach 网球教练／数学辅导老师
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆
 IMPROVER (US usually bus)
■a long motor vehicle with comfortable seats, used to take groups of people on journeys 长途汽车；长途客车
• We're going to the airport by coach. 我们要坐长途汽车去机场。
• a coach trip 乘长途汽车旅行
■an old-fashioned carriage pulled by horses, now used mainly in official or royal ceremonies （老式）四轮大马车（现主要用于官方或皇家典礼中）
■UK (US car)
■a carriage in a train （火车）车厢
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give special classes in sports or a school subject, especially privately, to one person or a small group 训练；培训；指导；（尤指私人）辅导
• She coaches students in French, usually for exams. 她辅导学生法语，通常是准备考试的学生。
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] noun uncountable adverb US
■the cheapest type of seats on a plane or train （飞机）经济舱；（火车）普通车厢
• Even the company's director flies coach most of the time. 即使是公司的主管大多数时候都坐经济舱。
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
n. 教练；旅客车厢； [车辆] 长途公车；四轮大马车
 - drilling, mentors
vt. 训练；指导
 - discipline, supervise

Word: uncover
Front: uncover
[ʌnˈkʌvə(r)] (研四六托 4432/5584 -2)
Back: vt. 揭开…的盖子; 揭露，发现; 拿下（头上）戴的东西，脱（帽）; 将（狐）赶出
vi. 发现，揭示
时态：uncovered, uncovering, uncovers
分布：揭开(51%)，揭露(49%)
揭开盖子(un+cover盖子)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
v.揭开,揭露We all uncoverd in front of the grave.我们在墓前都脱帽.
US [-ɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to discover something secret or hidden or remove something covering something else 揭露，发现（秘密或隐藏物）；揭开（覆盖物）
• The investigation uncovered evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild birds. 调查发现了大规模非法交易野生鸟类的证据。
• The biography is an attempt to uncover the inner man. 该传记试图揭示他内心世界的隐秘。
 ADVANCED
■to find something buried under the ground by removing the earth on top of it 发掘，挖出
• Digging in her garden, she uncovered a hoard of gold dating back to the 9th century. 在花园挖土时，她挖出了一批九世纪时埋下的金子。
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 发现；揭开；揭露
 - detect, reveal
vi. 发现；揭示；揭去盖子
 - to discover, sniff out

Word: invisible
Front: invisible
[ɪnˈvɪzəbl] (研四六雅 3811/4744 -2)
Vocabulary: invisible
(once / 296 pages)
adj
If you are invisible, you can't be seen with the naked eye, but you can do an awful lot of spying. When you do something embarrassing, you often wish you were invisible.
Germs are invisible, as are odors. A good question to ask someone is whether they would rather be able to fly or be invisible. Flight gives you freedom to travel, but if you are invisible, you have the ability to sneak around and see things you would not normally be able to see. Which would you prefer?
WORD FAMILY
invisible: invisibility, invisibleness, invisiblest, invisibly+/ invisibility: invisibilities/ visibility: visibilities/ visible: invisible, visibility, visibleness, visibler, visiblest, visibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, like any invisible authority, such systems should be open to scrutiny.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So astronomers proposed that invisible dark matter must be providing the extra gravity needed to hold galaxies together.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A powerful Post investigation in 1999, “Invisible Lives,” detailed the dreadful conditions and lack of attention to vulnerable people placed in the city’s care.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 看不见的; 不易为视线所见的，隐匿的; 无形的（指银行、旅游等服务）; 不引人注目的
n. 看不见的人
分布：看不见的(63%)，无形的(37%)
→in-,不，非，visible,有形的，可视的。
a.看不见的,无形的Bacteria is something invisible to the eye.细菌是肉眼看不见的东西.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■impossible to see 看不见的，隐形的
• The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar. 这种飞机的设计目的是能躲过雷达探测。
• These bacteria are invisible unless viewed with a microscope. 这些细菌只有用显微镜才能看得见。
[before noun] specialized
■describes money that is added to a country's economy by activities such as the service and financial industries rather than the production of goods in factories （指服务业、金融业等所产生的收入）无形的
• an increase in invisible exports 无形出口的增长
• Tourism brings in 40% of the island's invisible earnings. 旅游业为该岛带来了40%的无形收益。
adj. 无形的，看不见的；无形的；不显眼的，暗藏的
 - intangible, discarnate, aeriform

Word: evangelical
Front: evangelical
[ˌi:vænˈdʒelɪkl] (6254/10522 -1)
Vocabulary: evangelical
(once / 1377 pages)
1adj 2adj
Evangelical is a word to describe anyone who is super enthusiastic about something. You might meet an evangelical Christian or an evangelical cheerleader, or even an evangelical Christian cheerleader.
Evangelical is an adjective originally used to describe a relationship to a particular school of Protestantism. More generally, evangelical is used to describe a strict belief in the Christian gospel and an emphasis on personal conversion to Christianity. Outside of church, the adjective evangelical can describe someone who is an extremely enthusiastic or zealous about a particular cause. An evangelical supporter of something will speak passionately and try very hard to get you to convert to their cause.
WORD FAMILY
evangelical: evangelicalism, evangelically+/evangel: evangelical, evangels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although Brazil is largely Roman Catholic, the evangelical community now accounts for one-fifth of the population of around 200 million.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She helped orchestrate his meeting with hundreds of evangelical leaders in June and is now chair of his evangelical advisory board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The first is small churches, often Pentecostal and Evangelical.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 福音的，福音派教会的; 新教会的; 衷于传道的
n. 福音派信徒
分布：新教会的(60%)，信福音主义者(40%)
adjective
RELIGION 宗教
■belonging to one of the Protestant Churches or Christian groups which believe the teaching of the Bible and persuading other people to join them to be extremely important 基督教福音派的
• the Evangelical movement 福音派宗教运动
[ˌi:.væn'dʒel.ɪ.kəl] adjective
OPINIONS 观点
■having very strong beliefs and often trying to persuade other people to have the same beliefs （信仰上）狂热的；热衷传播自己观点的
• Why is it that people who've given up smoking become so evangelical and intolerant of other smokers? 为甚么戒了烟的人会变得如此热衷于规劝别人戒烟，而且不能容忍别人抽烟呢？

Word: allowance
Front: allowance
[əˈlaʊəns] (高研六雅宝 7677/2481 -2)
Vocabulary: allowance
(once / 422 pages)
nv
When you're a kid, you might earn an allowance or a sum of money in exchange for doing chores around the house. Your parents' allowance — or tolerance — of your silly behavior will depend on how strict they are.
An allowance is a quantity of something that's allowed or permitted within a set of rules or for a particular purpose. This could be a weekly allowance you earn as a kid, or it could be the allowance for passengers on a flight to have two carry-on items. To make allowances for someone means to treat someone leniently, or to give them a break.
WORD FAMILY
allowance: allowanced, allowances, allowancing+/ allow: allowable, allowance, allowed, allowing, allows, disallow /allowable: allowably/ disallow: disallowed, disallowing, disallows
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, the city is expanding allowances for creative office space in its Central City 2035 plan, recently approved by Portland’s city council.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
That typically requires $100-per-day travel allowances that drive up project costs.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
The Saudi spokesman, Mr. Qusayer, said that the current total for annual allowances did not exceed 10 billion riyals, or $2.7 billion.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 津贴，补贴，零用钱; 限额; 折扣; 默许，默认
vt. 给（某人）零用钱或津贴; 按定量供给
时态：allowanced, allowancing, allowances
分布：津贴(54%)，零用钱(23%)，允许(9%)，折扣(8%)，考虑(6%)
→allow,发津贴，-ance,名词后缀。
n.补贴,津贴;零用钱;减价,折扣;允许My weekly allowance is 50 yuan.我每月的津贴是50元.
【记】allow允许，ance名词后缀
noun
AMOUNT GIVEN 补助金
 ADVANCED countable
■money that you are given regularly, especially to pay for a particular thing （尤指为特定事项支付的）定期补贴，津贴
• The perks of the job include a company pension scheme and a generous travel allowance. 这份工作的特殊待遇包括公司退休金计划和丰厚的差旅补助。
• I couldn't have managed at college if I hadn't had an allowance from my parents. 要不是父母定期给我生活费，我没法读完大学。
 ADVANCED countable
■an amount of something that you are allowed 定量；限额
• The baggage/luggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos. 大多数班机允许乘客携带的行李重量限额是20公斤。
countable mainly US for * pocket money (CHILD'S MONEY)
[ə'laʊ.ənts] noun
PLANNING 制订计划
make allowance for
■to prepare for the possibility of 顾及，考虑到；为…留出余地
• We should make allowance for bad weather and have plenty of umbrellas available. 我们应该考虑到有可能会遇上恶劣天气，所以应该备足雨伞。
[ə'laʊ.ənts] noun
ACCEPTING 接受
make allowances for
■To make allowances for someone or their characteristics is to think about their characteristics and not judge them too severely 体谅，谅解；虑及
• You should make allowances for him - he's been quite ill recently. 你应该体谅他——他最近一直病得不轻。
• "This is a poor piece of work." "Yes, but you should make allowances for the fact that she's only seven." “这件作品很拙劣。”“不错，但是你不应该忘了，她才只有七岁啊。”
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. [劳经] 津贴，零用钱；允许；限额
 - permission, quota, pension, subsidy
vt. 定量供应
 - ration

Word: stirring
Front: stirring
[ˈstɜ:rɪŋ] (11463/13763 -1)
Back: adj. 激动人心的; 鼓舞人心的; 令人激情澎湃的
v. 激起（stir的ing形式）
n. 萌动; 出现; 酝酿 ; 开始
分布：活跃的(50%)，起始阶段(21%)，令人激动的(21%)，动词stir的现在分词形式.(8%)
→stir,搅动，打动，-ing,形容词后缀。
US ['stɝ:.ɪŋ] adjective approving
■A stirring speech or song is one which produces strong positive emotions. （演说或歌曲）令人内心澎湃的，激动人心的
UK ['stɜ:.rɪŋ] US ['stɝ:.ɪŋ] noun countable
■the beginning of something, such as an emotion or thought （情感、想法等的）萌发，萌生
• She felt a faint stirring of envy when she heard that one of her colleagues had been promoted. 当她听说一个同事升职之后，心里感觉有点嫉妒。
adj. 激动人心的；活跃的，活泼的；忙碌的
 - alive, active, excited, busy, engaged
v. 激起（stir的ing形式）
 - prompting

Word: cruel
Front: cruel
[kru:əl] (中高研四六托 4762/4471 -K2)
Vocabulary: cruel
(once / 117 pages)
adj
Someone or something that inflicts pain or causes suffering can be described as cruel. It would be cruel of you to offer chocolate to someone on a diet.
High school can be cruel sometimes: cruel teachers, who seem to organize to all pile on the papers and tests for the same day; cruel students, who are mean to each other; and even cruel cafeteria workers, who create disgusting concoctions out of mystery meat. Through its Latin ancestors — crudelis "rude and unfeeling" and crudus "raw or rude" — cruel is related to the English word crude, meaning rude or not fully formed.
WORD FAMILY
cruel: crueler, cruelest, cruelly, cruelness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The team’s infamous “tuck rule” playoff loss to the Patriots 15 years ago seems so less cruel and unusual when comparing season-impaling events.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
When his top-flight debut finally arrived, at home to Atalanta on 18 September, one more cruel twist lay in store.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 残酷的，残忍的; 使人痛苦的，让人受难的; 无情的，严酷的
级别：crueller, cruellest
分布：残酷的(57%)，残忍的(41%)，引起痛苦的(2%)
→来自crude，粗糙的。
a.残忍的,残酷的It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
['kru:.əl] [krʊəl] (crueller, cruellest or crueler, cruelest)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals intentionally 残忍的；残酷的；刻毒伤人的
• Don't tease him about his weight - it's cruel. 别拿他的体重开玩笑——这样太刻薄了。
• Children can be very cruel to each other. 小孩相互之间会很残忍。
■causing suffering 令人痛苦的
• His death was a cruel blow. 他的死是个无情的打击。
['kru:.əl] [krʊəl] (crueller, cruellest or crueler, cruelest)
adjective
be cruel to be kind
■to do or say something that causes someone pain because you believe that it will help them 虽让人痛苦却有所助益；忠言逆耳；苦口良药
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的
 - iron, brutal

Word: delicate
Front: delicate
[ˈdelɪkət] (高研四六托雅宝 3787/3775 -K2)
Vocabulary: delicate
(once / 91 pages)
adj
Delicate things, like a flower, a necklace or someone’s feelings are fragile, easily broken and often quite beautiful.
A delicate situation. A delicate balance. A delicate child. A delicate lace design. A delicate taste. Sometimes the word implies intricate beauty and at other times fragility. Delicate can have negative overtones: A delicate situation is a tricky one. A delicate balance describes an agreement that might turn sour any moment. A delicate child may cry easily. But delicate can also refer to things that are very lovely and hard to reproduce: a delicate lace collar on a dress stands out. A delicate flavor, like pomegranate peach mint sauce, makes salad — or vanilla ice cream — much more delicious.
WORD FAMILY
delicate: delicacy, delicately, delicater, delicatest, indelicate, overdelicate+/ delicacy: delicacies, indelicacy/indelicacy: indelicacies/ indelicate: indelicately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills politely insisted, and Plummer acknowledges, “I was better as a screen actor because of Mike Mills and his delicate way with psychology.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But the delicate devices can’t be sterilized like a scalpel because intense heat would destroy crucial components.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bite for bite, it’s delicate, extremely mild and moist.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 微妙的; 熟练的; 纤弱的; 易损的
分布：微妙的(59%)，精美的(15%)，纤细的(9%)，脆弱的(9%)，敏锐的(5%)，美味的(3%)
→词源同delicious, 美味的。引申义精美的，脆弱的。
精致的,优美的(de一再+lic+ate→一再引诱人的→精美的)[lic=allure,表示"引诱"]
a.纤弱的;精致的;微妙的;灵敏的The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
adjective
EASILY DAMAGED 易受损坏的
 IMPROVER
■needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged 脆弱的；娇嫩的
• Peaches have delicate skins which are easily bruised. 桃子的表皮很娇嫩，容易碰伤。
• Delicate plants need to be kept in a greenhouse during the winter. 娇贵的植物需要在温室里过冬。
• delicate china 易碎的瓷器
• Molly's health has always been delicate (= She becomes ill easily). 莫莉的身体一直都很娇弱。
■needing to be done carefully 需要小心处理的，得小心谨慎的
• Repairing damaged nerves is a very delicate operation/process. 修复受损神经的手术／过程需要非常小心谨慎。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
EASILY OFFENDED 容易发生
delicate situation/matter/point, etc.
 ADVANCED
■a situation or matter, etc. that needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid trouble or offence 微妙的形势／问题／时刻等
• I need to speak to you about a rather delicate matter. 我要跟你谈一件很棘手的事情。
• The pay negotiations have reached a delicate point/stage. 工资谈判已经到了微妙的关头／阶段。
• Teachers need to strike a delicate (= carefully achieved) balance between instructing their pupils and letting them discover things for themselves. 教师需要在向学生传授知识和引导学生自己去探索之间，找到一个微妙的平衡点。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
ACCURATE 精确的
■able to measure very small changes 精细的，精密的
• Weather-forecasters have extremely delicate equipment which helps them predict what the weather is going to be like. 气象预报人员使用非常精密的设备，帮助他们预测天气变化。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
SOFT 柔和的
■pleasantly soft or light; not strong 柔和的；轻柔的；清淡的
• a rose with a delicate scent 散发清香的玫瑰
• a delicate shade of pink 柔和的粉色
• We chose a delicate floral pattern for our bedroom curtains. 我们为睡房选了一种花色图案非常淡雅的窗帘。
delicate, fine, subtle
这组词都有“微妙的，细微的”的意思，其区别是：
delicate: 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。
fine: 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。
subtle: 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。
adj. 微妙的；精美的，雅致的；柔和的；易碎的；纤弱的；清淡可口的
 - subtle, female, refined, fine, fragile

Word: dole
Front: dole
[dəʊl] (雅 13250/8815 -2)
Back: n. 救济物; 失业救济金; 施舍物
vt. 发放救济; 少量分发
时态：doled, doling, doles
分布：失业救济金(73%)，发放救济(17%)，施舍品(10%)
→词源同deal, 分发，分配，发配。引申义施舍或失业救济金。
US [doʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dole sth out informal
■to give something, usually money, to several people 分发（钱等），施舍
UK [dəʊl] US [doʊl] noun only singular
the dole UK informal
 ADVANCED
■the money that the government gives to people who are unemployed 失业救济金
• Young people on (= receiving) the dole are often bored and frustrated. 领失业救济金生活的年轻人常常感到百无聊赖，心灰意冷。
• If I can't find any work within a month, I'll have to go on the dole. 一个月内如果还找不到工作，我就得靠失业救济金生活了。
n. [劳经] 失业救济金；赈济物；施舍品
 - unemployment benefit, unemployment pension

Word: billionaire
Front: billionaire
[ˌbɪljəˈneə(r)] (9507/25339 -1)
Back: n. 亿万富翁; 巨富
分布：亿万富翁(100%)
US [-'ner] noun countable
■a person whose wealth is at least 1 000 000 000 in their country's money 亿万富翁，拥有十亿家产的人
n. 亿万富翁
 - zillionaire, centimillionaire

Word: pub
Front: pub
[pʌb] (高研 7430/1817 -K3)
Vocabulary: pub
(once / 830 pages)
n
A pub is a bar or tavern that serves food and often acts as a community gathering place. People visit pubs to eat lunch, to drink beer, or to play darts with their friends.
Pub is a shortened form of public house that dates from 1859. In the sixteenth century, a public house was first "any building open to the public," and then "an inn that sells food and drink." Today, the word pub is more or less synonymous with tavern — both are primarily places to drink beer, wine, or spirits, though a pub (especially in Great Britain) is seen as vital to its neighborhood, a cozy place to gather.
WORD FAMILY
pub: pubs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The book examines the histories of 22 pubs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
London Fire Brigade said it rescued six people from a first-floor flat above the pub.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 酒馆，酒店; 客栈
分布：酒吧(69%)，酒馆(31%)
→缩写自public house.
n.(英国)小酒店;小旅馆Let's go to the pub for a drink.让我们到酒吧喝一杯.
[pʌb] (formal public house) UK
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a building in Britain where alcoholic drinks can be bought and drunk and where food is often available （英国的）酒吧
• Do you want to go to / informalgo down the pub after work? 你下班后想去酒吧吗？
• our local pub 我们当地的酒吧
• a pub lunch. 酒吧午餐
⇒ See also publican;local
n. 酒馆；客栈
 - hotel, tavern

Word: benign
Front: benign
[bɪˈnaɪn] (研六托宝 6988/8679 -1)
Vocabulary: benign
(once / 1374 pages)
adj
Someone or something that is benign is gentle, kind, mild, or unharmful: a benign soul wouldn't hurt a fly.
Benign describes a range of qualities, all of them positive. When talking about a person, it means "gentle." In reference to weather or climate, it means "mild." In some other contexts, it simply means "not harmful"; you might speak of "a benign tumor" or "an environmentally benign chemical." The word comes from a Latin root benignus meaning "well born," but the implied meaning is "kind" or "pleasant" — it's hard to get mad at someone who has a benign disposition.
WORD FAMILY
benign: benignancy, benigner, benignest, benignity, benignly+/benignity: benignities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I decided, I’m helping capitalism look benign,” he said, “so I bailed from the Directors Bureau.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Ghost Ship fire was 'a matter of benign neglect.'
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Even relatively benign neurological quirks – say, learning disabilities such as dyslexia – attract cynicism and suspicion.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 温和的，仁慈的; 善良的; 有利于健康的; [医]良性的
分布：良性的(74%)，温和的(18%)，仁慈的(8%)
→词根bene, 好。zero-grade词根gn, 出生, 词源同gene. 指出生好的，有教养的。
a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的A benign tumor will not cause you any fatal harm.良性肿瘤不会对你有致命的伤害.
【记】ben好，ign形容词后缀－好的－仁慈的；
【反】malign（adj 恶毒的）；benignant（adj 仁慈的）－vicious（adj 恶的）
adjective
■pleasant and kind 慈祥的；和善的
• a benign old lady 慈祥的老妇人
■describes a growth that is not likely to cause death 良性的
• a benign tumour 良性肿瘤
Compare malignant
adj. [肿瘤] 良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的
 - nice, friendly, sweet, kind

Word: receipt
Front: receipt
[rɪˈsi:t] (高雅宝 6517/3633 -K2)
Vocabulary: receipt
(once / 411 pages)
nv
You know that slim, white piece of paper the grocery store clerk gives you that lists everything you bought, how much you paid, and the change you received? That's a receipt.
A receipt is proof you bought and paid for something. At most stores, you need it if you're going to return what you bought. People collect receipts on business trips, so their employers will pay them back for what they purchased while away. Receipt can also be used as a verb, as in, "Are you in receipt of the package I sent you last week?" That's a fancy way of saying, "Did you get the package I sent?"
WORD FAMILY
receipt: receipted, receipting, receipts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Barron said there was even a receipt for lifts for a man’s shoes.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Returns without a receipt may result in a credit at an item’s lowest, recent selling price.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
I’ve sent a detailed letter to the CEO of Days Inn with a return receipt requested.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 收据，发票; 收入
vt. 开收据; [美国英语]给…开收据，承认收到
时态：receipted, receipting, receipts
分布：收据(72%)，收到(20%)，收条(7%)，出收据(1%)
→来自 receive,接收，收到，-pt,过去分词格。此处形容词作名词，引申词义收据，收条。
收据[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
n.收据,收条;收到,接到The receptionist received a receipt from the receiver.接待员收到一份来自接收者的收据.
noun
PIECE OF PAPER 收据
 ADVANCED countable (US also sales slip)
■a piece of paper which proves that money, goods or information have been received 发票；收据；收条
• Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you buy. 买甚么东西都一定记着要发票。
[rɪ'si:t] noun
RECEIVING 收到
uncountable formal
■the act or state of receiving money or goods 收到；接到；收悉
• Goods will be delivered on receipt of payment (= after the money is received). 款到即发货。
• You have been in receipt of unemployment benefit for two months. 你领失业救济金已经两个月了。
receipts [plural]
■the amounts of money received during a particular period by a business （企业某一时期的）收入，进款
• The theatre's receipts for the winter were badly down. 该剧院冬季的收入大幅下降。
n. 收到；收据；收入
 - income, proceeds, earning
vt. 收到
 - receive from, to hand

Word: abundant
Front: abundant
[əˈbʌndənt] (高研四托宝 6223/7823 -1)
Vocabulary: abundant
(once / 144 pages)
adj
On Halloween, you can find candy in abundant supply. Use abundant to describe something that exists in large amounts that are more than what's needed.
Near synonyms are plentiful, emphasizing "large amounts," and ample, emphasizing "more than enough." The adjective abundant is commonly followed by the prepositions with or in, to mean "filled with or rich in something": a region abundant in natural resources. Abundant comes from Middle English aboundant, from Old French abondant, from Latin abundāns, form of abundāre "to overflow."
WORD FAMILY
abundant: abundance, abundanter, abundantly, overabundant, superabundant+/ abound: abounded, abounding, abounds, abundant /abounding: aboundingly/ abundance: abundances/overabundant: overabundance, overabundantly/superabundant: superabundance, superabundantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The elephant in the room is that we are living in a society where food is abundant, and temptations abound.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Intact wetlands are abundant on the property and abounding with frogs, said Rick Anderson of the Anderson Island Park and Recreation District.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In the past, Chinese tech firms found easier pickings among consumers, rather than enterprises, which counted on an abundant supply of skilled workers.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 大量的，充足的; 丰富的，富有的; 丰足; 阜
分布：丰富的(91%)，充裕的(9%)
→abound 形容词形式。
丰富的(ab加强+und+ant→[多得]象波浪一样→丰富的)[und=wave,表示"波动"]
a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的The fundamental fund functions punctually in conjunction with abundant capital.这笔重要基金与充裕的资本一起准时发挥作用.
[ə'bʌn.dənt] formal
adjective
■more than enough 大量的；充足的；丰富的
• an abundant supply of food 充足的食物储备
• There is abundant evidence that cars have a harmful effect on the environment. 有充分证据显示，汽车对环境有害。
• Cheap consumer goods are abundant (= exist in large amounts) in this part of the world. 在这个地区，大量的低廉消费品充斥其间。
abundant, ample, plentiful
这组词都有“充分的、丰富的”的意思，其区别是：
abundant: 着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应。
ample: 指某物不仅满足了需要而且有余。
plentiful: 普通用词，指某物的数量多得称心如意，不过剩，但较少用于描写抽象之物。
adj. 丰富的；充裕的；盛产
 - full, ample, plentiful, luxurious

Word: medieval
Front: medieval
[ˌmediˈi:vl] (研六托雅宝 5073/3041 -2)
Vocabulary: medieval
(once / 1246 pages)
adj
Use the adjective medieval to describe something from the Middle Ages, or something so backwards that it might as well be from the Middle Ages. A teacher once rapped your knuckles with a ruler as punishment? That’s practically medieval!
Medieval can also have positive connotations, since the Middle Ages are remembered as a time of knights and courtly love, when chivalry and honor were highly valued. If a guy doesn’t mind getting his feet wet lifting his girlfriend over a big puddle, that’s medieval in a nice way. However, if he then dies of the bubonic plague, that’s medieval in a less nice way.
WORD FAMILY
medieval: medievally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The magical world of Oz now features a medieval look with period dress wear for women and the men in tunics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The city’s medieval cathedral and City Hall are in the area to be sealed off.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
You still play as Geralt, a kind of freelance medieval detective-slash-pest-controller, employed to deal with everything from local territorial disputes to troll infestations.
The New Yorker(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 中古的，中世纪的
分布：中世纪的(100%)
→med-,中间，词源同middle,-ev,时期，年代，词源同age,longevity.用于指欧洲的中世纪。
中世纪的(medi中间+eval→中间时代的→中世纪的)[ev=age,表示"年龄,时代"]
a.中世纪的,中古(时代)的,老式的,原始的The medieval town was fortified with a high wall.这座中世纪的城市用高墙来加强防御.
(also mediaeval) [ˌmed.i'i:.vəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■related to the Middle Ages (= the period in European history from about 600 AD to 1500 AD) 中世纪（约西元600年至1500年间）的，中古时代的
• a medieval building/painting/town 中世纪建筑／画作／城镇
• a medieval manuscript 中世纪的手稿
adj. 中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的
 - original, primitive

Word: anonymous
Front: anonymous
[əˈnɒnɪməs] (研六托雅宝 4318/4958 -2)
Vocabulary: anonymous
(once / 512 pages)
adj
If you don't know who wrote a poem, the author is anonymous. If you don't know who donated a gift to a museum, it's called an anonymous gift from an anonymous donor. Anonymous means a person unknown.
Alcoholics Anonymous takes its name from the fact that it's a confidential group––people use only their first names and do not identify one another as members of the group. Another related meaning of anonymous is to describe something that does not have any special qualities. If you work in an anonymous office building, its design is pretty typical and not very interesting.
WORD FAMILY
anonymous: anonymity, anonymously+/ anonymity: anonymities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The biggest individual prize - of £35.1m - was won in April this year by someone who remains anonymous.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a phone conversation with a lady from Alcoholics Anonymous.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Warriors said the shoes Curry wore against the New York Knicks on Dec. 15 were auctioned off to an anonymous bidder for $30,101.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无名的; 假名的; 匿名的; 没有特色的
分布：匿名的(84%)，无名的(14%)，没特色的(2%)
→前缀an-, 无，没有。词根onym, 名字，见name.
匿名的(an+onym名字+ous→匿名的)[an-在词根前,表示"不,无"]
无名的,匿名的(an无+onym名+ous)[onym=nam,表示"名字"]
a.匿名的,无名的,姓氏不明的An anonymous donor gave a million dollars to the charity.
【记】an非，无，onym名称－无名称的－匿名的
【参】synonym（n 同义字）；pseudonym（n 假名，笔名）
US [-'nɑ:.nə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public 匿名的；不知姓名的；名字不公开的
• The money was donated by an anonymous benefactor. 这笔钱来自一位不愿透露姓名的捐赠者。
• Police said an anonymous caller warned that a bomb was about to go off. 警方说有人打来匿名电话，警告一枚炸弹即将爆炸。
• An attempt to implant an embryo using an egg from an anonymous woman donor was unsuccessful. 用一位匿名女性捐赠的卵子来植入胚胎的尝试未获成功。
• He received an anonymous letter threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money. 他收到一封匿名信，威胁说如果他不付钱，就把他的风流韵事都抖出来。
• For reasons of personal safety, the informant wishes to remain anonymous. 为了自身安全，举报人不希望透露姓名。
■having no unusual or interesting features 无特色的，无个性特征的
• He has a rather anonymous face. 他相貌平平。
adj. 匿名的，无名的；无个性特征的
 - faceless, innominate

Word: exotic
Front: exotic
[ɪgˈzɒtɪk] (研六托雅宝 4205/5304 -2)
Vocabulary: exotic
(once / 1642 pages)
adj
Something so unusual that it must be from some unfamiliar place is exotic. An exotic pet might be a panda, instead of a hamster. An exotic trip might be a journey to the Galapagos Islands, instead of to Orlando's Sea World.
Animals and people, or sensory things like food and smells, are often called exotic when they are from far-away lands. In the 16th century, exotic came into use — from Latin and Greek words for "foreign," which came, in turn, from exo-, meaning "outside." By the 17th century it was also being used to describe things that are striking or unusual. Even when the words strange and alien are sometimes used as synonyms.
WORD FAMILY
exotic: exotically, exoticism, exoticness, exotism
USAGE EXAMPLES
A beguiling mystery in an exotic setting, from the best-selling author of “The Historian.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Kennedy was captivated by Mexico City’s colourful markets full of exotic ingredients, and started learning to cook dishes from friends and their domestic workers.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“It is fun if it’s functioning at a high level,” he says, focusing specifically on his “exotic smashmouth” offense.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 异国的; 外来的; 异乎寻常的，奇异的; 吸引人的
n. 舶来品，外来物; 脱衣舞女
分布：奇异的(48%)，异国的(26%)，外来的(21%)，脱衣舞的(5%)
→exot-, 外面，来自ex-. 即外来的，异国的。
来自异国的(exo+tic→从外面来的)[exo-表示"外部的,外面"]
a.奇异的;异国情调的;外(国)来的The extinct exotic bird's feather contains zinc.那种已绝迹的珍奇的鸟的羽毛中含锌.
【记】ex外面－外面来的－奇异的；脱衣舞的
【反】endemic（adj 地方的；n 地方病）；indigenous（adj 本土的）；mundane（adj 平凡的；世俗的）
US [-'zɑ:.tˌɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■unusual and often exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from a far, especially tropical country 异国风情的，外国情调的；奇异的
• exotic flowers/food/designs 奇花异草／外国风味的食物／奇异的设计
adj. [物] 异国的； [语] 外来的；异国情调的
 - outside, extraneous

Word: congestion
Front: congestion
[kənˈdʒestʃən] (托雅 8954/8988 -1)
Vocabulary: congestion
(once / 3241 pages)
n
When a driver complains about congestion, she's talking about the cars that are backed up on the highway. When your sneezing friend complains about congestion, he's talking about his stuffed-up nose.
Use the noun congestion to talk about over-crowding; this comes up most often when people talk about traffic. If there's unexpected congestion on your route to work, you'll be late. You might also use the word to describe a crush of people: "The congestion in the subway was terrible — we were packed like sardines in there." The medical kind of congestion describes a build up of fluid, especially the kind you feel in your sinuses when you have a bad cold.
WORD FAMILY
congestion: congestions+/ congest: congested, congesting, congestion, congestive, congests/congestive: congestively
USAGE EXAMPLES
From its inception, the Second Avenue subway was intended to ease congestion on the East Side of Manhattan.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
And is seen as crucial to alleviating congestion in the nation’s biggest subway system.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It reduces road congestion, benefiting our environment and our quality of life.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 拥挤，堵车; 阻塞; 充血; （人口）过剩，稠密
分布：拥挤(52%)，阻塞(27%)，充血(21%)
N-UNCOUNT
堵塞;拥堵
If there is congestion in a place, the place is extremely crowded and blocked with traffic or people.
例：The problems of traffic congestion will not disappear in a hurry...交通拥堵问题不会一下子就消失。
例：Energy consumption, congestion and pollution have increased.能源消耗、交通堵塞以及污染状况愈加严重。
N-UNCOUNT
(身体部位的)堵塞，充血，淤血
Congestion in a part of the body is a medical condition in which the part becomes blocked.
例：...nasal congestion.鼻塞
n. 拥挤；拥塞； [病理] 充血
 - injection, crowding

Word: compose
Front: compose
[kəmˈpəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 3379/3128 -3)
Vocabulary: compose
(once / 51 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To compose is to put something together, like a song, poem, or even yourself. You might want to compose yourself before returning to the party after a good cry.
The word compose began with the Latin ponere, which means "to put, place," referring to placing or arranging any piece of work. It's been in the music business since the 1590s, and it's generally still used to describe the act of writing songs. But you can use it whenever you're pulling something together: you might compose an essay for English class, or notice that the class is composed of all girls.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
compose / comprise
Compose is to make up a whole, and comprise is to contain parts.  Poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises poodles. The parts compose the whole, and the whole comprises the parts. Confused? Everybody else is!
Compose means to make up a whole (it also means to create, but that's not the definition that troubles people). Mention the parts first, then the whole, as in "four rooms compose our small house."The whole can be first if you say composedof, as in "our house is composed of four rooms." Check it out:
Fresh pītal flowers composed the royal throne, Golden blossoms raised the state umbrella. (Vidyapati Thakura)
The nest is composed of dry grass and lined with finer fibres. (Rev. C.A. Johns)
Comprise means made up of, contain, include. When you use comprise, mention the whole thing first, then the parts, as in "the house comprises four rooms." It doesn't need an of after it. (That's the other word.) Here are some examples of the whole comprising the parts:
The stories comprised in this volume deserve to be widely known and appreciated. (Williams Andrews)
"Earth" comprises clay, mud, ochre, marl, and "peculiar earths generally." (Georgius Agricola)
The Penn State police force comprises 46 armed officers. (Slate)
Often comprise shows up in the phrase composed of, but really, comprise does not like of to follow it around. Usage maven Bryan Garner points out that this error is at stage 4 of his language change index ; many are mixing up the words so much that the language is changing, but it hasn't changed yet. Remember that those fluffy poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises eager pups. Woof.
WORD FAMILY
compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose+/ component: components/ composed: composedly / composer: composers/ composition: compositional, compositions/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He argued that several thousand years ago, at the time the Iliad was written, our brains were “bicameral,” composed of two distinct chambers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Troop 1532 is composed almost entirely of refugees who hail from far-flung places like Burma, Rwanda and Nepal.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The title track was composed by Billy Harper, who originally released it just over 40 years ago.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 组成，构成; 调解; [印刷]排（字）; 使安定
vt. & vi. 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）; 为…谱曲
vi. 构图，构成
时态：composed, composing, composes
分布：创作(47%)，作曲(27%)，形成(14%)，编排(8%)，使镇静(4%)
→com-, 强调。-pos, 放置，词源同opponent, position. 即放在一起的。
组成;作曲;使镇定(com一起+pose→放到一起→组成)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.组成,构成;(of)由...组成;创作(诗歌等)The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
【记】com一起，pose放－把各个部分放到一起－组成
【参】composition（n 作品）；compost（n 混合涂料，灰泥）composite（adj 混合成的；n 合成物＝compound）
【反】discombobulate（vt 使混乱；使困惑）
US [-'poʊz] verb
PRODUCE ART 创作艺术
intransitive or transitive
■to produce music, poetry or formal writing 作曲；创作（乐曲、诗歌）；着（书）
• Prokofiev started composing at the age of five. 普罗高菲夫五岁就开始作曲了。
• The music was specially composed for the film. 这音乐是专门为该电影创作的。
• a piece of music composed for the flute 为长笛而谱写的乐曲
• He composed this poem for his wife. 他为妻子写了这首诗。
• formal My lawyer is going to compose a letter of complaint. 我的律师要拟写一份投诉状。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
FORM 由…构成
be composed of sth
■to be formed from various things 由…组成，由…构成
• Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 空气主要由氮和氧组成。
• The committee is composed of MPs, doctors, academics and members of the public. 委员会由议员、医生、学者和普通民众组成。
• The audience was composed largely of young people. 观众中大部分都是年轻人。
transitive
■to be the parts that something is made of 组成，构成
• At that time, women composed only 1.6% of the US forces. 那个时期，美军中的女性只占1.6%的比例。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
BECOME CALM 使镇静
compose yourself
■to make yourself calm again after being angry or upset 使自己镇定；使自己平静下来
• She finally stopped crying and composed herself. 她终于停止哭泣，安静了下来。
compose your features/thoughts
■to try to make yourself look or feel calm after being angry or upset 使表情／思绪镇定
• I tried to compose my features into a smile. 我极力使表情平静下来，露出一丝微笑。
• He took a minute or two to compose his thoughts before he replied. 他用一两分钟平静了思绪后才作出回答。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
ARRANGE TEXT 编排文本
transitive specialized
■to arrange words, sentences, pages, etc. in preparation for printing 排版
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 构成；写作；使平静；排…的版
 - constitute, form, structure, calm
vi. 组成；作曲；排字
 - write, consist, make up

Word: preliminary
Front: preliminary
[prɪˈlɪmɪnəri] (研四六托雅宝 4404/3851 -2)
Vocabulary: preliminary
(once / 384 pages)
adjn
Preliminary means something that comes before something else. If you want to run in the race, you have to place in the top third of the preliminary round. It can also mean "early"––the preliminary results are in, and you've won!
Preliminary is often used euphemistically, as in, "There are a few preliminaries we'll need to take care of before you start your new job. First, sign over all your worldly goods to the company, then write a letter to your family explaining that you will never see them again. All set?"
WORD FAMILY
preliminary: preliminaries, preliminarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A preliminary investigation shows two Fairfax men were traveling in a truck with a lowboy flatbed trailer attached.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
While these data are preliminary, a larger clinical trial isS currently underway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 初步的，初级的; 预备的; 开端的; 序言的
n. 准备工作; 预赛; 初步措施; （对学生等的）预考
分布：初步的(60%)，预备的(13%)，准备(12%)，初步措施(6%)，开始的(6%)，初步行动(3%)
→pre-,在前，早于，-limin,界限，门槛，开端，词源同limit.引申词义初步的，初期的。
预备的,初步的(pre预先+limin+ary→入门以前→初步的)[limin,lim=threshold,表示"门槛,限制"]
a.预备的,初步的Preliminary arrangements have been made.准备工作已经就绪.
US [-ə.ner-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it 初步的，起始的；预备的
• Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials. 初查结果显示疫苗是有效的，但这有待于进一步医学实验的证实。
• We've decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings. 我们决定依据初步调查的结果对设计方案进行更改。
UK [prɪ'lɪm.ɪ.nər.i] US [-ə.ner-] noun countable usually plural
■an event or action that introduces or prepares for something else 开端活动，初步行动
• After a few polite preliminaries (= introductions) , we stated our main ideas and intentions. 几句开场白后，我们陈述了我方的主要看法和意图。
• The French team finished first in the competition preliminaries (= the first part of the competition). 法国队在预赛中名列第一。
preliminary, rough
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
n. 准备；预赛；初步措施
 - preparation, arrangement, provision
adj. 初步的；开始的；预备的
 - opening, rudimentary

Word: rick
Front: rick
[rɪk] (-/9258)
Back: n. 干草堆
vt. 堆成垛
时态：ricked, ricking, ricks
分布：扭伤(47%)，干草堆(38%)，堆成小屋形(15%)
→来自古英语 hreac,草堆，来自 Proto-Germanic*khraukaz,堆积，堆放，可能来自 skreuk,*sker, 弯，转，词源同 ring,curve,ridge.
noun countable (also hayrick)
■a large pile of straw or hay (= dried grass) that has been built in a regular shape 干草堆，草垛
[rɪk] verb transitive UK informal
■to twist a part of your body and hurt it 扭伤
• I ricked my neck while I was playing squash. 我在打壁球时扭伤了颈部。
vt. 把…堆成垛；（英）扭伤
 - twist, sprain
vi. 扭伤
 - wrench
n. [农] 干草堆；扭伤；人力车
 - strain, haystack
adj. 伪装的
 - dissemlbling, camouflaged

Word: populism
Front: populism
[ˈpɒpjəlɪzəm] (17400/24330)
Vocabulary: populism
(once / 2932 pages)
n
If you feel that ordinary working people should have the strongest political voice, you can say you believe in populism.
In politics, the term populism can have different meanings depending on who is using it and what their political goals are. At its root, populism is a belief in the power of regular people, and in their right to have control over their government rather than a small group of political insiders or a wealthy elite. The word populism comes from the Latin word for "people," populus.
WORD FAMILY
populism: populist +/ populist: populists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He saw the signs in the US and the UK of populism on the rise.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Some denounce populism as little more than a racist, xenophobic reaction against immigrants and multiculturalism.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
So “populism” is now overwhelmingly used as a euphemism for a style of politics that plays on xenophobia and hatred of expertise.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 平民主义，平民论
分布：平民主义(87%)，平民论(13%)
→popul-,人，民众，-ism,主义，思想。
US ['pɑ:.pjə-] mainly disapproving
noun uncountable
■political ideas and activities that are intended to represent ordinary people's needs and wishes 平民主义，平民论；民粹主义
• Their ideas are simple populism - tax cuts and higher wages. 他们的主张纯粹是平民主义——减税加薪。

Word: profitability
Front: profitability
[ˌprɒfɪtə'bɪlətɪ] (11207/6233)
Back: n. 获利（状况），盈利（情况）; [经]收益性; 利益率; 有利
分布：盈利能力(92%)，收益性(8%)
ADJ-GRADED
盈利的；有利润的；赚钱的
A profitable organization or practice makes a profit.
例：Drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in America...制药业是美国利润最丰厚的业务。
例：It was profitable for them to produce large amounts of food.生产大量的食物能让他们获利。
ADJ-GRADED
有利可图的；有益的；有用的
Something that is profitable results in some benefit for you.
例：...collaboration which leads to a profitable exchange of personnel and ideas.有利于人员和观念交流的合作
n. 赢利能力；收益性；利益率
 - rentability

Word: ash
Vocabulary: ash
(once / 297 pages)
1nv 2n
Ash is what's left after something has been burned by a fire. You need to clean the ash out of a wood stove or fireplace every once in a while.
After you burn wood in a fire pit or in a bonfire on the beach, there's ash left behind. Cigarette or cigar ash is what smokers tap off the end every so often — the burned part of the cigarette becomes ash. If you use the idiomatic phrase "it turned to ashes in my mouth," you mean that something was a huge disappointment or letdown.
WORD FAMILY
ash: ashed, ashes, ashing, ashy+/ashy: ashier
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The latest eruption occurred Friday, producing an ash cloud that was believed to rise to about 20,000 feet.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On Thursday, like seven small mythical phoenixes who rose from the ashes, the new birds arrived in Grant.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: noble
Front: noble
[ˈnəʊbl] (高研四六雅 5553/4808 -2)
Vocabulary: noble
(once / 42 pages)
1adjn 2adj
A noble is a titled peer of the realm or an aristocrat. As an adjective, noble describes someone with high or elevated character, or who is impressive in appearance.
From feudal times, we have known nobles as the heirs to thrones or as the holders of aristocratic title. British aristocracy, for example, produces many people of various noble titles, including dukes, earls, princes, kings, and queens. As various royal histories tell us, however, many of these nobles in title weren't quite so noble in character.
WORD FAMILY
noble: ennoble, nobility, nobleness, nobler, nobles, noblest, nobly+/ ennoble: ennobled, ennoblement, ennobles, ennobling/ennobling: ennoblingly/ nobility: nobilities/nobleness: noblenesses/nobly: noblys
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are a country of laws. School authorities, however noble their intentions, should not, directly or indirectly, encourage flouting of those laws.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Alexandrov Ensemble, the army choir, is more noble and highbrow.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The books are available on Amazon, at Barnes And Noble and griefdairies.com.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 高尚的; 贵族的; 外表庄严和庄重的; 表现出崇高的
n. 尊贵的人; 旧时在英国使用的金币
分布：贵族(34%)，高尚的(32%)，高贵的(31%)，宏伟的(3%)
→来自拉丁语nobilis,出身高贵的，有名望的，来自gno,知道，词源同know,notice.也可能来自gen,生育，词源同genuine,gentleman.
a.高尚的;贵族的,高贵的n.贵族No, nobody's body is noble, nor is his.不,没有任何人的躯体是高贵的,他的也不是.
US ['noʊ-] adjective
MORAL 道德的
■moral in an honest, brave and not selfish way 高尚的，伟大的，崇高的
• a noble gesture 高姿态
• His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause. 他的追随者相信他们是在为一项崇高的事业而奋斗。
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] adjective
HIGH RANK 贵族阶层
■belonging to a high social rank in a society, especially by birth （尤指出身）贵族的，显贵的
• a noble family 贵族家庭
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] adjective
CAUSING ADMIRATION 令人钦佩的
■causing admiration because of a particular appearance or quality 高贵的；宏伟的
• a noble bearing/gesture 高贵的气质／仪态
• a building with a noble facade 外观气派的建筑
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] noun countable
■a person of the highest social group in some countries 贵族
magnificent, grand, majestic, splendid, noble
这组词都有“宏伟壮丽的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
grand: 侧重规模大，豪华而宏伟壮丽、盛大。也可指人的崇高、伟大。
majestic: 侧重状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
splendid: 指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物侧重外观上的辉煌。用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
noble: 指因本身著名或从外表上看有令人难忘的华丽、庄严、卓越、雄壮或崇高。
adj. 高尚的；贵族的；惰性的；宏伟的
 - magnificent, grand
n. 贵族
 - prince, nobility, aristocrat
vt. 抓住；逮捕
 - grasp, collar

Word: proponent
Front: proponent
[prəˈpəʊnənt] (托 5744/11978 -1)
Vocabulary: proponent
(once / 4314 pages)
n
Proponent means someone who is in favor of something. You might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year.
If you’re in favor of long school vacations, you’re pro or "for" long vacations. The prefix pro- also carries the meaning of “forward,” “ahead,” or “before.” All of these senses are at work in proponent: someone who suggests (puts forward) an idea or who is in favor of an idea. A proponent proposes an idea or advocates for a proposal or a proposition.
WORD FAMILY
proponent: proponents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But his bathroom bill gained more attention, prompting packed hearings at which both proponents and opponents of the bill voiced their opinions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He quipped that proponents of the “futuristic delirium” of seasteading wanted a “Noah’s Ark to the Wall Street gravy”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 支持者，拥护者; 提倡者; 提出认证遗嘱者
分布：支持者(89%)，提倡者(11%)
→pro-,向前，-pon,放置，词源同position,postpone.引申词义支持者，拥护者。
提议者(propone+ent)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
【记】源于：prone（adj 倾向于）倾向于一方的人－支持者
【参】opponent（n 反对者）
【反】detractor（n 诽谤者；恶意批评者）
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
■a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action 提倡者，宣导者，辩护者
• He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment. 他是死刑的主要支持者之一。
Compare opponent
n. 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者
 - advocate, supporter

Word: shuttle
Front: shuttle
[ˈʃʌtl] (高研四六托雅宝 3810/8928 -2)
Vocabulary: shuttle
(once / 1341 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A shuttle runs between two or more places regularly. The benefit to staying at a hotel close to the airport is that you can take a shuttle, or a regular bus that travels back and forth, to catch your plane in the morning.
Airport shuttles are often buses, although they can also be trains, vans, or any other form of transportation. Some airplanes are shuttles, flying passengers on quick trips. You can also use the word shuttle as a verb, to describe what the bus itself does as it moves back and forth. The original meaning of shuttle is the part of a hand loom that moves to and fro in weaving.
WORD FAMILY
shuttle: shuttled, shuttles, shuttling
USAGE EXAMPLES
The government plans to provide security for buses that will be used to shuttle passengers from Kaduna’s small airport to Abuja.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For launches from Florida, SpaceX hopes to complete renovations at Launchpad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, once used for space shuttle launches.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is slated to shuttle astronauts to the International Space Station — the first crewed space station launch from U.S. soil in years.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （织机的）梭子; 航天飞机; （缝纫机的）滑梭; 短程穿梭运行的飞机（或火车，汽车）
vt. & vi. 穿梭般来回移动
vt. 以短程往复方式运送（货物等）
vi. 以短程往复式运行
时态：shuttled, shuttling, shuttles
分布：航天飞机(70%)，穿梭(18%)，梭子(9%)，穿梭移动(1%)，往返运送(1%)，往返移动之物(1%)
→来自古英语 scytel,飞镖，箭，来自 Proto-Germanic*skut,投射，掷，来自 skeud,投，扔， 射，推，词源同 shoot,shot,shut.引申词义梭子，穿梭，往返等。
n.往返汽车/列车/飞机;穿梭v.往返穿梭This plane shuttles between Washington and New York.这架飞机在华盛顿与纽约间定期往返.
US ['ʃʌtˌ-] noun countable
VEHICLE 交通工具
■a vehicle or aircraft that travels regularly between two places 穿梭运行的车辆；接驳车
• To get across town, you can take the shuttle from Times Square to Grand Central. 要穿越市区，你可以乘坐从时代广场穿梭到中央车站的公车。
• The American (space) shuttle can be used many times to put payloads in space. 美国的太空梭可以多次使用，向太空运送物品。
UK ['ʃʌt.l] US ['ʃʌtˌ-] noun countable
THREAD 线 specialized
■in weaving , a device which is used to carry the thread that goes across the cloth between the threads that go down the cloth 梭子
UK ['ʃʌt.l] US ['ʃʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to travel or take people regularly between the same two places 往返穿梭；往返运送（人）
• A small train shuttles constantly between the concourse and the runways. 一列小型火车往返于机场大厅和跑道之间。
n. [航] 航天飞机；穿梭； [纺] 梭子；穿梭班机、公共汽车等
 - spaceplane

Word: genetical
Front: genetical
[dʒɪ'netɪkl] None
Back: adj. 遗传的，起源的
分布：基因的(50%)，=genetic.(25%)，遗传学的(25%)
adj. 遗传的；起源的；创始的
 - inherited, hereditary

Word: stagnation
Front: stagnation
[stæɡ'neɪʃn] (14752/15040)
Vocabulary: stagnation
(once / 3760 pages)
n
Stagnation is the state of being still, or not moving, like a sitting puddle of water where stagnation attracts mosquitoes.
The root of stagnation is the Latin word for "standing water," stagnatum. The stagnation of water can be a serious problem in parts of the world where mosquitoes spread diseases like malaria, or where there is a shortage of drinkable water. There are also other kinds of stagnation, or inactivity — like a struggling country's economic stagnation or a writer's mental stagnation that results in writer's block.
WORD FAMILY
stagnation: stagnations+/stagnancy: stagnancies/ stagnate: stagnancy, stagnated, stagnates, stagnating, stagnation
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In 1980, after a decade of stagnation, we needed an infusion of individualism,” he wrote.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But here’s the key question: for jaded Israelis almost defiantly committed to political stagnation, will it matter?
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
He said his measures would get the economy growing again next year, after "five years of stagnation".
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 淤塞，停滞; 不景气; 滞止
分布：停滞(100%)
VERB
停滞不前;不发展;无变化
If something such as a business or society stagnates, it stops changing or progressing.
例：Industrial production is stagnating...工业生产正停滞不前。
例：His career had stagnated.他的事业已经陷入停滞。
n. [水文] 停滞；滞止
 - stasis, bogged down

Word: pollster
Front: pollster
[ˈpəʊlstə(r)] (宝 9635/26503 -1)
Vocabulary: pollster
(once / 4868 pages)
n
A pollster is a person who surveys voters to find out who they're voting for or to gather other information about their opinions.
Often, pollsters attempt to predict the outcome of an election by polling people either before they vote or just afterwards. Pollsters sometimes also ask people questions about their opinions on social and political issues. Pollster, coined in 1939, comes from poll, "to take votes" or "to survey," and originally, "head of hair." This meaning was first extended from "head" to "person," and then in the 1620s to "counting heads."
WORD FAMILY
pollster: pollsters+/ poll: polled, polling, polls, pollster
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, that is the question from a daily national pollster.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All over the world, pollsters report deep unhappiness with the institutions of liberal capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But when the national popular vote was certified, the major national pollsters were nearly redeemed.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 民意调查（分析）者; 整理民意测验结果的人
分布：民意测验者(100%)
→poll,民意调查，-ster,人。
民意测验家(poll民意调查)[-ster表名词"…人"]
【记】poll（n 民意调查），ster人－民意测验家
US ['poʊl.stɚ] noun countable
■a person who performs opinion polls 民意调查者，民意测验经办人

Word: internationally
Front: internationally
[ˌɪntə'næʃnəlɪ] (7104/6966)
Back: adv. 国际性地，国际上地，国际间地
分布：在国际上(100%)
ADJ
国际的;国际上的
International means between or involving different countries.
例：...an international agreement against exporting arms to that country.禁止向该国出口武器的国际协定
例：...Kuwait International Airport.科威特国际机场
N-COUNT
国际比赛
In sport, an international is a game that is played between teams representing two different countries.
例：...the midweek international against England.周三对抗英格兰的国际比赛
N-COUNT
国际比赛选手;国家队队员
An international is a member of a country's sports team.
例：...a former England international.前英格兰国手

Word: entertain
Front: entertain
[ˌentəˈteɪn] (研四六托 4949/4478 -K3)
Vocabulary: entertain
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v
If you want to entertain, you've got to hold people's attention, usually with something amusing. Clowns, music, silly jokes, and a good game of charades can all be used to entertain.
Did you know you can actually entertain ideas? It's not quite the same as entertaining friends with a good home cooked meal or tickets to the ball game, but still an appropriate way to use the word. Entertaining an idea means to have it mind or under consideration. For example, you never thought of studying abroad, but after a professor said it was one of the most meaningful experiences of his life, you started to entertain the idea of living in a foreign country.
WORD FAMILY
entertain: entertained, entertainer, entertaining, entertainment, entertains+/ entertainer: entertainers/ entertaining: entertainingly/ entertainment: entertainments
USAGE EXAMPLES
There's a fine line between "entertaining" and "troublemaker".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Peelle entertains in the novel in a folksy way that might lapse more frequently into hokey in a less confident writer’s hands.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is described on its publisher's website as "an honest, uncensored and highly entertaining diary of the campaign that changed the course of history".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 热情款待; 使有兴趣; 抱着，怀有; 考虑
vi. 热情款待
时态：entertained, entertaining, entertains
分布：娱乐(50%)，招待(30%)，考虑(12%)，抱有(4%)，容纳(2%)，使有兴趣(2%)
→enter-, 更里面，中间。-tain, 握，维持，词源同contain, tenable. 即招待客人，维持客户。
v.招待,款待;使娱乐;使欢乐;容纳,接受Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
US [-tˌɚ-] verb
AMUSE 使开心
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to keep a group of people interested or enjoying themselves 使有兴趣；使快乐
• We hired a magician to entertain the children. 我们请了一位魔术师表演节目让孩子们开心。
• Most children's television programmes aim to educate and entertain at the same time. 大多数儿童电视节目都旨在寓教于乐。
UK [en.tə'teɪn] US [-tˌɚ-] verb
INVITE 邀请
intransitive or transitive
■to invite someone to your house and give food and drink to them （在家）招待，款待，请客
• We entertain a lot of people, mainly business associates of my wife's. 我们经常在家请客，主要都是我妻子的业务伙伴。
• Now that I live on my own, I don't entertain much. 既然我自己一个人生活，我也就不常请人到家里做客。
UK [en.tə'teɪn] US [-tˌɚ-] verb
THINK ABOUT 考虑
transitive not continuous formal
■to hold in your mind or to be willing to consider or accept 怀着；抱有；心存；持有
• The General refused to entertain the possibility of defeat. 将军拒绝考虑失败的可能性。
amuse, please, interest, entertain
这组词都有“使人娱乐，消遣”的意思，其区别是：
amuse: 指使人通过注意某些有趣或悦人的事物而消遣，着重使人愉快的效果。
please: 多指愿望、兴趣得到满足后产生的强烈满意情绪。
interest: 普通用词，指出于任何原因使人兴奋或对某事物保持好奇心或注意力，侧重引起兴趣或注意。
entertain: 指通过给他人快乐感的消遣活动，使自己或他人从单调中解脱出来。
vt. 娱乐；招待；怀抱；容纳
 - serve, invite, attend, contain, accept
vi. 款待
 - welcome in

Word: tread
Front: tread
[tred] (六托宝 8263/5533 -2)
Vocabulary: tread
(once / 220 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4v
When you tread on the earth, you walk on it. The next time your pal thinks you have it too easy, you might ask him, “Why don’t you tread in my shoes for a day?”
Tread usually implies stepping with force, but it can also simply mean placing your feet, one after the other, on the ground. You might try to tread lightly on the moss in the backyard so you don't damage it. Tread is also a noun that means the mark that a tire leaves on the ground, or the actual grooves on the tire. You might be relieved that the tread marks at the crime scene didn't match your brother's truck after all.
WORD FAMILY
tread: retread, treaded, treading, treads, trod, trodden+/ retread: retreaded, retreading, retreads/trod: untrod/trodden: untrodden
USAGE EXAMPLES
A song that speaks to all the disregarded and down trodden black people in the United States.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
On the game's final play, with the Warriors down by one point, Durant stumbled when Cleveland's Richard Jefferson trod on his foot.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
The planes struck Palmyra on the same day Suleimani was photographed treading the city’s rubble.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: vi. 踩，踏; 行走; 交尾
vt. 踩成; 踏出; 步行于; 踩（烂）
n. 踏，踩，走; 交尾; （楼梯的）踏板; 轮胎接触地面的部分
时态：trod, trodden, treading, treads
分布：踩(40%)，践踏(21%)，踏面(13%)，行走(12%)，鞋底(6%)，步法(4%)，胎面花纹(4%)
→来自古英语 tredan,踩踏，来自 tred,踩踏，来自 der,走，跑，步行，词源同 trade,tramp. 后用于指轮胎胎面，常见于复合词 retread,翻修，翻新。
【记】读：踹的，用脚踹的－践踏
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (trod or US ALSO treaded, trodden or US AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO trod)
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■to put your foot on something or to press something down with your foot 踩；踏
• I kept treading on his toes when we were dancing. 我们俩跳舞时，我老是踩到他的脚趾。
• Yuck! Look what I've just trodden in ! 可恶！看我刚才踩到甚么了！
• A load of food had been trodden into the carpet. 许多食物被踩到地毯里去。
• Before the days of automation, they used to tread grapes to make wine. 在自动化时代到来之前，他们曾用脚踩葡萄酿酒。
■literary
■to walk 午饭后我总喜欢散散步。
• He trod heavily and reluctantly up the stairs. 他拖着沉重的脚步，极不情愿地上了楼。
• I sometimes see him flash past in his sports car as I tread my weary way (= walk in a tired way) to work. 当我迈着疲惫的脚步去上班时，有时会看见他开着跑车从我身边飞驰而过。
tread water
■to float vertically in the water by moving the legs and the arms up and down 踩水
[tred] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (trod or US ALSO treaded, trodden or US AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO trod)
be treading water
■to not be advancing in any way 原地踏步；裹足不前
• I think she feels that she's just treading water in that job. 我认为她觉得自己做那份工作不会有任何进步。
[tred] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (trod or US ALSO treaded, trodden or US AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO trod)
tread carefully/gently/lightly
■to speak or behave carefully to avoid upsetting or causing offence to anyone 言行谨慎；小心处理
• The government know they have to tread carefully on this issue. 政府知道这件事必须谨慎处理。
[tred] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (trod or US ALSO treaded, trodden or US AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO trod)
tread the boards old-fashioned or humorous
■to act in plays 演戏
• It's three years now since you've trodden the boards, Ken - how does it feel to be back? 肯，你已经演戏三年了——现在又不演戏了，感觉如何？
[tred] noun
PATTERN ON TYRE 胎面图案
countable or uncountable
■the pattern of raised lines on a tyre which prevents a vehicle from sliding on the road （车胎的防滑）胎面花纹
• The tread on your tyres is very worn. 你车胎上的花纹都磨损得很厉害了。
[tred] noun
STEP 踩
only singular
■the sound that your feet make on the ground as you walk 脚步声
• Then I heard someone's tread on the stairs. 接着，我听到楼梯上有脚步声。
only singular
■the horizontal part of a step on which you put your foot （楼梯的）梯面，踏步板
n. 踏；胎面；步态；鞋底； [建] 踏板；梯级
 - step, sole
vt. 踏；踩；践踏；跳；踩出
 - trample down, ride down
vi. 踏；踩；行走；交尾
 - step, set foot

Word: slavery
Front: slavery
[ˈsleɪvəri] (高四六 4574/8927 -1)
Vocabulary: slavery
(once / 165 pages)
n
Slavery is the brutal practice of forcing someone to work hard without paying them a fair wage, sometimes without paying them at all.
For hundreds of years in the United States, wealthy white landowners benefited from the institution of slavery, which forced millions of African slaves to work their entire lives on giant farms. The word slavery comes from the Latin sclava, meaning “Slavonic captive,” referring to the 9th century slavery of Slavonic people, but it came to mean anyone in captivity, not just Slavs. To be held captive and unable to pursue your own life is slavery, and it’s worth fighting against.
WORD FAMILY
slavery: slaveries+/ enslave: enslaved, enslavement, enslaves, enslaving/enslavement: enslavements/ slave: enslave, non-slave, slaved, slaveless, slavelike, slaver, slavery, slaves, slaving, slavish/slaver: slavered, slavering, slavers/slavish: slavishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What’s a Kanye West song doing in a TV show about slavery?
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The title of the first, by Ava DuVernay, refers to the 13th amendment to the constitution, which outlaws slavery in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奴隶身份; 奴隶制度; 苦役，奴隶般的劳动; 奴役，束缚，屈从，耽迷（酒色等）
分布：奴隶制(79%)，奴役(18%)，奴隶身份(3%)
→slave,贩卖奴隶，-ery,名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of having slaves or the condition of being a slave 奴隶制，蓄奴；奴隶身份
• Slavery still exists in many parts of the world. 在世界上许多地方奴隶制依然存在。
• Millions of Africans were sold into slavery. 数百万非洲人曾被贩卖为奴。
n. 奴役；奴隶制度；奴隶身分
 - Enslaved, bondage

Word: indictment
Front: indictment
[ɪnˈdaɪtmənt] (托 5627/10038 -2)
Vocabulary: indictment
(once / 908 pages)
n
An indictment, or a legal document charging you with a crime, is something you don't want to be the recipient of, so try not to rob any banks or start any money laundering schemes, and you'll probably be okay.
An indictment is most frequently a charge of a serious crime. You may have heard on television legal programs the phrase "on the first count of the indictment," which means that there's more than one charge of a category of crime in the indictment. The word can also be used more informally to mean an accusation. A book or article detailing the wrongdoing of a person or industry may be said to be an indictment of that person or industry.
WORD FAMILY
indictment: indictments+/ indict: indictable, indicted, indicting, indictment, indicts/indictable: indictability
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though the police recommended an indictment, the attorney general at the time decided not to pursue the case for lack of evidence.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor are the successes of rural schools necessarily an indictment on the struggles of those in metropolitan areas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 诉状，起诉书; <尤美>刑事起诉书; 控告，起诉
分布：起诉(77%)，控告(15%)，起诉状(8%)
→来自indict,控告，起诉。词义腐败迹象来自indicate,指示，暗示。
起诉,控诉(indict+ment)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
noun
countable usually singular
■a reason for giving blame 控诉；谴责
• This seems to me to be a damning indictment of education policy. 我觉得这似乎应看作是对教育政策的一种深刻谴责。
countable legal
■a formal statement of accusing someone 起诉书；公诉书
• The charges on the indictment include murder and attempted murder. 起诉书上的指控包括谋杀罪及企图谋杀罪。
n. 起诉书；控告
 - charge, statement of claim

Word: exceptional
Front: exceptional
[ɪkˈsepʃənl] (研六托雅宝 6002/3970 -2)
Vocabulary: exceptional
(once / 461 pages)
adj
Generally, exceptional is a compliment––"the concert was exceptional" means it was better than what could have been expected. But it can also just mean unusual. "Maria gets to skip gym, but hers is an exceptional case."
Exceptional begins with the Latin prefix ex- 'out,' because something exceptional stands out in some way. In certain cases, exceptional can mean under-performing. Children with special educational needs are sometimes referred to in this way, as exceptional or special.
WORD FAMILY
exceptional: exceptionally, unexceptional +/ except: excepted, excepting, exception, excepts/ exception: exceptionable, exceptional, exceptions/ exceptionable: exceptionably, unexceptionable / unexceptionable: unexceptionably/ unexceptional: unexceptionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sometimes even exceptional defenders can't afford to be too proud to do what needs be done.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Chemistry between two performers depends on each one bringing exceptional talents to the mix.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It was an exceptional goal because it was at the end of a fantastic collective movement which our game is about,” Wenger said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 优越的; 杰出的; 例外的; 独特的
n. 超常的学生
分布：异常的(30%)，例外的(24%)，杰出的(24%)，特别的(22%)
→词源同except, 拿出来的，突出的。与exceptionable的词义差别主要来自人为影响。比较egregious, 原义为极好的，优秀的，现义为极坏的，恶劣的。
[cept=take拿取]
例外的(exception例外)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
a.例外的,异常的This warm weather is exceptional for January.在一月出现这样暖和的天气是异常的.
【记】exception（n 除外；异议）ex出，cept拿走－除外
【参】reception（n 接待；接收）；precept（n 规则）
【区】exceptionable（adj 可反对的；可争辩的）
【反】prosaic（adj 散文的；平凡的）；commonplace（adj 平凡的）
[ɪk'sep.ʃən.əl] approving
adjective
■much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc （尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的，不同凡响的
• an exceptional student 出类拔萃的学生
• exceptional powers of concentration 无比的专注
• The company has shown exceptional growth over the past two years. 过去两年里面，这间公司的发展业绩不俗。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 异常的，例外的
 - novel, exquisite

Word: corn
Front: corn
[kɔ:n] (高研四六托 2448/4957 -2)
Vocabulary: corn
(once / 143 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
Corn is a plant that grows long ears of kernels on tall, grass-like stalks. Many large farms grow fields of corn each year, for human or animals to eat, or to make corn-based products.
Corn is an important crop in North America, since many animals raised for meat eat corn, not to mention the corn that people consume. In addition, products like high fructose corn syrup and ethanol fuel are made from corn. Many people also love to eat corn on the cob slathered with butter in the summer time. In many parts of the world, it's called maize instead of corn, which is an Old English word meaning "grain."
WORD FAMILY
corn: corned, corning, corns, corny +/ corny: cornier, corniest, cornily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nelson predicts the low prices for corn, cattle and almost everything else produced in rural Nebraska will remain low for a while.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smithfield buys about 150 million bushels of corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum per year to feed its 16 million hogs, according to a Smithfield spokeswomen.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s a New York institution,” she said, anticipating she’d order a “Woody Allen,” an overstuffed sandwich of half pastrami and half corned beef.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <英>谷物; <美>玉米; 鸡眼
时态：corned, corning, corns
分布：玉米(88%)，谷物(10%)，腌(1%)，伤感平庸作品(1%)
→词源同grain, 谷物。
n.谷物,庄稼,玉米The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
US [kɔ:rn] noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED uncountable UK
■(the seeds of) plants, such as wheat , maize , oats and barley that can be used to produce flour （小麦、玉米、燕麦、大麦等）谷物，谷粒
• a sheaf of corn 一捆谷物
• grains of corn 谷粒
uncountable US
■the seeds of the maize plant, or the plant itself 玉米（粒）
UK [kɔ:n] US [kɔ:rn] noun
AREA OF SKIN 小块皮肤
countable
■a small painful area of hard skin that forms on the foot, especially on the toes （尤指脚上的）钉胼，鸡眼
UK [kɔ:n] US [kɔ:rn] noun
EMOTION 情感
uncountable mainly US slang
■something which is old-fashioned, boring, or done to cause emotion 陈腐的东西；老一套；煽情的东西
• Everyone says it's a great movie, but I think it's just corn. 人人都说这是部好电影，但我觉得无非又是老一套。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. （美） [作物] 玉米；（英）谷物； [皮肤] 鸡眼
 - grain, zea mays
vt. 腌；使成颗粒
 - preserve

Word: cosy
Front: cosy
['kəʊzɪ] (高研雅 36003/6933 -2)
Back: adj. 舒适的，惬意的; 畅快的; 亲切友好的
n. 有遮盖的双人座椅; 保暖罩
级别：cosier, cosiest
分布：相互勾结的(38%)，亲切友好的(23%)，讨好(17%)，舒适温暖的(11%)，保温套(11%)
→词源不详。
a.暖和舒服的;舒适的[反]uncomfortableThe couple wish to live in a cosy little home.那对夫妇希望住在温暖舒适的小屋中.
US ['koʊ-] adjective
COMFORTABLE 安逸的
 ADVANCED
■comfortable and pleasant, especially (of a building) because small and warm （尤指建筑物因为小及温暖而）温馨的，温暖舒适的，惬意的，安逸的
• This room is nice and cosy in the winter. 这房间冬天十分温暖舒适。
• He showed me into a cosy little room. 他带我进入了一间温馨的小屋。
UK (ALSO US cozy) UK ['kəʊ.zi] US ['koʊ-] adjective
TOO CLOSE 勾结 disapproving
■describes a situation which is convenient for those involved but not always honest or legal （与…）相互勾结的
• He has some cosy arrangement/deal with his supplier, which means he's able to sell his goods more cheaply. 他跟供应商有某种暗中约定／交易，这意味着他能以更低的价格出售商品。
UK (ALSO US cozy) UK ['kəʊ.zi] US ['koʊ-] noun countable
■a cover that you put on a teapot or a boiled egg to keep it warm 保暖罩
• a tea cosy 茶罩
• an egg cosy 鸡蛋罩
adj. 舒适的；惬意的
 - comfortable, pleasant, easy, cozy

Word: battlefield
Front: battlefield
[ˈbætlfi:ld] (6003/9755 -2)
Vocabulary: battlefield
(once / 1100 pages)
n
A place where fighting happens, especially during a war, can be called a battlefield. If you visit Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, you'll see a famous Civil War battlefield.
There are many Civil War battlefields in the southern United States, and New England is the site of several Revolutionary War battlefields. While the physical land where a battle is fought is the most common kind of battlefield, there are also figurative battlefields, like a classroom in which competing ideas are angrily hashed out. The equivalent word in Old English is wælstow, or "slaughter-place."
WORD FAMILY
battlefield: battlefields
USAGE EXAMPLES
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
As clashes continued in and around Mosul on Monday, Isis also targeted military positions away from the main battlefield.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
So Battlefield to Boardroom worked on his resume, and five hours later he got a call.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 战场，战地; 斗争的领域
分布：战场(98%)，斗争(1%)，争论点(1%)
US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
■a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought in the past 战场，战地
• They carried the wounded from the battlefield. 他们把伤者抬离战场。
• a Civil War battlefield 内战时的战场
■a subject on which people strongly disagree 争论主题；斗争领域
• The issue has become a political battlefield in recent years. 该议题已成为近年来政治斗争的一个热点。
n. [军] 战场；沙场
 - field, ground

Word: specialise
Front: specialise
['speʃəlˌaɪz] (-/5113)
Back: vi. 专门从事，专攻
时态：specialised, specialising, specialises
分布：特别指明(25%)，限定 ... 的范围(25%)，专门做(25%)，使 ... 专业化(25%)
vi. 专门研究（等于specialize）
 - to specialize in
vt. 使专门化；限定…的范围；深入（等于specialize）
 - technicalize

Word: telescope
Front: telescope
[ˈtelɪskəʊp] (高研四六托雅 2759/8217 -2)
Vocabulary: telescope
(once / 630 pages)
1n 2v
A telescope is an instrument that is used to view distant objects. If you want to look at the planets, you can use a telescope. The higher the magnification on the telescope, the better your view will be.
Galileo is often credited with the invention of the telescope, but this is incorrect. Although he did not invent it, he did improve it — a lot. He didn't name the telescope either. That honor went to Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani, who gave the instrument its name when Galileo presented the instrument at the Accademia dei Lincei, a science society in Italy, in 1611. Telescope is from the Greek roots tele (meaning "far") and skopos (meaning "seeing"); so the word literally describes what the instrument does.
WORD FAMILY
telescope: telescoped, telescopes, telescopic, telescoping+/telescopic: nontelescopic, telescopically/telescoping: nontelescoping
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, however, scientists keep track of it by aiming a network of radio telescopes at a distant quasar.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Enjoy the wintry night sky full of stars through telescopes afterward, weather permitting.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Earlier this month, the court dismissed an appeal by opponents of the telescope project who argued the hearings process is flawed.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 望远镜
vt. & vi. （使某物）变短（叠缩在一起）; （使某物）叠缩，嵌入
vt. 压缩某物使其少占空间或时间
时态：telescoped, telescoping, telescopes
分布：望远镜(97%)，缩短(1%)，套叠(1%)，压缩(1%)
→tele-,远的，-scope,看，镜子，词源同 scope,microscope.
望远镜(tele+scope看→看远方→望远镜)[tele=fur表示"远",引申为"电",电从远方来]
n.望远镜v.缩短,压缩Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
When the trains crashed into each other, the cars were telescoped.那两辆火车相撞时, 车厢挤在一起了。
US [-ə.skoʊp] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a cylindrical device for making objects that are far away look nearer and larger, using a combination of lenses , or lenses and curved mirrors 望远镜
UK ['tel.ɪ.skəʊp] US [-ə.skoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make or become shorter by reducing the length of the parts 缩短；变短
• We had to telescope five visits into two days. 我们只得把五个拜访压缩在两天之内完成。
vt. 压缩；使套叠
 - to compress, constrict
vi. 套叠；变短
 - shorten
n. [光] 望远镜；缩叠式旅行袋
 - spotting scope

Word: roar
Front: roar
[rɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅 5275/5769 -2)
Vocabulary: roar
(once / 118 pages)
1vn 2v
To roar is to make a ferociously loud sound, like a lion or a tiger. If you go to a football game, you'll hear the crowd roar whenever their team scores a goal.
A wild animal roars when it makes its long, full cry, and a person (or a thing) can emit a similar roar. Your boisterous uncle roars with laughter, and the frustrated substitute teacher might roar angrily at the class. Motorcycles sometimes roar down the street, and a judge might silence a courtroom when she roars, "Order!" Roar can also act as a noun, meaning the sound itself — like the roar of the crowd that drowns out your voice. Roar comes from an imitative Old English root.
WORD FAMILY
roar: roared, roarer, roaring, roars+/roarer: roarers/roaring: roaringly, roarings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Now is the most important game in the season because it is against a direct opponent,” he roared.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A fireplace roaring on a blustery December day?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trump votes roared when Trump promised to repeal Obamacare on Day One.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 咆哮; 喧闹; 吼叫; 混乱或吵闹
vt. 大声喊出; 使…轰鸣; 吼，咆啸
n. 吼叫声，咆哮声，呼啸声; 狂笑，大笑
时态：roared, roaring, roars
分布：咆哮(35%)，轰鸣(25%)，吼叫(25%)，吼声(11%)，喧闹(4%)
→拟声词，模仿咆哮的声音。
n./v.吼叫,怒号;轰鸣,咆哮The roaring oar hit the coarse keyboard on the cupboard aboard the boat.轰鸣的桨击中了船上碗柜上的粗糙键盘.
US [rɔ:r] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make a long, loud, deep sound 吼叫；咆哮
• We could hear the lions roaring at the other end of the zoo. 我们可以听到狮子在动物园的另一端咆哮。
intransitive
■If a vehicle or aircraft roars somewhere, it moves there very quickly making a lot of noise （车辆或飞机）呼啸而行
• She looked up as a plane roared overhead. 一架飞机轰鸣着掠过她的头顶，她抬头张望。
• The street was full of boys roaring up and down on their motorbikes. 大街上到处是些年轻小伙子骑着摩托车来回呼啸而过。
transitive
■to shout loudly 大声地说；叫喊
• [+ speech] "Stop that!" he roared. “住手！”他大吼道。
UK [rɔ:r] US [rɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roar with sth
■to express an emotion, such as laughter or anger, noisily 因…大叫；放声（大笑；高声（怒吼）
• She roared with laughter when she saw what he was wearing. 看到他的一身穿戴，她哈哈大笑起来。
UK [rɔ:r] US [rɔ:r] noun countable or only singular
■a loud, deep sound 吼叫；呼啸；咆哮
• The lion let out a loud roar. 狮子发出一声吼叫。
• His apartment was on a main road and there was a constant roar of traffic. 他的公寓在一条大马路旁边，轰鸣的车辆声不绝于耳。
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
roar, bark, growl, howl
这组词都有“吠，叫”的意思，其区别是：
roar: 指狮子的吼叫。
bark: 指发出刺耳的汪汪声，系典型的狗吠。
growl: 指被激怒的狗发出低长的咆哮声，以示威胁。用于人时，指咆哮着喊叫，怒冲冲地发牢骚。
howl: 指声音响亮，拖得很长，如哀愁的哭声。用于人时，指大喊大叫。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
n. 咆哮；吼；轰鸣
 - snarl, rave
vi. 咆哮；吼叫；喧闹
 - gnar, huff and puff
vt. 咆哮；呼喊；使……轰鸣
 - yell out, huff and puff

Word: supervisor
Front: supervisor
[ˈsu:pəvaɪzə(r)] (托雅 3589/5371 -2)
Vocabulary: supervisor
(once / 1819 pages)
n
A supervisor is the person in charge at your job, who monitors you as you work. Your supervisor prepared you for the world of sneaker sales, and makes sure you don't give them away free to your friends.
To supervise means to oversee, so a supervisor is someone whose job it is to oversee everyone else as they work. If you're the supervisor of a big kitchen, you probably won't spend time chopping onions, but instead wander around making sure everyone has their hair back and is using the right ingredients and working quickly. Sometimes in very complex problems, a whole organization can be a supervisor, like a city department that oversees the police.
WORD FAMILY
supervisor: supervisors+/ supervise: supervised, supervises, supervising, supervision, supervisor, supervisory/supervised: unsupervised/supervision: supervisions
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Dec. 7, the commission voted 6 to 2 to recommend that the Board of County Supervisors approve the project with a septic tank.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But when his supervisors confronted him about his website in 2012, he offered his resignation.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 监督者，管理者; 镇长
分布：导师(40%)，管理人(20%)，主管人(16%)，监督人(16%)，检查员(4%)，督学(4%)
→supervise,监督，监管，-or,人。
想象,设想(en进入+vis+age→进入看的状态)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
US [-pɚ.vaɪ.zɚ] noun countable
■a person whose job is to supervise someone or something 监督者，管理者，指导者
■in some colleges, a teacher with responsibility for a particular student （某些学院中某个学生的）指导教师，导师
US
■A town or county supervisor is an elected official who manages local government services. 镇长；县长
n. 监督人， [管理] 管理人；检查员
 - administrator, conductor

Word: betray
Front: betray
[bɪˈtreɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 4974/6030 -2)
Vocabulary: betray
(once / 147 pages)
v
When you betray someone or something, you provide information whether you mean to do it or not, like the loud growling of your stomach that betrays your hunger or the secret you tell about your friend that betrays her trust.
When you betray someone or something, you reveal something, like a secret or your true feelings. You may betray your impatience, for example, if you sit at your desk tapping your fingers. There is another meaning of betray that is just the opposite: lie. You betray your friend if you pretend that something is true just to trick him into doing what you want. In this case, betray means the same thing as deceive.
WORD FAMILY
betray: betrayal, betrayed, betrayer, betraying, betrays+/ betrayal: betrayals/betrayer: betrayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it will be soon, which saddens Gray, his secondary coach, who said he has seen no evidence of Newman’s body or mind betraying him.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Yet Mr. Hofer, 45, also flashes a boyish grin and can hardly help but betray an extra air of confidence these days.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
A just and peaceful society depends on hypocrites who ultimately refuse to abandon the ideals they betray.
Washington Post(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 对…不忠; 背叛; 出卖; 泄露
时态：betrayed, betraying, betrays
分布：背叛(59%)，出卖(29%)，泄露(7%)，显露(5%)
→前缀be-, 强调。-tray, 背叛，同traitor, 来自拉丁词tradare, 前缀tra, 转，词根don, 给予。
v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露The stray betrayer arrayed the sprayers on the road.偶然的背信者在道路上排列喷雾器.
【参】traitor（n 叛逆者，叛国者）
verb transitive
NOT LOYAL 不忠诚的
 ADVANCED
■to not be loyal to your country or a person, often by doing something harmful such as helping their enemies 背叛，出卖；对…不忠诚
• He was accused of betraying his country during the war. 他被指控在战争期间背叛了祖国。
• She felt betrayed by her mother's lack of support. 她觉得母亲背弃了她，因为母亲没有支持她。
• For years they betrayed Britain's secrets to Russia. 他们持续多年向俄国出卖英国的机密情报。
• formal He promised never to betray her (= never to leave her for another person). 他答应永远不离弃她。
■formal
■If someone betrays something such as a promise, they do not do what they said they would 食言；辜负
• The government has been accused of betraying its election promises. 政府因未能履行竞选诺言而遭到人们的遣责。
• By staying out so late, they have betrayed my trust (= disappointed me because I had trusted them to not be late). 他们在外面留到这么晚才回来，真是辜负了我的信任。
[bɪ'treɪ] verb transitive
SHOW 表露
■to show feelings, thoughts or a particular characteristic without intending to 暴露（想法）；流露（情感）
• If he is nervous on stage, he does not betray it. 他即使在舞台上十分紧张，也不会表露出来。
• Although she often seems quite cold and harsh, her smiling eyes betray her true nature. 虽然她看上去总是冷漠刻薄，但她微笑的双眼却显示出了真性情。
vt. 背叛；出卖；泄露（秘密）；露出…迹象
 - reveal, sell

Word: flavour
Front: flavour
[ˈfleɪvə(r)] (四六托雅 -/3966 -K3)
Back: n. 风味，情趣; 味，滋味; 香味，气味
vt. 给…添风味[添情趣，添风趣]; 给…增加香气; 给…调味
时态：flavoured, flavouring, flavours
分布：风味(57%)，味道(41%)，韵味(1%)，给...增添风趣(1%)
US [-vɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself （食物或饮料的）风味；（某种）味道
• Add a little salt to bring out the flavour of the herbs. 加一点盐使香草的味道更鲜美。
• My fish was delicious but Charles' beef had almost no flavour (= did not taste of anything). 我的鱼肉美味可口，但是查理的牛肉却几乎没甚么味道。
• This wine has a light, fruity flavour (= the taste of fruit). 这种葡萄酒有一种淡淡的水果味。
• We sell 32 different flavours (= particular types of taste) of ice cream. 我们出售32种不同口味的霜淇淋。
only singular
■a particular quality or character 特点；特色
• The resort has a nautical flavour. 这个度假胜地尽显海上风情。
only singular
■an idea or quick experience of something 想法；快速的体验
• To give you a flavour of what the book is like Jilly is going to read out a brief extract. 为使您对此书略有了解，吉利将朗读一段简短摘录。
UK (ALSO US flavor) UK ['fleɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
flavour of the month UK informal
■the most popular person at a particular time （某一时期）最受欢迎的人物
• Andy is certainly flavour of the month with the boss. 安迪显然是目前最受老板赏识的人。
UK (ALSO US flavor) UK ['fleɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] verb transitive often passive
■to give a particular taste to food or drink 给（食物或饮品）调味
• This sauce is flavoured with garlic and herbs. 这种酱加了大蒜和香草调味。
• You can use fresh herbs to flavour the soup. 你可以用新鲜香草给汤调味。
smell, fragrance, incense, perfume, flavour, odour, scent
这组词都有“气味”的意思，其区别是：
smell: 普通用词，与odour很相近，中性词。可指好闻或不好闻或中性气味。
fragrance: 较正式的典雅用词，常指花妆品、花朵和香料等发出的令人感到新鲜、愉快的香味。
incense: 指香燃烧时发出的芳香的烟味。
perfume: 书面用词，指强烈、浓厚天然或人工制造的香气。
flavour: 指影响嗅觉、味觉的香气或香味，多用于指食物等独特的味。
odour: 书面中性词，侧重气味本身的本质，既可指令人愉快的气味，也可指令人作呕难闻气味。
scent: 与smell很接近，但着重某物质或物体所特有的气味，多指好闻的气味。
n. 香味；滋味
 - fragrance, perfume

Word: windfall
Front: windfall
[ˈwɪndfɔ:l] (宝 12082/15234 -1)
Vocabulary: windfall
(once / 3914 pages)
1n 2n
Lucky you! You just won the lottery and your windfall will make life very comfortable for you and your family. A windfall is a crazy bit of unexpected good fortune.
First used in the fifteenth century, the word windfall originally referred to fruit that the wind blew from the trees. Like a prize was there for whomever found it — no need for the ladder and effort of picking it from the tall trees. The word eventually came to mean any unexpected and easily-gained good fortune, typically one involving money, such as the windfall profit from a lucky stock purchase.
WORD FAMILY
windfall: windfalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
I would conduct it at her cottage, another windfall since it meant seeing where her daughter Carrie lived, too.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
One of the most popular football players of all time, a crazy premonition, and a windfall of money.
Golf Digest(Dec 28, 2016)
But that hasn’t meant a windfall for hospitals, according to hospital officials.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 意外之财; 意外的收获; 被风吹落的果子
分布：意外的收获(54%)，侥幸所得(33%)，风吹落的果实(13%)
US [-fɑ:l] noun countable
MONEY 意外的钱财
■an amount of money that you win or receive from someone unexpectedly 意外之财
• Investors each received a windfall of £3000. 每位投资者都获得3000英镑的意外之财。
• The government is hoping to collect a windfall tax (= extra tax on a large unexpected company profit) from British Electric. 政府打算针对英国电气公司获得的大笔意外利润征收额外的税款。
UK ['wɪnd.fɔ:l] US [-fɑ:l] noun countable
FRUIT 水果
■a piece of fruit blown down from a tree 被风吹落的水果
• I tend to leave the windfalls for the birds to pick at. 我常常会把被风吹落的水果留给鸟啄食。

Word: furniture
Front: furniture
[ˈfɜ:nɪtʃə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2669/2428 -K3)
Vocabulary: furniture
(once / 220 pages)
n
The chairs, tables, sofas, and beds in your house are furniture. Your furniture gives you somewhere to sit, store your books, and a comfortable place to sleep at night.
Furniture can be defined as the things in your house that you can move around — you can rearrange the furniture in your living room to make room for a piano, for example. Humans have been building and using some form of furniture for thousands of years. Furniture comes from the Middle French fourniture, "a supply," or "an act of furnishing."
WORD FAMILY
furniture: furnitures
USAGE EXAMPLES
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Whether you’re looking for a single statement piece or to redesign your home, 14th Street NW is a haven for furniture seekers.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
“When they got a new vending machine, it felt like new furniture in my house,” Harriet said.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: n. 家具; 设备; 附属品
分布：家具(99%)，必要的附属品(1%)
→来自furnish, 供应，提供。后词义用于家具设施等。
n.家具The animals unanimously vanished from the mammal's room furnished with Spanish furniture.动物一齐从配备有西班牙家具的哺乳动物的房间消失.
US ['fɝ:.nɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■things such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. which are put into a house or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in 家俱
• They have a lot of antique furniture. 他们有很多古董家具。
• The only piece/item of furniture he has in his bedroom is a bed. 他卧室里唯一的家俱就是一张床。
• We've just bought some new garden furniture (= tables, chairs, etc. for use in the garden). 我们刚刚买了些花园里用的新家俱。
UK ['fɜ:.nɪ.tʃər] US ['fɝ:.nɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  furnitureFurniture does not have a plural form. Do not say 'furnitures'. Only say furniture.
✗ The furnitures in the canteen are not very comfortable. The furniture in the canteen is not very comfortable.
n. [家具] 家具；设备；储藏物
 - equipment, facility, plant, suite, fixture

Word: liken
Front: liken
[ˈlaɪkən] (宝 9141/11367 -1)
Vocabulary: liken
(once / 1590 pages)
v
When you liken one thing to another, you compare them and point out what they have in common. You might liken your long walk to school to your ancestors' voyage across the ocean to the New World.
When you equate two things, or emphasize their similarities, you liken them. You could liken your experience at the dentist to torture, or liken your dad's skill at baking pies to that of Rembrandt painting a portrait. Your grandmother might liken her romance with your grandfather to a fairy tale, and you could then liken the day you spent listening to her stories to watching a long, dull movie.
WORD FAMILY
liken: likened, likening, likens+/likening: likenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school calls the gym the Lions’ Den, but many visitors call it the Dungeon and liken playing there to playing hockey inside a box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One visitor likened it to a 1970s scout hut.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He likens it to maple syrup, where you tap a maple tree and collect sap.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 比拟; 把…比作
时态：likened, likening, likens
分布：比作(77%)，比拟(17%)，使像(6%)
→like,相似，-en,使。引申词义比做，比喻。
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] liken sb/sth to sb/sth
■to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else 认为…与…相像
• She's been likened to a young Elizabeth Taylor. 人们说她很像年轻时的伊丽莎白‧泰勒。
vt. 比拟；把…比作
 - assimilate

Word: gadget
Front: gadget
[ˈgædʒɪt] (宝 9105/13719 -1)
Vocabulary: gadget
(once / 2388 pages)
n
A gadget is a tool or device, especially one that works remarkably well for a specific task. Your dad's favorite kitchen gadget might be his special knife that cuts vegetables into spirals.
The remote control your brother rigs up to the Christmas tree is a gadget, and your camping tool that folds out into various knives, corkscrews, and scissors is another kind of gadget. The original spelling was gadjet, and it's thought to have originated in the 1850's as sailors' slang, meaning any mechanism or ship part that either lacked a name or whose name had been forgotten. It may be rooted in the French gâchette, "piece of a mechanism."
WORD FAMILY
gadget: gadgeteer, gadgets+/gadgeteer: gadgeteers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the real game-changing gadget here is not on the weight room floor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
An Israeli start-up will be showing off a gadget that promises to get us at least partly there.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But some smaller agencies that lack money for pricey gadgets and new staffers are worried.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 小玩意; 小配件; 小装置
分布：小玩意儿(70%)，小机件(18%)，小巧的机械(12%)
→词源不详，用来指各种不知名的小装置。拼写变体widget.
【记】gad（n 尖头棒），g，et小－小尖头棒－小工具
【参】用gadget扎你一下，你就会fidget（v /n 坐立不安）
noun countable
■a small device or machine with a particular purpose 小器具；小装置；小玩意儿
• kitchen gadgets 厨房器具
• Have you seen this handy little gadget - it's for separating egg yolks from whites. 你见过这种很有用处的小装置吗——它是用来把蛋黄和蛋白分开的。
n. 小玩意；小器具；小配件；诡计
 - scheme, fraud

Word: vienna
Front: vienna
[viˈenə] (-/4830)
Back: n. 维也纳（奥地利首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: ariel
Front: ariel
['eərɪəl] (-/17682)
Back: n. 瞪羚
分布：天王星的第一卫星(100%)
n. 羚羊类；瞪羚（主要产于阿拉伯等地的一种大眼羚羊）
 - gazel

Word: operational
Front: operational
[ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl] (研四六 6134/4032 -2)
Vocabulary: operational
(once / 3144 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something is operational, it’s up and running and ready to go. If you’ve been waiting for a new skating rink to open, you’ll jump for joy when it’s finally operational.
When something is operational, it's ready to use or is already in use. Don’t get on an elevator that’s not fully operational unless you like getting stuck. Any gadget being used is operational. If someone calls you and you pick up and talk, then both phones are operational. If the compost bin you’ve been working on is operational, go ahead and throw in the banana peels. Operational things are functional. If your skates are operational, lace up and go!
WORD FAMILY
operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally+/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator / operation: operational, operations/operationalism: operationalist/ operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative / operator: operators/postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
They argued that the state should spend some of that money for operational needs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company expects to declare the plant operational in January, Mr. Knox said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The figures exclude South Downs National Park which did not become fully operational until April 2011.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 即可使用的; （用于）操作的; 经营的; 军事行动的
分布：操作的(44%)，运作的(36%)，作战的(10%)，可用的(10%)
a.操作的,运转的,起作用的,经营的The language laboratory is not operational yet.语言实习教室还不能使用.
US [ˌɑ:.pə'reɪ-] adjective
■relating to a particular activity 工作上的；经营上的；运作上的；实施上的
• There are operational advantages in putting sales and admin in the same building. 将销售部门和行政部门设在同一幢大楼，有利经营。
■If a system is operational, it is working （系统）运作中的，工作中的，运行中的
• Repairs have already begun and we expect the factory to be fully operational again with six months. 维修工作已经开始，我们预计这家工厂在六个月后会再次全面运作起来。
adj. 操作的； [数] 运作的
 - handling, working

Word: cultivate
Front: cultivate
[ˈkʌltɪveɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5574/6415 -2)
Vocabulary: cultivate
(once / 124 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To cultivate is to nurture and help grow. Farmers cultivate crops, fundraising professionals cultivate donors, and celebrities cultivate their images.
When you cultivate something, you work to make it better. Originally, the word referred only to crops that required tilling, but the meaning has widened. No matter what is being cultivated, the word implies a level of care that is reminiscent of gardening. Sometime friendships come naturally and sometimes you have to cultivate them. To cultivate anything requires an attention to detail, an understanding of what is being cultivated, and a lot of patience.
WORD FAMILY
cultivate: cultivable, cultivatable, cultivated, cultivates, cultivating, cultivation, cultivator, overcultivate+/cultivable: uncultivable/cultivatable: uncultivatable/ cultivated: uncultivated/ cultivation: cultivations, self-cultivation/cultivator: cultivators/overcultivate: overcultivated
USAGE EXAMPLES
People who live and die by their reputations and therefore cultivate those reputations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In a global age, should we cultivate national solidarity or aspire to a cosmopolitan ethic of universal human concern?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 耕作，种植; 教养，栽培; 改善; 交朋友
时态：cultivated, cultivating, cultivates
分布：培养(83%)，栽培(6%)，陶冶(6%)，耕作(5%)
→来自cult-,耕作。
耕作;培养(cult+ivate表动词)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
v.耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,教养,磨炼The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养.
【记】cult培养，种植，ivate表动作
【参】cultivable（adj 可耕种的）；cultured（adj 有教养的；讲究的）
【反】cause to wither（使枯萎）；neglect（vt 忽视）
US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
USE LAND 种植
■to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop 耕作；栽培；种植
• Most of the land there is too poor to cultivate. 那里大部分土地太贫瘠，无法耕种。
• The villagers cultivate mostly maize and beans. 村民们主要种植玉米和豆类。
UK ['kʌl.tɪ.veɪt] US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
DEVELOP 培养
■to try to develop and improve something 培养，培育；养成；陶冶；改进
• She has cultivated an image as a tough negotiator. 她将自己的形象塑造成一个强硬的谈判者。
■If you cultivate a relationship, you make a special effort to establish and develop it, because you think it might be useful to you 建立，培养（关系）
• The new Prime Minister is cultivating relationships with old Eastern Bloc countries. 新任首相将与原东欧集团国家发展关系。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 培养；陶冶；耕作
 - rear, foster, plant, nurse

Word: toward
Front: toward
[tə'wɔ:d] (中高研四 384/4712)
Back: prep. 对于; 向; 为了; 接近
adj. 即将来到的; 进行中的
分布：向(69%)，朝(16%)，接近(5%)，对于(4%)，将近(2%)，关于(1%)，有利的(1%)，有希望的(1%)，逼近的(1%)
prep.(towards)朝,向;将近;对于;为了Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward, downward, inward, outward, forward and backward.后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看.
prep. 向；对于；为了；接近
 - unto, upon, out
adj. 即将来到的，进行中的
 - going, underway

Word: daunt
Front: daunt
[dɔ:nt] (宝 23838/19635)
Vocabulary: daunt
(once / 831 pages)
v
The Cowardly Lion in the Wizard of Oz appeared at first to be easily daunted, but, in fact, he showed unusual courage. Still, his efforts to daunt Dorothy, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Man were less than successful.
When bringing a new kitten home you don't want to daunt it by forcing it out of its carrier too soon—open the door and let it come out when it's ready. Daunt means to frighten or scare off and, conveniently, it rhymes with haunt, another word which means to frighten, thought in a creepier sense. Daunt often shows up as part of the adjective undaunted, which describes someone who remains unafraid or perseveres in the face of scary circumstances.
WORD FAMILY
daunt: daunted, daunting, daunts+/daunted: dauntedly, undaunted / daunting: dauntingly/ undaunted: undauntedest, undauntedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
If an hour or more of intense exercise seems daunting — and it does to me — don’t despair.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
But it would be daunting for any of those drivers who can’t find a job with similar pay, especially during some lag period.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
That was when she stumbled into the most daunting problem in modern astronomy: the discovery that most of the universe is invisible.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 使（某人）气馁，威吓
时态：daunted, daunting, daunts
分布：恐吓(75%)，使 ... 胆怯(25%)
→来自拉丁语domitare, 统治，驯服，词源同dominate, tame. 拼写参照同源词danger.
【记】da打，aunt姑奶奶：人家都一大把年纪了，别吓唬她了！D大，aunt是个母老虎－威吓，使畏缩
【反】embolden（vt 使大胆）；make resolute（使坚决）；hearten（vt 鼓励）cowed（adj 胆怯的）－undaunted（adj 无畏的）daunting（adj 使人畏缩的）－meek（adj 温顺的；驯服的）
US [dɑ:nt] verb transitive often passive
■to make someone feel slightly frightened or worried about their ability to achieve something; to discourage 使吓倒；使气馁
• She was not at all daunted by the size of the problem. 她丝毫也没有被问题的严重性吓住。
UK [dɔ:nt] US [dɑ:nt] verb transitive often passive
nothing daunted mainly UK
■still confident and enthusiastic despite a failure or problem 不气馁的，再接再厉的
• She was rejected the first time she applied to the university, but, nothing daunted, reapplied the following year and was accepted. 她第一次向那间大学递交入学申请虽然遭到了拒绝，但没有气馁，第二年再次递交就被接收了。
vt. 使气馁，使畏缩；威吓
 - dispirit, discourage

Word: undo
Front: undo
[ʌnˈdu:] (高研四六托雅 6632/6417 -K1)
Back: vt. 松开，解开; 取消，废除; 毁灭; 扰乱
vi. 撤销
时态：undid, undone, undoing, undoes
分布：取消(51%)，解开(42%)，松开(7%)
→un-, 使相反，do, 做。即把做好的解开，打开。
v.解开,打开,取消The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
[ʌn'du:] (undoing, undid, undone)
verb transitive
UNFASTEN 解开
 IMPROVER
■to unfasten something that is fastened or tied 解开；打开；拆开
• Can someone help me to undo my seat belt? 有人能帮我解开安全带吗？
[ʌn'du:] (undoing, undid, undone)
verb transitive
REMOVE EFFECTS 消除效果
■to remove the good or bad effects of an action or several actions 消除，抵消（行为的效果）
• I did a really tough aerobics class and then went out for a meal and undid (all) the good work ! 我上了一堂活动量很大的有氧健身课， 然后出去吃饭，结果所有的锻炼都白做了！
• It's very difficult to undo the damage that's caused by inadequate parenting in a child's early years. 孩子年幼时缺少父母关爱所造成的不良后果很难消除。
vt. 取消；解开；破坏；扰乱
 - destroy, recall, disorder
vi. 撤消
 - repeal rescission, take back

Word: disgruntled
Front: disgruntled
[dɪsˈgrʌntld] (12210/13735 -1)
Vocabulary: disgruntled
(once / 5062 pages)
adj
Disgruntled sounds like what it is — dissatisfied, grunting and grumbling. You could become a disgruntled employee if your boss swipes all your best ideas without giving you credit (or a raise).
Disgruntled actually comes from gruntle, an old verb meaning, not so surprisingly, "to grunt." When you're disgruntled, you might grunt with dissatisfaction and anger. If you are a disgruntled customer, why not ask to speak to a manager? Unless you'd rather just stand there grunting.
WORD FAMILY
disgruntled: disgruntledly+/disgruntle: disgruntled, disgruntlement, disgruntling/gruntle: disgruntle, gruntled, gruntling
USAGE EXAMPLES
That ovation will change — growing more enthusiastic or more disgruntled — depending on their responses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Five years later, in 1979, Park's father was murdered by his disgruntled spy chief.
Reuters(Dec 24, 2016)
They quickly circulated among Chinese internet users, after a disgruntled parent complained to a local newspaper.
Time(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 不满的; 不高兴的; 怏怏
分布：动词disgruntle的过去式和过去分词.(100%)
→dis-, 不，非，极其(不好的感觉)。grunt, 抱怨，咕哝，拟声词。并由于对该词前缀dis-的错误理解回构出gruntle, 使高兴，使满意。
US [-tˌld] adjective
■unhappy, annoyed and disappointed about something 不满的；不悦的
■1. A disgruntled former employee is being blamed for the explosion.
• The players were disgruntled with the umpire. 运动员们对裁判不满。
adj. 不满的；不高兴的
 - malcontented, grouchy

Word: taint
Front: taint
[teɪnt] (托 11293/14529 -1)
Vocabulary: taint
(once / 798 pages)
vn
Taint means to contaminate. If your water supply is tainted with arsenic, you should stop drinking it right away.
Tainted and "tinted" are similarly spelled words with dissimilar meanings–-"tint" is what happens when you add color to something––if you tint white with red, you get pink. On the other hand, if you taint something, you are somehow spoiling or corrupting it. If you taint meat with the salmonella virus, you have a disaster and a public panic.
WORD FAMILY
taint: tainted, tainting, taints+/ tainted: untainted / untainted: untaintedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I hardly touched it, believing it to be tainted, stained.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In response to these concerns, Tesla denied that the sources of its battery materials are tainted by abuses.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 污点，污名; <废〉气味; 传染，腐败
vt. 使变质; 使污染; 败坏; 玷污
vi. 被污染; 败坏; 腐坏
时态：tainted, tainting, taints
分布：污染(34%)，污点(31%)，感染(21%)，中毒(7%)，耻辱(7%)
→来自古法语 teint,颜色，色泽，来自拉丁语 tinctus,染色，来自 tingere,使染色，浸染，词源同 tincture,tinge.引申诸相关词义。拼写比较 point,puncture.
【记】源于：stain（n /v 玷污，染色）
【反】integrity（n 正直；诚实）
verb transitive
■to spoil something, especially food or blood, by adding a harmful substance, or to spoil people's opinion of someone （透过添加有害物质而）污染，使腐败，玷污，败坏
• His reputation was permanently tainted by the financial scandal. 那宗财务丑闻令他遗臭万年。
vt. 污染；腐蚀；使感染
 - eat, poison, pollute
n. 污点；感染
 - infection, affection

Word: dual
Front: dual
[ˈdju:əl] (托雅宝 5602/5018 -2)
Vocabulary: dual
(once / 1308 pages)
adj
Dual means double, or having two elements. If you have a dual major, it means you're majoring in two subjects, like astronomy and microbiology.
The adjective dual comes from the Latin duo, for two, and means having two parts. You can have a dual purpose, following two goals at once. To copilot an airplane, you need a cockpit with dual controls. If you're sometimes nasty and sometimes sugar sweet, people might think you have a dual personality. Don't confuse dual, though, with duel, which is a fight between two people.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
dual / duel
Seeing double? Not quite! Dual is two, or double, but a duel is a fight. If you're getting sick of your fair-weather friend's dual personality, perhaps you should throw down your glove and challenge him to a duel at high noon.
Dual, which dates from the early 1600s, is borrowed from the Latin dualis, from duo, for two. Dual still means double or two similar parts:
The ego becomes dual, one part active, the other watching and judging. (Max Simon Nordau)
Last night's game had kind of a dual purpose — playing Oregon and sending out this version of Husky Stadium. (Seattle Times)
Duel once referred to an arranged, formal contest to the death between two people, preferably men with handlebar mustaches. These formal contests are no longer practiced, so duel has broadened to mean any contest between two people, teams, or even ideas:
In early days a properly regulated duel was an ordeal showing the judgment of heaven. (Max Simon Nordau)
In a savage duel between the regime and Islamist guerrillas, entire villages were wiped out. (Business Week)
There are dueling pension propositions on Tuesday's ballot. (Washington Post)
Save dual for double, for things that come in pairs, like your hot/cold friend with the dual personality. Use duel for an old timey sword fight, or any modern version of it. Handlebar mustache not required.
WORD FAMILY
dual: dualism, duality, dually+/dualism: dualisms, dualist, dualistic/dualist: dualists/dualistic: dualistically/ duality: dualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nationals of Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Lebanon, Libya, Israel, India, a Turkish-Belgian dual citizen and a Franco-Tunisian woman were among those killed, officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am a dual national and voted for Hillary Clinton in Wisconsin,” said the party co-founder, Catherine Mayer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
State Department officials might also be reluctant to intervene because Sovannara is a dual citizen, said Ear, the Occidental College professor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 双的，两部分的，二体的，二重的
n. 双数; 双数词
分布：双重的(62%)，双数(28%)，成双的(10%)
→来自拉丁语duo, 二，词源同two.
二重的,二元的(du+al)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
【记】du二
【参】duel（n /v 决斗）；duet（n 二重奏）
US ['du:.əl] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■with two parts, or combining two things 两部分的；二元的；双重的
• This room has a dual purpose , serving as both a study and a dining room. 这个房间有两个用途，既作书房又当饭厅。
• the dual role of chairman and chief executive 董事长和首席执行官的双重角色
dual controls
■two sets of controls in a car, one for the person who is learning to drive and one for the teacher （教练汽车的）双重控制，复式操纵
dual nationality/citizenship
■the nationality of two countries at the same time 双重国籍
• She has dual British and American nationality. 她有英美双重国籍。
adj. 双的；双重的
 - double, two-tier

Word: elizabeth
Front: elizabeth
[ɪ'lɪzəbəθ] (-/2383)
Back: n. 伊丽莎白
分布：名词(100%)

Word: secrecy
Front: secrecy
[ˈsi:krəsi] (7130/6899 -2)
Vocabulary: secrecy
(once / 703 pages)
n
Secrecy is a word for a state or condition where things are concealed or hidden. CIA agents and conspirators know a lot about secrecy.
Since a secret is something some people don't know, secrecy is all about keeping things private or concealed. Being a spy involves a lot of secrecy. When information is important or sensitive, people try to create secrecy. Also, you can say secrecy is a quality people have, like courage. Someone who doesn't gossip has a good sense of secrecy. When all lips are sealed, there's secrecy.
WORD FAMILY
secrecy: secrecies+/ secret: secrecy, secretest, secretly, secrets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s hard to defend the continued secrecy of the deal,” Bruno wrote in an email.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The state cites defense attorneys’ “wildly exaggerated and misplaced arguments” to say that the secrecy provisions should be upheld.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 保密; 保密能力; 秘密（状态）; 守秘密
分布：保密(65%)，秘密(33%)，隐蔽(2%)
→来自 secret,保密，保密，-cy,表状态或性质。
noun uncountable
■the state of being secret or of keeping something secret 秘密，保密
• The content of her report is shrouded in secrecy (= being kept secret). 她的报告内容依然保秘。
• I'd love to tell you about it, but Martin's sworn me to secrecy (= made me promise not to tell anyone). 我想告诉你，可是马丁命令我发誓保守秘密。
• There has been strong criticism of the secrecy surrounding the negotiations. 人们批评谈判不该那么神秘。
n. 保密；秘密；隐蔽
 - privacy, confidence, mystery

Word: corridor
Front: corridor
[ˈkɒrɪdɔ:(r)] (研四六托 3474/2823 -2)
Vocabulary: corridor
(once / 383 pages)
n
A long hallway, especially one that has rooms opening up into it, is called a corridor. Late at night, hotel corridors all look alike. Be sure you try to open the right door with your key card.
A corridor is also a tract of land that connects two places or runs along the side of a road. In your town, the business corridor might be a fairly small strip of land with just a couple of restaurants and a few stores. The Northeast Corridor is the built-up area that links eastern cities in a chain that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C.
WORD FAMILY
corridor: corridors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among the 4,000 sites are fishing and hunting processing areas, ancestral village areas and tribal corridors.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fast-paced techno music played in a second-floor room, up a dim stairwell and down a long corridor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The city says Metro Public Works finished a project earlier this month to re-time 550 signals along 18 major pikes and corridors.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 走廊，通道; 走廊（一国领土通过他国境内的狭长地带）; [建]覆道
分布：走廊(100%)
→来自词根cur, 跑，词源同course, current.
n.走廊,通路"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
【记】corri角，dor＝door门：既有墙角，又有门的地方－走廊
US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
 ADVANCED
■a long passage in a building or train, especially with rooms on either side （尤指两边是房间的）走廊，通道，过道
• Her office is at the end of the corridor. 她的办公室在走廊尽头。
UK ['kɒr.ɪ.dɔ:r] US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
LAND 土地
■a long piece of one country's land which goes through another country 走廊（指一国领土通过他国境内的狭长地带）
• the Polish corridor 波兰走廊
UK ['kɒr.ɪ.dɔ:r] US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
the corridors of power
■the higher levels of government where the most important decisions are made 权力走廊（作出重大决策的政府高层）
n. [建] 走廊
 - hall, passage, gallery, verandah, slype

Word: tumour
Front: tumour
[ˈtju:mə(r)] (研雅 -/4248 -2)
Back: n. 肿瘤，肿块; 疙瘩，赘疣
分布：名词(100%)
n.(tumor)(肿)瘤,肿块
US ['tu:.mɚ] noun countable
■a mass of diseased cells which might become a lump or cause illness 肿瘤；肿块
• They found a malignant tumour in her breast. 他们在她的乳房中发现了一个恶性肿瘤。
• a benign tumour 良性肿瘤
• a brain tumour 脑瘤
n. [肿瘤] 瘤；肿瘤；肿块
 - node, oncoma

Word: annually
Front: annually
[ˈænjuəli] (六托 4025/5431 -K)
Vocabulary: annually
(once / 473 pages)
adv
Something that happens annually occurs once a year, every year. If you vacation at the beach annually, you do it every summer.
Many people send holiday cards annually, mailing stacks of them every December, and everyone celebrates a birthday annually. If your work performance is reviewed annually, your boss might consider giving you a raise each year. The adverb annually comes from the adjective annual, which is rooted in the Late Latin annualis, based on annus, or "year."
WORD FAMILY
annual: annually, annuals, biannual, semiannual+/ biannual: biannually/semiannual: semiannually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apple annually publishes a list of its top suppliers, a rare move in an industry that prefers to keep supply details secret.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The global trade, thought to be worth around $10 billion annually, is run by international criminal syndicates, sometimes with help from African rebel groups.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The federal government does not comprehensively record how many people are killed by police annually and depends on voluntary reporting from police departments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 每年，每年一次; 一年一度
分布：每年(78%)，年年(22%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■once every year 一年一度；每年
• Your starting salary is £13 000 per annum and will be reviewed annually. 你的起薪是每年13000英镑，以后每年核定一次。
adv. 每年；一年一次
 - yearly

Word: mend
Front: mend
[mend] (中高托宝 10849/7566 -1)
Vocabulary: mend
(once / 416 pages)
vn
When you mend something, you fix it or make it better. If you can mend your broken lamp, then it will shine again. If not you'll have to sit in the dark.
The word mend was originally used as a religious term, meaning to free a person from sin, usually through repentance and good deeds. Mend has come to refer to fixing something that is broken. A mechanic might mend a broken car, or a seamstress might mend a torn dress. The word also frequently relates health and healing. Someone recovering from a long bout of the flu is said to be "on the mend." But as the song goes, "How can you mend a broken heart?"
WORD FAMILY
mend: mended, mender, mending, mends+/mender: menders/mending: mendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Second, Indiana’s roads need long-overdue mending and rebuilding, an initiative that would deliver a positive jolt to the state’s economy.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Whether or not he mends his ways, you should be on the lookout for a job somewhere—maybe anywhere—else.
Slate(Dec 20, 2016)
Demanding a Turkish apology, Moscow imposed damaging sanctions - notably a freeze on charter flights by Russian tourists - and the two countries only recently mended ties.
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 修理，修补; 改正，纠正; 加强; 使恢复健康
vi. 康复，痊愈; 修理，矫正
n. 修补; 补丁; 痊愈
时态：mended, mending, mends
分布：修补(45%)，修理(32%)，改进(12%)，痊愈(6%)，改过自新(3%)，修补处(2%)
→缩写自amend,修理。来自拉丁语emendare,修理，纠正错误，来自ex-,向外，menda,错误，缺陷，词源同mendicant,残疾人，行乞者。
v.修理,缝补;改正,改进The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【参】mendicant（adj 乞丐的；n 乞丐）总是修补衣服；menial（adj 仆人的；n 仆人）
【反】rend（v 撕碎）
[mend] mainly UK
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to repair something that is broken or damaged 修理；修补；缝补
• Could you mend this hole in my shirt? 你能把我衬衫上的这个洞补一下吗？
• I've left my watch at the jeweller's to be mended. 我把手表留在钟表店那里修理了。
• The plumber came to mend the burst pipe. 水管工来修理爆裂的水管。
• The country's president is seeking to mend relations with the United States. 该国总统正试图修补与美国的关系。
[mend] mainly UK
verb transitive
mend your fences
■to try to be friendly again with someone after an argument 冰释前嫌，重修旧好
[mend] mainly UK
verb transitive
mend your ways
■to begin to behave well having until now behaved badly 改过自新，改正不良行为
[mend] mainly UK
noun countable
■a place in a piece of clothing where a repair has been made 修补过的地方
[mend] mainly UK
noun countable
be on the mend informal
■to be getting better after an illness or injury （病后）身体逐渐康复
• She's been ill with flu but she's on the mend now. 她得了流感，但现在正逐渐好起来。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
vt. 修理，修补；改善；修改
 - improve, repair, doctor, modify
vi. 改善，好转
 - change for the better, polish up
n. 好转，改进；修补处
 - reforming, improvement in

Word: incompetence
Front: incompetence
[ɪnˈkɒmpɪtəns] (11975/9582)
Vocabulary: incompetence
(once / 4110 pages)
n
Can't finish a simple task? Having a hard time figuring something out? Lack the ability to get things done? Then you might be suffering from incompetence.
Have you ever noticed how bad a lot of people are at their jobs, even though they do them every day? Or how often famous people screw things up, even very important things? Then you've already noticed that incompetence is a very common thing. Incompetence is a word for people and things that are ineffective, shoddy, or just terrible at what they're supposed to do. Incompetence is the opposite of excellence.
WORD FAMILY
incompetence: incompetences+/ competence: competences/ competency: competencies/ competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent /incompetency: incompetencies/ incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because it is for each issue involved — the violence, alcoholism, mental incompetence and legal jeopardy — much less for all of them combined.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Tribal Council said it wanted the employee replaced because of incompetence, disrespect and “disregard for the Tribe’s sovereignty.”
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
This is the small potatoes of municipal incompetence; until it isn’t.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 不胜任; 无资格; 不适当; 不熟练
分布：无能力(58%)，不能胜任(33%)，不合格(9%)
→in-,不，非，competence,能力，竞争力。
US [-'kɑ:m.pə.tˌənts] noun uncountable
■lack of ability or skill to do something successfully or as it should be done 无能力；不胜任，不称职
• Management have demonstrated almost unbelievable incompetence in their handling of the dispute. 管理层在处理这次纠纷时显出了令人难以置信的无能。
• allegations/accusations of incompetence 不称职指控／指责
n. 无资格，不胜任；无能力；不适当；不熟练
 - disability, inability

Word: overwhelmingly
Front: overwhelmingly
[ˌəʊvə'welmɪŋlɪ] (托 6882/8697)
Back: adv. 压倒地，无法抵抗地
分布：压倒性地(53%)，不可抵抗地(47%)
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adverb
■strongly or completely; in an overwhelming way 压倒性地；不可抵抗地
• The team were overwhelmingly defeated in yesterday's game. 在昨天的比赛中，这支球队遭遇惨败。

Word: downward
Front: downward
[ˈdaʊnwəd] (高研四六 8257/8499 -K)
Back: adj. 向下的，往下的
adv. 向下地，下行地
分布：向下(79%)，向下的(15%)，下降的(6%)
向下的(down向下)[-ward表形容词+副词"向…"注:ward可变成wards,但只能作副词用]
a.向下的ad.(alsodownwards)向下,往下Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward, downward, inward, outward, forward and backward.后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看.
US [-wɚd] adjective
■moving towards a lower position 向下，朝下
• a downward trend 下降的趋势
• The country's economy is on a downward spiral. 该国的经济正日渐衰退。
Compare upward
adj. [数] 向下的，下降的
 - falling, descensive
adv. [数] 向下
 - alow, netherward

Word: generic
Front: generic
[dʒəˈnerɪk] (雅宝 6445/8145 -1)
Vocabulary: generic
(once / 1750 pages)
adjn
Generic refers to the members of a whole class of things — like "tissue," a generic word for any soft, thin piece of paper that's good for wiping runny noses.
A generic product, whether it's a tire or donut or drug, is typical of all other products like it. There's nothing distinctive or unique about it. A generic fan looks and acts just like dozens of other fans — it doesn't spin backwards or send out sparks. Generic aspirin doesn't have a trademark, like Bayer or St. Joseph: it's just plain aspirin.
WORD FAMILY
generic: generically, generics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Manufacturers pay states a 23.1 percent rebate on brand-name drugs compared to 13 percent for generics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unlike the FDA, the EMA includes generic drugs in its list.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The price of Mutual’s generic antibiotic doxycycline soared more than 4,700% in the past five years, the report said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 类的，属性的; 一般的; 不受商标保护的; [生]属的，类的
n. 同“a generic drug
分布：一般的(57%)，普通的(30%)，无商标的药品(7%)，共有的(3%)，没有商标的(3%)
科属的(gen+eric,来自genus种类)"[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
【记】源于：gene基因genus（n 生物学种类）；genre（n 文学类型；流派）
【区】genetic（adj 遗传的；起源的）
adjective formal
■shared by, typical of or relating to a whole group of similar things, rather than to any particular thing 一般的，普通的，通用的
• The new range of engines all had a generic problem with their fan blades. 这一新系列的引擎有一个通病，就是风机叶片有问题。
■* generic drugs or other products do not have a brand name or trademark , therefore any company can manufacture them
adj. 类的；一般的；属的；非商标的
 - common, prevailing

Word: absent
Front: absent
[ˈæbsənt] (中高研四六托 5516/4300 -K2)
Vocabulary: absent
(once / 75 pages)
1adj 2v
Absent means not there. If you absent yourself from class, you're marked as absent. If you have an absent parent, it means they don't live with you or take part in your care.
Absent can also describe a state of mind, meaning "not all there" or "lost in thought." If you are absent from class on a test day, you will have to explain your absence, unless your teacher is so absent minded she forgets and just gives you an A.
WORD FAMILY
absent: absence, absented, absentee, absenting, absently, absents+/ absence: absences/ absentee: absenteeism, absentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or to state the matter more bluntly: If U.S. backing for Israel was absent, peace became impossible.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
By the time we reach the Book of Esther, God’s voice is absent.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But why are black dolls and toys absent from the shelves of many stores in the UK?
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 缺席的，不在场的; 缺少的，缺乏的; 不在意的，茫然的
时态：absented, absenting, absents
分布：缺席的(51%)，缺乏的(21%)，使缺席(15%)，不在的(13%)
→来自拉丁语absentem,缺席的，现在分词格于abesse,缺席，离开，来自ab-,离开，esse,在， 存在，词源同is,essence,present.
缺席的(ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT PRESENT 不存在的；缺乏的
 IMPROVER
■not in the place where you are expected to be, especially at school or work （尤指上课或工作）缺勤的，缺席的，不在场的
• John has been absent from school/work for three days now. 约翰到现在已经旷课／旷工三天了。
• We drank a toast to absent friends. 我们为不能来的朋友干杯祝福。
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT EXISTING 不存在
■not existing 不存在的；缺乏的
• Any sign of remorse was completely absent from her face. 她脸上没有一丝自责的神情。
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT PAYING ATTENTION 不留心
■describes a person or the expression on their face when they are not paying attention to what is happening near them, and are thinking about other things 心不在焉的；出神的
preposition]ˈæb.sənt/ US without 缺乏；没有
• Absent a detailed plan, the project was doomed from the start. 由于缺乏周详的规划，这项工程从一开始就注定要失败。
verb[æbˈsent/
absent yourself formal
■to not go to a place where you are expected to be, especially a school or place of work （尤指上课或工作时）缺席，缺勤，不在
• You cannot choose to absent yourself (from work/school) on a whim. 你不能随意旷工 ／ 旷课。
adj. 缺席的；缺少的；心不在焉的；茫然的
 - missing, vacant

Word: harden
Front: harden
[ˈhɑ:dn] (研四六托宝 8207/6995 -2)
Back: vt. 使硬化; 使经得起考验; 使无情; 使轮廓鲜明
vi. 变硬或更硬; 变稳定; 变习惯
时态：hardened, hardening, hardens
分布：动词(97%)，名词(3%)
→来自hard,硬的，-en,使。
v.(使)变硬The earth hardens under the hot sun.土地让炎热的太阳晒硬了.
【反】macerate（v 浸软）
US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
SOLID 凝固
■to become or make hard （使）变硬
• The mixture hardens as it cools. 混合物冷却时变硬了。
• It is thought that high cholesterol levels in the blood can harden the arteries (= make them thicker and stiffer, causing disease). 据信血液中的胆固醇含量高会导致动脉硬化。
UK ['hɑ:.dən] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
SEVERE 严厉
■to become more severe, determined or unpleasant （使）变严厉，（使）变坚强，（使）变冷酷
• Living rough in the desert hardened the recruits a lot (= made them stronger). 沙漠的艰苦生活把新兵锻炼得更加坚强。
• As the war progressed, attitudes on both sides hardened (= became more severe and determined). 随着战争持续，双方的态度都变得更加强硬。
UK ['hɑ:.dən] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
harden your heart
■to make yourself stop feeling kind or friendly towards someone 硬起心肠
• You've just got to harden your heart and tell him to leave. 你只有铁了心肠让他离开。
vi. 变硬，变坚固；变坚强；变冷酷
 - stiffen

Word: indefinitely
Front: indefinitely
[ɪnˈdefɪnətli] (六托 8418/8406)
Vocabulary: indefinitely
(once / 1134 pages)
adv
Use the adverb indefinitely to describe something that happens for an unlimited amount of time or to an unlimited extent. Kittens could bat around a ball of string indefinitely.
When your cousin postpones her wedding indefinitely after her fiancé’s “business trip” to Las Vegas, you probably want to hold off on buying a gift. They may work things out, but sometimes people intend indefinitely to be synonymous with forever. Like, “We can’t keep fighting over that weekend I spent in Las Vegas indefinitely…”
WORD FAMILY
indefinite: indefinitely, indefiniteness, indefinity+/ definite: definitely, definiteness, definitive, indefinite / definitive: definitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The administration of these programs ensures that the units they produce remain affordable indefinitely.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In Thursday’s ruling, all nine Supreme Court justices agreed that projects predating mid-2015 would not be protected indefinitely under older, less-strict rules.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ministers are considering introducing a law to indefinitely ban the media from identifying young offenders.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 无限期地; 不定期地; 不明确地; 遥遥无期地
分布：不确定地(38%)，模糊地(31%)，无限地(31%)
adverb
■for a period of time with no fixed end 不确定地；不清楚地；无限期地
• The negotiations have been put off/postponed indefinitely. 谈判被无限延期了。
unaccountably, disproportionately, unconsciously, indefinitely
unaccountably: 无法解释的，不能说明的
disproportionately: 不成比例的
unconsciously: 无意识的，不知不觉的
indefinitely: 不确定的，无期限的
adv. 不确定地，无限期地；模糊地，不明确地
 - uncertainly, faintly

Word: cannabis
Front: cannabis
[ˈkænəbɪs] (21229/10541 -1)
Back: n. [植]大麻; 大麻制品; 大麻雌花顶部
分布：名词(100%)
→词源同canvas, 帆布，大麻纤维制品。
noun uncountable
■a usually illegal drug which is made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, and produces a feeling of pleasant relaxation when smoked or eaten 大麻，大麻制品
• Are you in favour of the legalization of cannabis? 你赞成大麻合法化吗？
n. 印度大麻（等于hemp）；大麻烟原料；大麻雌花顶部
 - Indian hemp, dagga

Word: overlap
Front: overlap
[ˌəʊvəˈlæp] (研六托雅宝 8870/6707 -2)
Vocabulary: overlap
(once / 2010 pages)
vn
When things overlap, part or all of one thing covers part or all of the other, like roofing shingles or flat noodles in a lasagna dish.
Not only can things overlap, but schedules can, too. If you accidentally schedule your doctor's appointment and your dentist appointment at the same time, they overlap, which is unfortunate because you can't be in two places at once. Philosophies and perspectives overlap when they share certain points or ideas in common.
WORD FAMILY
overlap: overlapped, overlapping, overlaps+/ overlapping: overlappings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both shows start on Saturday and their transmissions overlap for 25 minutes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He found that, with varied groups working on such efforts, “often they’re parallel, often they overlap, sometimes they may conflict.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was kind and always straightforward, which Dad greatly valued, as did I in the few years we overlapped in management at The Times.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 重叠部分; 覆盖物，涂盖层; [数]交叠，相交
vt. 重叠; 与…部分相同
vi. 互搭，重叠; 部分相同; [数]有与…共同的某物
时态：overlapped, overlapping, overlaps
分布：重叠(90%)，重复(7%)，重叠部分(2%)，有重叠部分(1%)
→over-,在上，lap,折叠。引申词义重叠。
重叠(over+lap交叉→[大腿]交叉→重叠)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.重叠,与...交叠n.重叠His vacation overlaps with mine.他的假期与我的有一部分重叠.
【记】over在…上，lap（n 坐时的大腿前部）一把一条腿放在另一条腿上翘二郎腿一重叠
【参】overlook（v 俯瞰；没注意到）；overpower（v 制服）；overreach（v 走过头）；override（v 制服；践踏）；overriding（adj 最重要的）；overrule（v 驳回；否决）；oversee（v 俯瞰；监视）；overshadow（v 遮蔽；使黯然失色）；overstate（v 夸大的叙述）
US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
(-pp-)
intransitive or transitive
■to cover something partly by going over its edge; to cover part of the same space （与…）交叠，（与…）部分重叠，叠盖
• The fence is made of panels which overlap (each other). 这个围栏是由交叠的板条搭成的。
intransitive
■If two or more activities, subjects or periods of time overlap, they have some parts which are the same （活动、课程或时间）互相重叠，有共同之处
• My musical tastes don't overlap with my brother's at all. 我对音乐的喜好和我弟弟完全不一样。
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈəʊ.və.læp] US [ˈoʊ.və˞-/
■the amount by which two things or activities cover the same area 重叠部分；相同之处
• The roof tiles will need an overlap of several centimetres. 屋顶的瓦片需要互相重叠几公分。
• There are some overlaps between the products of the two companies. 这两家公司的产品有些是相同的。
n. 重叠；重复
 - repeat, segistration

Word: rudd

Word: fend
Front: fend
[fend] (雅 9011/11131 -1)
Vocabulary: fend
(once / 1607 pages)
v
If you get along on your own, with no assistance from another person, you can say that you fend for yourself.
A solo hiker on the Appalachian Trail fends for herself, managing the challenges without help. When the verb fend is used this way, it is almost always followed by "for oneself" or "for himself" or "for herself," and it's been in use since the 1600's. It originated as a shortened form of the verb defend, from the Latin root defendere, "to ward off, protect, or guard."
WORD FAMILY
fend: fended, fender, fending, fends, forefend+/ fender: fenders/forefend: forefended, forefending, forefends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps most remarkably, the researchers also found a particular substance in the runners’ brains that fended off the action of these obstructionist molecules.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
This time, there won’t be a security guard to fend them off.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
First the company fended off a buyout offer from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 谋生; 防御，保护; 供养; 闪避，挡开
vi. 照料; 供养; 力争
时态：fended, fending, fends
分布：照料(55%)，挡开(45%)
→缩写自defend, 挡开。
抵挡,击退[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] fend for yourself
■to take care of and provide for yourself without depending on anyone else 照顾自己；自谋生计
• Now that the children are old enough to fend for themselves, we can go away on holiday by ourselves. 既然孩子都已经长大能照顾自己了，我们就可以单独出去度假了。
[fend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fend sb off
■to push or send away an attacker or other unwanted person 抵挡，推开，击退（某人）
• He managed to fend off his attackers with a stick. 他用一根棍子成功击退了攻击者。
• She spent the entire evening fending off unwanted admirers. 她整个晚上都在打发那些讨厌的追求者。
[fend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fend sth off
■to avoid dealing with something that is unpleasant or difficult 避开，回避
• Somehow she managed to fend off the awkward questions. 不知怎的，她还是成功回避了那些尴尬的问题。
vt. 谋生；保护；挡开；供养
 - maintain, support, secure, preserve, sustain
vi. 照料；供养；力争
 - nurse, attend on

Word: pillar
Front: pillar
[ˈpɪlə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 6521/5563 -2)
Vocabulary: pillar
(once / 339 pages)
n
If someone describes you as a pillar of strength, he's saying you're reliable and supportive, much like a pillar or column of a building that helps hold the structure up.
The spelling of the word pillar looks like it has two pillars right at its center, holding the word up. Pillar is interchangeable with the word column, though you can't always use them in the same contexts. While a column and a pillar are both physical cylindrical structures, a column can also be the row running up and down on a chart, while a pillar is often someone or thing that is considered a foundation or support. Someone indispensable to your company might be considered a pillar to the organization.
WORD FAMILY
pillar: pillars
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The promotion of Louisiana as a tourist destination is one of the economic pillars of the state, particularly in New Orleans.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Each of the nine letters in “UCC Strong” rest on the front face of the pillars.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 柱，台柱，顶梁柱; 墩，柱脚; （组织、制度、信仰等的）核心
分布：支柱(73%)，柱子(25%)，用柱支持(2%)
→来自拉丁语pila,柱子，词源同pole,pale,impale.引申词义桥墩。
n.柱,台柱,栋梁The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
【反】derelict（n 流浪者）－pillar of society（社会栋梁）
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a strong column made of stone, metal or wood which supports part of a building （建筑物的）柱子，支柱；墩
• A row of reinforced concrete pillars supports the bridge. 一排钢筋水泥柱支撑着桥梁。
• figurative a pillar of smoke/flame 烟／火柱
pillar of sth
■a very important member or part of a group, organization, system, etc 重要成员；栋梁，中坚
• Mrs Maple is a pillar of the local church. 梅普尔夫人是当地教会的中坚分子。
• Equality is one of the pillars of socialism. 平等是社会主义理论的重要组成部分之一。
UK ['pɪl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
from pillar to post
■If someone goes from pillar to post, they are forced to keep moving from one place to another 四处奔走，到处奔波
• My parents were always on the move and so my childhood was spent being dragged from pillar to post. 父母总是不停地搬家，所以我的童年是在四处迁移中度过的。
n. 柱子，柱形物；栋梁；墩
 - column, ridgepole

Word: supervise
Front: supervise
[ˈsu:pəvaɪz] (研六托雅宝 5603/4673 -2)
Vocabulary: supervise
(once / 440 pages)
v
If your mother asks you to supervise your little brother and his friends, it means she'd like you to keep an eye on them.
The verb supervise has origins in the Latin word supervidere, from super-, meaning “over” and videre, meaning “to see.” When you supervise something, it means you oversee the project, managing the people working on it, perhaps by figuring out what needs to be done, assigning the work, and making sure it gets done properly. You serve as the boss when you supervise; other people are the workers.
WORD FAMILY
supervise: supervised, supervises, supervising, supervision, supervisor, supervisory+/supervised: unsupervised/supervision: supervisions/ supervisor: supervisors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Opponents of I-122 said the voucher program would be complicated to supervise.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Providence, who was on supervised release stemming from a gun charge from 2013, was charged with tampering with a detection device.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 监督; 管理; 指导
时态：supervised, supervising, supervises
分布：监督(62%)，管理(26%)，指导(12%)
→super-,在上，上方，-vis,看，词源同 visit,advise.引申词义监督，监管。
临视(super+vise看→在上面看→临视)[super-①表示"超级,超过,过度"②表示"在…上面"]
监督(super在上面+vis+e→在上面看→监督)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v.管理,监督"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻蔑的主席毫不妥协简明地
US [-pɚ-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to watch a person or activity to make certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc. 监督，管理，指导
• The UN is supervising the distribution of aid by local agencies in the disaster area. 联合国正在监督灾区地方机构救援物资的发放。
• The children play while two teachers supervise (= make certain that they behave correctly and are safe). 孩子们在两位教师的监管下玩耍。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 监督，管理；指导
 - manage, police, conduct, run, direct
vi. 监督，管理；指导
 - direct, charge of

Word: spray
Front: spray
[spreɪ] (高研四六托雅 4417/5640 -K3)
Vocabulary: spray
(once / 474 pages)
1nv 2n
A spray is a jet of small drops of water or liquid vapor. It describes the medicine you use to make your nose less dry or the air freshener you use to make your bathroom less smelly.
Though spray has had several incarnations, it is helpful to remember the German root sprühen — “to sparkle” or “to drizzle.” Spray has more than one sense, and can be a verb or a noun: If a whale were to spray you with water, you would be covered in spray. The word can also describe a group of small objects or pieces sent in the air, as in the spray of broken glass caused by your foul ball hitting a window.
WORD FAMILY
spray: sprayed, sprayer, spraying, sprays+/sprayer: sprayers/spraying: sprayings
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Tortorella sprays Champagne in eyes of every idiot reporter.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The roots extend below the cloth, where they are available to the water-and-nutrients spray.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 喷; 喷射
n. 喷雾; 喷雾器; 浪花; （用作装饰的）小树枝
时态：sprayed, spraying, sprays
分布：喷雾(68%)，喷射(20%)，喷雾器(9%)，扫射(2%)，水沫(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语 sprayen,喷洒，喷射，来自 Proto-Germanic*sprewjan,散开，展开，来自 sper, 播洒，播种，展开，词源同 spark,spread. spray can 喷雾罐
n.喷雾,飞沫,浪花,水花v.喷,喷射A spray of sea water hit her in the face.飞溅的海水打在她的脸上.
noun
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a mass of very small drops of liquid carried in the air 浪花；水花；飞沫
• Can you feel the spray from the sea/waterfall? 你能感觉到海上的浪花／瀑布溅起的水雾吗？
 ADVANCED countable
■a liquid which is forced out of a special container under pressure so that it becomes a mass of small liquid drops like a cloud 喷雾；喷雾状液体
• a quick spray of perfume/polish 快速喷洒出的香水／上光剂
countable
■a mass of small drops of liquid scattered onto plants and crops, etc. from a special piece of equipment, or the piece of equipment itself （洒在植物、农作物等上的）喷剂；喷雾器
• Farmers use a lot of chemical sprays on crops. 农场主们在农作物上喷了很多化学药剂。
[spreɪ] noun
FLOWERS 花
countable
■a single small branch or stem with leaves and flowers on it 一枝小花
• All the wedding guests wore sprays of carnations. 所有参加婚礼的来宾都戴着小枝康乃馨。
[spreɪ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 ADVANCED
■to spread liquid in small drops over an area 喷洒
• [R] She sprayed herself with perfume. 她往身上喷了些香水。
• Vandals had sprayed graffiti on the wall. 破坏公物的人在墙上乱涂乱画。
• The pipe burst and water was spraying everywhere. 水管爆裂，水喷得到处都是。
• figurative Rush hour commuters were sprayed with bullets by a gunman in a car. 交通尖峰时段，一辆车上的持枪歹徒对上下班的人们一阵扫射。
n. [药] 喷雾；喷雾器；水沫
 - foam, atomizer
vt. 喷射
 - eject, sparge
vi. 喷
 - spritz

Word: justification
Front: justification
[ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (六雅宝 5816/3708 -2)
Vocabulary: justification
(once / 720 pages)
n
Close in meaning to an explanation, a justification is specifically for defending or explaining an event. The idea that he was just trying to scare his little sister was a pretty weak justification for the elaborate gag.
Like its close cousin "justice," justification is derived from the Latin justificare, which means "to make right." When you offer a justification, you're trying to make something right—or, perhaps, even just. The notion that animals don't have emotions is one of the key justifications for allowing them to suffer. For many people, though, the fact that they suffer is justification enough to prevent it.
WORD FAMILY
justification: justifications, self-justification+/ justifiable: justifiably, unjustifiable/ justified: justifiedly, unjustified /justifier: justifiers/ justify: justifiable, justification, justificative, justificatory, justified, justifier, justifies, justifying/unjustifiable: unjustifiably/ unjustified: unjustifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the U.S. right to self defense provides ample justification, and U.N.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Let me say it again, there is absolutely no justification for terrorism and there never will be.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Participants even provided Poe’s law justifications when describing their behavior.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 辩解; 无过失; 正当的理由
分布：辩护(74%)，正当的理由(26%)
→来自justify,证明合法，证明有理。引申词义正当理由。
noun countable or uncountable
■a good reason or explanation for something 正当的理由；辩解
• There is no justification for treating people so badly. 没有理由如此恶劣地对待他人。
• It can be said, with some justification, that she is one of the greatest actresses on the English stage today. 说她是当今英语戏剧界最杰出的女演员之一实在不无道理。
n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪
 - reason, excuse, sake, account, occasion

Word: lama
Front: lama
[ˈlɑ:mə] (26330/26731)
Back: n. 喇嘛（中国西藏或蒙古的佛教僧侣）
noun countable
■a title given to a Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teacher 喇嘛
⇒ See also the Dalai Lama

Word: memorial
Front: memorial
[məˈmɔ:riəl] (高研四六托宝 4564/3986 -2)
Vocabulary: memorial
(once / 313 pages)
1n 2n
Just as the Lincoln Memorial pays tribute to Abraham Lincoln, a memorial is anything that symbolizes or celebrates someone who died. Every gravestone in a cemetery is actually a small memorial.
A memorial is a service or statue dedicated to someone who died. A memorial service celebrates the life of the deceased. Something written about the dead person can also be called a memorial, and you could say donating to a dead friend's favorite cause is a memorial to them. If it honors the dead, the word memorial probably fits.
WORD FAMILY
memorial: immemorial, memorialise, memorialize, memorials+/immemorial: immemorially/memorialise: memorialisation, memorialised, memorialising/ memorialize: memorialization, memorialized, memorializes, memorializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will also be a smaller ballot for a limited number of tickets for the event at the Menin Gate memorial.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The next day, she returned to the memorial, and was arrested again as soon as she tried to unfurl the banner.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now a math teacher at Wilson Memorial High School in Augusta County, she was also there to listen.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪念碑，纪念物; 纪念仪式
adj. 纪念的; 悼念的
分布：纪念碑(57%)，纪念仪式(15%)，纪念的(11%)，纪念物(11%)，追悼的(6%)
→来自memory,记忆。
a.记忆的,纪念的n.纪念物,纪念碑,纪念馆The member of good memory remembers to commemorate his friend with memorials.那位记性好的成员记得用纪念品纪念他的朋友.
US [-'mɔ:r.i-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an object, often large and made of stone, which has been built to honour a famous person or event 纪念物；纪念碑
• a war memorial 战争纪念碑
• The statue was erected as a memorial to those who died in the war. 这尊雕像是为纪念战争中死去的人而竖立的。
UK [mə'mɔ:.ri.əl] US [-'mɔ:r.i-] adjective [before noun]
■A memorial event or object is a way of remembering a person or people who have died 用以纪念的，纪念性的；追悼的
• Hundreds of people came to Professor Conner's memorial service. 数百人参加了康纳教授的悼念仪式。
• A memorial garden was to be created for the Princess in a London park. 将在伦敦的一个公园里修建一座用来纪念这位王妃的花园。
n. [建] 纪念碑，纪念馆；纪念仪式；纪念物
 - monument, cenotaph
adj. 记忆的； [建] 纪念的，追悼的
 - recordative, mnemonic

Word: activism
Front: activism
['æktɪvɪzəm] (7096/20387 -3)
Vocabulary: activism
(once / 728 pages)
n
Activism is working or campaigning for political or social change. Your activism as a college student might help you get a job with a human rights organization after you graduate.
There are many different kinds of activism — advocating for environmental regulations is one type of activism, and marching in the streets to protest the closing of your town's library is another kind. Any controversial social issues you can think of involve activism on both sides. This sense of the word has been around since 1920, from activist. The Latin root of both words is actus, "a doing, a driving."
WORD FAMILY
activism: activist, activistic+/ activist: activists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
If we are indeed entering a Trump-fuelled era of consumer activism, it’s bad news for companies.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It was Sovannara’s activism, after all, that forced the family to seek asylum in the United States more than a decade earlier.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 行动主义; 激进主义
分布：行动主义(52%)，激进主义(48%)
noun uncountable
■the use of direct and noticeable action to achieve a result, usually a political or social one （通常指为达到政治或社会目的而采取各种手段的）激进主义，行动主义
• black/student activism 黑人／学生运动激进主义
• The levels of trade union and political activism in this country have greatly declined in the past fifteen years. 在过去15年里，该国工会和政治激进主义的活动势力已大大减弱。
n. 行动主义；激进主义
 - radicalism

Word: tally
Front: tally
[ˈtæli] (托宝 11596/11708 -1)
Vocabulary: tally
(once / 1541 pages)
1nv 2v
A tally is a continuous count of something, like the number of words in a document, or the number of favors your best friend owes you. To tally is to add up, like keeping the score of a game.
The word tally has to do with counting. It comes from the Latin word for “stick” because people used to keep a tally by marking a stick. Tally can be the total, or the act of adding it all up. If you count the bikers riding by, your count is a tally. As a verb, tally is used for keeping score. Two friends playing basketball need to tally the points after each basket so they don't lose track.
WORD FAMILY
tally: tallied, tallies, tallying, tallys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tally will be available later in January.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They tally the number of medication errors, the number of patients injured in falls and the number who develop infections after certain types of surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food and Drug Administration clearing just 22 new medicines for sale, the lowest number since 2010 and sharply down on 2015's tally of 45.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 计数器; 标签; 记账
vt. 测量，计数; 通过做记号记录; 加标签于; 使符合，使吻合
vi. 符合，吻合; 记录，计分
时态：tallied, tallying, tallies
分布：记录(48%)，计算(16%)，一致(15%)，帐(7%)，标签(7%)，记分(6%)，使一致(1%)
→来自古法语 taille,木头上的刻痕，来自拉丁语 talea,砍，切，小枝，词源同 tailor,retail.引申词 义记录，积分表等，词义一致来自古代的一种借贷方法，把一块记录有欠债的小木条从中劈 成两半，债务人和债权人各持一半，以做为还款凭证。比较 indenture,契约，合同。
【记】tall高，y：长高一点儿是为了与男女朋友“吻”合。
verb intransitive
■to match or agree with something else 符合，吻合
• Our figures don't tally - you've made it twenty pounds more than me. 我们的资料不相符——你的比我的多20英镑。
• Your plans don't tally with mine. 你的计划和我的有冲突。
['tæl.i] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tally (sth) up slightly old-fashioned informal
■to calculate something 计算
• If the game's over I'll tally up. 如果比赛结束了的话，我就计算总分。
['tæl.i] noun countable usually singular slightly old-fashioned
■a record or count of a number of things 计数；记录；比分
• Will you keep a tally of the number of customers going in and out? 你能记录一下进出顾客的人数吗？
n. 计数器；标签；记账
 - counter, ticket, label
vt. 使符合；计算；记录
 - cast, register, figure, shape
vi. 一致；记分
 - cotton, square, identify, score, coincide

Word: crook
Front: crook
[krʊk] (宝 8651/8580 -2)
Vocabulary: crook
(once / 390 pages)
1nv 2n
A crook is long staff that’s bent at one end, like something you might see a shepherd carrying. A crook can also be a criminal — a person who’s dishonest, or bent, just like the staff.
The noun crook entered English in the 13th century as a way to describe the long tool with a hook at one end. It later took on the meaning of “petty criminal.” You can use crook as an informal way to describe someone who is dishonest. A crook is typically involved in minor or nonviolent crimes; you wouldn’t use the word to describe a murderer, for example. A con man or someone committing fraud could be called a crook.
WORD FAMILY
crook: crooked, crooking, crooks+/ crooked: crookeder, crookedest, crookedly, crookedness/crookedness: crookednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a really cool experience. You learn a lot from All-State,” Crooks said.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Ibrahim, who declined to be fully identified because of the corruption crackdown, says he was not a big-time crook, like the accounting and revenue officials.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
He said, ‘I looked her over real well and I couldn’t find anything wrong with her but one crooked tooth.’
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 骗子; 弯曲; 钩; 诡计
vt. 使成钩状; 使弯曲
vi. 弯曲
adj. 不正当的; 骗人的
时态：crooked, crooking, crooks
分布：弯曲(34%)，使弯曲(22%)，钩(17%)，诈骗(15%)，曲柄杖(8%)，使成钩状(4%)
→来自sker, 转，弯，词源同curve, crank.
【记】creek（n 小河）就是弯弯曲曲的，hook（n 钩子；v 钩）
【参】crooked（adj 弯曲的；不老实的）＝bent＝curved＝askew
noun
CRIMINAL 罪犯
countable informal
■a very dishonest person, especially a criminal or a cheat 骗子；无赖；（尤指）诈骗犯
• These politicians are just a bunch of crooks. 这些政客不过是一帮骗子。
[krʊk] noun
BEND 弯曲
the crook of your arm
■the inside part of your arm where it bends 臂弯
[krʊk] noun
STICK 棍子
countable
■a long stick with a curved end, especially one carried by a shepherd or a bishop （尤指牧羊人或主教用的）曲柄手杖
[krʊk] adjective Australian informal
■bad or ill 不好的，坏的；有病的
[krʊk] verb transitive old-fashioned
■to bend your arm or finger 使（手指或手臂）弯曲
• She delicately crooked her little finger as she picked up her tea cup. 她端茶杯时优雅地翘起小指。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
n. 骗子，坏蛋；弯处，弯曲部分；钩状物
 - fraud, dog, sharp, loop
vt. [公路] 使弯曲；欺骗，诈骗
 - wind, sell, curve, bend, fox
vi. [公路] 弯曲，成钩形
 - bend, double up

Word: musician
Front: musician
[mjuˈzɪʃn] (高研四六 2936/3697 -K3)
Vocabulary: musician
(once / 331 pages)
n
Anyone who plays music can be called a musician. Whether you're playing the cello on stage at Carnegie Hall or playing the harmonica on a subway platform, you're a musician.
While this word is most often used to mean a professional instrumentalist, it can also refer to someone who writes or sings music, and even your brother's friend who occasionally plays the drums in a Led Zeppelin cover band. Musician originally meant "one skilled in music," from the Latin musica, "the art of music and poetry," which has a Greek root, mousike, "art of the Muses."
WORD FAMILY
musician: musicians, musicianship+/ music: musical, musician, musics/ musical: musicality, musically, musicalness, musicals, nonmusical, unmusical/unmusical: unmusicalest, unmusically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This will be the first child for Conrad and her 36-year-old musician husband, William Tell.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the increased use of music, they say, will only help them do that on a show built around musicians.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 音乐家
分布：音乐家(100%)
→来自music,音乐，乐曲。即搞音乐的人。
音乐家(mus＋ician表示人)[mus=muse来自希腊神话"缪斯"女神,是文艺音乐女神,所以有"娱乐"的意思]
n.音乐家,乐师The muscular musician found the bud in the mud in the museum.肌肉发达的音乐家在博物馆里的泥巴中发现了嫩芽.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who is skilled in playing music, usually as their job 音乐家；乐师；作曲家
• The concert features dancers, singers and musicians of all nationalities. 这场音乐会云集了各国的舞蹈家、歌唱家和音乐家。
n. 音乐家
 - eisteddfod

Word: knife
Front: knife
[naɪf] (中高雅 2240/2471 -K3)
Vocabulary: knife
(once / 137 pages)
nv
A knife is a sharp tool that's used for slicing or cutting. We suggest using a knife as a kitchen tool instead of as a weapon.
A bread knife has a long, serrated edge, and the blade of a pocket knife folds into its handle so you can safely carry it in your pocket. Surgeons use very small knives to make delicate cuts during operations, and various kinds of knives are sometimes used as weapons. To knife, in fact, is to stab or cut with a knife, almost always in a violent way.
WORD FAMILY
knife: knifed, knifelike, knifes, knifing, knives
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her “aha moment” as a craftsman didn’t happen until a chance meeting eight years ago with an engraver of rifles and knives.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say he was carrying a knife but didn’t use it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 刀; 匕首; 刃部; 手术刀
vt. 切割，刺; 伤害
vi. 劈开; 划过
时态：knifed, knifing, knifes
分布：刀(99%)，用刀切割(1%)
→来自古英语cnif,刀，匕首。
n.刀,餐刀v.用刀切,用匕首刺The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
noun countable (plural knives)
 ESSENTIAL
■a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or other substances, or as a weapon 刀
• a fish/butter/steak knife 切鱼用刀／涂奶油用刀／牛排餐刀
• I prefer to use a knife and fork. 我较喜欢用刀叉。
• He drew/pulled a knife and stabbed her. 他拔出刀，刺中了她。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
go under the knife
■to have a medical operation 接受外科手术
• More and more women are choosing to go under the knife to improve their appearance. 越来越多的女性选择接受外科手术来改善容貌。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
have your knife into sb UK
■to try to upset or harm someone because you dislike them 跟（某人）过不去；加害于（某人）
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
the knives are out UK
■something you say which means that people are being unpleasant about someone, or trying to harm them 磨刀霍霍；剑拔弩张
• The knives are out for the former president. 对前总统大有剑拔弩张之势。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
put/stick the knife into sb (also put/stick the knife in)
■to be unpleasant about someone or try to harm them 对（某人）怀恨在心；加害于（某人）
• The reviewer in the magazine that I read really put the knife in. 我读的那本杂志中，批评家的话真是恶意中伤。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
twist/turn the knife (in the wound)
■to make someone who is annoyed, worried or upset feel even worse 揭人伤疤；往伤口上撒盐
• Just to turn the knife a little, he told me he'd seen my old girlfriend with her new man. 他告诉我，他看见我的前女友和新任男友在一起，只是为了让我难受。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
under the knife
■while having a medical operation 动手术时
[naɪf] verb transitive
■to attack someone using a knife 用刀砍（或刺、戳）
• He knifed her in the back. 他用刀砍伤了她的背部。
n. [机] 刀；匕首
 - sword, chiv
vt. 用刀切；（口）伤害
 - injure, scar
vi. 劈开；划过
 - to break open

Word: bread
Front: bread
[bred] (中高 2113/2292 -K3)
Back: n. 面包; 食物; 营养，营养物; 生计
vt. 在…上撒面包屑
时态：breaded, breading, breads
分布：面包(99%)，在 ... 上撒面包屑(1%)
→词源不确定。可能来自burn, 烧，烤。特指烤面包。
n.面包The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a food made from flour, water and usually yeast , mixed together and baked 面包
• a slice of bread 一片面包
• a loaf of bread 一条面包
• white/brown bread 白／黑面包
• UK wholemeal / US whole wheat bread 全麦面包
• sliced bread 切片面包
• This bread is fresh/stale. 这面包是新鲜的／变味了。
• Do you bake your own bread? 你自己烤面包吗？
[bred] noun uncountable
(your) (daily) bread
■the money that you need so that you can pay for food, clothes and other ordinary needs 维持生计所需的钱
• He earns his daily bread as a tourist guide. 他靠做导游谋生。
[bred] noun uncountable
bread and circuses literary
■activities or official plans that are intended to keep people happy and to stop them from noticing or complaining about problems 面包和马戏，小恩小惠（指为了取悦、安抚公众并转移其注意力而开展的活动或官方计划）
[bred] noun uncountable
Man cannot live by bread alone. saying
■used to say that people need not just food, but also poetry, art, music, etc. to live happily 人活着不只是为了吃饭。
n. 面包；生计
 - living, keep, livelihood

Word: envisage
Front: envisage
[ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ] (研六雅宝 16510/3832 -2)
Vocabulary: envisage
(once / 6797 pages)
v
Martin Luther King Jr. envisaged a time when black and white Americans would no longer be segregated by race. To envisage is to imagine something that does not yet exist.
The words envisage and envision share the same Latin root meaning to see. Both words are very similar in meaning but do have slight shades of difference. If you envision something happening, you can see it happening in your mind. I'm sure you can envision yourself graduating from high school! If you envisage something, you can imagine it, but not necessarily see it. You can envisage world peace, but it may be harder to envision it.
WORD FAMILY
envisage: envisaged, envisages, envisaging+/ visage: envisage, visages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The patent also envisages a series of support vehicles that would be used to restock the flying structures.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The plan envisaged a ceasefire followed by a national unity government and constitutional reform aimed at constraining presidential powers.
The Guardian(Dec 12, 2016)
He envisaged a group of landmark buildings by the world’s most prominent architects.
The New Yorker(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: vt. 想像，设想; 正视，面对; 观察，展望
时态：envisaged, envisaging, envisages
分布：想像(57%)，面对(43%)
→en-,进入，使，-vis,看，词源同video,visage.
v.想象,设想,展望,正视He envisaged living in Parie.他想像在巴黎的生活.
【记】visage（n 面貌；容貌）；en进入，vis看，age年龄－进入看得见的年龄，就是有远见的人了，应该学会正视事实，设想未来。
【参】envision（vt 想象；预想）；
(US also envision) slightly formal
verb transitive
■to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good 设想；展望，预计
• Train fare increases of 5% are envisaged for the next year. 预计明年火车票价将会上涨5%。
• [+ that] It 's envisaged that the building will start at the end of this year. 预计大楼将在今年年底动工。
• [+ -ing verb] When do you envisage finishing the project? 你预计工程甚么时候竣工？
• [+ question word] It 's hard to envisage how it might happen. 真是难以设想怎么会发生这种事情。
■to form a mental picture of something or someone you have never seen 想像
• He wasn't what I'd expected - I'd envisaged someone much taller. 他和我所期待的不一样——想像中他的个头应该高得多。
vt. 正视，面对；想像
 - imagine, picture, think of

Word: funny
Front: funny
[ˈfʌni] (中高研四 1789/1942 -K3)
Vocabulary: funny
(once / 214 pages)
nadj
Something that is funny is amusing or comical. Comedians make their living being funny.
It seems like the adjective funny should describe something fun — but it doesn’t always. A fun rollercoaster ride might make you scream instead of laugh. In fact, funny is also used in the sense of something that is fishy or shady, or just a little odd, like a funny feeling, or a person who seems a little funny, meaning weird. So if someone calls you funny, make sure they are smiling before you thank them for the compliment.
WORD FAMILY
funny: funnier, funnies, funniest, funnily, funniness, unfunny+/ fun: funning, funny, funs/unfunny: unfunnily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Again – the urge to see the funny side of things.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a funny moment in my life.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In some cases, the lies he told were so utterly, demonstrably false that they were almost funny.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有趣的，好笑的，滑稽的; （口）稀奇的，古怪的，奇异的; 有病的，不舒服的; 狡猾的，欺骗（性）的，可疑的，不光明的
n. 滑稽人物; 笑话，有趣的故事; 滑稽连环漫画栏; （英）（比赛用）单人双桨小艇
级别：funnier, funniest
分布：有趣的(49%)，滑稽的(32%)，可笑的(11%)，奇怪的(6%)，非法的(2%)
→来自fun, 娱乐，嬉戏。
a.滑稽的,可笑的The funny cunning runner uses his gum gun before sunrise or after sunset.滑稽乖巧的赛跑者在日出之前或日落之后使用胶皮枪.
adjective
HUMOROUS 有趣的
 ESSENTIAL
■humorous; causing laughter 滑稽的；有趣的
• Do you know any funny jokes? 你知道甚么有趣的笑话吗？
• I've never found Charlie Chaplin very funny. 我从来都不觉得查理‧卓别林很滑稽。
• It's a really funny film. 这真是场滑稽的电影。
• It's not funny - don't laugh! 没甚么好笑的——不准笑！
• Breaking your leg isn't funny (= is serious) , I can assure you. 摔断了腿可不是好玩的，我可以向你保证。
• No matter how disastrous the situation there always seems to be a funny side to it. 无论情况有多糟，似乎总有其可笑的一面。
• Don't you try to be funny with me (= Be serious and show respect) , young man! 少跟我没大没小的，小子！
  Common Learner Errors  funny or fun? Warning: choose the right word! To say that something is enjoyable, don't say 'funny', say it is fun :
✗ It was a funny game and the score was 2-2. The game was fun and the score was 2-2. Remember: to describe something you enjoy very much, don't say it is 'very funny', say it is good or great fun :
✗ The music festival is always very funny. The music festival is always great fun.
['fʌn.i] adjective
STRANGE 奇怪的
 IMPROVER
■strange, surprising, unexpected or difficult to explain or understand 奇怪的；出人意外的；古怪的；难以解释的；难以理解的
• The washing machine is making a funny noise again. 洗衣机又发出奇怪的声响了。
• He's got some funny ideas about how to bring up children. 他在抚养孩子方面有些奇思妙想。
• That's funny - I'm sure I left my keys here. 真奇怪，我确信是把锁匙放在这里了。
• A funny thing happened to me on the way to the crematorium. 我在去火葬场的路上遇到一件怪事。
• Do you think this jacket looks a bit funny with these trousers? 你觉得这件上衣配这条裤子是不是有点怪？
• It 's funny how Alec always disappears whenever there's work to be done. 真搞不懂，只要一有事要做，亚历克就不见人影了。
• She's a funny girl (= she is strange and difficult to understand). 她是个古怪的女孩。
• UK informal The television's gone funny (= isn't working correctly). 那台电视机出毛病了。
['fʌn.i] adjective
DISHONEST 不诚实的 informal
■dishonest; involving cheating 不诚实的；欺骗的
• I think there's something funny going on next door. 我认为隔壁房间里正在进行一些见不得人的勾当。
['fʌn.i] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友好的
[after verb] UK informal
■unfriendly or seeming to be offended 不友好的；似乎被冒犯了的，生气的
• I'm not being funny or anything but I think I'd rather go on my own. 我不是生气了或其他甚么意思，不过我还是觉得自己一个人去好。
• She sounded a bit funny with me on the phone last night and I wondered if I'd offended her. 昨晚在电话里她听起来有点生我的气，不知道是不是我甚么地方得罪了她。
['fʌn.i] adjective
ILL 生病的
[after verb] informal
■slightly ill 稍有不适的
• I don't know if it was something I ate but I'm feeling a bit funny. 我不知道是不是我吃的东西有问题，反正觉得有点不舒服。
['fʌn.i] adjective
CRAZY 疯了的 UK informal
■slightly crazy 有点发疯的，精神有点失常的
• All the stress made him go a bit funny. 所有的压力弄得他精神有点不正常了。
['fʌn.i] adjective
funny ha-ha or funny peculiar ? UK
■used when someone has described a person as 'funny' and you want to know whether they mean 'humorous', ('ha-ha'), or 'strange' ('peculiar') 是指有趣还是古怪？
• "She's a very funny woman." "Funny ha-ha or funny peculiar?" “她是个非常滑稽的女人。”“是有趣还是古怪？”
['fʌn.i] adjective
It's a funny old world. UK saying
■said when someone has told you something that is strange or surprising 大千世界，无奇不有。
['fʌn.i] noun
the funnies [plural] mainly US the series of drawings in a newspaper that tell a humorous story （报纸上的）滑稽连环漫画
⇒ See also comic strip
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
comic, witty, funny, humorous
这组词都有“使人高兴的，令人发笑的”的意思，其区别是：
comic: 指像喜剧一样滑稽可笑。
witty: 强调机智而饶有风趣。
funny: 非正式用词，通常侧重因古怪、奇特或不合适宜的举动等引起的发笑。
humorous: 指富有幽默感、诙谐、引人发笑的。
adj. 有趣的；滑稽的；奇异的
 - colorful, fantastic
n. 滑稽人物
 - comedian

Word: homeless
Front: homeless
[ˈhəʊmləs] (3350/5273 -3)
Vocabulary: homeless
(once / 1135 pages)
adjn
If you're homeless, you don't have any place to live — you might be without a roof over your head, or even without a country to call your own. Refugees living in temporary camps because of civil war are homeless.
Homeless refugees aren't really citizens of any land, while other homeless people are in a more temporary bad spot, having lost their homes because of financial trouble, illness, or other bad luck. Sometimes the word homeless is used as a noun for a person in such a predicament, but it's more correct and thoughtful to use the word as an adjective — that way, a homeless person isn't solely defined by not having a home.
WORD FAMILY
homeless: homelessly, homelessness, homelesss+/ home: homed, homeless, homelike, homely, homes, homey, homing, homy/homeliness: homelinesses/ homely: homelier, homeliest, homelily, homeliness/homey: homeyer, homier, homiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside of the homeless numbers, 17.3 percent of residents in the District of Columbia live in poverty, according to recent census data.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
California is in the middle of a housing crisis, and L.A. leads the nation in chronically homeless people, with nearly 13,000.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Nehemiah Project started in New York City with no name. It was a mission to feed the homeless,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 无家可归的; 露宿风餐
分布：无家可归的(100%)
无家可归的(home家)[-less表形容词"无…的,不...的"]
US ['hoʊm-] adjective
■without a home 无家可归的
• Accommodation needs to be found for thousands of homeless families. 数以千计无家可归的家庭需要住所。
UK ['həʊm.ləs] US ['hoʊm-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  homelessRemember: homeless is an adjective. To talk about people who do not have a home, don't say 'homeless', say the homeless or homeless people : The charity provides shelter for the homeless. The charity provides shelter for homeless people.
UK ['həʊm.ləs] US ['hoʊm-] plural noun
the homeless
■people who do not have a home, usually because they are poor （通常因贫穷导致的）无家可归者
adj. 无家可归的
 - displaced, roofless

Word: shrug
Front: shrug
[ʃrʌg] (研四六雅宝 3191/2865 -2)
Back: vt. 耸肩（以表示冷淡，怀疑等）
vi. 耸肩，提高肩膀
n. 耸肩; 女式短茄克衫或前开襟毛线衫
时态：shrugged, shrugging, shrugs
分布：耸肩(97%)，不理会(3%)
→词源不详，可能最终来自 sker,弯，转，收缩，词源同 ring,curve,scrimp.
vt./n.耸肩(表示冷淡,怀疑,无奈,不满等)The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
【记】sh屎，rug地毯：你们家的地毯上有你的狗拉的sh，你只能对此表示毫无办法－耸肩
verb intransitive or transitive (-gg-)
 ADVANCED
■to raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know or are not interested （表示不知道或不感兴趣）耸（肩）
• "Where's Dad?" "How should I know?" replied my brother, shrugging. “爸爸在哪里？”“我怎么知道？”哥哥耸了耸肩，答道。
• He shrugged his shoulders as if to say that there was nothing he could do about it. 他耸了耸肩，好像在说他对此无能为力。
• figurative Thousands of people are starving to death while the world shrugs its shoulders (= shows no interest or care). 成千上万的人濒于饿死，世人却无动于衷。
[ʃrʌg] verb intransitive or transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shrug sth off
NOT WORRY
■to treat something as if it is not important or not a problem 对…满不在乎；对…不予理睬
• The stock market shrugged off the economic gloom and rose by 1.5%. 股市没有受到经济不景气的影响，上涨了1.5%。
• You're a father and you can't simply shrug off your responsibility for your children. 你是一位父亲，不能推卸对孩子们的责任。
NOT KEEP
■to get rid of something unpleasant that you do not want 摆脱
• I hope I can shrug off this cold before I go on holiday. 我希望我在渡假之前能摆脱这次感冒（即希望感冒能好）。
• The city is trying to shrug off its industrial image and promote itself as a tourist centre. 这个城市正在努力摆脱其工业城市形象，力求提升其旅游中心的地位。
⇒ See also shake off at shake
[ʃrʌg] noun countable
SHOULDER MOVEMENT 肩动作
■when you shrug your shoulders to express something 耸肩
• "I'm afraid there's nothing I can do about your problem, " she said with a shrug. “恐怕我对你的问题无能为力，”她耸了耸肩说道。
• "Well, I suppose we'll just have to do what he says, " said Kim with a shrug of resignation. “哦，我想我们只能按他说的去做，”金说着，无可奈何地耸了耸肩。
[ʃrʌg] noun countable
CLOTHES 衣服
■a short cardigan for women （女式）短套领衫（一种女式短羊毛衫）
vt. 耸肩，耸肩表示
 - hunch

Word: stomach
Front: stomach
[ˈstʌmək] (中高研四六托雅宝 2503/2661 -K3)
Vocabulary: stomach
(once / 255 pages)
nv
The stomach is the organ of your body — kind of a big sac — that digests food. We also say people have a stomach for something unpleasant when they can handle it.
Without a stomach, you'd be in trouble: that's where your food gets digested and turned into useful material your body can use for energy. If you ever got punched in the stomach or had a stomach ache, it can hurt a lot. Also, stomach can mean having a hunger, or at least tolerance, for something. If you can't stomach watching football, then you can't stand watching it. If you have a stomach for something, you can swallow it.
WORD FAMILY
stomach: stomachal, stomached, stomaches, stomachic, stomaching, stomachs
USAGE EXAMPLES
A very difficult loss to stomach and very sad to lose Tyler Lockett, a great player and young man.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A pathologist determined the cause of death to be a shot to the stomach, causing heavy blood loss.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Then she slapped her hand against her own taut stomach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胃; 腹部; 食欲; 欲望
vt. 容忍; 吃…吃得津津有味; 〈古〉对…发怒
时态：stomached, stomaching, stomaches
分布：胃(76%)，腹部(12%)，胃口(6%)，忍受(5%)，吃得下(1%)
→来自古法语 estomac,胃，来自拉丁语 stomachus,喉咙，食道，胃，来自希腊语 stomachos,喉 咙，食道，嘴，口，来自 stoma,嘴，口，来自 stomen,嘴，口。
n.胃,胃口;肚子,腹部vt.承受,忍受The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
【记】古希腊人认为胃部是在忍受一件事时的反应最强烈的地方。S死to偷ma妈ch吃：我偷来的汉堡被妈妈吃了，只好忍了。
【反】refuse to tolerate（拒绝忍受）
noun countable (plural stomachs)
 ESSENTIAL
■an organ in the body where food is digested , or the soft front part of your body just below the chest 胃；肚子，腹部
• He was punched in the stomach. 他的肚子挨了一拳。
• The doctor asked him to lie down on his stomach. 医生要他俯卧。
• The sight of blood always churns/turns my stomach (= makes me feel as if I am going to vomit). 看见血总会令我反胃。
• She's got a very delicate stomach and doesn't eat spicy food. 她肠胃不好，不能吃辛辣食物。
• I was hungry and my stomach had started growling/rumbling (= making noises). 我饿了，肚子开始咕咕叫。
• He felt a knot of nervousness in the pit (= bottom) of his stomach. 他心里一阵紧张。
• I suggested that a cup of tea might settle (= calm) her stomach. 我建议她喝杯茶，也许可以缓解她胃部的不适。
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
have a strong stomach
■to be able to smell, taste or see unpleasant things without feeling ill or upset 不易反胃；忍耐力极强
• You need to have a very strong stomach to watch some of the surgery scenes. 要观看某些外科手术场面，你需要有极强的忍耐力。
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
have a weak stomach
■to easily feel ill or upset when you smell, taste or see something unpleasant 易反胃；忍耐力极弱
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
not have the stomach for sth (also have no stomach for sth)
■to not feel brave or determined enough to do something unpleasant 没有做…的勇气；缺乏做…的决心：
• I didn't have the stomach for another fight. 我没有勇气再打一架。
['stʌm.ək] verb transitive usually in negatives
■to be able to accept an unpleasant idea or watch something unpleasant 能够容忍，承受得住（令人不快的想法或景象）
• He can't stomach the idea that Peter might be the next chairman. 他一想到彼得可能会出任下届主席就很不舒服。
• She found the violence in the film hard to stomach. 她觉得这部电影中的暴力场面令人难以忍受。
n. 胃； [解剖] 腹部；胃口
 - abdomen, belly
vt. 忍受；吃下
 - go, stand, abide, tough, tolerate
vi. 忍受
 - suffer from, bear with

Word: buffer
Front: buffer
[ˈbʌfə(r)] (宝 8759/6531 -1)
Vocabulary: buffer
(once / 4519 pages)
1vn 2n 3nv 4n
A buffer is an object that either softens a blow like a fender, or helps buff or shine stuff, like a nail buffer.
Buffer comes from the Old French buff, a word that imitates the sound of a blow to a soft body. A person can also be a buffer if she keeps people prone to fighting from coming in contact or hurting each other, like a teacher who separates two rowdy kids at the lunch table. A buffer state is a country between two conflicting ones that helps them better get along by creating a buffer between them — like Mongolia is for China and Russia.
WORD FAMILY
buffer: buffered, buffering, buffers+/ buff: buff-colored, buffed, buffer, buffest, buffing, buffly, buffs, rebuff / rebuff: rebuffed, rebuffing, rebuffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
While there is wide support for the concept of buffers, county officials contend there is confusion and questions about the law.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The banks were stuck as they tried to maintain a fine balance between profit growth, regulatory capital buffers and net interest margins.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
In India, agricultural expansion would force crops into habitats like wetlands that act as important buffers against flooding and sea-level rise.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 缓冲器; 起缓冲作用的人（或物）; [化]缓冲液，缓冲剂; [计]缓冲区
vt. 缓冲; [化]把缓冲液加入（溶液）
时态：buffered, buffering, buffers
分布：缓冲(98%)，减轻(1%)，老朽(1%)
→拟声词，模仿物体撞击护垫的声音。
US [-ɚ] noun
PROTECTION 保护
countable
■something or someone that helps protect from harm 缓冲物；起缓冲作用的人
• I bought a house as a buffer against inflation. 我买了一幢房子以缓解通货膨胀带来的影响。
countable
■the protective metal parts at the front and back of a train or at the end of a track, that reduce damage if the train hits something （火车的首尾或轨道末端的）减震器，缓冲器
countable or uncountable
■a chemical that keeps a liquid from becoming more or less acidic (= containing acid) 缓冲剂
UK ['bʌf.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
MAN 人
countable UK old-fashioned
■a silly old man 老古板
• Silly old buffer! 愚蠢的老古板！
UK ['bʌf.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to provide protection against harm 保护，使不受伤害
n. [机] [车辆] [助剂] 缓冲区； [计] 缓冲器，减震器
 - dashpot, oscillation absorber

Word: patriotic
Front: patriotic
[ˌpeɪtriˈɒtɪk] (研六托 7633/7854)
Vocabulary: patriotic
(once / 256 pages)
adj
Respect for the country's flag, a desire to see your nation succeed, and a deep, abiding love of your country are all patriotic expressions, but being patriotic doesn’t mean you think your country’s perfect — just that you love it.
The Greek word patēr, which means father, was the basis for the word patris, or native land, and so patriotic came to mean "a love of country." In the 18th century, the word was formed from the word patriot by adding the suffix -ic, which turns a noun into an adjective. An example of a patriotic comment would be this one, by President Bill Clinton: "There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America."
WORD FAMILY
patriotic: patriotically, patriotism, superpatriotic, unpatriotic+/ patriot: patrioteer, patriotic, patriots/patrioteer: patrioteers/ patriotism: patriotisms, superpatriotism/unpatriotic: unpatriotically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Erik’s very patriotic to begin with, but he’s very skilled with understanding what the agency needed to pull this off,” said Walker, 84.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Rodriguez called participating in the inaugural “a patriotic honor” and “a sacred duty.”
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Nonetheless, in those days of compulsory patriotic flag-waving the media showed no inclination to be even slightly skeptical, and the result was catastrophic.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 爱国的，有爱国心的; 爱国主义的
分布：爱国的(100%)
(见上,-otic形容词字尾,...的)爱国的[父,祖patr(i);part(o);pater]
a.爱国的The song is full of patriotic sentiments.这首歌充满了爱国情感.
US [ˌpeɪ.tri'ɑ:.tˌɪk] adjective
■showing love for your country and being proud of it 爱国的；有爱国心的
• patriotic fervour/pride 爱国热情／自豪感
• Many Americans felt it was their patriotic duty to buy bonds to support the war effort. 许多美国人认为购买债券支持战备是他们的爱国职责。

Word: everyday
Front: everyday
[ˈevrideɪ] (中高研四 3291/3381 -2)
Vocabulary: everyday
(once / 983 pages)
adj
Something routine or ordinary is called everyday. Your everyday chores, your everyday clothes, your everyday activities — these things make up everyday life.
The adjective everyday describes the common things that you generally do as part of a regular day — doing the dishes in an everyday task — but it can also have the sense of “ordinary,” like the casual everyday clothes you wear when you’re not doing anything special. Make sure you spell everyday as one word: everyday. Every day, which carries the more literal sense of something that’s done every day, is spelled as two words.
WORD FAMILY
everyday: everydayness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In our everyday lives, we rely on our ability to navigate and remember.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He saw his fellow-citizens as being naturally bathetic—striving for spiritual grandeur while ultimately mired in everyday, material concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps a section of upscale goods like goji berries, bison burgers and recycled toilet paper alongside a more down-home selection of everyday staples.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 日常的，平常的; 普通的; 每天的; 经常
分布：日常的(63%)，平常的(37%)
adj.每日的,日常的They met everyday.他们每天都见面.
adjective
■ordinary, typical or usual 日常的；通常的；普通的
• the everyday lives of ordinary Russian citizens 普通俄国人的日常生活
• Death was an everyday occurrence during the Civil War. 在内战期间，死亡是很普遍的事。
['ev.ri.deɪ] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  everydayRemember: everyday is an adjective and is usually used before a noun. To describe how regularly something is repeated, don't write 'everyday', write every day : I try to read English newspapers every day.
everyday, daily
这组词都有“每天的，日常的”的意思，其区别是：
everyday: 一般日常用词，指日常发生的、无须特别关心的。
daily: 普通用词，特指每天发生一次的，也可指按日计的。
every day, everyday
every day: 每天(作状语)。如：She gets up early every day.
everyday: 每日的，日常的(作定语)。如：This morning exercise has become my everyday routine.
adj. 每天的，日常的
 - daily, household, routine
n. 平时；寻常日子
 - peacetime

Word: kentucky
Front: kentucky
[kenˈtʌki] (-/15410)
Back: n. 大叶烟类
分布：名词(100%)

Word: conquer
Front: conquer
[ˈkɒŋkə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 6737/7582 -2)
Vocabulary: conquer
(once / 112 pages)
v
To conquer is to defeat someone or something, usually with force, like army troops that conquer enemy territory, or your lunchtime hunger which you conquer with a sandwich and cup of soup.
To correctly pronounce conquer, accent the first syllable: "CON-kur." It comes from the Old French word conquerre, meaning "defeat, vanquish." Use conquer to show you've gained control over something, like doing breathing exercises as the airplane takes off to help you conquer your fear of flying. You'll hear people say they've conquered Mount McKinley, or the Appalachian Trail. It means they've hiked and climbed the whole route, not declared the place theirs alone.
WORD FAMILY
conquer: conquerable, conquered, conquering, conqueror, conquers, reconquer+/conquerable: unconquerable/conquered: unconquered/conquering: conquerings/conqueror: conquerors/reconquer: reconquered, reconquering, reconquers/unconquerable: unconquerably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tsarist Russia added “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” and accused Jews of wanting to conquer the world.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
The Daily Mail filmed him helping a woman conquer her fear of spiders.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Meetings with staff counselors led to serious contemplation about her addiction, strengthening her resolve to conquer it.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 征服; 攻克; 打败（敌人）; 克服
vi. 得胜，胜利
时态：conquered, conquering, conquers
分布：征服(63%)，克服(20%)，战胜(15%)，得胜(2%)
→con-, 强调。-quer, 追寻，追求，词源同query, question. 词义由追求到战胜。
征服(con全部+quer→全部寻求到→征服)[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v.征服,战胜,占领;克服,破除(坏习惯等)Man has yet to conquer the Mars.人类还需征服火星.
【记】con一起，quer获得，寻觅－什么都获得了－征服
【参】conqueror（n 征服者；胜利者）
US ['kɑ:ŋ.kɚ] verb transitive
■to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force 占领；攻取；征服；击败
• The Spanish conquered the New World in the 16th century. 西班牙人在16世纪征服了新大陆。
• The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066. 诺曼人于1066年征服了英格兰人。
■to deal with or successfully fight against a problem or an unreasonable fear 解决（问题）；战胜，克服（恐惧）
• He has finally conquered his fear of spiders. 他终于战胜了对蜘蛛的恐惧。
• It may be many years before this dreadful disease is conquered. 可能需要许多年战胜这种可怕的疾病。
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 战胜，征服；攻克，攻取
 - defeat, master
vi. 胜利；得胜
 - overcome, win the day

Word: chill
Front: chill
[tʃɪl] (研四六托雅 4618/6652 -2)
Vocabulary: chill
(once / 199 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A sharp burst of cold air or icy temperatures is a chill. The chill of a January day in New England might make you dream of moving to New Mexico.
You'll feel a chill when someone opens a window in the winter, or notice a chill in the air on a cool day in September. Another kind of chill makes you shiver, but it's caused by illness and fever rather than a cold breeze: "Symptoms of the flu include chills and headache." A cold attitude is also a chill, as when a chill in the room makes you realize your friends are angry at each other.
WORD FAMILY
chill: chilled, chiller, chilling, chills, chilly +/chiller: chillers/chilling: chillingly/ chilly: chillier, chilliest, chillily, chilliness, chillys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Speaking as a mom, I felt a chill down my spine,” she said referring to recent political broadcast.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I shuddered at the same photos that chilled the victims’ families.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
The most common symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, chills and body aches.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）变冷; 使很冷; 使冰冷; 使恐惧
n. 寒冷，发冷; 冷漠; 扫兴; [冶金学]激冷
adj. 冷的; 冷漠的; 令人失望的
vt. 令失望; 使沮丧; 使扫兴; 使消沉
时态：chilled, chilling, chills
分布：寒冷(42%)，寒冷的(16%)，扫兴(13%)，寒心(12%)，着凉(9%)，冷淡的(8%)
→来自gel, 冷，词源同cold,glacier.
n.寒冷,寒气,寒战v.使寒冷There is quite a chill in the air today.今天空气颇有寒意.
【记】chill后就会导致ill
verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become cold but not freeze （使）变冷；（使）冷却
• I've put the beer in the fridge to chill. 我把啤酒放到了冰箱里冰镇一下。
• Chill the wine before serving. 上酒前先冰镇一下。
[tʃɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
chill sb to the bone/marrow
■to frighten someone very much 使（某人）不寒而栗，使（某人）毛骨悚然
• This is a film that will chill you to the marrow. 这是部令人毛骨悚然的影片。
[tʃɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  chill out (also chill) informal
■to relax completely, or not allow things to upset you 彻底放松；冷静；镇静
• I'm just chilling out in front of the TV. 我只是看电视放松一下。
• Chill out, Dad. The train doesn't leave for another hour! 别紧张，爸爸，火车还有一小时才开呢！
[tʃɪl] noun
COLD 寒冷
only singular
■a feeling of cold 寒冷；寒意，凉意
• There was a chill in the air this morning. 今天早上有点冷飕飕的。
[tʃɪl] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a slight fever 风寒，受寒，着凉
• Don't go out with wet hair, you might catch a chill. 头发湿的时候别出去，会着凉的。
[tʃɪl] noun
BAD FEELING 害怕的感觉
only singular
■a sudden unpleasant feeling, especially of fear 害怕的感觉；（尤指恐惧引起的）寒气，寒意
• I suddenly realized, with a chill of apprehension, the danger ahead. 我突然一阵恐惧，意识到前面有危险。
[tʃɪl] noun
send chills down/up sb's spine
■to make someone feel very frightened 令（某人）脊背发凉，令（某人）毛骨悚然
• His words sent a chill down her spine. 他的话让她脊背发凉。
[tʃɪl] noun
take the chill off sth
■to make something slightly less cold 把…暖一暖；给…驱寒
• We lit the fire to take the chill off the room. 我们在屋里生火驱寒。
[tʃɪl] adjective literary
■ chilly (= cold) 寒冷的
[tʃɪl] adjective literary
the chill wind of sth literary
■the problems caused by something …的寒风；…引起的问题
• Many more businesses are feeling the chill wind of the recession. 更多企业受到了经济衰退的冲击。
n. 寒冷；寒意；寒心
 - cold, algor
adj. 寒冷的；冷漠的；扫兴的
 - cold, distant
vt. 冷冻，冷藏；使寒心；使感到冷
 - refrigerate

Word: runway
Front: runway
[ˈrʌnweɪ] (5877/7932 -1)
Back: n. 跑道; 河床; 滑道
分布：跑道(97%)，河床(1%)，悬索道(1%)，滑沟(1%)
noun countable
■a long level piece of ground with a specially prepared smooth hard surface on which aircraft take off and land （飞机）跑道
n. [航] 跑道；河床；滑道
 - raceway, lanes

Word: zeal
Front: zeal
[zi:l] (研四六托 10184/11139 -1)
Vocabulary: zeal
(once / 202 pages)
n
Zeal is dedication or enthusiasm for something. If you have zeal, you're willing, energized, and motivated.
Zeal is often used in a religious sense, meaning devotion to God or another religious cause, like being a missionary. Zeal doesn't have to be religious, though: a feeling of gusto and enthusiasm for anything can be called zeal. People have zeal for sports teams, bands, causes, and (often, but not always) their jobs. If you have passion for something, you have zeal, which is kind of a mix of eagerness and energy and devotion.
WORD FAMILY
zeal: zealous, zeals+/ overzealous: overzealously/ zealous: overzealous, zealousest, zealously
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the heart of this 1885 operetta by the librettist William Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan is a satire skewering British bureaucratic zeal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s about selling books, getting my message across, it’s about legacy,” said Kennedy, whose fiery zeal keeps her working full-time.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Yet Cambodians, mistrustful of the sincerity of these conversions, dismiss their newly adopted zeal for religious ideology.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 热心; 热情; 奋发
分布：热情(76%)，热忱(24%)
→来自希腊语zelos,羡慕，竞争，热情，激情，来自ya,寻求，渴望，词源同jealous.
热心,一心一意[zeal=ardor,表示"热心"]
n.热心,热忱,热情He shows great zeal for knowledge.他表现出极大的求知热情.
【反】torpor（n 无感觉）；indifference（n 不关心）
noun [S or U]
■great enthusiasm or eagerness 热忱，热情；激情
• reforming/missionary/religious zeal 改革／传教士般的／宗教热情
• a zeal for money-making 赚钱的热情
enthusiasm, zeal
这组词都有“热情”的意思，其区别是：
enthusiasm: 侧重指比较理智的热情，如对人对事的钦佩或为了事业或目的等所表现出的追求与忠诚
zeal: 通常指为实现向往的事业或为达到所追求的目标而积极投身到实践活动中所表现出来的热情。
n. 热情；热心；热诚
 - passion, flame, fire, warmth, fervor

Word: lively
Front: lively
[ˈlaɪvli] (中高研四六托 5775/4135 -K2)
Vocabulary: lively
(once / 217 pages)
adj
If you’re feeling lively, you might whistle a tune, go for a brisk jog, or strike up an amusing conversation. Lively means "active, spirited, and energetic."
Lively is an adjective derived from the noun "life," and it basically means "full of life." A lively party is exciting and entertaining. A lively person has an energetic personality, is always on alert, and prefers being active as opposed to just hanging around. Note that a "lively discussion" isn’t necessarily a happy discussion; it could be a spirited or even heated conversation where all parties are actively involved. Lively means the opposite of sluggish or dull.
WORD FAMILY
lively: livelier, liveliest, livelily, liveliness, livelyly+/liveliness: livelinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“While Pepper offers a lively, appealing interface, it remains to be seen whether it will fill the role that retailers want,” Gownder says.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
At the center of it all is Lively.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
“Washington is certain to become an even livelier place under this new president,” said John Arundel, associate publisher of Washington Life.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 充满活力的; 活泼的; 充满趣味的
adv. 轻快地：轻快地，富有活力地; 轻快地跳起
级别：livelier, liveliest
分布：活泼的(58%)，活跃的(25%)，栩栩如生的(10%)，真实的(7%)
→来自live，生动的，有精神的。
活跃的(live活)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.活泼的,活跃的;栩栩如生的,真实的The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having or showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm, or showing interesting and exciting thought 精力充沛的；生气勃勃的；活跃的
• It's hard work teaching a class of lively children. 给一班活泼好动的孩子们当老师很辛苦。
• a lively city 充满活力的城市
• They take a lively interest in their grandchildren. 他们非常喜欢自己的孙辈。
• There was some lively discussion at the meeting. 会上讨论得很热烈。
 ADVANCED
■describes colours that are bright and strong （颜色）鲜艳的，鲜亮的
• The room was painted a lively electric blue. 房间被刷成了鲜亮的铁青色。
picturesque, lively, vivid, pictorial
这组词都有“生动的”的意思，其区别是：
picturesque: 既指景色、人物等犹如图画般美丽，又可指文艺作品的风格绚丽多彩，尤指一种原始粗犷的美。
lively: 普通用词，与vivid可通用。
vivid: 普通用词，侧重有强烈的实际感或逼真感，使人富于想象或留下深刻的印象。
pictorial: 强调产生或制造生动的效果。
active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。
active: 指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic: 提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous: 指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk: 指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively: 侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
adj. 活泼的；生动的；真实的；生气勃勃的
 - alive, actual, sincere, telling, vivid

Word: horn
Front: horn
[hɔ:n] (研四六托宝 3653/4090 -K2)
Vocabulary: horn
(once / 161 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A horn is an instrument that's made of metal and is played by blowing into it. Another type of horn comes out of an animal's head. Don't confuse the two and imagine a trombone sticking out of a water buffalo's head.
A trumpet is one kind of horn, and another is a silly plastic noisemaker that produces a loud, honking sound. You might blow this horn at a New Year's party or a football game. Your car has a horn too, that you use to warn other drivers of your presence or express your annoyance. The horns that animals have are hard, bony bumps or projections on their heads — you'll see them on goats and bulls, for example.
WORD FAMILY
horn: dehorn, horned, horning, hornist, hornless, hornlike, horns, horny +/dehorn: dehorned, dehorning/ horny: hornier, horniest, hornily, horniness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At 5:39 a.m., more than a dozen tow trucks, headlights on, paraded down Colorado, horns blaring.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Horned Frogs were within four points after Alex Robinson stole a pass by Mason and beat him to the end for a layup.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Bulldogs sent the Horned Frogs to only their third losing season in Gary Patterson’s 16 full seasons as their coach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 角，触角; 号角，喇叭; 角质; 角状物
vi. 不请自来; 闯入
时态：horned, horning, horns
分布：喇叭(59%)，号(33%)，角质(4%)，触角(3%)，强行介入(1%)
→来自ker,角，头，词源同unicorn,corner,cornucopia.引申词义角质，号角等。
n.(牛羊等的)角;号,喇叭;角状物;角制品The attorney's horn lies horizontally in the thorns.代理律师的号角水平地躺在荆棘中.
US [hɔ:rn] noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a hard, pointed, often curved part that grows from the top of the head of some animals, or the hard substance of which a horn is made 角；角质
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a device on a vehicle that is used to make a loud noise as a warning or signal to other people （车辆的）喇叭
• The driver blew/sounded / informalhonked her horn. 那位司机按了喇叭。
⇒ See also foghorn
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a curved musical instrument made of metal, which is narrow at the end you blow down to make a sound, and wider towards the other end 号
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
be on the horns of a dilemma
■to be unable to decide which of two things to do because either could have bad results 左右为难；进退维谷
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
draw/pull in your horns
■to act in a more careful way than you did before, especially by spending less money 行为收敛；（尤指）减少开支
• He'll have to draw in his horns now he's lost his job. 由于失业，他将不得不减少开支。
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  horn in US informal
■to try to become involved in a discussion or activity when you are not wanted 强行插话；强行参与
• She's always horning in on our conversations. 她总是在我们说话的时候插嘴。
n. [电子] 喇叭，号角； [动] 角
 - angle, hao

Word: singer
Front: singer
[ˈsɪŋə(r)] (高四六 2823/3552 -K3)
Back: n. 歌手; 歌唱家; 诗人; 鸣禽
分布：歌手(96%)，鸣禽(2%)，烧毛机(1%)，烧毛工(1%)
→sing,歌唱，-er,人。
歌唱家(sing唱歌)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who sings 歌唱家，歌手
• Kiri Te Kanawa is a famous singer from New Zealand. 基丽‧特‧卡娜瓦是来自纽西兰的著名歌唱家。
n. 歌手，歌唱家
 - vocalist, chansonnier

Word: tick
Front: tick
[tɪk] (高研四六雅 7358/5977 -2)
Vocabulary: tick
(once / 806 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
To tick is to make a steady tapping sound. When something ticks — be it a clock, a watch, an oven timer, or a metronome — it’s usually a reminder that time is passing.
The verb tick originally meant "to touch or pat." The current meaning may be related to the sound of a hand patting or tapping a surface. Another kind of tick is a small blood-sucking parasite. This nastier tick has a different root, the Old English ticia.
WORD FAMILY
tick: detick, ticked, ticker, ticking, ticks+/ticker: tickers/ticking: tickings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The broad assumption in the “current year” argument is that time inevitably ticks toward moral betterment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The clock is ticking a bit slower for the Washington Nationals, but their upcoming change might be even more dramatic.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钩号; 一瞬间; 壁虱; 钟的嘀嗒声
v. 发出滴答声; 在（纸）上打钩; 做出…举动
时态：ticked, ticking, ticks
分布：滴答声(24%)，蜱虫(18%)，一会儿(9%)，壁虱(9%)，勾号(9%)，滴答作响(6%)，运作(6%)，枕套(5%)，褥套(5%)，给…标记号(5%)，空转(4%)
→拟声词，模仿钟表滴答声，后引申词义打勾。
n.滴答声;勾号v.滴答响;打勾号于The tickler pricked a tick on the nickname Nickel.挠痒者在绰号"镍币"上刺了个勾号.
noun
MARK 记号
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK (US usually check)
■a mark (✓) that shows that something is correct or has been done 核对号，钩号
• Put a tick by/against the names of the people who have accepted the invitation. 在接受邀请的人的姓名上打钩。
[tɪk] noun
SHORT TIME 短时间
countable UK informal
■a very short time 一会儿
• Hold on/Hang on a tick - I'm not quite ready. 稍等一会儿——我还没准备好。
• I'll be with you in a tick /in two ticks. 我马上就到。
[tɪk] noun
SOUND 声音
countable usually singular
■the sound clocks and watches make every second （钟表发出的）滴答声
[tɪk] noun
PAYING LATER 以后付款
on tick UK old-fashioned informal
■If you buy something on tick, you pay for it later. 赊购，赊帐
[tɪk] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable
■a very small creature like an insect which lives on and sucks the blood of other animals 蜱；壁虱
[tɪk] verb
SOUND 声音
intransitive
■When a clock or watch ticks, it makes a sound every second. （钟表）发出滴答声
[tɪk] verb
MARK 记号
transitive mainly UK (US usually check)
■to mark something with a tick 给…标记号，打上钩
• Tick (off) each item on the list as you complete it. 每完成一个专案计划就在清单上把该专案计划打勾。
[tɪk] verb
what makes sb tick
■If you know what makes someone tick, you understand why they behave the way they do. 使（某人）做…的原因
[tɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tick away/by
■If time ticks away/by, it goes past （时间）流逝，一点一点过去
• With the final seconds ticking away, Milan scored a goal. 米兰队在最后几秒钟进了一个球。
[tɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tick sb off
SPEAK SEVERELY
[M] UK informal
■to speak severely to and criticize someone who has done something wrong 责备，责骂（某人）
• I had to tick him off for being late again. 他又迟到了，我得说说他。
ANNOY US informal
■to annoy someone 使（某人）生气，使（某人）恼火
• It really ticks me off when she doesn't keep her promises. 她不守信，令我特别生气。
[tɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tick over
ACTIVITY
■If a business, job or system is ticking over, it continues to work but makes little progress （生意、工作或系统几乎没有进展地）进度缓慢
• I'll be able to keep things ticking over in the office until you get back. 你回来之前我能够保持办公室工作基本运行。
ENGINE
■If the engine of a vehicle is ticking over, the engine is operating slowly although the vehicle is not moving （引擎）空转
• I've left the car with the engine ticking over. 我离开了汽车，让引擎空转着。
n. 滴答声；扁虱；记号；赊欠
 - marks, sign, click
vi. 发出滴答声；标以记号
 - tictoc

Word: stump
Front: stump
[stʌmp] (7320/8806 -2)
Vocabulary: stump
(once / 526 pages)
nv
There are three ways to stump: you can ask someone a question they can't answer, you can travel making political speeches, or you can stomp.
Stump can mean many things as a verb. The most common use is when someone — like a teacher — asks a question that no one can answer. That's a case of the teacher stumping the class. Also, politicians traveling through a district, making speeches are stumping, giving what are called stump speeches. Once in a while, to stump means the same thing as two similar words, stomp and stamp. If you're stumping, stomping, and stamping around, you're making a lot of noise with your feet.
WORD FAMILY
stump: stumped, stumper, stumping, stumps+/stumper: stumpers/stumping: stumpings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A planned Trump rally in Wisconsin was canceled; the candidate stumped in Minnesota instead.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It's harder to find anyone picking the Huskies than it is finding moss the southern side of stump.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （被砍下的树的）树桩; 残余部分，假肢; （板球三柱门的）柱; 残余部分
vt. 截去…的干; 碰踢; 用擦笔调整画的色调; [非正式用语] 向（某人）挑战
时态：stumped, stumping, stumps
分布：演说(64%)，残株(12%)，讲演台(6%)，烟蒂(6%)，受窘(6%)，踏步(6%)
→来自中古低地德语 stump,树桩，树墩， 来自 Proto-Germanic*stumpaz,树桩，树墩， 来自 stebh,支柱，支撑，来自 sta,站立，词源同 stand,staff.引申动词词义被树墩绊倒，比 喻义难倒等。stump 脚步沉重的走，跺脚走
noun
PART LEFT 剩余部分
countable
■the part of something such as tree, tooth, arm or leg which is left after most of it has been removed 树墩，树桩；（牙齿等的）残余部分；残肢
• the stump of a tree 树墩
• Her smile broadened to reveal two rows of brown stumps. 她微笑时露出两排褐色牙根。
[stʌmp] noun
CRICKET 板球
stumps [plural]
■the three vertical wooden poles at which the ball is thrown in cricket （板球三柱门的）柱
[stʌmp] verb
NO ANSWER 没有答案
be stumped informal
■to be unable to answer a question or solve a problem because it is too difficult 语塞；被难住，被难倒
• I'm completely stumped - how did she manage to escape? 我百思不得其解——她是如何逃脱的？
• Scientists are stumped by this mystery virus. 这种神秘的病毒把科学家难倒了。
[stʌmp] verb
WALK 走
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stomp 迈着沉重的步子走
[stʌmp] verb
POLITICS 政治
transitive US
■to travel around an area giving speeches and trying to get political support 在…进行游说
• She remembers when her dad ran for governor and stumped the north of the state. 她记得父亲竞选州长时到州北部地区游说的事。
[stʌmp] verb
CRICKET 板球
transitive usually passive
■If the person hitting the ball in cricket is stumped, their turn to try scoring points is ended by a member of the other team knocking the bails off the stumps with the ball while they are outside a safe area. （板球中以球击落三柱门上的横木）使（打击者）出局
[stʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stump up (sth) UK informal
■to pay an amount or type of money for something, especially unwillingly （尤指不情愿地）掏腰包，付钱
• It can be cheaper to stump up for a new washing machine than to get your old one repaired. 掏钱买个新的洗衣机可能比你修理旧的还要便宜。
• Chissano said Western governments should stump up the cash to fund land redistribution. 希萨诺说西方国家政府应该自掏腰包为土地重新分配提供资金。
n. [林] 树桩；残余部分；假肢
 - artificial limb
vt. 砍伐；使为难；在…作巡回政治演说
 - fell, perplex

Word: potent
Front: potent
[ˈpəʊtnt] (托雅 6295/6388 -2)
Vocabulary: potent
(once / 120 pages)
adj
Potent means really strong, but not like a body builder. Use potent instead to describe things like intense smells, powerful magic potions, and very influential people.
From the Latin potentum, meaning “powerful,” potent is just that: having tremendous strength or influence in either a moral or physical sense. A potent question gets to the heart of the matter and sparks serious discussion. Really stiff drinks can be potent, as can your breath after a garlicky meal. And as the composer Igor Stravinsky once asked, "What force is more potent than love?"
WORD FAMILY
potent: impotent, potency, potenter, potentest, potently+/ impotence: impotences/impotency: impotencies/ impotent: impotence, impotency, impotenter, impotently/ potency: potencies, potential, prepotency/ potential: potentiality, potentially, potentials/potentiality: potentialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
India’s “demonetisation” is a cautionary tale of the reckless misuse of one of the most potent of policy tools: control over an economy’s money.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
And Republicans have exploited it as a potent symbol of what they have said is Obamacare’s dangerous expansion of government.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The potent plant has been described as "green gold" for struggling farmers.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有效的，强有力的; 有权势的; 烈性的; 有说服力的
分布：有效的(52%)，强有力的(48%)
→来自拉丁语potentem,有权的，强大的，有力的，来自*potere,使有权力，赋予力量，来自potis,有力的，有力量的，来自potis,主人，师傅，大师，丈夫，词源同possible,power.
强有力的[poten=powerful,表示"有力的"]
US ['poʊ.tˌənt] adjective
■very powerful, forceful or effective 强有力的，强大的；有效力的
• Surprise remains the terrorists' most potent weapon. 突袭仍是恐怖分子最强有力的武器。
• The Berlin Wall was a potent symbol of the Cold War. 柏林围墙是冷战的有力象征。
• This is a very potent drug and can have unpleasant side-effects. 该药效力很强，副作用也不小。
adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的
 - valid, available, effective, virtual, telling

Word: tolerant
Front: tolerant
[ˈtɒlərənt] (研六托 9167/9488)
Vocabulary: tolerant
(once / 810 pages)
adj
If you're tolerant it means that you accept people who are unlike you or put up with stuff you don't like. If you let your roommate play the same awful '80s mix over and over and don't say anything, you're probably a very tolerant person.
Broad-minded and open thinking is a hallmark of tolerant behavior. An individual can be tolerant, and so can a community or a nation if it accepts people from lots of different cultures or backgrounds. We generally think of tolerance as a good thing, but that doesn't mean being tolerant is easy — not with so many family members, classmates, and colleagues around to annoy us.
WORD FAMILY
tolerant: intolerant, toleranter, tolerantly+/ intolerance: intolerances/ intolerant: intolerance, intolerantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“What is really interesting here is why the authorities are so tolerant,” Verkhovsky said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
China’s middle class is increasingly less tolerant of the deadly air, and in December tens of thousands of “smog refugees” decamped to clearer skies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Professor Smith joined campaigns for civil rights in the 1960s and for a more tolerant understanding of Islam in the 2000s.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宽容的; 容忍的，忍受的; （植物、动物或机器）能在困难条件下生存（或操作）的; 能耐…的
分布：宽容的(79%)，容忍的(21%)
心胸宽大的[toler=endure,表示"容忍"]
a.容忍的,宽容的;有耐药力的He is tolerant of small errors.他宽容小错.
US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] adjective
ACCEPTING 接受
■willing to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them 宽容；忍受；容忍
• The present government is even less tolerant of dissent. 当权政府甚至更不能容忍异议。
• On the continent people are more tolerant of children in public places. 在欧洲大陆，人们在公共场所对孩子更为宽容。
UK ['tɒl.ər.ənt] US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] adjective
ABLE TO DEAL WITH 可解决的
■able to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions 忍耐；忍受
• I think men are less tolerant of stress than women. 我认为男人在承受压力方面不如女人。
• Compared to other plants, rye is more tolerant of drought. 黑麦比其他植物更耐旱。
adj. 宽容的；容忍的；有耐药力的
 - kind, good-tempered

Word: outlaw
Front: outlaw
[ˈaʊtlɔ:] (六雅 9400/11979 -2)
Vocabulary: outlaw
(once / 585 pages)
nvadj
An outlaw is a criminal who's on the run. Historically, the word outlaw was used for Western criminals like Billy the Kid or Jesse James, not so much for contemporary drug lords or serial killers.
Because they didn't need to be arrested by a police officer or other official, pursuing outlaws was once a way to earn reward money. The outlaw figure became popular due to the almost romantic image of nonconformity they had — outlaws are common characters in Western books and movies. You can also use outlaw to mean "ban or make illegal." If you had your way, you might outlaw spinach, long lines, and stinky perfume.
WORD FAMILY
outlaw: outlawed, outlawing, outlawry, outlaws+/outlawry: outlawries
USAGE EXAMPLES
While the monarchy in neighbouring Thailand is protected by a lese majeste law that outlaws any criticism, there is no similar law in Cambodia.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The title of the first, by Ava DuVernay, refers to the 13th amendment to the constitution, which outlaws slavery in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Maduro attempted to outlaw Venezuela’s largest banknote in mid-December, a measure that he said would strike at foreign powers conspiring to sabotage his socialist government.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 歹徒，亡命之徒; 逃犯; 被剥夺法律保护者，丧失公权者; 烈马
vt. 宣布…为不合法; 将…放逐; 剥夺…的法律保护
时态：outlawed, outlawing, outlaws
分布：逃犯(44%)，被剥夺法律保护的人(24%)，宣告非法(8%)，将 ... 逐出社会(8%)，反叛者(8%)，使 ... 失去法律保护(8%)
→out-,超过，law,法律。即超过法律允许的范围，非法。
歹徒(out+law法律→超越法律之人)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
US [-lɑ:] noun countable
■(especially in the past) a person who has broken the law and who lives separately from the other parts of society because they want to escape legal punishment （尤指旧时的）不法之徒，草寇
• Robin Hood was an outlaw who lived in the forest and stole from the rich to give to the poor. 罗宾汉是个劫富济贫的绿林好汉。
UK ['aʊt.lɔ:] US [-lɑ:] verb transitive
■to make something illegal or unacceptable 使成为非法；禁止；取缔
• The new law will outlaw smoking in public places. 新法律将禁止在公共场所吸烟。
n. 歹徒；罪犯；亡命之徒；被剥夺法律保护者
 - gangster, plug-ugly

Word: fishery
Front: fishery
[ˈfɪʃəri] (研宝 5973/6265 -2)
Back: n. 渔业，水产业; 渔场; 水产公司; 捕鱼权
分布：渔业(87%)，渔场(13%)
鱼场(fish鱼)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
【记】fish鱼，ery＝ary表场所－渔场
【参】aviary（n 大型鸟舍）；apiary（n 养蜂场）
US [-ɚ.i] noun countable
■an area of water where fish are caught so they can be sold 渔场
• an offshore fishery 近海渔场
n. 渔业； [水产] 渔场；水产业
 - aquaculture, fishing ground

Word: quarrel
Front: quarrel
[ˈkwɒrəl] (高研四六 11177/7746 -2)
Vocabulary: quarrel
(once / 141 pages)
1nv 2n
To quarrel is to fight — but usually not physically. Quarreling is a fact of life, occurring between the best of friends, in the happiest of marriages, and between parents and their children.
You’re probably familiar with the verb, quarrel, meaning having a disagreement. When there’s a quarrel, there’s anger. As a noun, quarrel, refers to the square-headed arrow shot from crossbow. This meaning of the word comes from the Old French quarel, relating to "square.” If you are quarreling, just don't reach for your crossbow and quarrel.
WORD FAMILY
quarrel: quarreled, quarreler, quarreling, quarrelled, quarreller, quarrelling, quarrels, quarrelsome +/quarreler: quarrelers/quarreller: quarrellers/ quarrelsome: quarrelsomely, quarrelsomeness, quarrelsomer
USAGE EXAMPLES
And it is not surprising that the overseers of a troubled fund would quarrel with a post-mortem on its investment approach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In one of their running arguments, he recalled, she would quarrel with his notion that “everything happens for a reason.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
They still are quarreling over how to handle a mass influx of migrants from the Middle East and Africa.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 争吵，口角; 反目; 抱怨…的原因（理由）; [史]方镞箭，角镞箭
vi. 争辩，争吵; 不同意; 挑剔; 责备，埋怨
时态：quarrelled, quarrelling, quarrels
分布：吵架(63%)，争论(22%)，挑剔(10%)，怨言(5%)
→来自拉丁语queri,争吵，抱怨，词源同querulous.
争吵[quer=complain( 抱怨)]
v.争吵,争论n.争吵,争吵的原因The quarrelsome general quarreled about a quarter quart of oil in the headquarters.好争吵的将军在司令部为四分之一夸脱油而争吵.
US ['kwɔ:r-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an angry disagreement between two or more people or groups 争吵，不和
• They had a bitter quarrel about/over some money three years ago and they haven't spoken to each other since. 他们三年前因为钱的问题有过一次激烈的争吵，从此以后就互不理睬了。
• We have no quarrel with the people of your country (= We have no reason to disagree with or dislike them). 我们没有理由对贵国的人民感到不满。
• They seem to have patched up their quarrel (= finished their disagreement and started to be friendly). 他们似乎在争吵后言归于好了。
UK ['kwɒr.əl] US ['kwɔ:r-] verb intransitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to have an angry disagreement with someone 争吵，不和
• What did you quarrel about/over ? 你们为甚么而争吵？
• She quarrelled with everyone in the village. 她跟村里的每一个人都争吵过。
UK ['kwɒr.əl] US ['kwɔ:r-] verb intransitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  quarrel with sth
■to think that something is wrong 认为某事物是错的
• No one can quarrel with the improvements that have been made. 没有人能否定已经取得的改善。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
vi. 吵架；争论；挑剔
 - debate, exchange words
n. 吵架；反目；怨言；争吵的原因；方头凿
 - falling-out, earful

Word: experimental
Front: experimental
[ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl] (研四六雅 3457/3149 -2)
Vocabulary: experimental
(once / 754 pages)
adj
The adjective experimental is good for describing things that are still in a trial stage. An experimental drug is usually tested in a lab for years before being used on patients.
Something that's experimental is at an early stage, being observed, tested out, and subjected to experiments as it's being developed. An experimental space craft might be launched and watched from afar as scientists decide what changes to make before it can be used for human space exploration. Experimental medicines are sometimes tested on animals before they're given to people. The 15th century meaning was "having experience," from the Latin root experimentum, "test or trial."
WORD FAMILY
experimental: experimentalism, experimentally+/ experiment: experimental, experimentation, experimented, experimenter, experimenting, experiments/experimentation: experimentations/experimenter: experimenters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But I’m agog at how little he cares about storytelling conventions, like suspense and reveals. He’s ultimately more experimental than I am.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
We do think it’s very important that experimental music and challenging music is released.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Seattle Genetics Inc. said four leukemia patients died in clinical trials of an experimental treatment, prompting the U.S.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 实验的; 根据实验的; 试验性的
n. 试验性的东西
分布：实验的(65%)，试验性的(20%)，实验性的(15%)
a.实验(性)的,试验(性)的The experimental farm is near the waterpower station.实验农场在水电站附近.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
■relating to tests, especially scientific ones （尤指科学方面）实验（性）的，试验（性）的，根据实验（试验）的
• The drug is still at the experimental stage (= is still being tested). 这种药物仍处于试验阶段。
• The changes to the distribution system are purely experimental at the moment. 目前分配体系的变革纯粹是试验性的。
• experimental psychology 实验心理学
adj. 实验的；根据实验的；试验性的
 - tentative, laboratorial

Word: wonderful
Front: wonderful
[ˈwʌndəfl] (中高研四六 1405/1864 -K4)
Vocabulary: wonderful
(once / 66 pages)
adj
Wonderful is better than good — it's even better than great, like your wonderful luck — finding buried treasure on your very first diving expedition.
When you look at the parts that make us wonderful, it is easy to see that it means "full of wonder," or awe, admiration, even surprise. The giant Rockefeller Center Christmas tree lit up in all its splendor is a wonderful sight — tourists and New Yorkers alike stop to stare. Other things that are wonderful are very personal to you, like wonderful memories of spending time with your grandparents.
WORD FAMILY
wonderful: wonderfulest, wonderfully, wonderfulness+/ wonder: wondered, wonderer, wonderful, wondering, wonderment, wonders, wondrous /wonderer: wonderers/wondering: wonderingly/ wonderment: wonderments/ wondrous: wondrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Excellent young man, wonderful student, an excellent student.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And yet how wonderful that our trains were all in the station at the same time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 极好的，精彩的，绝妙的; 美妙; 胜; 神妙
分布：精彩的(76%)，极好的(24%)
→来自wonder,奇迹，惊奇。
a.惊人的,奇妙的;极好的The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [-dɚ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely good 绝妙的，令人惊叹的，极好的
• He's a wonderful cook. 他是个非常出色的厨师。
• "Did you know that Daryl's getting married?" "No, I didn't. How wonderful!" “你知道达尔里要结婚了吗？”“不知道。太棒了！”
• We had a wonderful time in Italy last summer. 去年夏天，我们在义大利玩得非常尽兴。
UK ['wʌn.də.fəl] US [-dɚ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  wonderfulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'wonderfull', write wonderful.
marvelous, wonderful
这组词都有“惊人的，奇异的，奇妙的”的意思，其区别是：
marvelous: 语气较强，指人的行为超凡或事物的异常，几乎使人难以相信。
wonderful: 指人或事物的罕见或新奇，出人意料。
adj. 奇妙的；极好的
 - excellent, famous, super, great, class

Word: indict
Front: indict
[ɪnˈdaɪt] (宝 6483/16606 -1)
Vocabulary: indict
(once / 581 pages)
v
If you accuse someone of committing an offense, you indict them. A book that indicts the entire education system might lay out all the reasons that schools are failing kids.
In a legal sense, the verb indict means to bring formal charges against someone, especially in a court of law, as in a federal grand jury. The grand jury indicted, the man on 12 counts of murder. Although it's true the boy had stolen cookies from the cookie jar in the past, that is no reason to indict him out of hand in the present case. There were no witnesses and the crumb evidence would suggest someone else committed the crime.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
indict / indite
Ex-General Electric Executives Indited in Muni-Bond Scandal
This particular man was only indited in his scam because he came clean about it with Google in a blackmail scheme.
Both of these examples use indite to talk about people being formally accused of lawbreaking. Unfortunately, the sentences themselves break a rule of good writing: choose your words with care (or perhaps a different rule: always have someone edit your work).
What those statements wanted was indict, a homophone of indite that means to formally accuse someone of lawbreaking:
Prosecutors Delay Indictment of Man Arrested in Harlem NYPD Shootout
Roger Clemens has now been indicted on charges he lied to Congress under oath.
Indite, an uncommon word, means to craft something, such as writing a sonnet or composing a musical score. Most instances of it in a Google search bring up results like our first ones or instances of language so mangled, one wonders why it was published at all:
Roger Clemmons is being indited for 6 counts of "lying to Congress".
I would declare you indite your own; some another artefact would be a writing ravishment and rattling unethical!
Occasionally, though, you can find an instance or two that use indite correctly, if in a consciously literary way:
I hold indited epistles of hurting, of rejection, of sentences.
Ofttimes musicians (especially in electronic music and hip hop) hit a hard time grasping this distinction because they indite music while they are producing it.
WORD FAMILY
indict: indictable, indicted, indicting, indictment, indicts+/indictable: indictability/ indictment: indictments
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October, prosecutors indicted Lotte’s chairman, Shin Dong-bin, but did not arrest him, allowing him to continue running the business empire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Writing in National Review, David French claimed that the concept of implicit bias lets people “indict entire communities as bigoted.”
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
The bikers were indicted on a charge of engaging in organized criminal activity.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. [法]控告，起诉; 告发
时态：indicted, indicting, indicts
分布：起诉(54%)，控告(26%)，指控(20%)
→in-,进入，使，-dict,说，词源同indicate,diction.后引申词义控告，起诉。词义演变比较enjoin,injunction.
起诉,控诉(in进去+dict→进去说→起诉)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
【记】in里面，dict说－在法庭里说－控告
【参】dictator（n 独裁者）；dictation（n 口述；听写）
【反】exculpate（v 开脱；使无罪）
[ɪn'daɪt] legal
verb transitive
■If a law court or a grand jury indicts someone, it accuses them officially of a crime 控告，告发；起诉
• UK He was indicted on drug charges at Snaresbrook Crown Court. 在斯奈尔斯布鲁克刑事法庭他被起诉犯有与毒品有关的罪行。
• US Five people were indicted for making and selling counterfeit currency. 五人因制售假钞被起诉。
vt. 控告，起诉； [法] 揭发
 - law, sue for

Word: influx
Front: influx
[ˈɪnflʌks] (托雅宝 8583/9981 -1)
Vocabulary: influx
(once / 2310 pages)
n
If there is a forceful flowing inward or coming in, you can say there is an influx. Every fall, the college town sees an influx of students and the population jumps 30 percent.
Although anything flowing inward can be called an influx, there are several things this word is commonly used to refer to: water, people, and cash. The dam burst, causing an influx of water to the already swollen river. You just managed to avoid the influx of people mobbing the store looking to be the first to buy the newest gaming system. Try to avoid a financial plan like this: once you win the lottery, you'll use the influx of cash to pay off debts.
WORD FAMILY
influx: influxes+/ flux: fluxed, fluxes, fluxing, fluxion, influx /fluxion: fluxions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The challenge is dealing with the obvious influx of drugs that’s fueling the addictions epidemic, Beidelschies said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“The influx of illicitly manufactured fentanyl from overseas is a nationwide issue that requires a multidisciplinary intervention from all levels of government.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
They still are quarreling over how to handle a mass influx of migrants from the Middle East and Africa.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 流入，注入; 汇集〔指人或物〕，充斥; 注入口，河口
分布：涌入(66%)，流入(29%)，汇集(3%)，河口(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-flu,流动，词源同fluid,flux. 即流进，流入。
涌入;汇集(in进入＋flux→注入→涌入)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
【记】flux（v 熔化；流出）
【反】exodus（n 大批离去）
noun uncountable
■the arrival of a large number of people or things at the same time 涌进；汇集
• Turkey is expecting an influx of several thousand refugees over the next few days. 未来几天涌入土耳其的难民预计会达几千人。
n. [流] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处
 - afflux, inrush

Word: dragon
Front: dragon
[ˈdrægən] (研四六 5085/4842 -2)
Vocabulary: dragon
(once / 1156 pages)
1n 2n
A dragon is a fire-breathing mythological animal, a winged, flying, scaly creature. In many European legends, brave knights battle evil dragons.
The dragon shows up in the mythologies of many different cultures, usually breathing fire and resembling a giant reptile or serpent with wings. The monster in the ancient Mesopotamian poem the "Epic of Gilgamesh" is often called a dragon, and the Old English story "Beowulf" also features a fearsome dragon. In several Asian cultures, dragons represent wisdom, nature, and longevity. The Greek root is drakon, "serpent" or "giant seafish."
WORD FAMILY
dragon: dragons
USAGE EXAMPLES
One aria speaks of “you scum of the world,” of “dragon’s brood” spitting venom in the Saviour’s face.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Some children heard about them in a fantastical context, in which they were told that dragons or ghosts collect them.
Salon(Dec 22, 2016)
Like “Game of Thrones,” but with a sense of humor and more werewolves than dragons.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 龙，龙船; [D-][天文学]天龙（星座）; [口语、贬义]脾气暴躁的人
分布：龙(100%)
→来自希腊语drakon, 海蛇，蛇怪，来自derk, 看，锐利，来自der的扩大形式，撕开，词源同tear.因蛇的令人恐惧的眼情而得名，后用于指传说中的龙，在西方文化里通常为邪恶的象征。为与中国文化中的龙加以区别，通常区分为European dragon, Chinese dragon.
n.龙Dragon is regarded as a symbol of power.龙被看作是权力的象征.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■a large frightening imaginary animal, usually represented with wings, a long tail and fire coming out of its mouth 龙
■Australian
■any of various types of lizard 蜥蜴
['dræg.ən] noun countable
WOMAN 女人 informal
■an unfriendly and frightening woman 悍妇，恶婆
• She's a real old dragon. 她真是个老恶婆。
n. 龙；凶暴的人，凶恶的人；严厉而有警觉性的女人
 - tiger, wyrm

Word: lieutenant
Front: lieutenant
[lefˈtenənt] (四六 6051/5667 -2)
Vocabulary: lieutenant
(once / 128 pages)
n
A lieutenant is a commissioned officer in the armed forces or the police who can take command if her higher-ups aren't around.
Lieutenant is pronounced "loo-TEN-unt." If you're confused about all those vowels, blame the French, because the word comes from the French words lieu, meaning "place," and tenant meaning "holding." A lieutenant is someone who holds the place of authority for the person who really has it. If you start a super secret club, you should choose someone to be the lieutenant who can run meetings when you're not there.
WORD FAMILY
lieutenant: lieutenancy, lieutenants, sublieutenant+/lieutenancy: lieutenancies/sublieutenant: sublieutenants
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am writing to you today concerning your public support for the candidacy of Sen. Bryce Reeves to be our next lieutenant governor,” it begins.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“In the managerial ideology,” Whyte writes, “it is not the leaders of industry that are idealized—if anything, they are scolded—but the lieutenants.”
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 陆军中尉; 副职官员; 海军上尉; 助理人员
分布：中尉(84%)，副官(11%)，助理人员(5%)
→来自古法语lieu tenant,替代，副职，lieu,地方，tenant,占用，引申词义代替，副职官员，陆军中尉等。
US [lu:-] noun countable
■(the title of) an officer of middle rank in the armed forces 中尉
• first/second lieutenant （美国）中尉／少尉
n. 中尉；副官；助理人员
 - Lieutenant Junior Class, looie

Word: trumpet
Front: trumpet
[ˈtrʌmpɪt] (研四六托雅宝 8936/8849 -2)
Back: n. 喇叭; 小号; [乐]音栓; 喇叭似的声音
vt. 大声说出或宣告
vi. 吹喇叭，吹小号; 发出回声
时态：trumpeted, trumpeting, trumpets
分布：喇叭(57%)，吹喇叭(13%)，吹嘘(9%)，宣扬(6%)，鼓吹(6%)，喇叭声(5%)，喇叭手(3%)，发出喇叭似的声音(1%)
→trump,喇叭，-et,小词后缀。
n.喇叭,小号The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a brass musical instrument consisting of a metal tube with one narrow end, into which the player blows, and one wide end. Three buttons are pressed in order to change notes. 小号；喇叭
['trʌm.pɪt] verb
ANIMAL CALL 动物叫声
intransitive
■(of a large animal, especially an elephant) to produce a loud call （尤指象等大型动物的）吼声
• We could hear the elephants trumpeting in the distance. 我们可以听见远处大象的吼声。
['trʌm.pɪt] verb
ANNOUNCE 宣布
transitive mainly disapproving
■to announce or state something proudly to a lot of people 吹嘘；鼓吹
• The museum has been loudly trumpeting its reputation as one of the finest in the world. 该博物馆一直在大肆吹嘘自己是世界上最好的博物馆之一。
• Their much- trumpeted price cuts affect only 5% of the goods that they sell. 他们极力吹嘘的降价只涉及到所卖商品的5%。
bugle, trumpet
这组词都有“喇叭，小号”的意思，其区别是：
bugle: 一般指军队中吹信号用的小喇叭。
trumpet: 泛指一般由黄铜做的喇叭，不拘大小而言。
n. 喇叭；喇叭声
 - horn, loudspeaker
vt. 吹喇叭；吹嘘
 - crow about, brag about
vi. 吹喇叭；发出喇叭般的声音
 - blow job

Word: chop
Front: chop
[tʃɒp] (研四六托雅 3964/5669 -K3)
Vocabulary: chop
(once / 338 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
To chop is to cut something by hacking at it. In many places, there are farms where you can chop down your own Christmas tree.
When you chop wood, you usually hit it with an axe, splitting each length into narrow pieces. A chef uses a knife to chop, hacking an onion into tiny bits, for example. When it's a piece of meat that's cut so it's attached to a bone, such as part of a rib, it can be described as a chop — like a lamb chop. And if someone claps his hands at you and says, "Chop-chop!" he means "Hurry up!"
WORD FAMILY
chop: chopped, chopper, chopping, choppy, chops+/chopper: choppers/ choppy: choppier, choppiest, choppily, choppiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The entrée was a Chinese-style dish of pasta with chopped vegetables.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Instead, she opened a small advertising business while raising her daughter, Sydney, who inherited Mom’s musical chops.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Chopping everything to a similar size will help it to cook evenly.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 切碎，砍; 向下猛击; 降低; 终止
n. 砍，剁; 排骨; 掌劈; 嘴周围的地方
时态：chopped, chopping, chops
分布：砍(62%)，劈(16%)，剁(15%)，排骨(7%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿切东西的声音。
v.砍,劈,斩n.排骨,肉块The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to cut something into pieces with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 劈；砍；剁碎，切碎
• He was chopping wood in the yard. 他在院子里劈木头。
• Add some fresh parsley, finely chopped. 加一些剁碎的新鲜香芹。
• Chop (up) the onions and carrots roughly. 把洋葱和胡萝卜切成大块。
• informal Laura had her hair chopped (= cut) yesterday. 萝拉昨天去剪了发。
■If something is chopped in finance or business, it is stopped or reduced 减少，削减（资金或生意）；终止（生意）
• Because of lack of funding many long-term research projects are being chopped. 因为缺乏资金，许多长期的研究专案被砍掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
chop and change UK
■to keep changing your ideas, opinions, activities or job （主意、观点、活动或工作）不断改变，变来变去，变化无常
• After six months of chopping and changing, we've decided to go back to our old system. 经过六个月的反覆变更，最后我们还是决定沿用原来的系统。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth down
■to cut through something to make it fall down 砍倒；伐倒
• Most of the diseased trees were chopped down last year. 大多数病树去年被伐掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth off
■to cut off part of something with a sharp tool 砍掉；削掉；劈下
• Two of his fingers were chopped off in the accident. 他的两根手指在意外中被削掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a small piece of meat with a bone still in it 带骨的肉块；排骨
• a lamb/pork chop 羊／猪排
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
CUT 切
■an act of cutting something with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 剁；砍；劈；切
the chop mainly UK (US usually the axe)
■when your job is taken away from you, either because you have done something wrong or as a way of saving money 解雇；裁员
• If you're late for work again, you'll be for the chop. 你上班再迟到就要被解雇。
• Anyone stepping out of line is liable to get the chop. 凡是不守规矩的人都有可能被解雇。
• Hundreds of workers at the factory have already been given the chop. 工厂的几百个工人已经被裁掉。
■the ending of a factory, school, etc. or plan （工厂、学校等的）结束，终止
• When the reorganization occurs, the smaller shipyards will be the first for the chop. 进行重组时，较小的造船厂将会首先被砍掉。
• Many of these special schools are facing the chop. 许多这样的特殊学校面临被裁减的命运。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MOUTH 嘴
chops
[plural] informal
■the area of the face surrounding the mouth of a person or an animal （人或动物）嘴周围的地方
• a dog licking its chops 舔嘴的狗
• I'll give him a smack in the chops if he doesn't shut up. 要是他不闭嘴，我就一拳打向他的嘴。
[plural] US slang
■the way you hold your mouth when playing a wind instrument such as a saxophone , or more generally, your ability to play a musical instrument 吹奏管乐器（如萨克斯风）时运用嘴巴的方式；演奏乐器的能力
• She's got great chops for a 14-year-old. 以14岁的年纪来说，她演奏得相当出色。
hack, cut, chop
这组词都有“切、砍”的意思，其区别是：
hack: 指粗暴地乱剪、乱砍、乱劈。
cut: 普通用词，使用广泛。指用带刃工具的切、割、砍等的行动。
chop: 指用刀斧连续猛力砍某物，以便砍断、切碎。
n. 砍；排骨；削球；商标
 - brand, label, logo, cut
vt. 砍；剁碎
 - hew
vi. 砍；突然转向
 - hew

Word: marijuana
Front: marijuana
[ˌmærəˈwɑ:nə] (4996/20224 -1)
Vocabulary: marijuana
(once / 2043 pages)
n
Marijuana is a commonly used illegal drug made from dried leaves of the hemp plant. Smoking marijuana creates a high.
Marijuana is a drug that is mostly smoked — in a joint, a bowl, a bong, or other device — but sometimes it can be eaten. Marijuana is illegal, but it is considered a "soft drug" — as opposed to hard drugs like heroin or cocaine, which are killers. People call marijuana "pot" and "weed" and a hundred other slang terms. There's also medical marijuana, which sick people, especially cancer patients, can get to relieve their pain.
WORD FAMILY
marijuana
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the same time, many doctors are unwilling to prescribe medical marijuana to children.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They decided to see whether marijuana might help.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He favors gay rights, says climate change is real and supports the decriminalization of marijuana in small amounts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大麻，大麻毒品; 野生烟草
分布：大麻(100%)
→来自墨西哥西班牙语marihuana,后受西班牙人名Maria Juana(Mary Jane)影响拼写俗化。
(also marihuana) [ˌmær.ə'wɑ:.nə] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a usually illegal drug made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, which produces a feeling of pleasant relaxation if smoked or eaten 大麻
n. [植] [毒物] 大麻；大麻毒品
 - beng, ganja

Word: peninsula
Front: peninsula
[pəˈnɪnsjələ] (研四六托宝 9009/7750 -2)
Vocabulary: peninsula
(once / 519 pages)
n
Part of Italy is a peninsula, and it's a pretty famous one, because it looks like a boot. A peninsula juts into the water but has at least a narrow a connection to land. If the boot broke off from Italy just below the "knee," it would be an island.
The word peninsula, which entered English in the 16th century, comes from the Latin words paene, "almost," and insula, "island." Some confuse an island with a peninsula because both are surrounded by so much water, but a peninsula is connected to a mainland at some point, while an island is completely encircled by water. In most cases, a peninsula is narrow and long, resembling an arm or leg.
WORD FAMILY
peninsula: peninsular, peninsulas
USAGE EXAMPLES
They built a lake near the river and installed the blind on a peninsula.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The village of 900 is near the tip of the Alaska Peninsula.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The EU is still sanctioning Russia over its 2014 annexation of the Crimea peninsula.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 半岛; [史]伊比利亚半岛，（第一次世界大战中指）加利波利半岛; （第一次世界大战中指）加利波利半岛
分布：半岛(100%)
→来自拉丁语paeninsula,半岛，来自paene,几乎，接近，词源同penultimate,insula,岛，词源同insular.
半岛(pen+insula岛→似岛一样→半岛)[pen-表示"近似,差不多"]
半岛(pen接近+insula→接近岛屿→象岛屿→半岛)[insul=isand,表示"岛屿"]
n.半岛Italy is a peninsula.意大利是个半岛.
【记】pen笔，insula岛：像铅笔一样的岛－半岛
US [-sə-] noun countable
■a long piece of land which sticks out from a larger area of land into the sea or into a lake 半岛
• the Korean/Arabian/Florida Peninsula 朝鲜／阿拉伯／佛罗里达半岛
peninsula, island
这组词都有“岛”的意思，其区别是：
peninsula: 指三面临水一面连接大陆地，即半岛。
island: 普通用词，指一般的岛屿，即海里被水环绕、面积比大陆小的陆地，或河、湖中被水环绕的陆地。
n. [地理] 半岛
 - byland, chersonese

Word: delegation
Front: delegation
[ˌdelɪˈgeɪʃn] (四六 5697/3893 -3)
Vocabulary: delegation
(once / 892 pages)
n
A delegation is a group of people who act as representatives of a larger group. If you’re a member of Congress from the Sunshine State, you’re a member of the Florida delegation.
Ever seen the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games? Each country's delegation enters the stadium as a group, marching behind its own flag. Some delegations are a few hundred people, some are only a few, but each delegation is made up of the athletes and coaches sent to represent their country. You can also use delegation to mean assigning something to someone. While you're in the Amazon, you'll need to arrange with your roommates for delegation of your bill-paying duties.
WORD FAMILY
delegation: delegations+/delegacy: delegacies/ delegate: delegacy, delegated, delegates, delegating, delegation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While other states sent delegations to Cuba, the Edwards administration thinks Louisiana enjoyed better access.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1993, he joined the Greek delegation to the European Union, based in Brussels.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 代表（团）; 委派; 授权
分布：代表团(97%)，委派(3%)
noun
CHOSEN PEOPLE 人选
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of delegates 代表团
• A delegation from Spain has/have arrived for a month. 西班牙代表团已经抵达一个月了。
[ˌdel.ɪ'geɪ.ʃən] noun
GIVING 给予
uncountable
■when you delegate a particular job, duty, right, etc. to someone else （工作、职务或权力等）分配；委派；授权
• Delegation of responsibility is a key part of a manager's job. 分派任务是管理者的一项重要工作内容。
n. 代表团；授权；委托
 - commitment, mission, authorization, warranty

Word: humour
Front: humour
[ˈhju:mə(r)] (高四六 -/3219 -K3)
Back: n. 幽默; 幽默感 ; 感觉; 体液
v. 迁就; 顺应
时态：humoured, humouring, humours
分布：幽默(64%)，幽默感(23%)，诙谐(4%)，情绪(3%)，脾气(2%)，迁就(2%)，体液(1%)，纵容(1%)
US [-mɚ] noun
AMUSEMENT 娱乐
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to find things funny, the way in which people see that some things are funny or the quality of being funny 幽默；滑稽
• He's got a great sense of humour (= he is very able to see things as funny). 他很有幽默感。
• I must say I find his schoolboy (= childish) humour rather tiresome. 我必须说他那种幼稚的滑稽令人很厌烦。
UK (ALSO US humor) UK ['hju:.mər] US [-mɚ] noun
MOOD 情绪
countable or uncountable formal
■the state of your feelings; mood 心情；情绪；精神状态
• You seem in a very good humour today. 你今天看起来心情很好。
UK (ALSO US humor) UK ['hju:.mər] US [-mɚ] verb transitive
■to do what someone wants so that they do not become annoyed or upset 迁就；迎合
• I applied for the job just to humour my parents. 我申请那份工作只是在顺从我父母的意愿。
n. 幽默（等于humor）；诙谐
 - drollness, pleasantry
vt. 迁就；使满足
 - content, gratify

Word: render
Front: render
[ˈrendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 3537/3315 -2)
Vocabulary: render
(once / 69 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
Render is a synonym of make––technically it means "cause to become." An illness might render you unable to walk, or a shocking site might render you speechless.
Another basic meaning of the verb render is to give, present, or perform something: to render assistance. And a specialized sense is to formally declare a verdict in a court case. Render is from Middle English, from Old French rendre "to give back, deliver," an alteration of Latin reddere "to restore," from the prefix red-, re- "back" plus dare "to give."
WORD FAMILY
render: rendered, rendering, renders, rendition +/ rendering: renderings/ rendition: renditions
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some saw vast amounts of untaxed holdings suddenly rendered worthless.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The College Football Playoff rendered the others less meaningful.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 使成为; 递交; 给予; 表达
时态：rendered, rendering, renders
分布：提供(46%)，翻译(9%)，表现(9%)，打底(8%)，粉刷(8%)，使成为(7%)，给予补偿(5%)，交纳(5%)，回报(2%)，宣布(1%)
→来自古法语 rendre,给回，呈现，出产，来自俗拉丁语*rendere,给予，给回，异化自 reddere, 返回，给予，来自 red-,向后，往回，dare,给予，来自 do,给予，词源同 donate,edit.引申 诸相关词义。
使成为;给予(rend+er表动词)[rend=givee,表示"给"]
v.使得,致使;提出,提供,呈报His fatness renders him lazy.他身体肥胖所以很懒.
US [-dɚ] verb transitive
CAUSE 引起 formal
■to cause someone or something to be in a particular state 使成为；使变得；使处于某种状态
• [+ adj] His rudeness rendered me speechless. 他的粗暴无礼让我哑口无言。
• New technology has rendered my old computer obsolete. 新技术发展太快，我的旧电脑已经过时了。
■formal
■to change words into a different language or form 翻译；把…译成
• She is rendering the book into English from French. 她正在把这本书从法语译成英语。
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
GIVE 给 formal
■to give something such as a service, a personal opinion or expression, or a performance of a song or poem, etc. to people 给予，提供；表达；表演
• The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm. 歌手们热情洋溢地演唱了这首歌。
• We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service. 我们看到铁路货运公司在提供优质服务的同时也赢得了丰厚的利润。
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
BUILDING 建筑 specialized
■to put a first layer of plaster or cement on a wall 粉刷；给（墙壁）抹灰（或水泥）
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] render sth down specialized
■to melt fat in order to make it purer 将（脂肪）熬成油；熬炼；熬化
■to prepare or treat the bodies of dead animals in order to take out the fat and other substances that can be used in other products 从（动物尸体中）取出脂肪（或其他物质）；对（动物尸体）开膛切割
• to render down animal carcasses 将动物尸体开膛取出脂肪
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
vt. 致使；提出；实施；着色；以…回报
 - introduce, present, prefer, file, advance
n. 打底；交纳；粉刷
 - cosmetic brush

Word: watcher
Front: watcher
[ˈwɒtʃə(r)] (8888/11384)
Back: n. 观看的人，观察的人
分布：看守人(64%)，监票员(18%)，看护人(18%)
US ['wɑ:.tʃɚ] noun countable
■a person who watches television or films （电视或电影的）观众
• The new channel is certainly good news for the movie watcher. 这个新频道对于电影观众来说，当然是个好消息。
⇒ See also viewer
n. 观察者；看守人；哨兵；（美）选举监票员
 - observer, viewer

Word: hazard
Front: hazard
[ˈhæzəd] (研四六托雅宝 4876/4320 -2)
Vocabulary: hazard
(once / 294 pages)
nv
If something is a hazard, it is a potential source of danger. Balloons are fun, but they're a hazard for little kids who might put them in their mouths.
If you play miniature golf, you have to watch for hazards on the course — obstacles like the sand trap beside the dinosaur or the water hazard just past the windmill. As a verb, hazard means to take a risk, especially for the chance of a good return. You might hazard your chances at the roulette table or hazard a guess — that is, risk making a guess when you aren't certain.
WORD FAMILY
hazard: hazarded, hazarding, hazardous, hazards+/ hazardous: hazardously, hazardousness, unhazardous
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is perhaps an occupational hazard in Mr. Cohen’s line of work to see the world in light of its dangers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
EPA Victoria publishes alerts on its website to help beachgoers around Port Phillip Bay avoid hazards like sewage spills and jellyfish.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the editing room the film once more refused to cohere—an occupational hazard when you jettison plot.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 冒险; 使遭受危险
n. 危险; 冒险的事; 机会; 双骰子游戏
时态：hazarded, hazarding, hazards
分布：危险(48%)，危害(42%)，冒险(9%)，赌运气(1%)
→来自古法语hasard,来自西班牙语azar,骰子，掷骰子赌博，来自阿拉伯语zahr,骰子，拼写受后缀-ard影响俗化。由赌博引申词义危险，危害。参照dicey.
n.危险,冒险,危害v.冒险,拼命The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
【参】haphazard（adj 偶然的；随便的）；hazardous（adj 有危险的＝dangerous＝perilous；冒险的（靠运气的）＝risky）
US [-ɚd] noun countable
■something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage 危险物，危害物
• a health/fire hazard 健康／火灾隐忧
• The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. 那个繁忙的车辆入口处对行人来说很不安全。
UK ['hæz.əd] US [-ɚd] verb transitive
■to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc 冒险（尤指猜测、建议等）
• I wouldn't like to hazard a guess. 我不想冒险猜测。
■formal
■to risk doing something which might cause harm to someone or something else 使遭受危险
• The policy hazarded the islands and put the lives of the inhabitants at risk. 这项政策将这些岛屿和岛上的居民置于危险的境地。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
vt. 赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险
 - risk
n. [安全] 危险，冒险；冒险的事
 - risk, throw, venture, adventure

Word: coloured
Front: coloured
[ˈkʌləd] (22818/3618 -K3)
Back: adj. 有色的; 彩色的; 虚饰的; 花哨的
v. （用颜料、彩色笔等）为…着色(colour的过去式和过去分词); （因尴尬而）脸红
分布：彩色的(66%)，有色的(28%)，动词词colour的过去式和过去分词.(6%)
US [-ɚd] adjective
APPEARANCE 外表的
■having or producing a colour or colours 有颜色的；彩色的
• coloured lights/pencils 彩灯／彩色铅笔
UK (ALSO US colored) UK ['kʌl.əd] US [-ɚd] adjective
RACE 种族的 old-fashioned
■used to describe a person who has black or brown skin. This word is now considered offensive by most people 有色人种的（现在大多数人认为该词具有冒犯性）
• Coloured people were not allowed to use the same facilities as whites. 以前不允许有色人种与白人使用同一设施。
■old-fashioned
■in South Africa, describes a person of mixed race （南非）混血种的
• In the recent elections, the National Party was given a lot of support from the coloured population. 在最近的选举中，（南非）国民党得到了混血人种的大力支持。
UK (ALSO US colored) UK ['kʌl.əd] US [-ɚd] noun
RACE 种族的
countable old-fashioned
■a person who has black or brown skin. This word is now considered offensive by most people. 有色人种（现在大多数人认为该词具有冒犯性）
countable old-fashioned
■in South Africa, a person of mixed race （南非的）混血种人
UK (ALSO US colored) UK ['kʌl.əd] US [-ɚd] noun
APPEARANCE 外貌
coloureds [plural]
■clothes that are any colour except white 带颜色的衣服
adj. 有色的；着色的
 - painted, non-ferrous

Word: dairy
Front: dairy
[ˈdeəri] (研四六托雅 5750/5628 -2)
Vocabulary: dairy
(once / 1065 pages)
n
A dairy is a farm that specializes in milk and products made from milk. Cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream are all things that might be produced at a dairy.
While one kind of dairy is a farm where cows or goats are kept and milked, other dairies focus only on making products from milk that farmers sell to them. These items themselves can also be called dairy products. Dairy comes from the Middle English daie, "dairy," which is rooted in the Old English dæge, "kneader of bread," or "female servant."
WORD FAMILY
dairy: dairies, dairying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bagleys bought their first 15 elk in the late 1990s, seeking to diversify their beef and dairy business.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She started with goats and chickens, then eventually added dairy sheep.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Dairy operators said Heartland is the one of the few, if the only, option available for getting rid of manure.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 牛奶场; 乳品店; 牛奶及乳品业
adj. 牛奶的; 奶制的; 乳品的; 乳品业的
分布：乳制品(69%)，牛奶场(11%)，乳制品的(9%)，乳品店(7%)，牛奶的(3%)，地方小店(1%)
→来自dheigh, 挤，捏，形成，词源同dough, fiction.-iry, 地名后缀。即挤奶的地方。
n.牛奶场,奶店On the impaired dairy the chairman lay in a pair of repaired chairs for haircut.在遭到损害的牛奶场,主席躺在一对修理过的椅子上理发.
US ['der.i] adjective
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to cows that are used for producing milk, rather than meat, or to foods which are made from milk, such as cream, butter and cheese 奶牛的；奶制品的，乳品的
• dairy cattle 奶牛
• dairy farmers 乳品场工人
• dairy products 奶制品
UK ['deə.ri] US ['der.i] noun countable
■a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter are made, or a company which supplies milk and products made from milk 牛奶场，乳品场，制酪场；牛奶公司，奶制品公司
n. 奶制品；乳牛；制酪场； [食品] 乳品店；牛奶及乳品业
 - milker, milking cow
adj. [食品] 乳品的；牛奶的；牛奶制的；产乳的
 - milky

Word: fortunately
Front: fortunately
[ˈfɔ:tʃənətli] (四六 4316/4081 -2)
Back: adv. 幸运地
分布：幸运地(67%)，幸亏(33%)
US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening because of good luck 幸运地；走运地
• Fortunately, we got home before it started to rain. 很幸运，我们在开始下雨之前回到了家。
Opposite unfortunately
adv. 幸运地
 - happily, luckily

Word: pink
Front: pink
[pɪŋk] (中研四六雅 2488/2698 -K3)
Vocabulary: pink
(once / 217 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4v 5v
Anything pink is colored a shade that's a combination of red and white. Young girls are traditionally dolled up in pink outfits, until they eventually rebel and refuse to wear pink as tweens.
The color pink varies from a soft, pastel shade to a bold, bright one — but they're all a lighter version of red, or red with some white added. Many flowers are pink, and there are even a few known as pinks, or garden pinks. If your doctor tells you you're "in the pink" after your checkup, she means you're very healthy. The word began as the flower name, probably from Dutch, in which pink means "small."
WORD FAMILY
pink: pinked, pinker, pinkest, pinking, pinkish, pinkly, pinkness, pinks+/pinkish: pinkishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
By the time he walked over, Quinlan’s lips were once again a healthy pink.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She’s also showing off some pink highlights in her hair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Closely held Accolade Wines, also based in Australia, in November launched a pink version of its Sauvignon Blanc Ta_Ku brand.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 粉红色的; 淡红色的; 略带左翼政治观点的; 与同性恋者有关的
n. 粉红色; 典范; 香石竹; 顶点，极度
vt. 刺、扎; 打出小孔图案; 戳
时态：pinked, pinking, pinks
分布：粉红色(69%)，粉红色的(31%)
→词源不确定，可能来自中古法语piquer,刺，扎，穿透，词源同pike,pick.或来自拉丁语pungere,刺，扎，穿透，词源同puncture.引申词义打孔，使成锯齿状，后用于指香石竹花，因其花瓣凹凸不平，有如锯齿而得名，因这种花多开粉红色花朵，后引申词义粉红色的。后引申俚语义同情共产党的，政治左倾的，同时，也用于指娘娘腔，同性恋。
n.粉红色a.粉红色的While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of a pale red colour 粉红色的
• pretty pink flowers 美丽的粉色花朵
• Have you been in the sun? Your nose is a bit pink. 你晒太阳了吗？你的鼻子有点发红。
[pɪŋk] adjective
POLITICS 政治 old-fashioned disapproving
■(slightly) supporting socialist ideas and principles （略）倾向于社会主义的；（稍微）左倾的
[pɪŋk] adjective
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋的
■connected with homosexual people 同性恋者的
• the growth in the pink economy 与同性恋者相关的经济增长
[pɪŋk] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a pale red colour 粉红色
• She's very fond of pink. 她很喜欢粉红色。
[pɪŋk] noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■a small garden plant which has sweet-smelling pink, white or red flowers and narrow grey-green leaves, or one of its flowers 石竹
[pɪŋk] noun
in the pink mainly humorous
■in very good health 非常健康，容光焕发
[pɪŋk] verb intransitive UK (US ping)
■When a car engine pinks, it makes a high knocking sound because the fuel is not burning correctly. （汽车引擎）咯噔咯噔地响，发爆声，爆震
n. 粉红色；化身，典范；石竹花；头面人物
 - picture, ideal
vt. 扎，刺，戳；使…变粉红色；使…面红耳赤
 - stick, string

Word: tent
Front: tent
[tent] (中高研四六 3071/4158 -K2)
Back: n. 帐篷; 帐篷状物; 塞子
vi. 住帐蓬
vt. 用帐蓬遮盖; 向…供应帐逢; 将塞条嵌进（伤口）; 观察，看护，照料
时态：tented, tenting, tents
分布：帐篷(98%)，住帐篷(1%)，宿营(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tenta,帐篷，原义为展开的，来自 tentus 的阴性格，来自 tendere 的过去分词格， 来自 tendere,拉开，张开，词源同 tend,extend.
n.帐篷The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a shelter made of cloth, which you can fold up and carry with you and which is supported by poles and ropes 帐篷
n. 帐篷；住处；帷幕
 - residence, accommodation

Word: tangle
Front: tangle
[ˈtæŋgl] (研六托雅宝 9440/10011 -2)
Vocabulary: tangle
(once / 261 pages)
1vn 2v
A tangle is a jumble. You might have a tangle of cords behind your computer or a tangle of complications related to your taxes. Whatever it is, once something is in a tangle, it's difficult to sort out.
The word tangle likely originated from a Scandinavian source — taggla, in a Swedish dialect, means “disarrange.” Tangle also can be used as a verb: you may tangle your hair as a fashion statement, but then it hurts to comb it out. As a noun, tangle can refer to an argument or a fight between two people: if you're really feisty, people might be warned away from getting into a tangle with you.
WORD FAMILY
tangle: entangle, tangled, tangles, tangling, untangle+/ disentangle: disentangled, disentanglement, disentangler, disentangles, disentangling/disentanglement: disentanglements/disentangler: disentanglers/ entangle: disentangle, entangled, entanglement, entangles, entangling/entanglement: entanglements/untangle: untangled, untangles, untangling/untangling: untanglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And her 13-month layoff is unusual in a sport where it is not uncommon for fighters to tangle several times a year.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Are these outbursts designed to distract the press from his almost incomprehensibly tangled economic conflicts of interest?
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Artists now seem to be tangling with and reflecting these dark undertones in their work.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 纠缠，纠纷; 混乱，慌乱; 昏乱的状态; 争论
vt. & vi. （使）缠结，（使）乱作一团; 使陷入，捕获; 使纠纷; 参加辩论、争执或冲突
时态：tangled, tangling, tangles
分布：纠纷(27%)，纠缠(18%)，缠结(16%)，混乱(15%)，使混乱(6%)，使陷入(6%)，乱作一团(4%)，使缠结(4%)，争论(4%)
→来自中古英语 tagilen,卷入，缠结，来自 Proto-Germanic*thangul,海藻，海草，词源同 entangle. 比喻用法。
n.纠缠;缠结;混乱v.(使)缠绕;变乱His foot became tangled in the rope.他的一只脚被绳子缠住.
noun countable
■an untidy mass of things that are not in a state of order, or a state of confusion or difficulty 纠结的一团；纠结；混乱
• a tangle of wires 一团乱糟糟的电线
['tæŋ.gl] verb informal
intransitive or transitive
■to become or form, or to make something into, an untidy disorganized mass 使混乱，使缠绕纠结，使乱作一团
⇒ See also entangle
['tæŋ.gl] verb informal
  Phrasal Verbs  tangle with sb
■to become involved with someone, usually by arguing or fighting with them 与（某人）有瓜葛；（通常指）与（某人）争吵（或打架）
• He was a self-opinionated, overbearing tyrant, and he was the last man she should want to tangle with. 他这个人固执己见、盛气凌人、专横跋扈，她绝不要与他有甚么瓜葛。
n. 纠纷；混乱状态
 - dissension, entanglemant
vt. 使纠缠；处于混乱状态
 - intertangle, entangle
vi. 缠结；乱作一团
 - rough and tumble

Word: enclave
Front: enclave
[ˈenkleɪv] (9097/12147 -1)
Vocabulary: enclave
(once / 4880 pages)
n
An enclave is a separate space or group within a larger one. Imagine an enclave as a cave carved out of a big mountain. All of the bears live in the cave or enclave, while the people live on the mountainside.
Groups of like people often form an enclave within a country or region. There is probably an enclave of Africans, Cubans, Russians, or other ethnic group in or near your hometown. It isn't usually enclosed, but it's a place where people of the same background gather and live together, such as a Chinatown or a Little Budapest. An enclave of a country may have boundaries, making it clear that it's a distinct part — and sometimes under separate government — from the larger territory it's within.
WORD FAMILY
enclave: enclaves
USAGE EXAMPLES
Melilla - Spain's other North African enclave - is similarly targeted by migrants.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A similar incident on 9 December saw more than 400 migrants enter the tiny enclave.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The migrants were attempting to reach Spain's North African enclave of Ceuta.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 飞地（指在本国境内的隶属另一国的一块领土）; 被包围的领土
分布：飞地(94%)，被包围的领土(6%)
→en-, 进入，使。-clave, 钥匙，锁住，词源同clavicle, conclave, close.
【记】enclose（vt 装入；围绕）
US ['ɑ:ŋ-] noun countable
■a part of a country that is surrounded by another country, or a group of people who are different from the people living in the surrounding area 飞地（被包围在另外一个国家境内，和本国其他领土不接壤）；（在其他人群中聚居的）族群，群体：
• Campione d'Italia is an Italian enclave in Switzerland. 坎皮奥内是位于瑞士境内的一块义大利飞地。
n. 飞地（指在本国境内的隶属另一国的一块领土）；被包围的领土；被包围物
 - exclave

Word: editorial
Front: editorial
[ˌedɪˈtɔ:riəl] (研四六雅 5008/7108 -3)
Vocabulary: editorial
(once / 331 pages)
1nadj 2adj
An editorial is an article that expresses the opinion of the person who or organization that wrote it. The president of the Llama Lovers Club wrote a scathing editorial in the Llama Times newspaper to protest the rash of llama thefts in her area.
Open up any newspaper, and you'll see page after page of articles. Most of these articles were written by journalists who assembled and reported the facts of the story. On the editorial page, however, you'll find nothing but opinion. That opinion might come from the editor of the paper, a local politician, or a concerned citizen who has found some important issue to discuss. Editorial can also refer to the editor of the paper, whose editorial decisions determine which articles — and editorials appear in each edition.
WORD FAMILY
editorial: editorialise, editorialist, editorialize, editorially, editorials+/ edit: edited, editing, editor, edits, subedit/ edited: unedited/ editor: editorial, editors, editorship/editorialist: editorialists/ editorialize: editorialized, editorializes, editorializing/editorship: editorships/subedit: subediting, subeditor/subeditor: subeditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Angry, traumatized protesters cry, march, shout, smash windows, set fires — and that’s just the New York Times editorial board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Regarding the Dec. 30 editorial “Americans’ declining health”:
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 编辑的，主笔的; 〈美〉社论的
n. 社论（美）
分布：社论(90%)，编辑的(10%)
编辑的n.社论(editor编辑+ial)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
n.社论a.社论的;编辑上的It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
US [-ə'tɔ:r.i-] noun countable (UK also leader) (leading article)
■an article in a newspaper which expresses the editor's opinion on a subject of particular interest at the present time 社论，社评
• All the papers deal with the same subject in their editorials. 所有的报纸都针对同一问题发表了社论。
UK [ˌed.ɪ'tɔ:.ri.əl] US [-ə'tɔ:r.i-] adjective
■relating to editors or editing, or to the editor of a newspaper or magazine 编辑的；主编的；编者的
• editorial staff 编辑人员
• Editorial decisions are generally made by senior editors. 通常由资深编辑们来决定编务事宜。
• It's plain reporting of the facts - there's not much editorial content (= opinion). 那只是纯粹的事实报道，没有多少评论内容。
adj. 编辑的；社论的
 - compilatory

Word: elegant
Front: elegant
[ˈelɪgənt] (高研六托雅 3942/3833 -K3)
Vocabulary: elegant
(once / 209 pages)
adj
Nimble ballerinas and long-legged birds are elegant; dump trucks and walruses usually are not.
Being graceful and refined are aspects of being elegant. That word first appears in English in the 15th century. It comes, via Old French, from the same Latin source that gave rise to the English word "elect, and it does seem that especially elegant people and things are in a select group. Very stylishly dressed men and women are elegant, and fine restaurants with distinctive delicacies are elegant. Most ordinary places and people can become elegant, though, when dressed up or adorned for special occasions. Even walruses can appear elegant when they're swimming.
WORD FAMILY
elegant: elegance, eleganter, elegantest, elegantly, inelegant +/ elegance: elegances/inelegance: inelegances/ inelegant: inelegance, ineleganter, inelegantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another Apple hallmark — elegant design — is also a core value.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I remembered seeing the girls on the red carpet: elegant, smiling, fresh, happy,” Mr. Soria said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Elegant drawings of religious iconography adorned the margins, adding to the artifact’s elegance.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. （人或其举止）优美的; 漂亮的; 简炼的; 简洁的
分布：优雅的(75%)，雅致的(25%)
→e-, 向外。-leg, 收集，选出，词源同college, eligible. 即选出来的，优秀的，优雅的。
高雅的;美好的(e出+leg[=lig]+ant→选出的→好的,高雅的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
a.优雅的;端庄的;雅致的She is elegant.她姿态优美.
【记】e出，leg腿：露出大白腿………高雅的；但是靠这个优雅也是比较悲哀的一件事（见下）
【参】elegance（n 优雅；文雅）
【反】insolent（adj 傲慢无礼的）－polite（adj 有礼貌的）『elegant』
adjective
 ADVANCED
■ graceful and attractive in appearance or behaviour 高雅的；优雅的
• an elegant woman 举止优雅的女性
• a very elegant suit 雅致的套装
• an elegant dining room 雅致的餐厅
■describes an idea, plan or solution that is clever but simple, and therefore attractive （想法、计划或办法）巧妙的，简捷的，简练的
elegant, graceful
elegant: （训练或修养所得），人为的优雅
graceful: （天生的）天真优雅
adj. 高雅的，优雅的；讲究的
 - graceful, exquisite

Word: multiply
Front: multiply
[ˈmʌltɪplaɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 6148/5028 -K2)
Vocabulary: multiply
(once / 380 pages)
vadv
When you multiply two numbers, you increase the first by the same number that's specified by the second. In other words, when you multiply two by three, you add together three twos.
When you're doing simple math problems, you can multiply by memorizing lists of times tables — or you can add one number as many times as the second number: four times two is the same as two fours, or eight. Another way to multiply is simply to increase or expand greatly: "If the diner starts serving homemade pie, their profits will multiply." The Latin root is multiplicare, "to increase," from multiplex, "having many folds."
WORD FAMILY
multiply: multiplication, multiplicative, multiplied, multiplier, multiplies, multiplying+/ multiple: multiples, multiplicity, multiply / multiplication: multiplications/multiplicative: multiplicatively/ multiplicity: multiplicities/multiplier: multipliers
USAGE EXAMPLES
And what if you decide to multiply that number by two or three?
New York Times(Jul 30, 2015)
He was hired as Westinghouse’s senior vice president for new plants in 2013 as problems in China multiplied.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
The politics surrounding the funds grew more complicated as accusations of Tehran’s support for international terrorism multiplied, current and former U.S. officials say.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 乘; （使）相乘; （使）增加; （使）繁殖
adv. 多样地; 复合地; 多倍地; [电学]并联地，多路地
adj. 多层的; 多样的; 多股的
时态：multiplied, multiplying, multiplies
分布：乘(62%)，增加(25%)，繁衍(6%)，多样地(3%)，做乘法(2%)，多重地(2%)
→multi-,许多，多个，-ply,倍数，词源同imply,comply.引申词义繁殖。
乘;繁殖(multi+ply表动词→变多→乘)[multi-表示"很多,很多"]
v.(by)乘,使相乘;倍增,增加,繁殖Four multiplied by five is twenty.五乘四得二十.
【记】multi多，ply－变多－乘；繁殖；增加
【参】multifarious（adj 各式各样的）；multiple（adj 多样的；多重的）；multitude（n 多数；群众）
【反】propagate（v 繁殖）－fail to multiply（不能繁殖）
US [-tˌɪ-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to increase very much in number, or (in mathematics) to add a number to itself a particular number of times 大幅增加；乘，使相乘
• In warm weather these germs multiply rapidly. 在温暖的天气里这些细菌会迅速繁殖。
• If you multiply seven by 15 you get 105. 用15乘以7，结果是105。
Compare add ; divide ; subtract
enlarge, magnify, increase, expand, multiply, augment, amplify
这组词都有“增加，增大”的意思，其区别是：
enlarge: 主要指面积或体积等的扩大。
magnify: 可指用光学仪器使物体看上去显得变大；也指事实上把某物增大，有时用于夸张意味。
increase: 指数量、强度和大小等方面的扩大或增加。
expand: 指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加。
multiply: 通常指自然繁殖而产生的增长，有时也指同类事物数量的成倍增加。
augment: 较正式用词，一般指在原有的基础上增加含量而扩大。
amplify: 在科技中常指声音的扩大或电磁波的增强。也指补充了细节、详述或扩大内容等。此词系正式用语。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vt. 乘；使增加；使繁殖；使相乘
 - ride
vi. 乘；繁殖；增加
 - breed, improve, accelerate, gain
adj. 多层的；多样的
 - diversiform, variant

Word: nod
Front: nod
[nɒd] (中高研四六托 1557/1573 -3)
Vocabulary: nod
(once / 103 pages)
vn
When you nod, you shake your head up and down, as if you're indicating agreement. If you want to say "Yes" without uttering a single word, all you have to do is nod.
There's the deliberate nod, when you agree with someone by raising and lowering your chin, and then there's the accidental nod — when you're so sleepy that your eyes close and your head dips down. You can even say you "nod off to sleep" in this case. If you know someone well enough to nod at them when you pass, but not well enough to stop and chat, you can call that person "a nodding acquaintance."
WORD FAMILY
nod: nodded, nodding, noding, nods+/nodding: noddingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We nodded off thinking about Jeb, as did the voters.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Perhaps you read that and nodded, “Done! Next!” solely based on a general disdain for reality television.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 点头; 打瞌睡; 上下摆动; 变得粗心大意
vt. 点头示意; 使弯曲，使屈服; 点头答应
n. 点头; 点头同意; 打瞌睡，打盹; 粗心大意
时态：nodded, nodding, nods
分布：点头(83%)，同意(11%)，打盹(6%)
→词源不详，可能来自knot,节，敲击。引申词义点头。
v.点(头),点头招呼n.点头招呼;打盹,瞌睡The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to move your head down and then up, sometimes several times, especially to show agreement, approval or greeting or to show something by doing this 点头；（尤指）点头赞同，点头致意，点头示意
• Many people in the audience nodded in agreement. 许多听众点头表示赞同。
• When I suggested a walk, Elena nodded enthusiastically. 当我提议去散步时，埃琳娜使劲地点头。
• She looked up and nodded for me to come in. 她抬起头，点头示意要我进来。
Compare shake
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
have a nodding acquaintance with sb/sth
■to know someone slightly or have a slight knowledge of a subject 与某人是点头之交；对…略知一二
• She has only a nodding acquaintance with the issues involved. 她对相关问题只是略知一二。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  nod off informal
■to begin sleeping, especially not intentionally 打瞌睡；（尤指无意中）睡着
• After our busy day we both sat and nodded off in front of the TV. 忙碌了一天，我们两个都坐在电视机前打起瞌睡。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
■a movement up and down with the head 点头
• Chen gave her a nod of recognition across the crowded room. 陈从挤满人的房间的另一头向她点头致意。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
A nod 's as good as a wink. saying
■used to say that only a slight sign is needed for you to understand clearly what is meant by something or what is happening in a situation 不用言明，心照不宣
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
on the nod UK informal
■If a suggestion is approved on the nod, it is accepted without discussion （建议未经讨论）一致通过
• The new proposal went through on the nod. 新提案得到一致通过。
n. 点头；打盹；摆动
 - swing, bob
vt. 点头；点头表示
 - noddle
vi. 点头；打盹；摆动
 - to oscillate, to swing

Word: accession
Front: accession
[ækˈseʃn] (16248/8166)
Vocabulary: accession
(once / 832 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
Accession is the act of advancing into a position. Being elected class president is a kind of accession.
Accession originally referred to a queen or king taking the throne. From the Latin term, accessionem, meaning "joining or increasing,” accession may refer to the gaining of access to any formal position, group, or right. It can also mean “agreement” — think of it as “joining in.” Accession may also refer to property — either something that increases your original collection, or the right to all of your property even through growth — such as the golden egg your new hen laid.
WORD FAMILY
accession: accessional, accessioned, accessioning, accessions+/ accede: acceded, accedes, acceding, accession
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fight will focus on the wording in the original accession agreement.
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
“Brexit is like no other negotiation, far more important than an accession negotiation,” said one senior EU diplomat.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 15, 2016)
Last week the European Parliament voted to recommend suspending Turkey’s accession talks.
Economist(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 增加; 就职; 增加物; （对同盟、国际条约等的）正式加入
时态：accessioned, accessioning, accessions
分布：加入(97%)，即位(2%)，到达(1%)
noun uncountable formal
■the time when someone starts a position of authority, especially king or queen 就职，登基
• 1926 was the year of Emperor Hirohito's accession to the throne. 1926年日本天皇裕仁即位。
■the time when a country officially joins a group of countries or signs an agreement 正式加入（国际组织），签署（条约）
• Poland's accession to the EU 波兰正式加入欧盟
n. 增加；就职；到达
 - enhancement, increase, gain, arrival, installation

Word: imprison
Front: imprison
[ɪmˈprɪzn] (四六 8465/6445 -2)
Vocabulary: imprison
(once / 249 pages)
v
To imprison is to hold someone in a prison or jail. It can also mean to confine them elsewhere. You might imprison a classmate in a locker, for example.
Cops imprison suspects who can't make bail, and someone could be imprisoned for a long time if convicted of a serious crime. Government agencies like the CIA and FBI also imprison people. However, you don't need a prison to imprison someone: a kidnapper holding people captive in the basement has imprisoned them.
WORD FAMILY
imprison: imprisoned, imprisoning, imprisonment, imprisons+/imprisoned: unimprisoned/imprisonment: imprisonments
USAGE EXAMPLES
According to global press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders, 81 journalists are currently imprisoned in Turkey.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
His government imprisoned democratic critics and censored the press.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That exchange coincided with the Iran’s release of four U.S. citizens imprisoned in the country.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 关押，监禁; 束缚，禁锢; 使…不自由
时态：imprisoned, imprisoning, imprisons
分布：监禁(57%)，关押(29%)，束缚(14%)
→im-,进入，使，prison,监狱。
监禁(im+prison监狱)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
监禁(im进入+prison监狱)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
verb transitive usually passive
■to put someone in prison 关押，囚禁
• He was imprisoned in 1965 for attempted murder. 他因谋杀未遂于1965年被监禁。
• figurative Unable to go out because of the deep snow, she felt imprisoned in her own house. 她因雪深无法外出，感觉自己像被囚禁在屋内。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
vt. 监禁； [法] 关押；使…下狱
 - prison, jail

Word: actively
Front: actively
['æktɪvlɪ] (托 4307/4345 -K)
Vocabulary: actively
(once / 1049 pages)
adv
Anything described by the adverb actively is happening right now or because of a conscious effort, or a little of both. You probably won’t find a job unless you’re actively looking.
If you’re actively doing something, you’re involved in it now. People who actively look for a fight usually find one. If the President is actively involved in peace talks, he’s getting involved in them personally. If you’ve written a perfect sonnet, it’s not going to get published until you actively try to find a place for it. The opposite of actively is passively.
WORD FAMILY
active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several writers linked the speech of their characters to inner dialogues even when they are not actively writing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Actresses were actively encouraged by their bosses to compete with each other instead of sharing their interests and concerns, but Debbie never bought in.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Research and development of cutting edge arms equipment is actively progressing and … test launch preparation is in its last stage,” Mr. Kim said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 活跃地，积极地
分布：积极地(47%)，活跃地(40%)，勤奋的(13%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a way that involves positive action 积极地
• He's very actively involved in (= does a lot of work for) the local Labour Party. 他积极参与当地工党的事务。
• It's nice having a man who actively encourages me to spend money. 有这样一个起劲地鼓励我花钱的男人真是不错。
• I've been actively looking for a job for six months. 半年来，我一直在积极地找工作。
adv. 积极地；活跃地
 - energetically, zealously

Word: withhold
Front: withhold
[wɪðˈhəʊld] (研六雅宝 6650/7039 -2)
Vocabulary: withhold
(once / 541 pages)
v
If you keep something back and don't share it, you withhold it. You can withhold things such as permission, emotion, or information. You might get into trouble if you withhold information from your parents or the police.
The verb withhold means to deduct from a payment and hold back. Your job will withhold money from your paycheck for things like taxes. You may also choose to withhold money from your check for healthcare, retirement, and numerous other voluntary accounts. The past tense of the verb withhold is withheld. Withhold is spelled with a double h because it is made by combining the words with and hold.
WORD FAMILY
withhold: withheld, withholder, withholding, withholds+/withholder: withholders/withholding: withholdings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Media outlets report the woman’s name was withheld pending notification of relatives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say the name of the man is being withheld until his relatives are notified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The name of the man was being withheld pending notification of next of kin.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 扣留; 拒绝给予; 抑制（某事物）; 制止，阻挡
vi. 忍住，克制
时态：withheld, withholding, withholds
分布：保留(40%)，扣留(28%)，阻挡(16%)，抑制(16%)
→with-,相反，hold,握，引申词义向后握，拒绝，不给。
阻止(with[with-表示"向后,相反"]+hold拿住→拿住不让向前→阻止)
vt.使停止;拒给;保留;抑制vi.忍住I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
【参】withstand（v 抵挡；经受住）
【反】apprise（v 通知）－withhold information（不通报信息）；grant（v 承认；授予）
US [-'hoʊld] (withheld, withheld)
verb transitive
■to refuse to give something or to keep back something 拒绝给与；扣留
• to withhold information/support 拒绝提供消息／给予支援
• During the trial, the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence from the defence. 审判期间，原告被指控对被告隐瞒了十分重要的证据。
• Police are withholding the dead woman's name until her relatives have been informed. 在通知女性死者的亲属之前，警方拒绝透露她的名字。
• She withheld her rent until the landlord agreed to have the repairs done. 她拒付房租，直到房东答应进行维修。
• The government is planning to withhold benefit payments from single mothers who refuse to name the father of their child. 对于那些拒绝说出自己孩子的父亲是谁的单身母亲，政府正计划取消她们的救济金。
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保留，不给；隐瞒；抑制
 - reserve, control, restrain
vi. 忍住；克制
 - refrain from, forbear from

Word: televise
Front: televise
[ˈtelɪvaɪz] (托 16618/22078 -2)
Vocabulary: televise
(once / 193 pages)
v
You're most likely to televise something if you work at a TV station — to televise is to transmit or broadcast on a television.
A high school with a winning basketball team might decide to televise games on a local station so everyone in town can watch them on TV. Judges presiding over trials sometimes allow news channels to televise them, although often they don't. The verb televise grew out of the word television, modeled on verbs like revise and advise. The word television combines tele, "far off" in Greek, and vision, "something seen in the imagination," from a Latin root.
WORD FAMILY
televise: televised, televises, televising, television+/television: televisions
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are 49 nationally televised games in January, including 17 NBA TV telecasts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump, who became antiabortion late in life, sent mixed messages about Planned Parenthood, praising its non-abortion work in televised debates.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It’ll be fun to see Cabinet meetings televised and end with a firing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 由电视播送; 摄制成电视节目; 实况播送; （用电视机）收看
vi. 电视播放
时态：televised, televising, televises
分布：用电视放映(100%)
US [-ə-] verb transitive
■to show or broadcast on television 用电视播放，在电视上播出
• The match will be televised live (= shown as it is being played) on BBC Scotland. 这场比赛将由英国广播公司苏格兰电视台进行实况转播。

Word: menace
Front: menace
[ˈmenəs] (研六托雅宝 9314/7581 -1)
Vocabulary: menace
(once / 345 pages)
nv
If it's threatening you or otherwise posing some sort of danger, then it's a menace. Angry rabid dogs, smog clouds, and annoying little brothers are all probable menaces.
The word menace works as both a noun and a verb, but it wasn't used to describe threatening or bothersome people until 1936. Before then, common menaces probably included things like the plague, locusts, and roving bands of pirate ships. Today, a bad reputation can menace an otherwise promising career, weeds can menace your garden, and burglars are a menace to society.
WORD FAMILY
menace: menaced, menaces, menacing +/ menacing: menacingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In time Roosevelt was able to stem the economic bloodbath, but only to be confronted by the Nazi menace overrunning Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
There was an encouraging moment for City when Silva provided some menace with a run through the Liverpool defense before firing just wide of Mignolet.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They remained drawn to their team’s brash play and menacing image even though its performance on the field was often uninspiring.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 威胁; 恐吓
vt. &vi. 威胁; 恐吓
时态：menaced, menacing, menaces
分布：威胁(84%)，恐吓(13%)，威吓(3%)
→来自拉丁语minari,突出，升出，来自men,突出，升出，词源同mountain,minatory.引申词义威胁。
vt./n.有危险性的人(或物);威胁,威吓A man who drives fast is a menace to others.开快车的人对其他人是个威胁.
【记】menace＝men＋face，男人的脸－威胁
noun
countable usually singular
■something that is likely to cause harm 危险的事物；构成威胁的事物
• Drunk drivers are a menace to everyone. 醉酒驾驶者对所有人都构成威胁。
• Dogs running loose are a public menace. 没有拴起来到处乱跑的犬只对公众安全构成威胁。
• the menace of industrial pollution 工业污染的危害
uncountable
■a dangerous quality that makes you think someone is going to do something bad 威胁；威吓
• He had a slight air of menace which I found unsettling. 他略带威胁的神情使我感到不安。
• He spoke with a hint of menace. 他的语气中透出一丝威胁。
countable
■a person, especially a child, who is very annoying 讨厌的人（尤指小孩）
demand money with menaces UK legal
■to demand money using threats 勒索钱财
• He was accused of unlawfully demanding money with menaces. 他被控非法勒索钱财。
['men.ɪs] verb transitive slightly formal
■If someone or something menaces a person or thing, they threaten seriously to harm it 威胁；威吓
• Hurricane Hugo menaced the US coast for a week. 飓风“雨果”威胁美国海岸长达一周。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
menace, threaten
这组词都有“威胁、恐吓”的意思，其区别是：
menace: 系正式用词，着重以脸色或某种意志给以威胁，而不用语言明白表示出来。
threaten: 侧重扬言要对不服从者给予惩罚，有时指某种情况所预示的恶兆。
n. 威胁；恐吓
 - threat, danger
vi. 恐吓；进行威胁
 - to threaten
vt. 威胁；恐吓
 - cow, to threaten

Word: nordic

Word: expectancy
Front: expectancy
[ɪkˈspektənsi] (雅 7655/7763 -1)
Back: n. 期待，期望; 期望的东西
分布：预期(82%)，期待(18%)
noun uncountable
■when you think that something exciting or pleasant is going to happen （对令人激动或愉快的事情的）期待，渴望，盼望
• There was a general air of expectancy in the crowd. 人群中弥漫着期盼的气氛。
⇒ See also life expectancy
n. 期望，期待
 - hope, looking forward to, be

Word: pronounce
Front: pronounce
[prəˈnaʊns] (中高研四六 5332/4948 -K2)
Vocabulary: pronounce
(once / 144 pages)
v
If you have a teacher who asks the class to call him "Mr. B," it's probably because his name is really hard to pronounce. When you pronounce a word, you sound it out.
When you say something in a particular way, you pronounce it. The verb pronounce has another meaning, too — "to declare formally." It's not too different from announcing something, but it implies something more official and solemn — just think of the phrase "I now pronounce you husband and wife."
WORD FAMILY
pronounce: mispronounce, pronounceable, pronounced, pronouncement, pronounces, pronouncing, pronunciation +/ mispronounce: mispronounced, mispronounces, mispronouncing, mispronunciation/mispronunciation: mispronunciations/pronounceable: unpronounceable/pronounced: pronouncedly/ pronouncement: pronouncements/ pronunciation: pronunciations/unpronounceable: unpronounceably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The victim was pronounced dead at the home.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At 5:40 a.m., he was pronounced dead.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 发音，读
vt. 宣布，宣称; 演讲，讲述
vi. 宣判
时态：pronounced, pronouncing, pronounces
分布：发音(62%)，宣判(12%)，发表意见(12%)，断言(9%)，宣告(5%)
→pro-,向前，-nounce,发音，词源同announce,nuncio.引申诸相关词义。
发音;宣告(pro在前+nounce→在[嘴]前讲话→发音)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
v.发...的音;宣布,宣判How to pronounce the noun "ounce" in the announcement?布告中的名词"盎司"怎样发音?
verb transitive
MAKE SOUND 发出声音
 IMPROVER
■to say a word or a letter in a particular way 发（音），读（音）
• How do you pronounce your surname? 你的姓怎么念？
• She pronounced his name so badly he didn't even recognise it. 念他的名字时她发音如此不标准以至于连他本人都没听出来。
• Sade, pronounced shah-day, is a singer. Sade，读作 Shah-day，是一位歌手。
[prə'naʊnts] verb transitive
TO STATE 声明 formal
■to state something officially or certainly 宣称；宣布；断言
• [+ obj + noun/adj] He was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. 他被送往医院，到了医院就被宣布已死亡。
• The jury pronounced him guilty. 陪审团宣布他有罪。
• He gazed vacantly while the verdict and sentence were pronounced. 在宣读判决时，他面无表情地瞪着眼睛。
• She surveyed the building and pronounced herself pleased with their work. 她勘查了这栋楼，并说自己对他们的工作很满意。
• [+ that] The government pronounced that they are no longer a nuclear state. 该政府宣布其不再是核武国家。
• "Have I met him?" "You have indeed - I recall you pronounced the man (= said that he was) a fool." “我见过他吗？”“你确实见过——我记得你说这个人是傻瓜。”
• The dessert was tried and pronounced delicious. 人们品尝了这道甜点，称赞其味美。
[prə'naʊnts] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  transitive pronounce on/upon sth formal
■to give a judgment or opinion about something 发表对…的看法
• I'd rather not go pronouncing on a subject that I know so little about. 我不想对一个我知之甚少的话题作任何评论。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 发音；宣判；断言
 - declare, pass sentence
vi. 发音；作出判断
 - articulate

Word: walker
Front: walker
[ˈwɔ:kə(r)] (7956/3461 -1)
Back: n. 散步的人; （帮助小孩学走路用的）学步车; 助步车; 助行架
分布：步行者(63%)，行人(20%)，助步车(17%)
US ['wɑ:.kɚ] noun countable
■a person who walks, especially for exercise or enjoyment 散步者；步行者
• She's a very fast/slow walker. 她走起路来非常快／慢。
• They've been keen walkers ever since they read about the benefits of exercise. 自从他们读到锻炼的好处之后就一直热衷于步行锻炼。
US for * Zimmer frame
n. 步行者；散步者；参加竞走者
 - stroller, pedestrian

Word: excitement
Front: excitement
[ɪkˈsaɪtmənt] (研四托雅 3506/2893 -K2)
Vocabulary: excitement
(once / 111 pages)
1n 2n
Excitement is a feeling or situation full of activity, joy, exhilaration, or upheaval. One thing about excitement — it sure isn't boring.
There are a few types of excitement, but they're all exciting — they get your attention. If you can't wait for your birthday, you're feeling a happy kind of excitement. If everyone in class is screaming and throwing things, the teacher might ask, "What's all the excitement about?" A sleeping dog is resting — no excitement there. But a dog that’s jumping, barking, and running in circles when his owner comes home is feeling and causing a lot of excitement.
WORD FAMILY
excitement: excitements+/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting / excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited/ exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be a sport dominated by the United States, but basketball in Britain is no slouch in terms of excitement and fan interest.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
That includes guys on the PGA Tour, many who expressed their excitement on Twitter.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
No matter the conviction, everyone is hoping Tiger can stay healthy and instill the fire and excitement displayed the past two decades.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 兴奋，激动; 令人兴奋的事; 刺激，振奋
分布：兴奋(65%)，激动(35%)
n.刺激,激动,兴奋The excitement of the audience has died down.众人激动的情绪已经平静下来了.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a feeling of being excited, or an exciting event 激动，兴奋；令人兴奋的事情
• Robin's heart was pounding with excitement. 罗宾的心激动得怦怦跳。
• If you want excitement, you should try parachuting. 如果你想寻求刺激，应该去试一下跳伞。
• the excitements of the previous day 昨天那激动人心的事情
n. 兴奋；刺激；令人兴奋的事物
 - stimulus, incentive, needle

Word: opium
Front: opium
[ˈəʊpiəm] (六 11885/15226 -1)
Back: n. 鸦片; 麻醉剂
分布：鸦片(96%)，麻醉剂(4%)
→来自拉丁语opium,鸦片，来自希腊语opion,罂粟汁，来自opos,蔬菜汁，植物汁。
US ['oʊ-] noun uncountable
■a drug made from the seeds of a poppy (= red flower) and used to control pain or to help people sleep. It can make a person who takes it want more of it and is sometimes used by people to give them temporarily pleasant effects 鸦片
• an opium addict 吸鸦片成瘾者
n. [毒物] [药] 鸦片；麻醉剂
 - meconium, detoxicator

Word: homeowner
Front: homeowner
[ˈhəʊməʊnə(r)] (5195/25894)
Back: n. 自己拥有住房者，（住自己房子的）私房屋主
分布：房主(100%)
US ['hoʊmˌoʊ.nɚ] noun countable
■a person who owns their house or apartment 屋主，住屋拥有者
• The new law will benefit many homeowners. 这项新法律将会令许多拥有住屋的人受益。

Word: assign
Front: assign
[əˈsaɪn] (研四六托雅 2611/3876 -2)
Vocabulary: assign
(once / 175 pages)
v
To assign is to specify something or someone for a specific purpose. If your sisters fight over whose turn it is to sit in the front seat, your parents may have to assign turns.
The verb assign also means to transfer legal rights. You assign the deed to your house to new owners when you sell it. If you sort things into categories by characteristics, you are assigning them categories. When you make a budget, you assign each expense a category. Food and housing, for example, may be essential living expenses and medicine and doctor's visits may be health care. Chocolate gets its own category.
WORD FAMILY
assign: assignable, assignation, assigned, assignee, assigning, assignment, assigns, reassign +/assignable: unassignable/ assignation: assignations/assigned: unassigned /assignee: assignees/ assignment: assignments/ reassign: reassigned, reassigning, reassignment, reassigns/reassignment: reassignments/unassignable: unassignably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2008, Greek researchers randomly assigned tennis players to one of two groups.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Hawks: F Mike Scott was assigned to the Long Island Nets of the NBA Development League, his third D-League assignment of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 分派，选派，分配; 归于，归属; [法律] 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人; 把…编制
n. [常用复数][法律]受让人，接受财产等转让的人，受托者
时态：assigned, assigning, assigns
分布：分配(63%)，指定(19%)，指派(12%)，确定(4%)，受让人(1%)，归因(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. sign, 记号。
分配;指定(as+sign→不断给人信号→指定)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
vt.派给,分配;选定,指定(时间,地点等)The monitors were assigned to take notes for the meeting.班长们被分派作会议记录.
verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
 ADVANCED [often passive]
■to give a particular job or piece of work to someone 分配；分派；指派
• [+ two objects] UN troops were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital. 重建这间医院的任务被指派给了联合国部队。
• The case has been assigned to our most senior officer. 这宗案件已经指派给我们最高职级的警官来处理。
 ADVANCED
■If you assign a time for a job or activity, you decide it will be done during that time 定出，确定（时间或期限）
• Have you assigned a day for the interviews yet? 你们定了哪一天进行面试了吗？
■If you assign a characteristic to something, you state that it has it. 把…归属（于）；确定（属性等）
■to decide a reason for something 把…归因（于）；确定（原因）
• Detectives have been unable to assign a motive for the murder. 侦探们一直无法确定谋杀的动机。
• The report assigned the blame for the accident to inadequate safety regulations. 报告中，事故责任被归咎于安全规章不健全。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
SEND 派遣
 ADVANCED
■to send someone somewhere to do a job 委派；选派；派遣
• She was assigned to the newspaper's Berlin office. 她被派到报社驻柏林的办事处。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
COMPUTING 电脑技术 specialized
■to put a value in a particular position in the memory of a computer 为…赋值
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
GIVE LEGALLY 按法律程式给 legal
■to give property, money or rights using a legal process 把（财产、权利等）让与，转让
• Her property was assigned to her grandchildren. 她的财产转让给了她的孙儿女。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] assign sb to sth
■to choose someone to do a particular job 指派（某人）做…
• Which police officer has been assigned to this case? 指派了哪一位警官负责那宗案件？
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 分配；指派； [计] [数] 赋值
 - portion, part, ticket

Word: coincidence
Front: coincidence
[kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns] (高研六托雅 5812/5527 -2)
Vocabulary: coincidence
(once / 767 pages)
1n 2n
People love to talk about strange coincidences––like you and your mother having the same birthday, or two unrelated families named "The Martins" living next door to each other. A coincidence is something that's not planned or arranged but seems like it is.
Technically, a coincidence is an occurrence of events that happen at the same time by total accident––like you and a kid from your class at school both visit the Grand Canyon on the same day. Weird. If some guy is stalking you, always running into you wherever you go, this is not a coincidence. That guy has memorized your schedule.
WORD FAMILY
coincidence: coincidences+/ coincide: coincided, coincident, coincides, coinciding/ coincident: coincidence, coincidental, coincidently/ coincidental: coincidentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not a coincidence that they were able to stun New England on national television this year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Speaking of coincidences: Bill Clinton happens to find himself in the same airport as U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Christina looks back and notes the coincidence of the day Stephanie got her heart, and also the number of days she was in hospitals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 巧合; 一致; 同时存在; 并存
分布：巧合(84%)，一致(13%)，同时发生(3%)
巧合[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.巧合;同时发生,共同存在;符合,一致The suicides in adjacent area are incidental coincidence.邻近区域内的自杀是偶然巧合.
US [koʊ-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time, especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising 同时发生；（尤指令人吃惊的）巧合，碰巧的事
• You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us - what a coincidence! 你选的壁纸跟我们的一模一样——真巧！
• Is it just a coincidence that the wife of the man who ran the competition won first prize? 赢得冠军的人是竞赛组织者的老婆，这难道只是巧合吗？
• a series of strange/amazing coincidences 一连串奇怪／令人惊讶的巧合
 ADVANCED uncountable
■chance or luck 偶然的机遇，运气
• Just by coincidence, I met my old school-mate again fifty years later. 纯粹是碰巧了，我在50年后又遇到了我的老同学。
• [+ that] It was pure/sheer coincidence that I remembered his phone number. 我记住他的电话号码纯属偶然。
• By some strange coincidence, he was passing the house just when it happened. 事情发生时他碰巧路过这所房子。
n. 巧合；一致；同时发生
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping

Word: wobble
Front: wobble
[ˈwɒbl] (宝 12620/14218 -1)
Vocabulary: wobble
(once / 3178 pages)
vn
When things wobble, they teeter or rock unsteadily back and forth. A brand new bike rider is bound to wobble a little bit when she's pedaling down the street.
A cafe table might wobble annoyingly until you prop up one leg with folded paper. And, when you first step off an amusement park ride, your legs might wobble for a while. Your voice can wobble too, or tremble, especially when you're upset or nervous. People wobble figuratively too: "When politicians wobble on important issues, it's hard to trust them."
WORD FAMILY
wobble: wobbled, wobbler, wobbles, wobbling, wobbly+/wobbler: wobblers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They’ve played without Griffin before and survived, but they were wobbling Sunday as they started a stretch of five games in seven nights.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 25, 2016)
The men with logs balance jerkily, while an entire family wobbles precariously by on one bicycle.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
She was so high that time that she wobbled down the long driveway to the police car in a haze.
Washington Times(Dec 10, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. <使>晃动; <使>摇摆不定; 颤动
n. 摇动，晃动; 不稳定
时态：wobbled, wobbling, wobbles
分布：摇晃(38%)，摆动(30%)，不稳定(8%)，游移不定(8%)，动摇(8%)，使摇晃(4%)，使动摇(4%)
→来自webh，转，弯，编织，词源同web,weave。引申义摇摆。
【记】wo我，bb宝宝，le乐：我的宝宝乐了－摇晃身体
【反】stabilize（v 稳定）
US ['wɑ:.bl] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance （使）摇晃，（使）摇摆
• That bookcase wobbles whenever you put anything on it. 那个书架你一放东西就摇摇晃晃。
• Don't wobble the table, please, Dan. 丹，别晃桌子好吗？
• figurative The company's shares wobbled with the news of a foreign takeover bid. 这家公司的股票由于外国公司收购的消息而波动。
UK ['wɒb.l] US ['wɑ:.bl] verb
NOT CERTAIN 不确定的
intransitive informal
■to be uncertain what to do or to change repeatedly between two opinions 拿不定主意；动摇；（在两种观点间）变来变去
• The government can't afford to wobble on this issue. 如果政府在这个问题上不作出果断决策就会付出巨大代价。
UK ['wɒb.l] US ['wɑ:.bl] noun countable
MOVEMENT 移动
■a movement from side to side which shows poor balance （使）摇晃，（使）摇摆
• I gave the poles a slight wobble and the whole tent collapsed. 我轻轻晃了晃几根柱子，整个帐篷就倒了。
• figurative The closure of the company's German subsidiary caused a sharp wobble in its profits. 这家公司德国分部关闭，导致其利润急剧下降。
UK ['wɒb.l] US ['wɑ:.bl] noun countable
NOT CERTAIN 不确定的 informal
■a feeling of not being certain about something 拿不定主意；动摇；（在两种观点间）变来变去
• She's having a bit of a wobble about the move to New York. 她对是否搬到纽约还有点犹豫不决。
vi. 摇晃；摇摆；游移不定
 - rock, roll
n. [物] 摆动；摇晃；不稳定
 - instability, flux, roll, swing
vt. 使摇摆；使颤动；摇动
 - rock, shake

Word: migrate
Front: migrate
[maɪˈgreɪt] (研六托雅 6504/7939 -2)
Vocabulary: migrate
(once / 448 pages)
v
To migrate means to move from one place to another, sometimes part of a back-and-forth pattern, and sometimes to stay.
When we think of the word migrate we think of movement from place to place. Sometimes that movement is seasonal, as when birds migrate north in summer and south in winter. But sometimes a person or group will migrate from one place to another with the intention of settling there. In both cases, there is a definite shift in locales, one temporary, the other permanent.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
emigrate / immigrate / migrate
Going somewhere? Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another. Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently. Migrate is to move, like bird in the winter.
The choice between emigrate,immigrate, and migrate depends on the sentence's point of view. Emigrate is to immigrate as go is to come. If the sentence is looking at the point of departure, use emigrate. The point of arrival? Immigrate. Talking about the actual process of moving? Use migrate.
Emigrate means you are exiting your current homeland:
People are always saying there's no quality of life in Russia, and everyone wants to emigrate," he said. (New York Times)
Immigrate means you are coming in to a country to live:
Citizens from 17 European Union countries were given freedom to immigrate to Switzerland in 2007. (Business Week)
Migrate means to move, like those crazy Monarch butterflies that migrate from Canada to Mexico and back. It doesn't have to be a permanent move, but migrate is more than a weekend away, and it's not just for butterflies. "Snowbirds" are people who migrate south for the winter and come back north when the snow melts, or someone might migrate to another part of the country for work or to be closer to family. Here are some examples:
Nevertheless, it has often been assumed that dinosaurs did migrate.(Scientific American)
People are prepared to travel and migrate within America. (Business Week)
If you have ants in your pants and you have to move, remember:
Emigrate is from the point of view of the departure. Think exit.
Immigrate is from the point of view of the destination. Think come in.
Migrate is all about the moving. Think move.
WORD FAMILY
migrate: migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrator, migratory, transmigrate +/ migration: migrational, migrations/migrator: migrators/ migratory: nonmigratory/ transmigrate: transmigrated, transmigrates, transmigrating, transmigration / transmigration: transmigrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Doctson, meanwhile, developed a medically mystifying Achilles’ tendon ailment that migrated from one ankle to the next.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The herd typically summers northwest of Meeteetse and migrates into the Bighorn Basin in winter.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“As species of fish move north, the allocation levels should migrate with them.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 迁移，移往; 移动; 随季节而移居
vt. 使移居; 使移植
时态：migrated, migrating, migrates
分布：迁移(71%)，迁徙(18%)，转移(11%)
→来自拉丁语migrare,离开，移除，搬家，来自meigw,来自mei,改变，变动，词源同move,mutable,motion.引申词义迁徙，移居。
迁移,移居(migr+ate)[migr=remove,表示"迁移"]
v.迁移,移居(国外)Some birds migrate to warmer countries in winter.有些鸟会在冬天移栖到较温暖的地方.
verb
TRAVEL/MOVE 迁移
intransitive
■When an animal migrates, it travels to a different place, usually when the season changes （动物）迁徙，移栖
• These animals migrate annually in search of food. 这些动物为寻找食物每年都迁徙。
• In September, these birds migrate 2000 miles south to a warmer climate. 九月，这些鸟会向南迁徙2000英里到更温暖的地方。
intransitive
■If people migrate, they travel in large numbers to a new place to live temporarily （指人）大批外出；（暂时）移居，迁移
• Mexican farm workers migrate into the US each year to find work at harvest time. 每年收获季节来临时，大批墨西哥农场工人都会涌入美国找工作。
intransitive
■to move from one place to another 移动，转移
• Trade is migrating from local shops to the larger out-of-town stores. 贸易正从当地的商店转移到更大的城外商场。
[maɪ'greɪt] verb
COMPUTING 电脑科技
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to begin using a new computer system, or to move information from one type of system to another 转移（使用新的作业系统，或将资料从一种作业系统移至另一种作业系统）
• Migrating to Windows XP shouldn't cause you any problems. 改用 Windows XP 应该不会给你带来任何不便。
emigrate, immigrate, migrate
这组词都有“移居，迁移”的意思，其区别是：
emigrate: 指自本国移出，长期定居在外。
immigrate: 指自他国移入，长期定居。
migrate: 通常指大批人短期或定期的移居。指动物时，则指定期迁徙、回游。
vi. 移动；随季节而移居；移往
 - to move, to shift
vt. 使移居；使移植
 - transplant

Word: humiliation
Front: humiliation
[hju:ˌmɪlɪ'eɪʃn] (六 7690/7713 -2)
Vocabulary: humiliation
(once / 639 pages)
n
Humiliation describes a strong feeling of embarrassment or mortification — like that time in sixth grade when your mother wiped your face and called you "honey bunny" in front of all your friends.
Humiliation comes from the Latin word humiliare, which means "to humble." So if you are caught in a situation that causes humiliation, you are humbled — with a loss of self-esteem and self-respect. If you become a politician, for example, and you campaign on a platform of family values, don't get caught cheating on your spouse; the public humiliation may be enough to drive you out of politics.
WORD FAMILY
humiliation: humiliations+/ humiliate: humiliated, humiliates, humiliating, humiliation / humiliating: humiliatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then there was the humiliation of “Glitter,” Carey’s disastrous 2001 foray into film stardom, which was lambasted by the critics and public alike.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Galarza is not alone in the humiliation of such a mistake.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 羞辱：使（别人）丢脸的行动; 羞辱，耻辱; 丢脸，丢人
分布：耻辱(80%)，丢脸(20%)
N-UNCOUNT
耻辱;屈辱;丢脸;蒙羞
Humiliation is the embarrassment and shame you feel when someone makes you appear stupid, or when you make a mistake in public.
例：She faced the humiliation of discussing her husband's affair.她面临要谈及丈夫外遇的羞辱。
N-COUNT
丢脸的事;尴尬的场合
A humiliation is an occasion or a situation in which you feel embarrassed and ashamed.
例：The result is a humiliation for the prime minister.这一结果让首相出丑。
n. 丢脸，耻辱；蒙羞；谦卑
 - lost face, stigma

Word: disable
Front: disable
[dɪsˈeɪbl] (研四六雅 11005/11465 -1)
Vocabulary: disable
(once / 485 pages)
v
When an injury disables someone, it leaves the person seriously hurt, probably for the rest of their life. If a car accident disables you, you are permanently limited in some physical way.
Illness, as well as injury, can disable people: for example, diabetes disables some sufferers by leaving them blind or weakening their hearts. A completely different way to disable is to make something unusable or unable to work in a certain way. if you disable your smoke detector while you cook nachos in your smoky oven, it won't work until you reconnect the batteries.
WORD FAMILY
disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling +/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling / inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is feeding demand for increasingly advanced technology to bring down or disable unwanted drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Mets finish season with 12 men on disabled list, including Mr. Met.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Christopher devoted much of his life offscreen to caring for his autistic son, Ned, and to championing for the developmentally disabled and their families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使无能力; 使残废，使伤残; 使无资格; 使不中用
时态：disabled, disabling, disables
分布：使 ... 失去能力(100%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-able, 有能力的，健康的。引申义使伤残的。
vt.使残废;使失去能力;丧失能力It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
verb
PERSON 人
transitive often passive
■to cause someone to have an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult for them to do the things that other people do 使伤残，使丧失能力
• She was disabled in the accident. 她在那次事故中致残。
[dɪ'seɪ.bl] verb
MACHINE 机器
transitive
■to stop something such as (part of) a machine, system or weapon from working 使发生故障，使失灵，使无法正常工作
• These guns will destroy or disable any incoming missile. 这些大炮能摧毁任何来犯的导弹或使其失灵。
• Disable the alarm system and then enter the building. 破坏警报系统然后进入大楼。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vt. 使失去能力；使残废；使无资格
 - maim

Word: ho
Front: ho
[həʊ] (10242/9281)
Back: int. 引人注意，表示惊讶，满足
分布：嗨(34%)，嗬(22%)，喜悦等）嘿(22%)，（表示惊讶(22%)
→俚语，缩写自whore.
int. 呵；引人注意；表示惊讶
 - brrr

Word: rotten
Front: rotten
[ˈrɒtn] (研四六托宝 8385/6433 -2)
Vocabulary: rotten
(once / 622 pages)
adj
Use the adjective rotten to describe something that is decaying or decayed. If you are like most people, you occasionally have to throw out rotten food — sometimes, it's so nasty you can't even tell what the food was in its original form!
The adjective rotten also describes something that is very poor in quality. If your car has a flat tire, your dog threw up on the carpet, and your boss yelled at you, you can say you are having "a rotten day." Another use for rotten is to describe something that is damaged by decay. Weather damage can cause boards to rot, so if you are working on an old house, you should especially watch out for rotten floor boards. You wouldn't want to fall through to the basement!
WORD FAMILY
rotten: rottener, rottenest, rottenly, rottenness+/rottenness: rottennesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We built this beautiful house, but the foundation is rotten,” said South Carolina Democratic Chairman Jaime Harrison, a candidate to lead the Democratic National Committee.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
It’s been a good year for good movies, if you ask Rotten Tomatoes.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
“Collateral Beauty,” which was positioned early on as a potential award season contender, was panned by critics, with a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 腐烂的; 恶臭的; 堕落的; 极坏的
adv. 非常; 极其
分布：腐烂的(58%)，非常(17%)，腐朽的(17%)，讨厌的(8%)
→来自 rot 过去分词形式。比较 ridden.
a.腐烂的,腐朽的Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
US ['rɑ:.tən] adjective
 ADVANCED
■decayed 腐烂的；腐朽的；变质的
• The room smelled of rotten vegetables. 房间里一股蔬菜腐烂的味道。
 ADVANCED
■very bad 极差的，糟糕透顶的，恶劣的
• rotten weather 糟糕透顶的天气
• old-fashioned It was rotten of you to leave without saying goodbye. 你竟然不辞而别，也太不像话了。
UK ['rɒt.ən] US ['rɑ:.tən] adjective
be rotten to the core
■If a person or organization is rotten to the core, it behaves in a way that is not honest or moral 腐败透顶（如果某人或组织腐败透顶，其行为不诚实或不道德）
• The whole legal system is rotten to the core. 整个司法系统简直就是“头顶生疮脚底流脓”－－烂透了。
adj. [木] 腐烂的；堕落的； [环境] 恶臭的；虚弱的；极坏的
 - weak, fallen, rank
adv. 非常
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: psychological
Front: psychological
[ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl] (四六雅 2361/2836 -3)
Vocabulary: psychological
(once / 588 pages)
adj
Psychological means mental or emotional rather than physical. After a shock, your problems, and even your physical pain, stem from psychological sources rather than any bodily ailment.
The word psychological is used to describe things that are primarily mental or emotional, but it can also be used when referring to the field of psychology. You might be interested in studying the psychological issues of teen and childhood in college. Watch out if someone uses psychological warfare on you. He or she uses your own emotions to attack you as when someone tries to guilt you into doing something.
WORD FAMILY
psychological: psychologically+/ psychologist: psychologists/ psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Psychological coercion is central to how an abuser maintains their power and yet there persists the focus on physical violence.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
For more tips from psychologists on how to keep resolutions, see this advice from the American Psychological Association.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Communism’s psychological and political appeal would be rejected.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 心理的; 精神上的，精神（现象）的; 心理学（上）的; 关于心理学的
分布：形容词(98%)，名词(2%)
US [-kə'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to the human mind and feelings 心理的；心理学的
• psychological problems 心理问题
• He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents. 他声称持续不断的飞机噪音给居民造成了不良的心理影响。
• We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees. 我们关心员工的身心健康。
■(of an illness or other physical problem) caused by worry or sadness 由焦虑（或悲伤）引起的；存在于心理上的
• I suspect his headaches are purely psychological. 我怀疑他的头痛纯粹是心理作用。
[before noun]
■describes a film or book in which there is a lot of attention given to the way people influence each other's behaviour 心理学的；心理分析的（描述一个电影或一本书中，很多内容都集中讨论人与人之间行为互相影响的方式）
• a psychological thriller 心理分析惊险小说
adj. 心理的；心理学的；精神上的
 - moral, numinous

Word: charitable
Front: charitable
[ˈtʃærətəbl] (托宝 6772/6910 -2)
Vocabulary: charitable
(once / 625 pages)
adj
Something that's charitable has to do with helping people who need assistance. A charitable act might include volunteering at a soup kitchen or homeless shelter.
A charitable donation is money you give to an organization that helps needy people — and the organization itself is also charitable. You can also use the word to describe, more generally, someone who's kind and generous, or the quality of giving people the benefit of the doubt: "He always had such a charitable opinions of me." Charitable comes from charity, from the Old French charité, "mercy or compassion."
WORD FAMILY
charitable: charitableness, charitablest, charitably, uncharitable+/ charity: charitable, charities/uncharitable: uncharitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beamer says the former player’s work with The Carpenter House and other charitable organizations to help those in need “truly embodied the Virginia Tech spirit.”
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The charitable ethics and sense of entitlement of the next president are well-known by now.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
The Rockefeller family’s charitable attachment to the climate cause is understandable, though.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 仁慈的，慈善的; 宽恕的，宽厚的; 慷慨的
分布：仁慈的(64%)，宽恕的(36%)
→来自charity, 慈善。
慈善的(charity+able能...的)[car,char=dear,表示"可爱的"]
US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌə-] adjective
GIVING 慈善的
[before noun]
■giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or have no home 慈善的
• a charitable foundation/organization/trust 慈善基金会／组织／信托机构
• The entire organization is funded by charitable donations. 整个组织由慈善捐款资助。
• The school has charitable status (= It is officially a charity). 这是一所慈善学校。
UK ['tʃær.ɪ.tə.bl] US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌə-] adjective
KIND 仁慈的
■kind, and not judging other people in a severe way 仁慈的；宽厚的；宽容的
• Some critics said the show was good in parts - those less charitable said the whole thing was a disaster. 有些批评家说演出有些部分还不错——而那些不那么厚道的批评家则说整场演出都糟透了。
adj. 慈善事业的；慷慨的，仁慈的；宽恕的
 - generous, handsome, liberal

Word: sail
Front: sail
[seɪl] (中高研四六托 4124/2876 -K3)
Vocabulary: sail
(once / 42 pages)
nv
A sail is the big piece of cloth attached to a mast that propels a sailboat through the water by catching the wind. Part of learning to sail a boat is learning how to use the sails.
Most sailboats have two sails, the mainsail and the jib or headsail on the front of the boat. When you sail, you pilot the boat, or simply ride on it — you can also say you go for a sail. Additionally, the verb sail is used when something seems to float on the air: "The kite sails high in the blue sky." You "sail through" something when it's very easy and quick.
WORD FAMILY
sail: foresail, sailed, sailing, sailor, sails+/foresail: foresails/sailing: sailings/sailor: sailors
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the pass sailed toward the sideline, he tried to break at just the right angle.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Solar sail technology will also allow us to study our solar system in far greater time.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 航行; 起航; 驾驶帆船
vt. 航行; 开船; （水禽）游泳; 驾驶（船）
n. 帆船; 航行; 帆状物; 航行距离
时态：sailed, sailing, sails
分布：帆(64%)，航行(32%)，航海(4%)
→来自古英语 segl,帘子，帆布，帆，来自 Proto-Germanic*segla,帘子，帆布，来自 sek,切， 砍，词源同 saw,segment.拼写比较 rail,rule,regulate.引申词义航行。
n.帆,航行v.航行The men raised the sails and the boat moved.人们扬起帆,船就移动了.
verb
TRAVEL 旅行
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■When a boat or a ship sails, it travels on the water （船）航行，行驶
• The boat sailed along/down the coast. 那艘船沿着海岸航行。
• As the battleship sailed by/past, everyone on deck waved. 战舰驶过时，甲板上所有的人都挥手致意。
• The ship was sailing to China. 这艘船开往中国。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to control a boat that has no engine and is pushed by the wind 驾驶帆船
• He sailed the dinghy up the river. 他驾驶小游艇沿河逆流而上。
• She sailed around the world single-handed in her yacht. 她独自一人驾驶帆船环游了整个世界。
intransitive
■When a ship sails, it starts its journey, and when people sail from a particular place or at a particular time, they start their journey in a ship 启航，开船
• Their ship sails for Bombay next Friday. 他们的船下周五启航去孟买。
[seɪl] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly, easily, and (of a person) confidently 轻快地移动；（人）自信地行走
• The ball went sailing over the garden fence. 球飞过了花园的围栏。
• He wasn't looking where he was going, and just sailed straight into her. 他走路时没注意，和她撞个正着。
• Manchester United sailed on (= continued easily) to victory in the final. 曼联队很轻松地取得了决赛的胜利。
[seɪl] verb
sail against the wind
■to be trying to achieve something that is unlikely to succeed because most people would oppose it 逆人心而动
• He's sailing against the wind in his attempt to stop women using the club. 他不顾众人反对，试图阻挠女性享受这个俱乐部的服务。
[seɪl] verb
sail close to the wind
■to do something that is dangerous or only just legal or acceptable 冒风险（做危险、几近违法或逾规的事情）
• You were sailing a bit close to the wind there when you made those remarks about his wife. 你那么说他的妻子真是有点冒险。
[seɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sail in (also sail into sth)
■to start an activity enthusiastically 热心地开始
• The children sailed into the pile of cakes and in minutes the cakes were gone. 孩子兴高采烈地开始吃蛋糕，不一会儿蛋糕就吃光了。
• Mary sailed in with a story about her first job. 玛丽兴致勃勃地讲起有关她第一份工作的故事。
■(also sail into sb) informal
■to attack someone using words 抨击（用言语攻击某人）
• The President sailed into her opponents with an angry speech. 总统用激愤的言辞抨击她的对手。
[seɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sail through (sth)
■to succeed very easily in something, especially a test or examination 顺利通过（尤指考试）
• Rachel sailed through with a distinction in all exam papers. 瑞秋顺利地通过了所有的考试并取得了优异成绩。
[seɪl] noun
MATERIAL 材料
countable
■a sheet of material fixed to a pole on a boat to catch the wind and make the boat move 帆
• to hoist/lower the sails 扬／收帆
countable
■On a windmill , a sail is any of the wide blades which are turned by the wind in order to produce power. （风车的）翼板
[seɪl] noun
TRAVEL 旅行
only singular
■a journey in a boat or ship （乘船的）航行，航程
• It's two days' sail/It's a two-day sail (= a journey of two days by sea) from here to the nearest island. 从这里坐船到最近的岛屿需要两天航程。
set sail
■to begin a boat journey 启航，开船
• We set sail from Kuwait. 我们从科威特启航。
• They set sail for France. 他们启航驶往法国。
[seɪl] noun
under sail literary
■travelling in a boat or ship with sails 扬帆航行
• After ten hours under sail, they reached dry land. 经过十个小时的航行，他们抵达了陆地。
vi. 航行；启航，开船
 - voyage, put forth
n. [船] 帆，篷；航行
 - navigation, velamentum
vt. 航行
 - log

Word: defer
Front: defer
[dɪˈfɜ:(r)] (托雅宝 8699/8520 -1)
Vocabulary: defer
(once / 356 pages)
v
Defer means to put off or delay. You can try to defer the inevitable by pushing “snooze” and falling back asleep, but eventually you're going to have to get up.
If you're excellent at pushing things to a later date and a master at procrastination, then you already know how to defer. But defer can also mean to comply with another person’s opinion or wishes. So when your boss finds out you deferred your work to shop online instead, you should probably defer when she asks you to come in and finish everything up over the weekend.
WORD FAMILY
defer: deferent, deferment, deferral, deferred, deferring, defers+/ deference: deferences, deferential /deferent: deference, deferently/ deferential: deferentially, undeferential/ deferment: deferments/deferral: deferrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The likely outcome of such complications is that the effective date for Obamacare repeal and replacement will be deferred for several years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“In many ways, I think, he deferred,” said Mr. Nasr, now the dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The model defers to local physicians who are in tune with local cultural nuances.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使推迟; 使延期; 拖延，推迟; [军]使延期入伍
vi. 服从; 延期; 推迟
时态：deferred, deferring, defers
分布：推迟(73%)，延期(17%)，顺从(7%)，使延期入伍(2%)，把…委托给他人(1%)
→de-, 分开，散开。-fer, 拿，带，词源同bring, infer. 即分散开，引申义推迟，延迟。defer 遵从，顺从
延期;敬从(de坏+fer→带来坏→延期;de强调+fer→一再带来敬意)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
■to delay something until a later time; to postpone 使延期，使延缓，推迟
• My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan while I'm still a student. 银行同意在我上学期间延迟偿还贷款。
• [+ -ing verb] Can we defer making a decision until next week 我们可以延缓到下周再决定吗？
UK [dɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  defer to sb/sth formal
■to allow someone or something to make decisions for you or tell you what to do, even if you disagree with them, because of your respect for them or because of their higher rank, authority, knowledge, etc. 听从，顺从，遵从
• I have to defer to my boss on important decisions. 在重大决策上，我必须听从老板的意见。
• I defer to (= accept) your judgment. 我同意你的判断。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
vi. 推迟；延期；服从
 - delay, to postpone
vt. 使推迟；使延期
 - respite

Word: graham
Front: graham
['greɪəm] (-/2127)
Back: adj. 全麦（面粉）的，粗面粉的
分布：全麦面粉(67%)，用全麦粉做的(33%)
adj. 全麦的；粗面粉的；全麦粉制成的
 - whole-wheat

Word: radar
Front: radar
[ˈreɪdɑ:(r)] (研四六托雅 4780/7112 -2)
Vocabulary: radar
(once / 1430 pages)
n
Radar is a system for locating objects by bouncing radio waves off of them. Air traffic controllers use radar to keep track of exactly where airplanes are.
Radar is a scientific method of figuring out where objects are — it's used today by the Coast Guard, astronomers, and the military, among others. Researchers in the late 1800's and early 1900's realized that radio waves could be reflected off solid objects, and by World War II radar was frequently used to detect ships and planes. The name radar is a shortened form of the phrase "radio detecting and ranging."
WORD FAMILY
radar: radars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The search began Friday evening when the Coast Guard received a call that the Cessna disappeared from radar while en route to Molokai from Honolulu.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Coercive control is, thankfully, now on the radar.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雷达; 雷达装置; 无线电探测器
分布：雷达(100%)
→来自 radio detecting and ranging 的首字母合成词。
n.雷达The patriot's radar made the radical patient impatient.爱国者的雷达使激进病人不耐烦.
US [-dɑ:r] noun uncountable
■a system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which cannot be seen 雷达
• Other vessels in the area show up on the ship's radar (screen). 该船的雷达（萤幕）显示这一海域有其他船只。
UK ['reɪ.dɑ:r] US [-dɑ:r] noun uncountable
fall off/ drop off the radar (drop beneath the/ sb's radar)
■to be forgotten or ignored, often because someone's attention is on something more important 被忘记，被忽视（通常因为某人的焦点放在其他更重要的事情上）
• I was so busy at work, organising a summer holiday just dropped off the radar. 我的工作太忙，把安排暑假的事都给忘了。

Word: rip
Front: rip
[rɪp] (研六托雅宝 3572/4998 -2)
Vocabulary: rip
(once / 514 pages)
1vn 2n
When you rip something, you tear it quickly or forcefully. It's almost always better to rip off a Band-Aid than to peel it off slowly.
You can rip a piece of paper in half, or rip a hole in the roof of your tent. When you tear, split, or pull something apart, you rip it. You can also rip figuratively — like when your move to a new city rips you apart from your best friend. A rip off is a bad deal or a swindle, a phrase that's been popular since about 1970, although rip meaning "steal" was used as prison slang much earlier.
WORD FAMILY
rip: ripped, ripping, rips+/ripping: rippingest, rippingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He ripped up the papers,” Galarza said, recalling that Judge James T. Anthony ordered his lawyer to get ready for a trial.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He ripped off his tie early in the second half and whirled his arms with increasing ferocity as the game wore on.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Finding it would solve one of science’s most baffling mysteries and explain why galaxies are not ripped apart by stars flying off into deep space.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 裂口; 废物; [美国俚语]偷窃; 浪子
vt. & vi. 扯破，撕坏
vt. 撕成; 锯; 猛地扯开; 拆（衣服）
vi. 裂开，绽线
时态：ripped, ripping, rips
分布：撕裂(35%)，裂缝(30%)，裂口(28%)，扯开(7%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*ruppona,撕，拉，来自 reup,拉，扯，抢夺，词源同 rob,rupture.引申 诸相关词义。
v.撕,剥,劈,锯,裂开,撕裂n.裂口,裂缝I ripped open the envelope.我撕开了信封.
【记】ripe（adj 熟的；成熟的）后的果实的皮会rip
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
TEAR 撕破
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to pull apart; to tear or be torn violently and quickly 撕裂；撕破；划破
• His new trousers ripped when he bent down. 他弯腰时把新裤子撑开了线。
• I ripped my shirt on a nail. 我的衬衫被一颗钉子划破了。
• [+ obj + adj] She excitedly ripped the parcel open. 她兴奋地撕开了包裹。
• The wind ripped the flag to/into shreds (= into little pieces). 风把旗子刮成了一缕缕的破布条。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to remove something quickly, without being careful 迅速扯开；猛力去除
• I wish the old fireplaces hadn't been ripped out. 我真希望当时没有拆掉这些旧壁炉。
• We ripped up the carpets and laid a new wooden floor. 我们拖走了地毯，铺了新木地板。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
COPY 复制
   transitive
■to copy pictures or sounds from a CD or DVD onto a computer （从光碟把图片或声音）撷取／复制（至电脑）
• How do I rip a DVD movie to my hard drive? 我怎样把一套DVD电影撷取到我的硬碟上？
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sb off informal
■to cheat someone by making them pay too much money for something 讹诈（某人）；敲（某人）竹杠
• Bob's tickets cost much less than ours - I think we've been ripped off. 鲍勃买的票比我们的便宜多了——我觉得我们被人敲了竹杠。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sth off
REMOVE
■to remove something very quickly and carelessly 猛地撕掉；迅速脱掉
• They ripped off their clothes and ran into the sea. 他们迅速脱掉衣服跳进了大海。
STEAL slang
■to steal something 偷窃，窃取
• He rips stuff off from supermarkets to pay for his heroin. 他从超市偷东西来换海洛因。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rip through sth
■to move very powerfully through a place or building, destroying it quickly （快速猛烈地）钻入，穿透，冲过
• The explosion ripped through the hotel. 爆炸将宾馆炸穿了。
• A hurricane ripped through the Caribbean. 一股飓风席卷了加勒比海。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sth up
■to tear something into small pieces 把…撕成碎片
• She ripped up his letters and burned the pieces. 她把他的信撕成碎片烧了。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
noun countable
TEAR 撕破
■a tear in a piece of cloth or paper 裂口，缺口
• Your sleeve has got a rip in it. 你袖子上裂了道口子。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
noun countable
COPY 复制
■a copy of a CD or DVD that you make on a computer （在电脑上制作的光碟）复制本
• illegal rips of copyrighted music 版权音乐的非法复制本
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 撕；锯
 - saw
vi. 裂开，被撕裂
 - gap, seam
n. 裂口，裂缝
 - crack, split

Word: scant
Front: scant
[skænt] (雅宝 9142/11291 -1)
Vocabulary: scant
(once / 959 pages)
adjv
Scant is an adjective that means "a tiny amount," like your scant attendance at practice this week that results in being benched from the big game.
Scant is also a verb, that means "to supply sparingly" — don't scant with the brownies, or I will keep asking for more. Scant also means "to deal with inadequately or carelessly." When you scant the reports on homelessness, they are so superficial on data that they don't reflect the real problem. Scant comes from the Old Norse word skamt, meaning "short, brief."
WORD FAMILY
scant: scanted, scanter, scantest, scanting, scantly, scantness, scants
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we get into specific treatments, the evidence is even more scant.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough does not spend much time on these criticisms, though in a footnote he does concede the scant evidentiary basis of the movement’s claims.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As such, there are only scant, functional references to Christmas in The Return of Doctor Mysterio.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 不足的; 缺乏的; 将近的; 吝啬的
vt. 限制; 节省; 吝惜
时态：scanted, scanting, scants
分布：不足的(47%)，限制(17%)，不充分的(14%)，减缩(11%)，忽略(11%)
→来自古诺斯语 skamt,短的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skamma-,短的，可能来自 sek,砍，切， 词源同 short,segment.引申词义微小的，不足的。
adjective [before noun]
■very little and not enough 少量的；不足的；贫乏的
• He pays scant attention to the needs of his children. 他很少关心自己孩子的需求。
• scant regard for the truth 不顾事实
■* almost
• Add a scant half litre (= almost half a litre) of milk to the mixture and stir well. 把接近半升（差不多半升）的牛奶加进混合的食材中搅拌均匀。
adj. 不足的；缺乏的；勉强够的
 - insufficient, short, deficient, lacking, scarce
vt. 减少；节省；限制
 - block, shorten

Word: competence
Front: competence
[ˈkɒmpɪtəns] (高六托雅宝 5191/4201 -1)
Vocabulary: competence
(once / 2562 pages)
n
If you have competence, you're qualified or well prepared to do something. A driving test will show if you have competence behind the wheel.
If your dad discovers a new dent in his car each time you've borrowed it, don't be surprised if he questions your competence as a driver. The words competence and competency are sometimes used interchangeably, although competence is better when describing the quality of being well qualified. Competency is more appropriate in a legal sense, referring to the ability of a person to make decisions or stand trial.
WORD FAMILY
competence: competences+/ competency: competencies/ competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent / incompetence: incompetences/incompetency: incompetencies/ incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Griffin, cleared to play after sustaining a concussion against San Diego, showed small flashes of competence during his best half of football of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The judge said he will rule on Roof’s competence Monday, after a hearing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 能力; 技能; 相当的资产
分布：能力(89%)，胜任(10%)，管辖权(1%)
资格,能力(compete+ence→竞争的[能力]→资格)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
US ['kɑ:m-] (also competency)
noun countable or uncountable
■the ability to do something well 能力；才干；水准
• Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable. 她的执教能力无可置疑。
• He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English. 他的英语能力已达到了一定水准。
Opposite incompetence
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 能力， [胚] 胜任；权限；作证能力；足以过舒适生活的收入
 - ability, capacity, rights, power, jurisdiction

Word: convenient
Front: convenient
[kənˈvi:niənt] (高研四六托雅 5368/3494 -K2)
Vocabulary: convenient
(once / 118 pages)
adj
If something is convenient, it adds to your comfort, causes little trouble, or is easy to use, do, or reach. If you live close to your job, that's convenient––it's very easy to get there and get home.
This adjective descends from Middle English, from Latin conveniēns, from convenīre "to be suitable, fit." The basic meaning of Latin convenīre is "to agree, meet, come together," and this is the source of English convene. The opposite of convenient is inconvenient, meaning making trouble or annoyance for you. The corresponding nouns are convenience and inconvenience.
WORD FAMILY
convenient: convenience, convenienter, convenientest, conveniently, inconvenient +/ convenience: conveniences/ inconvenience: inconvenienced, inconveniences, inconveniencing/ inconvenient: inconvenience, inconveniently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s convenient to just say ‘Keep it in the ground,’ ” he said, referring to an antifossil-fuel slogan.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said they worked faster than she expected and scheduled the work when it was convenient for her.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
AeroFarms chose Newark because of its convenient location and the relative cheapness of its real estate.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 方便的; [废语]适当的; [口语]近便的; 实用的
分布：方便的(81%)，便利的(19%)
→来自convene, 召集。原指召集到一起协调，使一致，使方便。
a.(to)便利的,方便的When would it be convenient for you?你什么时候方便?
adjective
 IMPROVER
■suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty 方便的；便利的；省事的
• Our local shop has very convenient opening hours. 我们当地的商店营业时间很合宜。
• A bike's a very convenient way of getting around. 骑脚踏车四处走动很方便。
• [+ that] It 's very convenient that you live near the office. 你们住在办公室附近很方便。
• [+ to infinitive] I find it convenient to be able to do my banking by phone. 我觉得透过电话办理银行业务很方便。
• What time would it be convenient for me to come round? 我甚么时候方便过来呢？
Opposite inconvenient
 IMPROVER
■near or easy to get to or use 近的；容易得到的；好用的
• a very convenient bus service 非常便利的公车服务
• Our new flat is very convenient for (= near to) the kids' school. 我们的新公寓离孩子们的学校很近。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  convenientWarning: Check your spelling! Convenient is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
adj. 方便的
 - commodious, expedient

Word: pinch
Front: pinch
[pɪntʃ] (研四六托雅宝 7741/7728 -2)
Vocabulary: pinch
(once / 429 pages)
1vn 2n 3n 4v 5n
To pinch is to sharply squeeze or grip with your fingers. No matter how much you love your grandma, you probably don't enjoy it when she pinches your cheek and tells you how tall you've gotten.
You can pinch your little brother when he's being annoying, and you can pinch an image on a touchscreen (to make it smaller or larger) by moving your fingertips the same way. Pinch is also a noun, meaning the act of pinching or the amount of something you can hold between your finger and thumb: "Add a pinch of salt to the soup." Informally, if you pinch something from a store, you steal it.
WORD FAMILY
pinch: pinched, pinches, pinching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hurricanes found themselves in a pinch when Lack fell ill before Saturday night’s game at Tampa Bay.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She scoured the internet for information about stillbirths and pinched umbilical cords - the culprit in her son’s death.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 捏，掐; 挤痛，夹痛; 使（植物）枯萎，凋谢; 使紧缺，节制
vi. 挤痛，压痛; 吝惜，节约
n. 匮乏; 少量，一撮; 困苦
时态：pinched, pinching, pinches
分布：捏(42%)，一撮(17%)，掐(14%)，少量(9%)，夹痛(8%)，逮捕(5%)，困苦(4%)，使困苦(1%)
→来自盎格鲁诺曼法语*pinchier,掐，拧，来自俗拉丁语*piccare,刺，穿插，词源同peck,pick,pike.
v.捏,掐,拧;收缩;紧急关头;匮乏;压力From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
【记】pin大头针，ch吃：大头针的尖儿就是一点儿。
【反】abundant amount（充足的数量）
verb
PRESS 压
intransitive or transitive
■to squeeze something, especially someone's skin, strongly between two hard things such as a finger and a thumb, usually causing pain 捏，拧，掐，夹
• Ouch! Stop pinching (me)! 哎哟，别掐我！
• These shoes are too tight, they pinch (my feet). 这双鞋太紧了，夹我的脚。
pinch yourself informal
■You say that you have to pinch yourself if you cannot really believe something that has happened because it is so good or so strange 掐自己一下（表示某事太好或太奇怪，简直令人难以置信）
• I can't believe that he's back from Canada and he's mine - I keep having to pinch myself to make sure I'm not dreaming. 我不敢相信他从加拿大回来了，他是我的——我不停地掐自己以确定我不是在做梦。
[pɪntʃ] verb
STEAL 偷窃
transitive informal
■to steal something 偷窃
• Right, who's pinched my chair? 好嘛，谁把我的椅子偷走了？
[pɪntʃ] verb
pinch pennies (UK also pinch and scrape) old-fashioned
■to spend as little money as possible 精打细算；省吃俭用
• When we were first married we had to pinch pennies just to get by. 我们刚结婚时不得不精打细算以勉强维持生计。
[pɪntʃ] noun
AMOUNT 数量
countable
■a small amount of something, such as a powder, especially the amount which a person can hold between their first finger and thumb （一）撮；少量
• While the tomatoes are cooking add a pinch of salt/sugar/dried thyme. 煮番茄时加一小撮盐／糖／干百里香。
• figurative Opinion polls on subjects like this should be taken with a pinch of scepticism. 对这种议题的民意调查应持半信半疑的态度。
[pɪntʃ] noun
PRESS 压
countable usually singular
■when you pinch something or someone 捏，拧，掐，夹
• She gave Emma a painful pinch on the arm. 她在艾玛的手臂上狠狠地掐了一下。
[pɪntʃ] noun
at a pinch (US in a pinch) UK
■Something that you can do at a pinch can be done if it is really necessary, but it will be difficult, not perfect, or not what you would really like 必要时；在紧要关头
• I need £2000 to set up the business, but I suppose £1500 would do at a pinch. 我需要2000英镑来创办这间公司，不过实在凑不够的话，1500英镑也可以。
vt. 捏；勒索；使苦恼；掐掉某物，修剪
 - harry, shear, crop
n. 匮乏；少量；夹痛
 - bit, ounce
vi. 夹痛；节省
 - save, economize on

Word: jointly
Front: jointly
[dʒɔɪntlɪ] (8902/5404 -K)
Vocabulary: jointly
(once / 2085 pages)
adv
When more than one person or group works on something together, they do it jointly. A jointly researched and written term paper should have both the authors' names on the first page.
If you and your best friend buy a car together, you do it jointly, and if your whole family chips in to fund your cousin's trip to India, you contribute jointly. You might hear that your favorite radio program is jointly supported by a few local businesses, or read in a poetry magazine that it's jointly edited by two people. Earlier, the preferred word was joinly, though jointly comes from joint and its sense of connection.
WORD FAMILY
joint: disjoint, jointed, jointedly, jointer, jointing, jointly, joints+/disjoint: disjointed, disjointing, disjointly, disjoints/ disjointed: disjointedly, disjointedness/ jointed: unjointed/jointer: jointers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Williams was honored jointly for her performances in “Manchester by the Sea” and “Certain Women.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The FBI and Columbus police, who are jointly investigating the attack, are searching Artan’s home and the car he drove Monday morning.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
And that’s from separate rooms while jointly playing the video game “Call of Duty.”
Washington Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 共同地，联合地，连带地; 旅
分布：连带地(56%)，共同地(44%)
ADJ
联合的；共同的；共享的
Joint means shared by or belonging to two or more people.
例：She and Frank had never gotten around to opening a joint account...她和弗兰克还没有抽出时间去开联名账户。
例：Jackie and Ben came to a joint decision as to where they would live.关于他们将住哪里是杰姬和本共同决定的。
N-COUNT
关节
A joint is a part of your body such as your elbow or knee where two bones meet and are able to move together.
例：Her joints ache if she exercises.她一运动关节就疼。
N-COUNT
接合处；连接点；接头；接缝
A joint is the place where two things are fastened or fixed together.
N-COUNT
（适于烧烤的）大块肉
A joint is a fairly large piece of meat which is suitable for roasting.
例：He carved the joint of beef.他切开了那一大块烤牛肉。
N-COUNT
廉价娱乐场所；下等娱乐场所
You can refer to a cheap place where people go for some form of entertainment as a joint .
例：They had come to the world's most famous pick-up joint...他们来到了全世界最有名的寻花问柳之地。
例：...a hamburger joint.汉堡包店
N-COUNT
大麻烟卷
A joint is a cigarette which contains cannabis or marijuana.
PHRASE
（因感到无足轻重或不受重视）心烦意乱，感到不快
If something puts someone's nose out of joint, it upsets or offends them because it makes them feel less important or less valued.
例：Barry had his nose put out of joint by Lucy's aloof sophistication...露西的冷淡与世故使得巴里十分不快。
例：Her sister-in-law's nose is a little out of joint.她嫂子有点儿心烦。
PHRASE
不太正常；不得体；无秩序；紊乱
If something is out of joint, it is not quite right or appropriate, or does not work quite as it should.
例：There was something out of joint in the situation. Something was strange...情况有点儿不太正常。有些事有点儿古怪。
例：The electoral timetable seems to be out of joint with the need for change.选举时间表似乎有些混乱，需要改动一下。
adv. 共同地；连带地
 - collectively, corporately

Word: rampant
Front: rampant
[ˈræmpənt] (托雅宝 8704/11668 -1)
Vocabulary: rampant
(once / 2211 pages)
1adj 2adj
Rampant means wild, out of control, to be up on your hind legs roaring at the world. You don't have to be four-legged: "The children ran rampant at the supermarket even though their mother tried to control them."
If you're running rampant, you're on a rampage. Both come from the French word ramper meaning "to climb, creep" like an animal on hind legs, paws in climbing-mode, or like wild plants such as the kudzu that ran rampant over an old barn until the entire thing was covered. There can also be rampant wildfires that destroy houses in the Southwest, or robots that run rampant in the lab after the janitor accidentally sets them free.
WORD FAMILY
rampant: rampantly+/ ramp: rampage, rampant, ramped, ramping, ramps/ rampage: rampaged, rampageous, rampages, rampaging/rampageous: rampageousest, rampageously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police released crime statistics on Sunday that reveal rampant gun violence.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“This attack shows how rampant Russian hacking is. It’s systemic, relentless, predatory,” Rep. Peter Welch said in a statement.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Militants ran protection rackets, and local government corruption was rampant.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 蔓延的; 猖獗的; （指动物）只用后腿站立的; （植物）疯长的
分布：猖獗的(87%)，蔓延的(7%)，猛烈的(6%)
→来自 ramp,狂暴。
【记】ram羊，pant裤子：样都穿裤子了－猖獗的
adjective
INCREASING 增加的
■(of something bad) getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolled way （不好的事情）猖獗的，泛滥的
• rampant corruption 腐败猖獗
• Rampant inflation means that our wage increases soon become worth nothing. 通货膨胀涨个不停，这意味着我们增长的工资很快就一钱不值了。
• He said that he had encountered rampant prejudice in his attempts to get a job. 他说他在找工作时，四处遭受歧视。
• Disease is rampant in the overcrowded city. 疾病在过分拥挤的城市中肆虐。
['ræm.pənt] adjective
STANDING 站立的
[after noun] specialized
■(of an animal represented on a coat of arms) standing on its back legs with its front legs raised （纹章上所绘的动物）用后腿站立的，跃立的
• a lion rampant 跃立的雄狮纹章图案
adj. 猖獗的；蔓延的；狂暴的；奔放的
 - angry, rude

Word: opaque
Front: opaque
[əʊˈpeɪk] (研六托雅宝 9310/11427 -1)
Vocabulary: opaque
(once / 2092 pages)
adj
Use the adjective opaque either for something that doesn't allow light to pass through (like a heavy curtain) or for something difficult to understand (like bureaucratic gobbledygook).
Opaque is from a Latin word meaning "dark," and that was its original sense in English, but it now means literally "not transparent" or metaphorically "hard to understand; unclear": "Some of his sentences are really opaque." It used to be spelled opake, which made the pronunciation clearer, but we then borrowed the more opaque French spelling. Come to think of it, English spelling is often pretty opaque, which makes it hard for learners of the language to master.
WORD FAMILY
opaque: opacity, opaquely, opaqueness, opaquer, semiopaque+/ opacity: opacities/opaqueness: opaquenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A decade ago, when viral phenomena were still opaque and full of mystery, we gazed awe-struck as “Charlie Bit My Finger” rose to fame.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The reasons for the UK’s reluctance to allow resettlement are opaque.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
And companies are increasingly using secretive and opaque methods to calculate rates.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 不透明的; 无光泽的，晦暗的; 不传导性的; 含糊的，迟钝的
n. 不透明，晦暗; [建]遮檐; 遮光涂料
分布：不透明的(96%)，难懂的(4%)
→来自拉丁语opacus,有阴影的，黑暗的，模糊的。
不透明的(op不＋aque水→不像水一样→不透明的)[aqu=water,表示"水"]
a.不透明(光)的;难理解的,晦涩的At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
【记】读：OPEC（n 石油输出国组织）经常出现一些不明朗的意向。
【参】opalescence（n 不透明的乳白光）
【反】diaphanous（adj 透明的）
US [oʊ-] adjective
■preventing light from travelling through, and therefore not transparent or translucent 不透明的；不透光的
• opaque glass/tights 不透明的玻璃／连裤袜
■formal
■describes writing or speech that is difficult to understand （文字或演讲）难理解的；晦涩的；含糊的
• I find her poetry rather opaque. 我发现她的诗相当晦涩。
adj. [物] 不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的
 - slow, non-transparent
vt. [物] 使不透明；使不反光
 - devitrify

Word: columnist
Front: columnist
[ˈkɒləmnɪst] (4402/14755 -2)
Vocabulary: columnist
(once / 955 pages)
n
A columnist writes regularly for a newspaper or magazine, usually expressing opinions or commentary. A columnist might write an article endorsing a candidate for president one week, and a story about a terrible local fire the next week.
If you get a job as a newspaper columnist, you'll be expected to publish on a regular basis, maybe once or twice a week. An advice columnist answers letters that ask for help with personal problems and dilemmas, and a political columnist comments on various current events and political figures. The word columnist comes from a newspaper column, which got that name from the "vertical division of a page" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
columnist: columnists+/ column: columnar, columniation, columnist, columnlike, columns/columniation: columniations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another columnist the same month asked whether Gülenists might be hiding “in churches.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 专栏作家
分布：专栏作家(100%)
→来自column,列，栏。
US ['kɑ:.ləm.nɪst] noun countable
■someone who writes a regular article for a newspaper or magazine （报纸、杂志的）专栏作家
• a gossip/sports columnist 漫谈／体育专栏作家
• She's a columnist for USA Today. 她是《今日美国》的专栏作家。
n. 专栏作家
 - big foot

Word: therapy
Front: therapy
[ˈθerəpi] (研六托雅 2142/3442 -3)
Vocabulary: therapy
(once / 800 pages)
n
Therapy is the act of caring for someone, or the method of caring. If you have a rare disease, your doctor's therapy will hopefully cure you.
Therapy comes from the Greek θεραπεία, for "healing." If someone tells you she's "in therapy," she's probably talking about a psychological kind of healing. But if she's getting physical therapy, then she's getting help with a bone or muscle problem. If someone suggests an experimental therapy, that's a mode of treatment that's new. Sometimes if something non-medical makes you feel better, we call it a kind of therapy. You might like chocolate therapy, for example.
WORD FAMILY
therapy: therapeutic, therapeutical, therapies, therapist +/ therapeutic: therapeutically, therapeutics/ therapist: therapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some people put therapy on their list of New Year’s resolutions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Six hours of tickle therapy fails to produce a single smile from José Mourinho, dour soccer coach of Manchester United.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 治疗，疗法，疗效; 心理治疗; 治疗力
分布：治疗(73%)，疗法(27%)
→来自拉丁语 therapia,治疗，来自希腊语 therapeuein,治疗，处理，来自 therapon,侍者，辅助者， 照料者。词义演变比较 cure,curator.
n.治疗,(不需要药物或手术的)物理疗法The thermal therapy terminated after the terminal germ seminar.热疗在期末细菌研讨会后终止了.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a treatment which helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illness 治疗；疗法
• occupational therapy 职业疗法
• speech therapy 言语治疗
• group therapy 集体治疗
• Joining a club can be a therapy for loneliness. 加入俱乐部可能是消解孤独的一种方法。
n. 治疗， [临床] 疗法
 - cure, medical treatment

Word: idle
Front: idle
[ˈaɪdl] (研四六雅宝 8146/7526 -2)
Vocabulary: idle
(once / 134 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj 4adj
Something idle is not active. If your car is idling, it's running but not moving. If someone calls you idle, it either means they think you don't have enough to do or that you're just plain lazy.
Idle can also mean having no value or purpose: idle rumors are rumors that people make up when they're bored, but have no grounding in fact. As a verb, idle can also refer to a car engine that is running while the vehicle is not moving. The adjective descends from Middle English idel, from Old English īdel "empty."
WORD FAMILY
idle: idled, idlely, idleness, idler, idles, idlest, idling, idly+/idleness: idlenesses/idler: idlers/idling: idlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But whenever the franchise starts to idle, something pushes it.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In order to meet this demand for fresh content — a demand created by the process that supplies it — Jukin scales idle browsing to industrial proportions.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
As it sat idle for months, the dirt-covered floor of the foundry became home to deer, raccoons and snakes.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 无意义的; 空闲的; 懒惰的; 无根据的
vi. 虚度; 空转; 挂空挡; 未熄火
vt. 虚度; 使空转
n. （尤指暂时地）关闭工厂，使（工人）闲着
时态：idled, idling, idles
分布：无目的(50%)，不作事(50%)
→词源不详。
a.空闲的,闲置的;懒散的v.空费,虚度Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
adjective
NOT WORKING 不工作的
■not working or being used 闲置的；不工作的
• Half these factories now stand idle. 这些工厂如今有半数闲置。
• It's crazy to have £7000 sitting idle in the bank. 把7000英镑闲置在银行里简直是疯了。
■An idle moment or period of time is one in which there is no work or activity 无所事事的，空闲的
• If you have an idle moment, call me. 如果你有空，给我打电话。
■without work; unemployed 无工作的，失业的
• Almost half of the workforce are now idle. 近一半劳动力现在都没有工作。
['aɪ.dl] adjective
NO PURPOSE 无目的的
[before noun]
■without any particular purpose 无目的的
• idle chatter/gossip/speculation 闲聊／闲扯／随意的猜测
• an idle glance 漫不经心的一瞥
• This is no idle threat. 这绝不是随口吓唬人。
['aɪ.dl] adjective
LAZY 懒惰的
■lazy and not willing to work 懒惰的
• He's a very able student, he's just bone idle (= very lazy). 他是个能力很强的学生，只是太懒了。
['aɪ.dl] verb intransitive (UK also tick over)
■If an engine or machine idles, it runs slowly but does not move or do any work （引擎）低速运转，空转
• He left the engine idling and ran into the shop. 他让引擎空转着，自己跑进了商店。
['aɪ.dl] verb intransitive (UK also tick over)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] idle sth away
■to spend a period of time relaxing and doing very little 消磨（时间）
• We idled away the hours drinking and playing cards. 我们喝酒、玩纸牌，消磨时间。
idle, lazy
这组词都有“闲散，懒惰”的意思，其区别是：
idle: 通常指不忙，无事可干，一般不含应责备之意。
lazy: 指好逸恶劳，贪闲偷懒，或不愿学习或工作等，常含应受责备之意。
adj. 闲置的；懒惰的；停顿的
 - stopped, lazy
vi. 无所事事；虚度； [机] 空转
 - sit around, lie about
vt. 虚度； [机] 使空转
 - moon, dream away

Word: effectiveness
Front: effectiveness
[ɪˌfek'tɪvnɪs] (托 3543/3478)
Back: n. 有效，有力; 有效性; 效益; 效用
分布：有效性(86%)，效力(14%)
ADJ-GRADED
有效的;能产生预期效果的
Something that is effective works well and produces the results that were intended.
例：The project looks at how we could be more effective in encouraging students to enter teacher training...该项目着眼于我们如何能够更加有效地鼓励学生参与教师培训。
例：Simple antibiotics are effective against this organism...一般的抗生素能够有效对抗这种微生物。
ADJ
实际的;事实上的
Effective means having a particular role or result in practice, though not officially or in theory.
例：They have had effective control of the area since the security forces left.自从安全部队撤离后，他们实际上控制了该地区。
例：...a restructuring that would have resulted in an effective increase on one of their most popular excursion fares.原本会使他们最热门的一条短途旅游线路的费用出现实质性上涨的调整
ADJ
（法律、协议等）生效的，起作用的
When something such as a law or an agreement becomes effective, it begins officially to apply or be valid.
例：The new rules will become effective in the next few days.新规定将在几天后生效。
n. 效力
 - efficacy

Word: refuge
Front: refuge
[ˈrefju:dʒ] (研四六托 4616/5308 -2)
Vocabulary: refuge
(once / 253 pages)
n
To take refuge is to find a safe place. You might take refuge under a bridge in a hail storm, or in a basement during a tornado.
Refuge comes from a French word meaning "to flee," and, in most cases, a refuge is a place to flee to in order to get away from people or places that are unsafe. A refuge is a safe place, such as a building or even another country, as in "they sought refuge from the war by leaving their homeland," or it is a simple, personal place of comfort — like a friend's couch.
WORD FAMILY
refuge: refuges
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the park was and still is a green refuge from the bustle just outside its gates.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
How Britain became a refuge for exiled leaders during World War II.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
A band of armed ranchers trapped themselves in an Oregon wildlife refuge, in the name of freedom.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 避难; 避难所; 庇护者; [医]救急疗法
vt. 给予…庇护; 接纳…避难
vi. 躲避; 避难
分布：避难(54%)，避难所(28%)，庇护(18%)
→re-,向后，往回，-fug,逃避，逃跑，词源同 fugitive,centrifuge.
n.避难处,藏身处He took refuge from the storm in a hut.他在一个棚屋里避风暴.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(a place which gives) protection or shelter from danger, trouble, unhappiness, etc 避难（所）；庇护（所）；慰藉
• These people are seeking/taking refuge from persecution. 这些受到迫害的人正在寻求庇护。
• The climbers slept in a mountain refuge. 这些登山者在山上一个可以避风挡雨的地方睡下了。
• She had fled from her violent husband to a women's refuge in Chelmsford. 她从她残暴的丈夫身边逃离，躲进了切姆斯福德的一间妇女庇护所。
refuge, protection, shelter
这组词都有“保护、掩蔽(部)、庇护(所)”的意思，其区别是：
refuge: 指避免危险或灾难的安全场所。
protection: 普通用词，指任何保护物。
shelter: 多指暂时性的防护，侧重场所。
n. 避难；避难所；庇护
 - haven, shadow, home, harbor, umbrella
vi. 避难；逃避
 - get out of, run from

Word: precede
Front: precede
[prɪˈsi:d] (研六托宝 5604/4328 -2)
Vocabulary: precede
(once / 116 pages)
v
To precede is to come before. A short speech will precede the dinner. As you walk down the garden path, the bed of roses precedes the holly bush. When marching into the room, the younger kids precede the older ones.
Precede is one of many verbs ending in "-ceed" or "-cede" that trace their roots back to the Latin word cedere which means "to go." For precede, know that it's pre "first" + cedere "go." When you precede, you go first. You might precede your best friend in line, lunch might precede math class, a joke might precede a lecture, and radio preceded television. Anything that goes first or comes before precedes.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precede / proceed
Choose the correct word:
Deadly Skills Days Precede/Proceed the Deadly Days Festival
CO2 regulation to precede/proceed in U.S. without climate bill
These two words have similar sounds. They also have similar definitions, encompassing an idea of forward movement. This leads to some confusion. Precede is to go before. Proceed means to move ahead, to continue.
Our first sentence, then, calls for precede, because the skills day will come before the festival. In the second sentence, proceed is the right choice; CO2 regulation will happen even though there's no overarching climate bill.
This is one of those cases when knowing your prefixes can help you choose the right word. The two words share a root, cede, which comes from the Latin cedere, which originally meant to go. With precede, the prefix pre- means before.So precede is to go before. In proceed, the prefix pro- means forward, and therefore proceed is to go forward.
Sometimes writers will also confuse the terms by misspelling precede as preceed:
The event will preceed the men's soccer exhibition match against UNC Chapel Hill.
Preceed your website development with a proper graphics design.
Here, it's just a matter of memorizing the spellings: precede and proceed.
WORD FAMILY
precede: preceded, precedency, precedent, precedes, preceding, precession+/ precedence: precedences, precedential/precedency: precedencies/ precedent: precedence, precedently, precedents/precession: precessions
USAGE EXAMPLES
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “orange alert” is the third level, preceding a “red alert,” in China’s four-tiered warning system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Neill said that complaints about some elementary schools starting too late preceded the change in bell times.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 在…之前发生或出现，先于; 在…之上，优于; 给…作序; 处于…前面的位置
时态：preceded, preceding, precedes
分布：先于(60%)，领先(26%)，在前面(10%)，在 ... 之前(4%)
→pre-,在前，早于，-cede,走，词源同accede,access.
(在时间上)先于,早于(pre+cede走→走在前面→[时间上]先于)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
在先,优于(pre预称＋cede→预先走→优走)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
v.领先(于),在(...之前);优先,先于I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [pri:-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to be or go before something or someone in time or space （指时间或空间上）处在…之前，先于
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali preceded Kofi Annan as the Secretary-General of the UN. 布特罗斯•布特罗斯－加利在科菲•安南之前担任联合国秘书长。
• It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction. 你帮这份报告加上一段引言会更好些。
vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于
 - take over the lead, keep ahead
vi. 领先，在前面
 - take over the lead, keep ahead

Word: bizarre
Front: bizarre
[bɪˈzɑ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 4957/5305 -2)
Vocabulary: bizarre
(once / 1553 pages)
adj
A person, object, or situation that's bizarre is very odd or unusual in appearance, style, or character. If your teacher walked into class wearing a purple boa, lime-green cowboy boots, and a scuba mask, you might comment, "How bizarre!"
Things that are bizarre often involve strange contrasts or unexpected elements. Bizarre was borrowed from French, from bizarro "angry, fierce, strange," from Spanish, "bold, like a knight." The Spanish word was probably influenced by Basque bizar "a beard," since beards were taken as signs of energy and spirit. Nowadays it takes more than a beard to get you labeled as bizarre. Unpredictable behavior is often called bizarre — like when your teacher conducts a lesson in Pig Latin.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bazaar / bizarre
Bazaar and bizarre might sound alike but a bazaar is a market and bizarre describes something kooky. There could be a bizarre bazaar run by monkeys selling people feet.
A bazaar is usually a market in the Middle East. Picture lots of booths with merchants selling their wares. It's crowded, with haggling going on all around and pungent smells from the food vendors. Istanbul's Grand Bazaar is a good example. The American version of a bazaar is quite tame by comparison. It's a temporary (usually a day or two) market offering various goods for sale for a charitable cause, such as a church or school. Here are some examples of both:
Abdul Halim, an Afghan Special Forces sergeant, happened to be passing through the bazaar in his truck. (New York Times)
Arab Festival: Food, coffeehouse, children's activities, fashion show, bazaar, performances, panel discussions, noon-7 p.m. (Seattle Times)
Cochise College Adult Education will host a craft bazaar fundraiser from 10 am to 3 pm Wednesday, Nov. 17 at the Sierra Vista Campus. (Sierra Vista Herald)
The other half of our word pair, bizarre, is an adjective meaning strange or very unusual, wacky, odd:
Cain's bizarre ad had mustached campaign manager Mark Block blowing cigarette smoke at the camera. (New York Times)
The video, which was posted days ago but gained Internet traction on Tuesday, was called "bizarre" and "strange" in some media reports. (Reuters)
The only reason you might get bazaar and bizarre mixed up is that they sound the same. You won't find them together often, unless you're in the market for some human toes.
WORD FAMILY
bizarre: bizarrely, bizarreness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another bizarre one in the final days of the campaign was a depiction of how President Obama treated a protester at a Clinton campaign rally:
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
His bizarre ideas, already widely disseminated through his media platforms, now will enjoy access to the bully pulpit of the American presidency.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Unlike some of Trump’s other national security advisers, though, Kelly does not appear to be infected with bizarrely virulent anti-Muslim prejudice.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 离奇的; 奇特的（指态度，容貌，款式等）; 奇怪的; 奇幻
分布：奇异的(74%)，怪诞的(26%)
→词源不详。可能来自bizar, 胡子。一个地方认为长胡子帅，可能到另一个地方就被认为怪人。
adj.异乎寻常的,稀奇古怪的I like bizarre clothing.我喜欢奇装异服.
【记】1）bazaar（n 集市），集市上有各种古怪的东西2）读：pizza（比萨饼），一种奇异而古怪的饼。
US [-'zɑ:r] adjective
 ADVANCED
■very strange and unusual 怪诞的，罕见的；异乎寻常的
• a bizarre situation 异乎寻常的情形
• bizarre behaviour 怪诞的行为
adj. 奇异的（指态度，容貌，款式等）
 - fantastic, funny, fatastic

Word: soap
Front: soap
[səʊp] (中高研四六托 4344/4288 -K2)
Back: n. 肥皂; 肥皂剧; [化]皂，脂肪酸盐
vt. 抹肥皂; 用肥皂擦洗; <俚>拍…的马屁，吹捧（某人）
vi. 用肥皂擦洗
时态：soaped, soaping, soaps
分布：肥皂(83%)，肥皂剧(10%)，用肥皂洗(6%)，阿谀奉承(1%)
→来自古英语 sape,肥皂，油膏，来自 Proto-Germanic*saipon,松脂，油脂，来自 seib,*seip, 滴，溢，词源同 seep,sebum.原始的肥皂即动物油脂与草木灰碱的混合物。
n.肥皂I bought a bar of soap in the supermarket.我在超市买了一条肥皂.
US [soʊp] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a substance used for washing the body which is usually hard, often has a pleasant smell, and produces a mass of bubbles when rubbed with water, or a piece of this 肥皂
• a bar of soap 一块肥皂
• liquid soap 液体肥皂
• soap and water 肥皂和水
• a soap dish/dispenser 肥皂盘／给皂器
• soap bubbles 肥皂泡
• She bought me a box of prettily coloured soaps. 她买了一箱颜色漂亮的肥皂给我。
countable informal
■a soap opera 连续剧，肥皂剧（肥皂剧 Soap 指那些低成本制作的电视或广播节目，讲述某一组特定角色的生活和问题，在午间或下午给家庭主妇看，主流美剧播出时间都是晚上8点到10点；很多节目的连续剧甚至可以播放几十年）
UK [səʊp] US [soʊp] verb transitive
■to put soap on something 在…上涂肥皂；用肥皂擦洗
• Have you soaped yourself all over, Alice? 你全身都涂肥皂了吗，艾丽斯？
• Let me soap your back. 我来帮你的后背抹肥皂吧。
n. [油脂] 肥皂
 - savon

Word: sacred
Front: sacred
[ˈseɪkrɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 3338/4692 -2)
Vocabulary: sacred
(once / 107 pages)
adj
Something sacred is holy, devoted to a religious ceremony, or simply worthy of awe and respect. Jerusalem is a sacred place for many religions, just as Fenway is a sacred place for Red Sox fans.
Sacred is an adjective used to describe a person or thing worthy of worship or declared holy. It usually appears in a religious context, but an object or place set aside for a particular purpose can also be sacred. Sacred spaces and items are intended to be treated with care and respect — even if it's just your shrine to Brad Pitt.
WORD FAMILY
sacred: sacreder, sacredest, sacredly, sacredness+/sacredness: sacrednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Partners for Sacred Places hosted the event and created the report through a grant secured by the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To be a Ranger is to sense the sacred trust of upholding all that such a name means in this shrine of football.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宗教的; 神圣的; 受崇敬的，值得崇敬的; 有宗教性质的
分布：神圣的(98%)，受尊重的(2%)
→sacra-,神圣的，-ed,形容词后缀。
神圣的[sacr=holy表示"神圣"]
a.神圣的;宗教的;庄严的My niece sacredly sacrificed a piece of pie to the God.侄女郑重地给神供上一块馅饼.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considered to be holy and deserving respect, especially because of a connection with a god （尤指因与神有关而）神圣的，值得崇敬的
• sacred relics/temples 圣物／殿
• This area is sacred to the Apaches. 对阿帕契人而言，这一个地区是神圣的。
 ADVANCED
■connected with religion 与宗教有关的，宗教性的
• sacred music/writings 宗教音乐／著作
■considered too important to be changed 不容改变的，不可侵犯的
• His daily routine is absolutely sacred to him. 对他而言，每天的日常安排绝对是不容改变的。
• humorous The cricketers wore blue, not their usual white - is nothing sacred? 板球队员们身穿蓝色队服，不是他们常穿的白色——难道这也是可以改的吗？
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。
adj. 神的；神圣的；宗教的；庄严的
 - religious, blessed

Word: knee
Front: knee
[ni:] (中高研四六 1488/1979 -K3)
Vocabulary: knee
(once / 83 pages)
n
Your knee is the joint in your leg that joins your thigh with your shin, making it possible for you to bend your leg. Without knees, you'd walk like a Barbie doll on very stiff legs.
The knee connects your tibia, or shinbone, to your femur, or thighbone. Although their bodies are arranged in different ways, there are other animals with knees, including horses, donkeys, giraffes, and deer. You can also use the word knee to mean the part of your pants that covers your actual knee: "I always get a hole in the knee of my jeans." A "knee-slapper" is a joke so funny it makes you laugh out loud.
WORD FAMILY
knee: knees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anthony, who led the Knicks against Orlando with 19 points, missed the second half of Saturday’s game because of a sore left knee.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it is not enough for doctors just to replace a knee or a hip.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arizona running back David Johnson’s knee injury is not serious and will not require surgery, Coach Bruce Arians said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 膝; 膝盖
vt. 用膝盖碰
分布：膝盖(81%)，膝关节(19%)
→来自古英语cneo,来自Proto-Germanic*knewam,来自geneu,弯，膝盖，边，角，词源同genuflect,heptagon.
n.膝,膝盖The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the middle joint of the leg, which allows it to bend 膝，膝盖
• The baby was crawling around on its hands and knees. 婴儿用手和膝盖着地爬来爬去。
• He got/went down on his knees (= got into a position where his knees were on the ground) in front of the altar. 他在圣坛前跪下。
• She took the child and sat it on her knee (= on the part of the leg above the knee when sitting down). 她抱起孩子放在自己的膝盖上。
■the part of a piece of clothing that covers the knee （裤子的）膝部
• She was wearing an old pair of trousers with rips at the knees. 她穿的那条旧裤子，膝盖处破了。
[ni:] noun countable
bring sb/sth to their knees
■to destroy or defeat someone or something 摧毁；打败
• The strikes had brought the economy to its knees. 罢工使经济严重受挫。
[ni:] verb transitive
■to hit someone with your knee 用膝盖撞击
• She kneed him in the groin. 她用膝盖猛撞他的下身。
n. 膝盖， [解剖] 膝
 - lap, genu

Word: packet
Front: packet
[ˈpækɪt] (高研四六 6240/3805 -K2)
Back: n. 小包; 信息包; 邮船; 大笔款项
vt. 包装，打包; 用邮船运送
分布：数据包(90%)，邮船(7%)，小袋(3%)
→pack,包裹，-et,小词后缀。
小包,小捆(pack包捆)[-et表名词"小东西"注:-let=-et表示"小"]
n.小包裹,小捆;盒;一捆,一扎;邮船,班轮I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■a small paper or cardboard container in which a number of small objects are sold 小包，小盒，小袋
• a packet of cereal/biscuits/crisps 一小袋麦片／饼干／薯片
• a packet of chewing gum/cigarettes 一包口香糖／香烟
• How many seeds are there in a packet? 一袋里有多少颗种子？
Compare parcel
['pæk.ɪt] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部分 UK (US package) offensive for
■a man's sex organs 男性的性器官
['pæk.ɪt] noun countable
MONEY 钱
a packet UK informal
■a large amount of money 一大笔钱
• That house must have cost a packet! 那幢房子一定花了一大笔钱！
• Someone's making a packet out of this business. 有人做这门生意发了大财。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [计] 数据包，信息包； [贸易] 小包，小捆
 - parcel
vt. 包装，打包
 - encase, sheathe

Word: evasion
Front: evasion
[ɪˈveɪʒn] (托宝 13087/11430 -1)
Vocabulary: evasion
(once / 1823 pages)
1n 2n
Evasion is the act of physically escaping from something, like your evasion of your ex-girlfriend at the prom — you kept dancing. Now that's fancy footwork.
Evasion also means "dodging something you are supposed to do" like your evasion of your chores by pretending to be sick. Evasion can also mean "the deliberate act of failing to pay money," like tax evasion, not paying your taxes. Though evasion comes from the Latin word evadere, "to escape," if you owe the government money, you'll surely be caught eventually.
WORD FAMILY
evasion: evasions+/ evade: evaded, evades, evading, evasion, evasive / evasive: evasively, evasiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the same time, Lotte’s top executives were under investigation on tax evasion and embezzlement charges.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And there was talk about money — India’s recent devaluing of its currency in an apparent effort to cut graft and tax evasion.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Accountants, bankers, lawyers and advisers who assist with tax evasion will be hit with fines as part of a crackdown on the practice.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 逃避，规避，躲避某人; 遁辞，借口
分布：逃避(68%)，躲避(16%)，借口(16%)
→来自evade,逃避。
逃避;借口(e+vas+ion)[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
【记】源于evade（v 规避；逃避）
noun countable or uncountable
■when you avoid something or someone 逃脱；躲开；回避；逃避
• Her speech was full of excuses and evasions and never properly addressed the issue. 她的谈话从头到尾都是些借口托词，根本就没有切实谈过这个问题。
• tax evasion (= illegally not paying tax) 逃税
n. 逃避； [法] 回避；借口
 - excuse, avoidance, blind

Word: prevention
Front: prevention
[prɪˈvenʃn] (六雅 3960/4423)
Vocabulary: prevention
(once / 1243 pages)
n
When an action stops something from happening, like assigning extra teachers to watch a playground during recess to prevent bullying, it's called prevention.
The noun prevention comes up most often when people are trying to keep something bad in check, like crime, disease, or forest fires. Educating kids about nutrition is one form of obesity prevention, for example, and lowering speed limits can help with accident prevention. The word prevent is at the root of prevention, and it comes from the Latin praeventus, "anticipate or hinder."
WORD FAMILY
prevention: preventions+/ prevent: preventable, preventative, prevented, preventing, prevention, preventive, prevents/ preventable: unpreventable/ preventative: preventatives/ preventive: preventively, preventives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Previously the Western Colorado Suicide Prevention Foundation offered up to eight sessions for youth with no insurance through its Bridges Program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like others, it focuses on prevention, enforcement and treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 预防，预防法; 阻止，制止，妨碍，阻碍物; [谚]治病不如防病
分布：预防(90%)，阻止(6%)，妨碍(4%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something 阻止，妨碍；预防
• crime prevention 预防犯罪
• The organization is committed to AIDS prevention and education. 该组织致力于爱滋病的防治和教育。
[prɪ'vent.ʃən] noun uncountable
Prevention is better than cure. UK (US An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.) saying
■It is better to stop something bad from happening than it is to deal with it after it has happened. 惩创于已然，不如防患于未然；预防优于补救
n. 预防；阻止；妨碍
 - intervention, violation, check

Word: syndication
Front: syndication
[ˌsɪndɪ'keɪʃn] (19746/39965)
Back: n. 企业联合组织
分布：企业联合组织化(100%)

Word: premature
Front: premature
[ˈpremətʃə(r)] (六托宝 6883/6377 -2)
Vocabulary: premature
(once / 704 pages)
adj
Premature means "not yet ready." Something that is premature arrives early, like a premature baby born before her due date, or the soggy cake you took out of the oven prematurely.
Premature is a simple word to break down. Pre means "early" or "before," and mature means "done" or "ready." If a decision is criticized as premature, it means that that decision was made too hastily, and probably would have been different if more time had been taken. If someone dies very young, you might say they died prematurely.
WORD FAMILY
premature: prematurely, prematureness, prematurity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, it would be premature to assume that Trump will be a friend to colleges and universities of any kind.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Muhammad Haithem was just hours old, born two months premature.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Premature conclusions get chiseled into the marble, clean and quick.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 过早的; 提前的; 早产的; 草率的
n. 早产儿
分布：早产儿(59%)，过早的(15%)，早产的(15%)，早熟(8%)，提前的(3%)
→pre-,在前，早于，mature,成熟的。
UK [-tjʊər] UK [ˌ--'-] US [ˌpri:.mə'tʊr] adjective
■happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time 过早的；不成熟的；仓促的
• premature birth/death 早产／早亡
• a premature baby 早产儿
• Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known. 鉴于结果尚未知晓，他们的批评看来过早了。
adj. 早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的
 - raw, immature
n. 早产儿；过早发生的事物
 - pronatis

Word: thumb
Front: thumb
[θʌm] (研四六托雅 3748/4504 -K2)
Back: n. 拇指; （手套的）拇指部份
vi. 翘起拇指请求搭乘（过路汽车），示意请求搭便车; 翻阅
vt. 翻阅; 作搭车手势; 用拇指翻脏[翻坏]（书页等）
时态：thumbed, thumbing, thumbs
分布：拇指(96%)，翻阅(3%)，示意要求搭车(1%)
→来自古英语 thuma,拇指，来自 Proto-Germanic*thumon,拇指，来自 tum,鼓起，来自 teue, 鼓起，词源同 tumid,thigh.插入字母 b,比较 number,numerate.
n.拇指v.示意要求搭车;迅速翻阅Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the short thick finger on the side of your hand which makes it possible to hold and pick things up easily 拇指
[θʌm] noun countable
all (fingers and) thumbs informal
■to be very awkward with your hands 笨手笨脚
• Can you untangle this thread for me? I'm all thumbs today. 你能帮我解开这个线结吗？我今天手指不灵活。
[θʌm] noun countable
thumbs down informal
■used to show disapproval of something 拇指向下；不赞成，反对
• They've given our plan the thumbs down (= They have disagreed with our plan). 他们不赞成我们的计划。
[θʌm] noun countable
thumbs up informal
■used to show approval of something 竖起大拇指；赞成，接受
• So it's the thumbs up for Brighton's latest night club. 那么这就是对布赖顿最近开的那家夜总会表示认可了。
[θʌm] noun countable
under sb's thumb
■under someone's control 在（某人的）支配下
• He's got the committee firmly under his thumb - they agree to whatever he asks. 他已牢牢掌控委员会，他们同意他提出的任何要求。
[θʌm] verb
thumb a lift informal
■to stand near the edge of a road and hold out your hand with the thumb raised as a signal for a vehicle to stop and take you somewhere 竖起拇指要求免费搭车
• We thumbed a lift to London. 我们搭便车去了伦敦。
thumb your nose at sb/sth
■to show no respect, or to raise the tip of your thumb to the end of your nose to show that you do not respect somebody 对…嗤之以鼻，蔑视
• He has thumbed his nose at authority all his life. 他一生都藐视权威。
[θʌm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  thumb through sth
■to turn the pages of a book, magazine, or a document quickly and only read small parts of it 匆匆翻阅，浏览
• "Have you read the report?" "Well, I thumbed through it quickly on the train." “你看过报告了吗？”“嗯，我在火车上匆匆翻阅过。”
vt. 翻阅；以拇指拨弄；作搭车手势；笨拙地摆弄
 - turn over, browse through

Word: caracas
Front: caracas
[kəˈrækəs] (-/27624)
Back: n. 加拉加斯（委内瑞拉首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: incur
Front: incur
[ɪnˈkɜ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 8042/4012 -2)
Vocabulary: incur
(once / 448 pages)
v
To incur is to get or receive — and usually it's something you brought upon yourself. If you don't pay your credit card bills on time, you'll likely incur lots of fees and some serious debt.
Generally, when you incur something, that something is undesirable. You can incur penalties, expenses, a parking ticket, or a friend’s wrath, for example. But it's pretty unlikely that you'd incur free tickets to the World Series. Frederick Douglass once famously said, “I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence."
WORD FAMILY
incur: incuring, incurred, incurrence, incurring, incurs, incursion +/ incursion: incursions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he incurred huge debts because of the failure of his airline.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Meanwhile, community colleges in Tacoma and Spokane that volunteered to test the system are incurring overtime costs trying to get it to work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Returns up to three months late will incur a fine of at least £100.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 招致，引起; 遭受
时态：incurred, incurring, incurs
分布：招致(68%)，遭受(24%)，惹起(8%)
→in-,进入，使，-cur,跑，词源同course,current.即跑进来，引申词义招致，导致。
招惹;蒙受(in进入+curs→跑进来→招惹}[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
v.招致,惹起,遭受The currency curriculum made the excursionist incur loss of time and money.货币课程使短途旅游者招致时间和钱的损失.
【记】in进入，cur跑－使不受欢迎的事跑进来－招惹incur不受欢迎的事occur（vi 发生；出现）
US [-'kɝ:] (-rr-) slightly formal
verb transitive
■to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken 招致；遭受
• to incur debts/fines/bills 招致债务／遭到罚款／要付帐
• The play has incurred the wrath/anger of both audiences and critics. 这部剧引起了观众和评论家的愤怒。
• Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview. 请详细列出你参加这次面试所需承担的一切费用。
vt. 招致，引发；蒙受
 - invite, court, secure, spell, trigger

Word: faithful
Front: faithful
[ˈfeɪθfl] (研四六托 5013/5544 -K2)
Vocabulary: faithful
(once / 90 pages)
adjn
Faithful describes someone who is reliable and consistent. If you're a faithful volunteer at the animal shelter, you show up every Saturday and work hard to help the animals.
A faithful friend is loyal and steadfast — it's no wonder that many people consider their dogs to be their most faithful companions. Though faithful usually describes a person, you can also use it to talk about a particularly reliable object, like your faithful hiking boots. There's another sense of faithful that means "remaining true to," like faithful believers who pray and attend religious services regularly.
WORD FAMILY
faithful: faithfuler, faithfulest, faithfully, faithfulness, faithfuls, unfaithful+/ faith: faithful, faithless, faiths, interfaith/ faithfulness: faithfulnesses, faithfulnesss/ faithless: faithlessly, faithlessness/unfaithful: unfaithfully, unfaithfulness/unfaithfulness: unfaithfulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
His style of politics, from his mass rallies of the faithful after the election to his statements about himself, carries authoritarian overtones.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In “The Elephant in the Room,” Ronson tracks Jones at Trump campaign events and steals occasional conversations with him, his entourage and his faithful.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In this respect the president is a faithful product of his education.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 忠实的; 忠诚的; 正确的
n. 信徒
分布：忠实的(64%)，忠诚的(33%)，忠贞的(3%)
a.守信的,忠实的,如实的,可靠的In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
adjective
LOYAL 忠诚的
 ADVANCED
■loyal 忠诚的；忠实的
• a faithful friend 忠诚的朋友
• They are faithful supporters of the Labour Party. 他们是工党的忠实拥护者。
• His faithful old dog accompanied him everywhere he went. 无论去哪里，他那只忠诚的老狗总是陪伴左右。
 ADVANCED
■If your husband, wife or partner is faithful, they do not have a sexual relationship with anyone else （配偶或性伴侣）忠诚的，忠贞的
• Was your wife faithful during your marriage? 你的妻子婚后忠诚吗？
• He was faithful to his wife throughout their 30-year marriage. 在30年的婚姻生活中，他一直忠于妻子。
faithful to sth
■continuing to support or follow something 对…忠诚
• He remained faithful to the president's regime when so many others spoke out against it. 在很多人都公开反对这个总统执政时，他仍效忠于他。
• Despite persecution, she remained faithful to her beliefs. 尽管受到迫害，她仍忠于她的信仰。
['feɪθ.fəl] adjective
ACCURATE 准确的
■true or not changing any of the details, facts, style, etc. of the original 如实的，丝毫不作改动的
• She gave a faithful account of what had happened on that night. 她如实讲述了那晚发生的事情。
• I have tried to keep my translation as faithful as possible to the original book. 我尽力使我的翻译忠实于原著。
['feɪθ.fəl] adjective
RELIGIOUS 宗教
■following a particular religion 虔诚的
• faithful Christians 虔诚的基督徒
• faithful followers of Buddhism 佛教的忠实信徒
['feɪθ.fəl] noun
SUPPORTER 支持者
countable
■someone who continues to support someone or something 忠实支持者
• He gave a rousing speech to a room full of party faithfuls. 他向满屋子的该政党拥护者发表了激动人心的讲话。
['feɪθ.fəl] noun
RELIGIOUS PEOPLE 信徒
['feɪθ.fəl] plural noun
the faithful
■people who are always loyal to a particular group or organization, especially a political party 忠实信徒；（尤指政党的）忠诚支持者
• They asked for donations from the party faithful. 他们要求忠诚的党员捐款。
■the people who believe in a particular religion 虔诚信众，忠实信徒
• We heard bells calling the faithful to prayer. 我们听到召集信徒去祈祷的钟声。
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
adj. 忠实的，忠诚的；如实的；准确可靠的
 - loving, devoted

Word: oxygen
Front: oxygen
[ˈɒksɪdʒən] (高研四托 3839/3719 -2)
Vocabulary: oxygen
(once / 656 pages)
n
Oxygen is air, the stuff we breathe, the thing that makes our lives possible. It is an element, a basic chemical found on the earth.
In fact, we don't breathe pure oxygen; our air is about 20 percent oxygen. Still, oxygen is everywhere—it’s the third most common element on earth. Usually, the word is used in scientific contexts. Still, when someone has a big personality and likes to be the center of attention, we say, they "take all the oxygen out of the room." That means they are a blowhard and attention hog. If they really took your oxygen, you’d be dead.
WORD FAMILY
oxygen: oxygenate, oxygenize+/oxygenate: oxygenated, oxygenates, oxygenating, oxygenation/oxygenated: unoxygenated/oxygenize: oxygenized, oxygenizes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Metabolic activity is dependent on oxygen delivery to the tissues of the body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [化]氧，氧气
分布：氧(69%)，氧气(31%)
→来自希腊语oxys,尖锐的，刺鼻的，来自ak,尖，刺，词源同acid,acumen.-gen,生成，产生。即生成的尖锐刺鼻气体，后用于指氧气。
n.氧,氧气Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
US ['ɑ:k-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a colourless gas that forms a large part of the air on Earth and which is needed by people, animals and plants to live 氧，氧气
n. 氧气， [化学] 氧
 - O2

Word: pollute
Front: pollute
[pəˈlu:t] (高研四六托 9208/8769 -2)
Vocabulary: pollute
(once / 484 pages)
v
Pollute is a verb that means to make something dirty or impure. You can pollute a river by pouring waste into it, or you can pollute your body by eating way too much candy.
Pollute comes from the Latin word pollut-, meaning “soiled.” When you pollute something, it's soiled or contaminated, often by something poisonous. You might have heard the word pollution — pollution is the stuff that pollutes the environment. The word pollute can be used more figuratively to describe something that corrupts or degrades. For example, reading articles about celebrity weddings can pollute your mind.
WORD FAMILY
pollute: pollutant, polluted, polluter, pollutes, polluting, pollution +/pollutant: pollutants/ polluted: unpolluted/polluter: polluters/ pollution: antipollution, pollutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stalling emissions should also spell better health, because coal burning in particular pollutes the air with lung-shredding particles and choking chemicals.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 污染; 玷污，亵渎; 破坏（品性），使堕落
时态：polluted, polluting, pollutes
分布：污染(96%)，弄脏(4%)
→来自拉丁语pollurere,抹上泥土，弄脏，玷污，来自前缀por-在字母l开头前的异化形式pol-,在前，向前，luere,涂抹，弄脏，流出，流出泥浆，词源同liniment,delete.在14世纪时用于词义遗精或手淫，后于19世纪中期用于词义污染，并成为主要词义。
v.弄脏,污染Bicycling doesn't pollute the air.骑脚踏车不污染环境.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make an area or substance, usually air, water or earth, dirty or harmful to people, animals and plants, especially by adding harmful chemicals 污染
• The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are polluting the water supply. 农场里使用的化肥和杀虫剂正在污染供水。
• We won't invest in any company that pollutes the environment. 我们不会投资任何污染环境的公司。
• figurative Many Americans complain that broadcasters pollute the airwaves with violence, sensationalism and sleaze. 许多美国人抱怨说广播公司用暴力、耸人听闻的题材和低级庸俗的内容污染了无线电波。
vt. 污染；玷污；败坏
 - cloud, poison

Word: repayment
Front: repayment
[rɪˈpeɪmənt] (14804/5415 -2)
Back: n. 偿还，报答，偿付的钱物; [金融]付还; repay的派生
分布：偿还(99%)，付还的钱(1%)
noun countable or uncountable
■when you repay someone or something 偿还；付还；偿还债务
• mortgage repayments 按揭贷款的偿还
• The bank demanded immediate repayment. 银行要求立即还款。
n. [金融] 偿还；付还
 - payment, liquidation

Word: flip
Front: flip
[flɪp] (托雅宝 3922/9976 -2)
Vocabulary: flip
(once / 1145 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5v 6n 7adj
To flip is to turn or toss upside down, like flipping a mattress over. People flip out when excited, and a flip remark is disrespectful.
There are many types of flips and flipping. Gymnasts who turn themselves upside down are doing flips. Turning a pancake over is flipping it. Any quick, light motion can be described as a flip, like a quarterback flipping the ball to a receiver. When someone is extremely excited — and usually mad — they flip out. Also, flip comments are casual, quick, and disrespectful.
WORD FAMILY
flip: fliply, flipped, flipper, flipping, flips+/flipper: flipper-like, flippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the flip side, this may mean more competitive pricing on vacation experiences deemed less authentic, such as theme parks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He looked at his flip phone, saw he hadn’t missed any calls from his attorney, and finished the first belt.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
He flipped it open and found a stamp from the Montgomery County library, and a checkout date of December 1974.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 轻弹，轻击; 按（开关）; 快速翻转; 急挥
vi. 发疯; 急动; 捻; 蹦蹦跳跳
n. 浏览; 空翻; （射击时枪管的）跳跃; 轻抛
adj. [口语]无礼的，轻率的，油腔滑调的; 冒失的，鲁莽的
时态：flipped, flipping, flips
分布：翻转(42%)，掷(12%)，弹(11%)，浏览(10%)，轻弹(6%)，轻击(6%)，轻率的(6%)，无礼的(5%)，冒失的(2%)
→来自辅音丛bl, fl, 折腾，拍打，拟声词，词源同flap, flag,flick. 引申各相关词义。
【记】fl＝fly飞，lip（n 嘴唇）：总是对小姑娘飞吻－鲁莽的，轻率的
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
■If you flip something, you turn it over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly （使）快速翻转；迅速翻动
• When one side is done, flip the pancake (over) to cook the other side. 一面烤熟后，把烤饼迅速翻过来烤另一面。
• I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind. 风把书页吹乱了，我找不到读到的那个地方了。
• You turn the television on by flipping (= operating) the switch at the side. 把边上的开关按一下，电视就打开了。
• The captains flipped a coin into the air (= made it turn over in the air to see which side it landed on) to decide which side would bat first. 两队队长向空中抛出一枚硬币，决定哪一方先击球。
[flɪp] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
flip (your lid) informal
■to become very angry 勃然大怒
• She'll flip her lid if I'm late again. 如果我又迟到，她会气疯的。
[flɪp] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  flip through sth
■to look quickly at the pages of a magazine, book, etc. 快速浏览；草草翻阅
[flɪp] noun countable
■when something turns over quickly or repeatedly 翻动，翻转
• a flip of a coin 抛硬币
• The acrobats were doing somersaults and flips (= jumping and turning their bodies over in the air). 杂技演员们正在翻筋斗和空翻。
[flɪp] adjective (flipper, flippest) UK informal for
■ flippant 活动挂图，配套挂图
[flɪp] exclamation UK old-fashioned informal
■used when you are slightly annoyed “不！”感叹词，表示有些愠怒
• Oh, flip, I've missed the bus. 哦不！我错过公车了。
vt. 掷；轻击
 - throw, pitch
vi. 用指轻弹；蹦跳
 - frisk
adj. 无礼的；轻率的
 - rude, offensive
n. 弹；筋斗
 - somesault

Word: ruthless
Front: ruthless
[ˈru:θləs] (研六托雅 9398/7587 -2)
Vocabulary: ruthless
(once / 798 pages)
adj
Ruthless means showing no mercy or compassion. If you really want to cut down on the clutter in your apartment, you can't be sentimental about keepsakes. You have to be ruthless and throw out everything that's not absolutely essential.
If you're ruthless, you're the polar opposite of Mother Theresa. You get called heartless and cold-blooded. That's one of the reasons the word crops up so often to describe dictators and tyrants, though it can also apply to other personality types — like corporate raiders and colleagues so success-driven that they'll gladly steamroll anyone to get ahead. It finds its way into milder contexts, too: Just be ruthless and rip off the Band-Aid already!
WORD FAMILY
ruthless: ruthlessly, ruthlessness +/ruth: ruthful, ruthless /ruthful: ruthfully, ruthfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Shake with your right hand, but hold a rock with your left," says Frank Underwood, the ruthless US president in the TV series.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," he said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 无情的，冷酷的; 残忍的; 狠; 辣
分布：无情的(72%)，残忍的(28%)
→ruth,怜悯，悲哀，-less,无，没有。
a.残酷的,无情的The boss was ruthless about my mistakes.老板对我的错误毫不留情.
【记】ru如，th死，less不：如果你死了，我也不怜悯－无情的
adjective
■not thinking or worrying about any pain caused to others; cruel 无情的；冷酷的；残忍的
• ruthless ambition 冷酷无情的野心
• a ruthless dictator 残忍的独裁者
• Some people believe that to succeed in this world you have to be ruthless. 有些人认为，在这个世界上要想成功必须冷酷无情。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 无情的，残忍的
 - cruel, relentless

Word: addiction
Front: addiction
[əˈdɪkʃn] (5177/7954 -2)
Vocabulary: addiction
(once / 2789 pages)
1n 2n
An addiction is an abnormally strong craving for something, which can sometimes grow so strong you have trouble living without it.
People will sometimes use the word addiction casually, like, "I have a major addiction to chocolate! Yummy!" But the word's true meaning is more serious, and refers to something that isn't so yummy, like an alcohol or drug addiction. When someone has an addiction to smoking, for example, they might not be able to stop smoking even if it causes them to get sick.
WORD FAMILY
addiction: addictions+/ addict: addicted, addicting, addiction, addictive, addicts/addicted: addictedly, unaddicted/addictive: addictively, nonaddictive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 入迷，嗜好; 上瘾; 吸毒成瘾; 癖好
分布：上瘾(81%)，沉溺(19%)
N-VAR
毒瘾
Addiction is the condition of taking harmful drugs and being unable to stop taking them.
例：She helped him fight his drug addiction.她帮助他戒毒。
例：...long-term addiction to nicotine.对尼古丁成瘾已久
N-VAR
着迷；嗜好
An addiction to something is a very strong desire or need for it.
例：He needed money to feed his addiction to gambling...他需要钱来满足他的赌瘾。
例：I discovered an addiction to housework which I had never felt before.我发现自己迷上了做家务，之前我从没有这种感觉。
n. 上瘾，沉溺； [内科] 癖嗜
 - addicted to, indulgence

Word: hypothesis
Front: hypothesis
[haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] (研六托雅宝 3377/3265 -1)
Vocabulary: hypothesis
(once / 475 pages)
n
In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory. In science, a hypothesis needs to go through a lot of testing before it gets labeled a theory. In the non-scientific world, the word is used a lot more loosely. A detective might have a hypothesis about a crime, and a mother might have a hypothesis about who spilled juice on the rug. Anyone who uses the word hypothesis is making a guess.
WORD FAMILY
hypothesis: hypothecate, hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesize, hypothetical +/hypothecate: hypothecated, hypothecating/hypothesise: hypothesised, hypothesising/ hypothesize: hypothesized, hypothesizes, hypothesizing/ hypothetical: hypothetically, hypotheticals
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I believe the Wimp hypothesis will be truly dead when we reach that point,” said McGaugh.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The hypothesis is supported by a new observation: that the thin “skin” of the sun rotates more slowly than layers just beneath.
Science Magazine(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 假设，假说; [逻]前提
分布：假设(55%)，假说(40%)，前提(4%)，猜测(1%)
→hypo-,在下，-thes,放置，词源同thesis,theme,do. 即放在下面的，引申词义假说，假设。
假说,假设(hypo+thesis论文→还不是正式的理论→假说)[hypo-表示"下面,次等"]
假说;前提(hypo下面+thesis→放在下面,还不能作为正式理论→假说)[thesis,thet=setting,表示"放置"]
n.假说,假设,前提This is only a sort of scientific hypothesis which has not been proved by experiments.这仅仅是一个尚未被实验证明的科学假说.
【记】hypo在…下面，thesis（n 论题；论文）－论题的背后－假设
【参】hypothetical[SAT]（adj 假设的；爱猜想的）
US [-'pɑ:.θə-] noun countable (plural hypotheses)
■an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved 假设；假说
• Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested. 已经提出好几种全球变暖的假设。
supposition, assumption, hypothesis, presumption
这组词都有“假设，假想”的意思，其区别是：
supposition: 可与assumption换用，还可表某种试探性的主观看法或建议。
assumption: 侧重主观推测或主观设想。
hypothesis: 书面用词，指有待作进一步检验或证实的假设。
presumption: 着重指以可能性为依据的假设。
n. 假设
 - tentative

Word: indebted
Front: indebted
[ɪnˈdetɪd] (宝 14179/13845 -1)
Vocabulary: indebted
(once / 531 pages)
adj
When you’re indebted to someone, you owe that person something. It could be that you owe money, or it could be you’re just grateful for a nice thing the person did.
You probably notice a big chunk of the word indebted is made up of the words “in debt.” If you’re indebted to someone you are indeed in debt — for either money or gratitude. You might be indebted to your credit card company, meaning you owe them money. Then you might be indebted to your mom when she gives you a small loan to pay the bill, meaning you owe her gratitude for bailing you out.
WORD FAMILY
indebted: indebtedness+/ debt: debts, indebted /indebtedness: indebtednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Etihad owns a 29 percent stake in Air Berlin after stepping in to support the heavily indebted airline.
Washington Times(Dec 16, 2016)
This will be fast relief for indebted industrial companies.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 09, 2016)
It’s a minor effort overly indebted to its references.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: adj. 感激的; 受惠的; 负债的
vt. 使负债，使受恩惠(indebt的过去分词)
分布：负债的(81%)，受惠的(19%)
→in-,进入，使，debt,债务。引申词义欠债的，欠人情的，感激的。
【记】in进入，debt（n 罪过；债务）－欠人一笔感情债，所以要感恩
US [-'detˌ-] adjective
GRATEFUL 感激的
[after verb]
■grateful because of help given 感激的
• We're deeply indebted to you for your help. 我们对你的帮助感到非常感激。
UK [ɪn'det.ɪd] US [-'detˌ-] adjective
OWING 欠债的
■owing money 负债的
• indebted countries 负债国
• The company is heavily indebted. 这家公司债台高筑。
adj. 负债的；感激的；受惠的
 - appreciative, obliged

Word: resistant
Front: resistant
[rɪˈzɪstənt] (研四六托雅 6664/7235 -2)
Vocabulary: resistant
(once / 4152 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Being resistant means to be immune or impervious to something. A vest that's resistant to bullets is bullet-proof.
Anything resistant has a certain power — specifically, the power to resist or fight off — something else. This word is often used medically, like when someone is resistant to a virus: that means they can't get the virus. You can also be resistant to someone's jokes, meaning they can't make you laugh. A raincoat should be resistant to water. If it's not resistant, that's a pretty bad raincoat. All resistant things are like a shield that something can't get through.
WORD FAMILY
resistant: non-resistant, nonresistant, resistanter, unresistant+/nonresistant: nonresistance/ resist: resistance, resistant, resisted, resister, resisting, resistive, resistless, resists/ resistance: resistances/resister: resisters/resisting: unresisting/resistive: resistivity/resistless: resistlessly/unresisting: unresistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
You want to teach her to be comfortable in the “just being” zone, which means she’s mindful of flaunting and resistant to hiding.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
All his life he was fiercely resistant to the not uncommon idea that his paintings were nothing but illustrations of a high order.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
He would rewrite the DNA of the mice to become resistant to the Lyme bacterium.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 有抵抗力的，抵抗的; 顽固的
n. 抵抗者; 有抵抗力的东西; 防染剂，防腐剂
分布：抵抗的(67%)，反抗的(33%)
→来自resist,反抗，抑制。
抵抗的(resist抵抗,对抗)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
a.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的A healthy diet creates a body resistant to disease.保健饮食有助于增强体内对疾病的抵抗力.
adjective
NOT ACCEPTING 抗拒的
■not wanting to accept something, especially changes or new ideas （尤指对变化和新思想）抵制的，阻止的，抗拒的
• Why are you so resistant to change? 你为甚么会如此强烈地抵制变革？
[rɪ'zɪs.tənt] adjective
NOT AFFECTED 不受影响
■not harmed or affected by something 对…有抵抗能力的；抵抗…的；耐…的
• a stain-resistant carpet 抗污地毯
• a disease-resistant variety of tomato 抗病害的番茄品种
adj. [电] [植保] 抵抗的，反抗的；顽固的
 - stubborn, rebellious

Word: whale
Front: whale
[weɪl] (中高研四六托 4232/4811 -2)
Back: n. [动]鲸，鲸鱼; 巨大的事物
v. 捕鲸; 击打，猛击
时态：whaled, whaling, whales
分布：鲸(94%)，捕鲸(5%)，打击(1%)
→来自古英语hwael,大型海洋生物，鲸，海象等，后用于指鲸。
n.鲸;庞然大物They whaled their rivals 20 to 0.他们以20比0大败他们的敌手.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a very large sea mammal that breathes air through a hole at the top of its head 鲸
[weɪl] noun countable
have a whale of a time informal
■to enjoy yourself very much 玩得非常痛快；过得非常愉快
• We had a whale of a time on holiday. 假期里我们玩得非常痛快。
[weɪl] noun countable
a whale of a US informal
■describes a very great amount of something or a very good thing 极多的；极大的；极好的
• That's a whale of a story. 那个故事棒极了。
• Another thousand dollars would make a whale of a difference. 再有1000美元的话，情况就大不相同了。
vt. 猛揍；使惨败
 - slaughter
n. [脊椎] 鲸；巨大的东西
 - bouncer, colossus

Word: repeal
Front: repeal
[rɪˈpi:l] (六宝 9535/12067 -1)
Vocabulary: repeal
(once / 653 pages)
vn
To repeal something — usually a law, ordinance or public policy — is to take it back. For example, dog lovers might want the town council to repeal the law that says residents can have no more than four dogs.
The verb repeal comes from the Anglo-French word repeler, “to call back.” Repeal is almost always used in the context of law: When a government decides to get rid of an ordinance or law, that ordinance or law is repealed. That means it is no longer in effect, like if the weather becomes unseasonably hot, the schools might repeal the part of the dress code to permit students to wear shorts.
WORD FAMILY
repeal: repealed, repealing, repeals
USAGE EXAMPLES
But their actions starting Tuesday to end Obamacare will be far less sweeping, at least initially, than a full-blown repeal of the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Such efforts, said Mr. Murphy, the system’s chief executive, will remain “highly relevant” even if the Affordable Care Act is repealed.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 撤销，废除; 否定，放弃
n. 废除，作废; 撤销
时态：repealed, repealing, repeals
分布：废止(74%)，撤消(26%)
→来自古法语 rapeler,叫回，撤消，来自 re-,向后，往回，apeler,呼叫，词源同 appeal.引申词义 废除，废止。
【记】re反，peal＝appeal（n 请求；呼吁）－反过来呼吁－废徐re反，pe破，al＝all：反过来使所有的法律都破了－废除
【参】appealing（adj 引人入胜的）；peal（n 隆隆声）；appeal（v 请求；呼吁）
verb transitive
■If a government repeals a law, it causes that law no longer to have any legal force. 废除，废止，撤销（法律）
repeal, delete, cancel, abolish
repeal: 书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。
delete: vt. 删除
cancel: 用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
abolish: 正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
vt. 废除；撤销；废止；放弃；否定
 - yield, desert, negative, abolish
n. 废除；撤销
 - abolition, destoolment

Word: cynical
Front: cynical
[ˈsɪnɪkl] (六托雅 7052/6355 -2)
Vocabulary: cynical
(once / 895 pages)
adj
If you think public officials are nothing but a bunch of greedy buffoons, you have a cynical attitude about politics.
A cynical person has a bleak outlook about others, always imagining that people are ruled by their worst instincts. H.L. Mencken was famous for saying cynical things like, "Nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public." The original Cynics were ancient Greek philosophers who never had a good word to say about anyone. The Greek word kynikos actually means "canine," maybe because all of that sneering seemed a little dog-like.
WORD FAMILY
cynical: cynically+/ cynic: cynical, cynics
USAGE EXAMPLES
This looks like little more than a cynical ploy to stoke public antipathy to federal regulation.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The US State Department described the attack as “heinous” and the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, said it was “hard to imagine a more cynical crime”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned the "cynical" murder of civilians.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 怀疑的; 愤世嫉俗的; 冷嘲的; 见利忘义的
分布：愤世嫉俗的(84%)，悲观的(14%)，恶意的(2%)
['sɪn.ɪ.kəl] disapproving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere 愤世嫉俗的；认为人皆自私的
• I think she takes a rather cynical view of men. 我觉得她对男人的态度太过偏激。
• I've always been deeply cynical about politicians. 我对政客们总是嗤之以鼻。
■describes the use of someone's feelings or emotions to your own advantage 利用他人感情的；损人利己的
• She works in that most cynical of industries - advertising. 她于最具煽惑性的行业中工作——广告行业。
• He praises my cooking but it's just a cynical ploy to get me to make his meals. 他夸我烧一手好菜只不过是在耍花招，哄我给他做饭。

Word: cream
Front: cream
[kri:m] (高研四六雅 2008/2546 -K3)
Vocabulary: cream
(once / 233 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5v
Cream is the part of milk that's especially rich, creamy, and fatty. Many people like to add cream to their coffee.
Heavy cream can be whipped until it's thick, and light cream might be added to a soup or sauce to add richness. Another kind of cream is a thick lotion, like a skin cream or a night cream. When you cream ingredients together, you mix them until they're fluffy. Calling someone "the cream of the crop," means they're the very best at what they do, and when you cream someone in a game of tennis, you win easily.
WORD FAMILY
cream: cream-colored, creamed, creamer, creamery, creaming, creams, creamy +/creamer: creamers/creamery: creameries/ creamy: creamier, creamiest, creamily, creaminess, creamy-colored
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This crunchy boat of a potato was fried to a crisp and then topped with sour cream and some veggies like radishes and broccoli dust.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 乳霜; 精英; 奶油色; 乳脂，奶油
vt. 把…搅成糊状（或奶油状）混合物; 彻底打败，狠揍
时态：creamed, creaming, creams
分布：奶油(77%)，面霜(11%)，乳酪(5%)，精华(5%)，米色(1%)，使成糊状(1%)
→来自拉丁词chrisma（油膏，词源同Chrism）和cramum（奶油）的合成词。
n.乳脂,(鲜)奶油;奶油色"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the thick yellowish-white liquid that forms on the top of milk 忌廉；鲜奶油
• strawberries and cream 加鲜奶油的草莓
• Do you like cream in your coffee? 你的咖啡要加鲜奶油吗？
• UK a cream cake (= cake with cream in it) 鲜奶油蛋糕
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the colour of cream 奶油色，淡黄色，米黄色
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a soft substance that you rub into your skin 护肤霜
• face/hand cream 面霜／护手霜
• moisturizing cream 润肤霜
• Put some sun cream on to protect your face. 抹点防晒霜保护脸部。
countable
■a type of sweet which is soft inside 奶油夹心糖
• chocolate/peppermint creams 巧克力／薄荷忌廉夹心糖
uncountable
■a thick liquid used for cleaning things 清洁乳液
• cream cleaner 乳液清洁剂
cream of mushroom/tomato, etc. soup
■soup that has been made into a smooth thick liquid and usually has cream in it 鲜奶油蘑菇／番茄等汤
[kri:m] noun
the cream of sth
■the best of a particular group of things or people …的精华；…的精英
• The cream of this year's graduates have gone abroad for jobs. 今年的优秀毕业生都出国谋职去了。
• These artists are the best of our students - the cream of the crop. 这些艺术家是我们学生中的佼佼者——是他们之中的精英。
[kri:m] adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a yellowish-white colour 奶油色的，淡黄色的，米黄色的
• a cream shirt 淡黄色的衬衫
[kri:m] verb transitive
■to make food into a smooth thick liquid 把…搅成糊状
• Cream the butter and sugar together. 将奶油和糖混合起来搅成糊状。
[kri:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cream sth/sb off
■to remove the best part of something or the best people in a group and use them for your own advantage 提取（精华）；选取（最好的人或物）
• They had a plan to cream off the brightest children and put them in separate schools. 他们计划挑出最聪明的孩子，把他们送进专门的学校。
n. [食品] 奶油，乳脂；精华；面霜；乳酪
 - essence, elite, flower, prime, distillation

Word: carve
Front: carve
[kɑ:v] (高研四六托雅宝 3803/4931 -2)
Vocabulary: carve
(once / 249 pages)
v
When you cut a design into a piece of wood or marble, you carve it. Headstone engravers carve people's names and the dates of their births and deaths into gravestones.
You might carve your initials into the tree in your backyard, or carve a walking stick out of a large branch. Some artists work by carving shapes from clay or granite, and a chef learns to carve, or precisely cut up, large cuts of meat and poultry. The Old English root word is ceorfan, "to cut, slay, carve, or engrave."
WORD FAMILY
carve: carved, carver, carves, carving+/carved: uncarved/carver: carvers/carving: carvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He etched the name “Evans” into it and carved an intricate pattern.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
China will shut down domestic ivory carving workshops and factories by April.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 切，切开; 雕刻; 创制，开创
vt. 切片; 雕塑
时态：carved, carving, carves
分布：雕刻(86%)，切割(14%)
→来自PIE *sker, 砍，切，刻，词源同graph ,shear ,scribe.
v.(雕)刻"What a marvelous carving!" the starveling harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc. （尤指在石头或木头上）雕刻
• This totem pole is carved from/out of a single tree trunk. 这根图腾柱是由一整根树干雕刻而成的。
• He carved her name on a tree. 他将她的名字刻在树上。
• Some of the tunnels in the cliff are natural, some were carved out (= cut into the rock) by soldiers for defensive purposes. 峭壁中的一些隧道是天然形成的，一些是士兵在石头上开凿出来用于防御的。
■to cut thin pieces from a large piece of cooked meat 把（熟肉）切成小片
• Would you like me to carve (the chicken)? 您要我（把鸡肉）切成小块吗？
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
carved in stone informal
■If a suggestion, plan, rule, etc. is carved in stone, it cannot be changed 无法改变的；铁定的；铁板钉钉的
• These proposals are for discussion, they're not carved in stone. 这些提议是供讨论的，并非不可更改。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  carve sth out (for yourself)
■to successfully create or get something, especially a work position, by working for it 靠努力开创出；努力赢得，谋得（尤指职位）
• He hopes to carve out a niche for himself as a leading researcher in his field of study. 他希望在自己的研究领域里闯出一个学术带头人的地位。
• She carved out a reputation for herself as an aggressive businesswoman. 她为自己赢得了商界女强人的名声。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carve sth up disapproving
■to divide something into smaller parts 分割，瓜分
• The Nazi-Soviet pact carved up the Baltic states in 1939. 1939年签订的《苏德条约》瓜分了波罗的海各国。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  carve sb up UK informal
■to drive past someone in a car and then suddenly drive in front of them 突然超车；快速切入（别人）的行车线
• Some idiot carved us up on the way over here - I don't know how he missed us! 有个白痴从路这边突然超我们的车——不知怎么居然没撞上我们！
vt. 雕刻；切开；开创
 - grave, engrave
vi. 切开；做雕刻工作
 - slice from, cut open

Word: unstable
Front: unstable
[ʌnˈsteɪbl] (四六托 7097/6975 -1)
Vocabulary: unstable
(once / 1991 pages)
adj
To be unstable is to lack stability, meaning things could change without warning, like an unstable bookshelf that is likely to fall down. If you are unstable emotionally, you might be ecstatically happy one minute and horribly depressed and angry the next.
The adjective unstable means the opposite of stable. Stable is derived from the Latin base word stare meaning “to stand.” If a building, family, person, bridge, or chemical solution is stable it will “stand still,” even if something unexpected happens. On the other hand, if a person or thing is unstable and stress is applied, he, she, or it is likely to shift position, possibly in a dangerous way.
WORD FAMILY
unstable: unstableness, unstably+/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stability: instability, stabilities/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/ stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable /stabling: stablings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lava deltas are formed when lava enters the ocean and builds new land on loose and unstable substrate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said the three biggest issues scholars face are child-care shortages, unstable housing and domestic violence.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In the cases of Libya and Egypt, the countries are so unstable and dangerous, though, that repatriation is impossible.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不稳固的; 不坚定的; 易变的; 反复无常的
分布：不稳定的(93%)，易变的(7%)
adjective
■not solid and firm and therefore not strong, safe or likely to last 不稳固的；不牢靠的；不安全的
• That chair looks a bit unstable to me. 那张椅子在我看来有点儿不结实。
• It is a poor and politically unstable society. 这是一个贫穷落后且政局不稳的社会。
■describes someone who suffers from sudden and extreme changes in their mental and emotional state （情绪）反复无常的，不稳定的
• emotionally unstable 情绪上反复无常
adj. 不稳定的；动荡的；易变的
 - mobile, variable, liquid, volatile

Word: sober
Front: sober
[ˈsəʊbə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 7423/7671 -2)
Vocabulary: sober
(once / 251 pages)
adjv
This adjective means the opposite of playful or drunk. When attending a funeral, you are expected to be sober in both senses.
The most common meaning of sober is "not drunk" — people who drive need to be sober. Sober sounds a lot like somber, and it often means sad and quiet too, or sometimes too serious. Another meaning is to be logical or realistic about something. Sometimes sober means drab: a grey station wagon is a more sober vehicle than a hot red convertible. All of these meanings are quiet and restrained — unlike a person who has had a lot to drink.
WORD FAMILY
sober: sobered, soberer, soberest, sobering, soberingly, soberly, soberness, sobers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Eventually, he sobered up and decided to grow up but no matter how many jobs he applied for, no one wanted to hire him.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite its subject matter, or perhaps because of it, “Wonderland” is a sober, sturdy book.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Her voice is bruised and broken, angry and strong, raspy as whiskey and sober and clear.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 头脑清醒的，冷静的; 未醉的，没喝醉的; 有节制的; 朴素的，素净的
vt. & vi. （使）冷静，（使）清醒; 使严肃
时态：sobered, sobering, sobers
分布：清醒(69%)，清醒的(24%)，使清醒(2%)，冷静下来(2%)，稳重的(2%)，使沉着(1%)
a.清醒的,冷静的;认真的,适度的We had to sober him up before taking him home.带他回家以前我们必须使他清醒.
【记】读：骚吧－风骚的女人不会有节制和严肃的举止。
【反】puckish（adj 淘气的；恶作剧的）；frivolous（adj 轻佻的）；
US ['soʊ.bɚ] adjective
NOT DRUNK 未醉的
 ADVANCED
■not drunk or affected by alcohol 未醉的，清醒的
• Are you sober enough to drive, Jim? 吉姆，你够不够清醒，可以开车吗？
• I'd had no wine all evening so I was stone cold (= completely) sober. 我一晚上没有喝酒，所以我非常清醒。
UK ['səʊ.bər] US ['soʊ.bɚ] adjective
SERIOUS 严肃的
■serious and calm 严肃的；冷静的
• In fact the whole wedding was a sober affair - no dancing, just people standing around in groups chatting politely. 事实上，整场婚礼气氛很严肃——没有人跳舞，人们只是聚在一起礼貌地交谈。
• Anthony was in a very sober mood - I scarcely heard him laugh all night. 安东尼表现得十分严肃——我整个晚上很少听他笑过。
UK ['səʊ.bər] US ['soʊ.bɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become more calm and serious, or to make someone do this （使）变得冷静；（使）变得严肃
• News of the tragedy sobered us. 关于那场悲剧的消息让我们冷静了下来。
UK ['səʊ.bər] US ['soʊ.bɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sober (sb) up
■to become less drunk, or to make someone become less drunk （使某人）醒酒；（使某人）清醒
• I went for a walk to try to sober up. 我出去走一走，好让自己清醒起来。
• Have a black coffee - that should sober you up! 来杯黑咖啡——那会让你清醒的！
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
adj. 冷静的，清醒的；未醉的
 - cool, philosophical
vt. 使严肃；使醒酒，使清醒
 - disenchant

Word: inheritance
Front: inheritance
[ɪnˈherɪtəns] (托 7658/4765 -1)
Vocabulary: inheritance
(once / 442 pages)
n
Any money or property you receive after the death of a friend or relative is an inheritance. Your grandmother might have left you a small inheritance, but she left the bulk of her estate to her Chihuahua, Killer.
A title that passes with death is also called an inheritance. If the current monarch of Britain dies, the inheritance passes to the next in line for the throne, first to the oldest son. A trait that is passed from parent to child genetically is also referred to as an inheritance. The inheritance of red hair, for example, might be common in your family.
WORD FAMILY
inheritance: inheritances+/ disinherit: disinheritance, disinherited, disinheriting, disinherits/disinheritance: disinheritances/ inherit: disinherit, inheritable, inheritance, inherited, inheriting, inheritor, inherits/inheritable: noninheritable/inheritor: inheritors
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a stuffy second-floor squad room, the detectives of the 40th Precinct grapple with an inheritance of government neglect.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The rest owe their fortunes partly or entirely from an inheritance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Cystic fibrosis is caused by the inheritance of two copies of a defective gene, one from each parent.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 继承; 遗传; 遗产
分布：继承(59%)，遗产(21%)，遗传(19%)，继承物(1%)
→来自inherit,继承。
noun countable usually singular uncountable
FROM DEAD PERSON 继承
■money or objects that someone gives you when they die 继承的遗产
• The large inheritance from his aunt meant that he could buy his own boat. 从姑母那里继承的大笔遗产意味着他可以给自己买艘船了。
• At twenty-one she came into her inheritance (= it was given to her). 她21岁时继承了遗产。
[ɪn'her.ɪ.tənts] noun countable usually singular uncountable
QUALITY 品质
■a physical or mental characteristic inherited from your parents, or the process by which this happens 遗传特征；遗传
• genetic inheritance 基因遗传
• A particular gene is responsible for the inheritance of eye colour. 眼睛颜色的遗传取决于特定的基因。
inheritance, legacy
inheritance: 遗留下来的物品，偏重于具体的东西
legacy: 遗产，偏于精神方面等；
n. [法] 继承； [遗] 遗传；遗产
 - heritage, legacy

Word: prostitution
Front: prostitution
[ˌprɒstɪˈtju:ʃn] (8005/10087)
Back: n. 卖淫; 滥用某事物; 出卖灵魂
分布：卖淫(96%)，滥用(4%)
卖淫[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
US [ˌprɑ:.stɪ'tu:-] noun uncountable
■the work of a prostitute 卖淫
• Poverty drove her to prostitution. 贫困迫使她去卖淫。
n. 卖淫；滥用；出卖灵魂
 - abuse, vice

Word: button
Front: button
[ˈbʌtn] (高研四六 2645/2977 -K3)
Vocabulary: button
(once / 252 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A button is a small, flat, round object often found on clothing. It can also describe the round disc you press to turn on an electronic device, like the button you push to turn on your computer.
The noun button also can refer to the little round billboards people pin to their clothes to display their favorite political candidate, band, organization, or saying. Button can also be a verb, which describes the act of fastening buttons, like when you button your shirt. Or if you work at an electronics factory, your job might be to button, or attach buttons to, a cell phone.
WORD FAMILY
button: buttoned, buttoning, buttonlike, buttons, buttony, unbutton+/unbutton: unbuttoned, unbuttoning, unbuttons
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was like some demon had crawled into my friend’s soul and pushed a crazy, angry button,” Robertson writes.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
And living up to his nickname “Silent Cal,” Coolidge “refused to speak, but he did agree to push the button,” Feiker said.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
On the next screen, click the Change My Name button.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 按钮，电钮; 纽扣，扣子; 扣状物; [植]芽
vt. 用纽扣扣紧; 用纽扣装饰，钉钮扣于; 在…上装钮扣
vi. 扣住; 装有钮扣; 扣上钮扣
时态：buttoned, buttoning, buttons
分布：按钮(93%)，纽扣(5%)，扣上纽扣(1%)，用纽扣装饰(1%)
→butt, 撞，同beat. -on, 小词后缀。
n.纽扣,按钮(开关)v.扣紧;扣上纽扣The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
ON CLOTHING 衣服上
 IMPROVER
■a small, usually circular object used to fasten something, for example a shirt or coat 钮扣，扣子
• I did up/undid (= fastened/unfastened) the buttons on my blouse. 我扣上／解开衬衫上的钮扣。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
ON MACHINE 机器上
 IMPROVER
■a small, sometimes circular object which you press to operate a device or a machine, or an area on a computer screen which looks and acts like one of these 按钮
• He inserted the cassette and pressed the 'play' button. 他插入卡式带，按下“播放”按钮。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
at the push of a button
■very easily 轻易地
• You can't expect to get everything you need at the push of a button. 你不能指望轻易地得到自己需要的一切。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
right on the button
■exactly correct 非常正确
• She was right on the button when she said I'd regret moving out. 她说得太对了，我的确后悔搬了出去。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to fasten something, usually a piece of clothing, using buttons 扣上（…的）钮扣
• Button (up) your coat, it's cold out. 把大衣扣上，外面很冷。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive
button it informal
■a rude way of telling someone to stop talking 住口，闭嘴
• Button it, OK! I'm trying to think. 住口，好嘛！我在想办法了。
n. [电] 按钮；钮扣
 - pushbutton, press-button
vt. 扣住；扣紧；在…上装钮扣
 - infibulate, buckle
vi. 扣住；装有钮扣；扣上钮扣
 - buckle

Word: penny
Front: penny
[ˈpeni] (中高研四六雅 -/4306 -K3)
Vocabulary: penny
(once / 226 pages)
n
It takes a hundred pennies to make a dollar. Even though it doesn't have a heck of a lot of value, a penny may bring you luck if you pick it up (as the saying goes).
In the US, a penny is a one-cent, copper-colored coin, which features Abraham Lincoln's profile on one side. Many countries' currencies include pennies as the very smallest unit of money, including Canada, Britain, and South Africa. While the plural form of penny is pence in the UK, and it's often abbreviated as p there, in North America the plural is commonly pennies — and sometimes cents.
WORD FAMILY
penny: pence, pennies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The best part is, Pence gets thank-you notes for each donation.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Several groups say they plan to protest outside the Pence event.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It followed the Dec. 4 Metro article “In Pence’s new neighborhood, not exactly the welcome wagon.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 便士; （美国、加拿大的）一分钱; 少量的钱
分布：便士(100%)
→来自古英语penig,便士，来自Proto-Germanic*panninggaz,便士，可能借自拉丁语panna,小盘子，词源同pan.即形如小盘子。
n.便士,美分With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
 IMPROVER (abbreviation p)
■the smallest unit of money in Britain of which there are 100 in a pound, or a small coin worth this much. You use 'pence' or, more informally, 'p' when you are speaking of the units of money and pennies when you are speaking of the coins themselves 便士（表示币值时用 pence 或在非正式场合也可用 p，而表示硬币本身时用 pennies）
• Could you lend me 50 pence/50p please? 你能借50便士给我吗？
• I found a ten/twenty/fifty pence piece (= a coin of this value) in the phone booth. 我在电话亭里捡到了一枚面值10／20／50便士的硬币。
• I keep pennies and other small coins in a jar. 我把便士和其他小硬币放在一个罐子里。
 IMPROVER
■in the US and Canada, a cent or a coin of this value （美国和加拿大的）分（币）
■(also old penny) (abbreviation d)
■in Britain before 1971, a large coin. There were twelve pennies in a shilling. 便士（英国在1971年以前使用的大硬币，12便士等于1先令）
■used when speaking of the smallest amount of money possible 一分钱；一分一毫
• Buy a TV now and it won't cost you a penny (= will cost nothing) for 3 months. 现在买一台电视，三个月不用花一分钱。
• It was an expensive meal but worth every penny. 这顿饭很贵，但每分钱都很值得。
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
be penny - wise and pound - foolish old-fashioned
■to be extremely careful about small amounts of money and not careful enough about larger amounts of money 小钱仔细，大钱挥霍；省小钱花大钱
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
be two/ten a penny (US be a dime a dozen) UK
■to be very common 很普通；不值钱
• Antique toy cars are ten a penny nowadays. 现在古董玩具汽车很不值钱。
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
In for a penny, (in for a pound) UK
■something you say which means that since you have started something or are involved in it, you should complete the work although it has become more difficult or complicated than you had expected 一不做，二不休；要做就该做到底
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
not have a penny to your name (also not have two pennies to rub together)
■to be very poor 一贫如洗，一文不名
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
the penny drops UK informal
■If the penny drops, you suddenly understand something 恍然大悟，豁然开朗
• She looked confused for a moment, then suddenly the penny dropped. 她一开始看起来有些不解，后来恍然大悟。
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
(a) penny for your thoughts
■said when you want to know what another person is thinking, usually because they have been quiet for a while 你在寻思甚么呢
['pen.i] (plural pence or p or pennies)
noun countable
A penny saved is a penny earned.
■something that you say which means it is wise to save money 能省则省；省一文赚一文
• I'd advise anyone to put aside a proportion of their earnings - a penny saved is a penny earned. 我建议人们把收入的一部分存起来－－储蓄一文赚一文。
n. （美）分；便士
 - cent, minute

Word: thrill
Front: thrill
[θrɪl] (高研四六雅 5858/7773 -2)
Vocabulary: thrill
(once / 179 pages)
nv
Thrill doesn’t refer to any old type of excitement; this stuff is intense. For many people, the experience of riding a roller coaster provides a great thrill, or an intense feeling of excitement.
Thrill comes from an Old English word meaning “pierce,” suggesting the metaphor of being “pierced by emotion.” Thrill is often used in a strictly positive sense, though it can also refer to the unique combination of terror and pleasure that some people experience in certain situations — for example, when riding death-defying roller coasters or watching frightening flicks (often called thrillers).
WORD FAMILY
thrill: thrilled, thriller, thrillful, thrilling, thrills+/thriller: thrillers/thrilling: thrillingest, thrillingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 15th major is unlikely but vigorous pursuit would be thrilling.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
According to Gallup, Americans aren’t all that thrilled with the Trump transition either.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使激动; 使陶醉; 使颤动、战栗或振动
vi. 由于兴奋或激动而感到一种突然的颤动; 颤动、战栗或振动
n. [病]震颤; 震颤感; 兴奋感
时态：thrilled, thrilling, thrills
分布：激动(82%)，感到紧张(13%)，引起激动的事物(5%)
→来自古英语 thyrlian,钻孔，打洞，穿过，来自 thyrel,洞，来自 thurh,穿过，通过，即 through 的古英语拼写形式。引申诸相关词义。
n.一阵激动(恐惧)v.激动;(使)毛骨悚然I thrilled to see him win the first prize.我看到他获得首奖感到很兴奋.
noun countable
■a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant 兴奋；激动；紧张感
• the thrill of winning a competition 赢得比赛的激动
• So why do people still go hunting - is it the thrill of the chase? 那么为甚么人们还去打猎——是不是因为追捕猎物让人感到兴奋刺激?
• It gave me a real thrill to see her again after so many years. 这么多年以后与她重逢，着实令我激动。
• The video shows the thrills and spills (= excitement and accidents) of motor racing. 录像呈现了紧张刺激的赛车场面。
[θrɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make someone feel very excited and pleased 兴奋；激动；紧张感
• Ballesteros thrilled the golf world with his performance. 巴列斯特罗斯以精湛的球技震动了高尔夫球界。
n. 激动； [医] 震颤；紧张
 - intensity, stress, tension, warmth, excitation
vt. 使…颤动；使…紧张；使…感到兴奋或激动
 - tie oneself up in knots
vi. 颤抖；感到兴奋；感到紧张
 - quake, judder

Word: posh
Front: posh
[pɒʃ] (13193/9987 -1)
Vocabulary: posh
(once / 6396 pages)
adj
Things that are posh are swanky, fancy, and high-class. Posh things usually cost a lot of money, too.
If something is dirty, cheap, and shoddy, it will never be accused of being posh. Posh things are elegant and expensive. A posh apartment is gorgeous and classy. A posh restaurant has fancy food and you probably have to dress up to go there. Posh places are luxurious and fancy-schmancy. So it's no surprise that rich people tend to like things and places that are posh.
WORD FAMILY
posh: posher, poshest
USAGE EXAMPLES
I live in a posh neighborhood, so this may be no more than a Champagne problem.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Wincelowicz “cut his teeth” as a mall Santa before moving to the posh Brown Palace.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
They indulge a posh lifestyle that mostly disappeared from the private sector as governance standards were enhanced.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 精美的; 豪华的; 漂亮的; 时髦的
级别：posher, poshest
分布：漂亮的(49%)，时髦的(40%)，上等阶层的(11%)
→词源不详，可能来自吉普赛语posh,半个 ，一半，来自posh-kooroona,半克朗，词源同krone,在过去算是一笔大钱，后在俚语引申词义豪华的。
US [pɑ:ʃ] adjective
 ADVANCED informal
■(of places and things) expensive and of high quality 高档的，一流的
• He takes her to some really posh restaurants. 他带她去了一些真正高档的饭店。
 ADVANCED UK informal
■(of people and their voices) from a high social class （人或口音）上流社会的；谈吐高雅的
• A woman with a very posh accent telephoned for him earlier. 一位谈吐高雅的女士早些时候给他打了个电话。
too posh to push informal humorous
■used for describing a woman who chooses to have a caesarean section (= a medical operation) when having her baby （女人）选择剖腹生产的
adj. 时髦地；漂亮的；奢侈的
 - pretty, luxury, smart, tony, cute

Word: arsenal
Front: arsenal
[ˈɑ:sənl] (托宝 7399/5226 -1)
Vocabulary: arsenal
(once / 586 pages)
n
An arsenal is a storehouse for weapons. It wouldn't be wise to let your enemies get a hold of the keys to your arsenal.
Not just a place to store weapons, an arsenal can be a place to make weapons or it can mean the collection of weapons themselves: "The air force had just added two top-secret fighter planes to its arsenal." In a more general sense, the word can be a collection of anything used as a weapon, not just military weapons: "She had a whole arsenal of witty comebacks for the lame pickup-lines guys tried out on her."
WORD FAMILY
arsenal: arsenals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The lab designed most of the arms now in the nation’s nuclear arsenal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal broke the deadlock as Arsenal moved into the top three with a comfortable home win.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Olivier Giroud's incredible scorpion kick set Arsenal on the way to victory over Crystal Palace.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 兵工厂，军火库
分布：兵工厂(71%)，军械库(22%)，储藏(7%)
→来自阿拉伯语dar as-sina’ah. dar, 仓库。sina’ah，技艺，制造。进入意大利语指军火库。同英国阿森纳球队。
军火库(arsen军火)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
【记】arsenal就是阿森纳。具有众多球星的英超球队:总司令温格，排雷手大卫?希曼，坦克维埃拉，冲锋队博格坎普，卡努和亨利，还有一堆小牛人基翁，亚当斯，维瓦斯，永贝里，帕洛尔，西尔维尼奥，格里曼迪。难道这还称不上兵工厂么？
US ['ɑ:r-] noun countable
■a building where weapons and military equipment are stored 武器库；军械库
• The army planned to attack enemy arsenals. 军队计划攻击敌人的军火库。
■a collection of weapons （一大批）储藏的武器
• The country has agreed to reduce its nuclear arsenal. 这个国家已经同意削减其核武器储备。

Word: breakdown
Front: breakdown
[ˈbreɪkdaʊn] (研六托雅 5147/4096)
Back: n. 崩溃，倒塌; 损坏，故障; 分解; 垮，衰竭
分布：崩溃(49%)，故障(39%)，衰弱(9%)，跺脚曳步舞(3%)
n.崩溃;衰竭;细目分类Please give me a breakdown of your income tax totals.请给我一份所得税收的细目表.
noun
FAILURE 故障
 ADVANCED countable
■a failure to work or be successful 故障，出毛病
• I had a breakdown (= my car stopped working) in the middle of the road. 我的汽车在半路上抛锚了。
• Both sides blamed each other for the breakdown of talks. 双方都指责对方导致了谈判的破裂。
⇒ See also break down at break
['breɪk.daʊn] noun
DIVISION 细分
countable or uncountable
■a division of something into smaller parts 细目；分类
• We asked for a breakdown of the accident figures into day time and night time. 我们要白天和夜间事故的统计数字的分列明细表。
• The rate of breakdown of muscle protein was assessed. 肌肉蛋白质的分类比率测定统计出来了。
['breɪk.daʊn] noun
ILLNESS 生病
countable
■a nervous breakdown
n. 故障；崩溃；分解；分类；衰弱；跺脚曳步舞
 - fault, analysis, classification, category, trouble

Word: flop
Front: flop
[flɒp] (9863/11940 -2)
Vocabulary: flop
(once / 1503 pages)
1vnadv 2vn 3n
To flop is to drop or hang heavily and loosely. If you're exhausted at the end of the day, you might flop into a chair as soon as you walk into your house.
Your long hair might flop into your eyes, and if you catch a fish, you'll have to watch it flop around in your boat before it stops breathing. A tired child might begin to sob and flop onto the floor in frustration. You can also call a disaster a flop: "We worked so hard on that play, but it turned out to be a total flop." The earliest meaning of flop was "to flap."
WORD FAMILY
flop: flopped, flopping, floppy, flops+/floppy: floppier, floppies, floppily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A flop of a first half and more meandering in the third quarter put Washington in a troubling spot.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Of course, there's a lot of crud too - the challenge is to distinguish the potential hits from the glitch-ridden flops.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
After the game, Beal hobbled slowly to his locker and wore cushioned flip flops as left the arena.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. （指书、戏剧等）彻底失败; （因疲惫而）猛然坐下; （笨拙地、不由自主地或松弛地）移动或落下; 砸锅
vt. 笨拙地抛下
n. <非正>失败
adv. 扑通一声
时态：flopped, flopping, flops
分布：砰然落下(28%)，笨重地摔(26%)，猛落(20%)，啪嗒啪嗒地动(13%)，噗地一声(13%)
→来自flap拼写变体，飘动，翻动。字母o较字母a声音更重，引申词义猛然坐下，倒地。
US [flɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FALL 落下
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fall or drop heavily 重重地落下（或掉下）
• Hugh's hair keeps flopping over/into his eyes. 休的头发老是垂下来遮住眼睛／垂进眼睛里。
• When she gets home from school, she's so tired all she can do is flop down in front of the television. 放学回家后，她累得除了一屁股坐在电视机前之外，甚么也做不了了。
UK [flɒp] US [flɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■If a book, play, film, etc. flops, it is not successful. （书、戏剧、电影等）砸锅，完全失败
• Her first book flopped, but her second became a bestseller. 她的第一本书很失败，但是第二本成了畅销书。
UK [flɒp] US [flɑ:p] noun
FAILURE 失败
countable usually singular informal
■a failure 失败，不成功
• The play was a complete/total flop. 这出戏彻底砸了锅。
UK [flɒp] US [flɑ:p] noun
FALL 落下
only singular
■when someone or something falls or drops heavily 重重地落下（或掉下）
• He fell with a flop on the bed. 他重重地倒在床上。
vt. 笨拙地抛下；扑通放下；拍（翅）
 - flutter
vi. 失败；扑拍；扑通落下；笨重地摔
 - founder, come to naught
n. 失败；砰然落下；拍击声
 - failure, loss, defeat, losing, reverse

Word: bean
Front: bean
[bi:n] (高研四六托 2352/3782 -3)
Vocabulary: bean
(once / 403 pages)
1n 2nv
A bean is a seed you can eat. You might love garbanzo beans but detest large, green lima beans.
When you order rice and beans at a Mexican restaurant, you get a plate full of deliciously spiced, slightly mashed pinto or black beans. You might plant beans in your garden, vine-like climbing plants that grow pods with beans inside. Coffee and chocolate are both foods that start out as beans. If someone beans you during a softball game, it means they hit you with the ball, usually in the head — also colloquially called a bean.
WORD FAMILY
bean: beaned, beaner, beaning, beans+/beaner: beaners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lots of vegetables, which are cheap; lots of grains and beans.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Police used a bean bag gun and stun gun on the animal before catching it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bean lists the center in court papers as her former employer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 豆; 豆形种子; 毫无价值的东西
vt. 将（球）击中击球员头部
int. 胡说！呸！不可能！
分布：豆(96%)，豆科植物(4%)
→词源不详。
n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a seed, or the pod containing seeds, of various climbing plants, eaten as a vegetable 豆；豆荚；菜豆；豆科植物
• green beans 四季豆
• French beans 四季豆
• baked beans 焗豆
• Coffee beans are the bean-like seeds of the coffee tree. 咖啡豆是咖啡树结的豆形种子。
[bi:n] noun countable
not have a bean informal
■to have no money 一文不值
n. [植] 豆；嘴峰；毫无价值的东西
 - legumen, nihil

Word: gradual
Front: gradual
[ˈgrædʒuəl] (研四六雅 6796/5327 -K3)
Vocabulary: gradual
(once / 96 pages)
1adj 2n
Use the adjective gradual to describe something that happens slowly, bit by bit, like the gradual increase in the amount of daylight in winter.
Gradual can also apply to the gentle slope of landforms like hills. A gradual incline seems to slowly rise — you may not even realize you're walking up such a hill. Gradual comes from the Latin word gradus, which means "step." Step by step, a gradual hill climbs, while a steep hill seems to leap up into the air.
WORD FAMILY
gradual: graduality, gradually, gradualness, graduals+/ grade: gradable, graded, grader, grades, grading, gradual / graded: ungraded/grader: graders/ grading: gradings
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least two new laws demonstrate the country’s gradual move toward more sustainable products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A panel created by the Connecticut General Assembly is recommending a gradual increase to $15 an hour.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their gradual military escalation and counter-escalation was the principal reason for the ultimate collapse of the February cessation of hostilities agreement.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 渐进的，渐（升）降的; 倾斜度小的; 逐次的，逐渐的; 平缓的
n. 弥撒升阶圣歌; 弥撒圣歌集
分布：逐渐的(57%)，逐步的(25%)，平缓的(18%)
逐步的(grad+ual)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
a.逐渐的,逐步的The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance 逐步的，逐渐的；平缓的
• There has been a gradual improvement in our sales figures over the last two years. 在过去的两年里，我们的销售额一直在逐步上升。
• As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate. 当你一路往南走下去的时候，你就会注意到气候的细微变化。
adj. 逐渐的；平缓的
 - piecemeal

Word: prophet
Front: prophet
[ˈprɒfɪt] (研六宝 7514/7159 -1)
Vocabulary: prophet
(once / 137 pages)
n
By the time you finish reading this definition, you will understand what a prophet is. How do I know? Perhaps I am a prophet, someone who can predict the future. Or maybe it’s just a guess.
The future is a foggy mystery, but a prophet sees beyond that fog to speak about what’s to come. A fortune teller is a prophet, and so is a savvy computer designer who knows how technology will change in ten years. Prophet comes from the Greek word for “spokesman,” which explains another definition of prophet: someone who speaks on behalf of God. Prophet is pronounced the same as profit, and some prophets use their talents to earn lots of profit.
WORD FAMILY
prophet: prophecy, prophetic +/ prophecy: prophecies, prophetical/ prophetic: prophetically, unprophetic/unprophetic: unprophetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
After all, Jesus is a beloved prophet in Islam, though Muslims don’t believe he’s the son of God.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Just as the Prophet Micah did by asking, “What does God require of us?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
He also repeatedly invoked the Prophet Muhammad, before dying in a shoot-out with other policemen.
Economist(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 预言家，先知; 倡导者，主张者
分布：先知(95%)，预言者(5%)
→来自拉丁语propheta,预言家，先知，来自pro-,提前，-phet,说，来自bha,说，词源同fate,phone.
n.预言家;先知;提倡者The prophet appropriately appropriated the fund for repairing propeller.预言者恰当为修理螺旋桨拨专款.
US ['prɑ:.fɪt] noun countable
■a person who is believed to have a special power which allows them to say what a god wishes to tell people, especially about things that will happen in the future 预言家，先知
• an Old Testament prophet 《圣经•旧约》中的先知
• Let us hear the words of the prophet Isaiah on the coming of the Prince of Peace. 让我们聆听先知以赛亚关于和平之王来临的预言。
■a person who supports a new system of beliefs and principles 宣扬者，宣导者
• Rousseau, that great prophet of the modern age 卢梭，当代伟大的宣导者
the Prophet
■Mohammed, the man who made Islam known to the world through the Koran 穆罕默德（伊斯兰教创始人）
UK ['prɒf.ɪt] US ['prɑ:.fɪt] noun countable
prophet of doom disapproving
■someone who always expects bad things to happen 悲观的预言者
• The prophets of doom have been predicting the end of European cinema for the last ten years. 那些悲观的预言者过去十年里一直在预言欧洲电影的末日。
n. 先知；预言者；提倡者
 - advocate, farseer

Word: likelihood
Front: likelihood
[ˈlaɪklihʊd] (研四六雅 4596/4994 -2)
Vocabulary: likelihood
(once / 1348 pages)
n
The likelihood of something means the odds that it will happen, or how likely a particular outcome is. Your likelihood of winning the lottery is pretty slim.
If you figured out the likelihood of winning the lottery before you bought a scratch ticket, you might end up spending your money on something else. Likelihood indicates probability or chance. The likelihood that you'll convince your stubborn dog to get in your car completely depends on how many dog treats you've got in your pocket.
WORD FAMILY
likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood+/ dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking/ likable: likably/ like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike/likeable: likeably/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"The likelihood is that, because of its location, most of the early landlords were connected with horses, carriages and stabling," writes Dailey.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That increases the likelihood of inconsistencies and errors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit increases the likelihood that Ohio will resume executions in February.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 可能，可能性; [数]似然，似真
分布：可能性(100%)
→来自likely,可能的，-hood,名词后缀。
可能性(likely可能的)[-hood表名词"时期,性质等"]
n.可能性There was no likelihood of his winning.他不可能获胜.
noun uncountable
■the chance that something will happen 可能，可能性
• This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike. 最近的这场冲突极大地增加了罢工的可能性。
• [+ that] There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year. 今年晚些时候很可能会有更多的人失业。
• There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further. 现在利率进一步下降的可能性几乎为零。
n. 可能性，可能
 - possibility, probability, feasibility, potential, maybe

Word: disruptive
Front: disruptive
[dɪsˈrʌptɪv] (六宝 8450/9769)
Vocabulary: disruptive
(once / 7577 pages)
adj
Anything disruptive is loud, chaotic, and disorderly. Disruptive things disturb people and upset the applecart.
Have you ever heard a teacher tell a loud student "Stop being disruptive"? Things that are disruptive tend to disturb others. Kids whispering in class can be disruptive. A screaming baby on a plane can be disruptive. If you're trying to play baseball and it starts raining, that's disruptive as well. When you're trying to do something and a surprising event screws everything up, it can probably be described with the word disruptive.
WORD FAMILY
disruptive: disruptively+/ disrupt: disrupted, disrupting, disruption, disruptive, disrupts/ disruption: disruptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This season, he was team’s most disruptive lineman.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s better to acquire disruptive technology than to be disrupted by that technology.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some days it did tip over into what some teachers would call "disruptive".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 分裂性的; 破坏的; 扰乱的
分布：破坏性的(74%)，分裂的(14%)，制造混乱的(12%)
adjective
■causing trouble and therefore stopping something from continuing as usual 捣乱的，引起混乱的
• His teacher described him as a noisy, disruptive influence in class. 他的老师说他在班里是一个喜欢吵吵嚷嚷的捣乱分子。
adj. 破坏的；分裂性的；制造混乱的
 - destructive, devastative

Word: governmental
Front: governmental
[ˌgʌvnˈmentl] (5820/8087)
Vocabulary: governmental
(once / 1813 pages)
adj
Anything governmental relates to a government, which is a political entity that runs a city, state, or country. If you work for the President, you have a governmental job.
The government is the body that runs (governs) a country. Add the –al ending, which means “related to,” and governmental describes anyone or anything related to a government. It’s like the words continental and environmental. The FBI, FDA, and IRS are governmental agencies. A governmental internship might involve working for a senator. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches could be called the three governmental branches in the U.S.
WORD FAMILY
governmental: governmentally+/ govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The obituary for Bill Usery commemorated a life committed to finding mutually beneficial solutions to the thorniest of labor, management and governmental problems.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the group’s president, Alexander Ionov, direct governmental funds amount to 30 percent of its general budget.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
White-collar professionals often hold second or third jobs driving taxis or tending bar to supplement their governmental income.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 政府的; 政治上的; 统治上的
分布：政府的(89%)，政治的(11%)
US [-ɚn'men.tˌəl] adjective
■belonging or relating to government or the government 政府的，和政府有关的
• We await a governmental decision about the future of the programme. 我们正等待着政府就该专案的前途作出决定。
adj. 政府的；政治的；统治上的
 - political, public

Word: bicycle
Front: bicycle
[ˈbaɪsɪkl] (中高研四雅 4366/5312 -K2)
Vocabulary: bicycle
(once / 822 pages)
nv
A bicycle is a two-wheeled vehicle that's propelled by foot pedals and steered with handlebars. They say you never forget how to ride a bicycle once you learn.
When you travel to places like Amsterdam and Beijing you'll see people of all ages using bicycles as their major form of transportation. The word bicycle is also a verb, as in "I think I'll bicycle over to the bakery and buy some muffins." The word bicycle was coined in the 19th century from a combination of the Greek bi, or "two," and kyklos, "wheel."
WORD FAMILY
bicycle: bicycled, bicycler, bicycles, bicycling, bicyclist+/bicycler: bicyclers/bicyclist: bicyclists/ cycle: bicycle, cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling, cyclist, unicycle / cyclic: cyclically, cyclicity, noncyclic/ cyclical: encyclical, noncyclical/cyclist: cyclists/encyclical: encyclicals/ unicycle: unicycles, unicycling, unicyclist/unicyclist: unicyclists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Nick Furman, a local cyclist and runner, helped him with his bicycling and swimming in a crash course on the sport.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 自行车; 脚踏车
v. 骑自行车
时态：bicycled, bicycling, bicycles
分布：自行车(86%)，骑自行车(14%)
→前缀bi-, 二。cycle, 圆，圈。
自行车[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
n.(bike)自行车vi.骑自行车Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a two-wheeled vehicle that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals (= flat parts you press with your feet) 脚踏车，单车，自行车
• I go to work by bicycle. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• He got on his bicycle and rode off. 他骑着脚踏车走了。
• You should never ride your bicycle without lights at night. 你千万不要在晚上不开车灯骑脚踏车。
['baɪ.sɪ.kl] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  bicycleWarning: Check your spelling! Bicycle is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
n. [车辆] 自行车
 - bike, cycle, pushbike

Word: blend
Front: blend
[blend] (研四六托雅 3914/5972 -2)
Vocabulary: blend
(once / 414 pages)
vn
If you blend red and blue, you get purple. To blend is to mix together thoroughly. If you put this color in your hair, you'll blend with the people at a punk rock concert!
Used as a noun, the word blend means the thing you mixed together or the act of mixing something together. Purple is a blend of red and blue. When you see this word, picture the blender on your kitchen counter. If you use it to give ice cream, fruit and fruit juice a blend, it'll mix things together well to make a very tasty blend.
WORD FAMILY
blend: blended, blender, blending, blends+/blended: unblended/blender: blenders/blending: blendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wine varieties—Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio and a red blend—were chosen because of their popularity with women.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Secret Service agents are now sprinkled throughout the property, at night blending into the shrubbery along the grounds.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In August, her start-up, Accompany, released its app, which blends profiles of contacts with calendaring, email extensions and other tasks.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 混合; 把…掺在一起; （使）调和; 协调
vi. 掺杂; 结合; 相配，相称
n. 混合; 混合色，合成语; 混合物
时态：blended, blending, blends
分布：混合(90%)，混合物(10%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 照耀，闪光。指闪光，炫目，障眼法，混合。词源同blank, 白的。
n.混合(物)v.混和,混杂I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a mixture of different things or styles （不同东西或风格的）混合品，混合物
• a rich blend of the finest coffee beans 各种上等咖啡豆的混合品
• Their music is a blend of jazz and African rhythms. 他们的音乐融合了爵士乐和非洲音乐。
[blend] verb intransitive or transitive
■to mix or combine together （使）混合，（使）混杂；（使）交融
• Blend the ingredients into a smooth paste. 将这些原料混和成均匀的糊糊。
• The cushions blend well with the colour of the carpet. 靠垫与地毯的颜色配搭得十分和谐。
[blend] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  blend in/blend into sth
■to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things and therefore not be easily noticeable 融入
• We tried to blend into the crowd. 我们试图混入人群。
• They have adopted local customs and tried to blend in with the community. 他们已经接受了当地习俗并努力融入当地社会。
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. [天] 混合
 - compound, mix together, intermingle with, to mix
vi. [天] 混合；协调
 - sort, concert
n. [天] 混合； [油气] 掺合物
 - mixture, mix

Word: impoverish
Front: impoverish
[ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃ] (六宝 26828/33526 -1)
Vocabulary: impoverish
(once / 1352 pages)
v
To impoverish is to take away a person's livelihood. When a drought ruins a farmer's crop and he has nothing to harvest, his bad luck may leave him and his family impoverished, or poor.
The Latin prefix in- is changed to im when in front of a word starting with the letter p-, but its meaning "in" or "into" stays the same. With roots in the French word povre meaning "poor," impoverish means to make poor or drive someone "into poverty." The 2010 earthquake in Haiti left over a million people impoverished, destroying everything they owned.
WORD FAMILY
impoverish: impoverished, impoverishes, impoverishing, impoverishment +/ impoverishment: impoverishments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The vision was to continue to work with impoverished farmers throughout Indonesia to create products and bring them to international markets,” Schilling said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It all centers on Zhengzhou, a city of 6 million people in an impoverished region of China.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Now federal officials allege he funneled $600 million in fraudulent claims to this impoverished pocket of Appalachia, and the government turned off the spigot.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使贫穷; 使贫瘠或恶化; 耗尽…的力气
时态：impoverished, impoverishing, impoverishes
分布：使枯竭(63%)，使贫困(25%)，使贫瘠(12%)
→im-,进入，使，-pover,少的，贫穷，词源同poor,poverty.
使成赤贫(im进入+pover贫困+ish;参考:poverty贫困)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
【记】im进入，pover贫穷的，ish－进入贫穷的状态－使赤贫im，pover＝power，ish：使你从一个power的人变成一堆sh－使赤贫
【参】poverty（n 贫穷；缺少）
vt. 使贫穷；使枯竭
 - pauperize, beggar

Word: fab
Front: fab
[fæb] (17732/22059)
Back: adj. <俚>极好的，绝妙的; 奇妙的
分布：极好的(100%)
→缩写自fabulous.
极好的,极妙的(fab是fabulous的简写)[fabl,fabul=speak,表示"讲,说"]
adjective informal for
■ fabulous (GOOD)
• I bought some fab jeans on Saturday. 星期六我买了几条超棒的牛仔裤。

Word: domain
Front: domain
[dəˈmeɪn] (研六托雅宝 3627/3345 -1)
Vocabulary: domain
(once / 396 pages)
1n 2n
If you have a place that's all your own, somewhere real or in cyberspace that has your name all over it — literally or figuratively — it's your domain. And if you have something you really excel at, that is your domain too. You own it.
A domain used to mean only land owned by wealthy people, such as lords in the 15th century, but modern usage is much wider, or has a broader domain in the English language. On the Internet, a domain is a space with a specific address, but a domain also can have a physical address, like a home. It can be a specialty, too, as in, "The main domain of the art school was sculpture," or "She was so good at math that algebra became her domain."
WORD FAMILY
domain: domains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, I was curious about the piece, titled “the public domain.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Ludgate Hill, then over Farringdon Street, once a kind of boundary road between the old domains of wealth and the word.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
“But Trump appears to be an especially public and risky illustration of it in many domains.”
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 范围，领域; 领土，疆土; 管辖范围; [计]域名
分布：领域(77%)，范围(13%)，领地(10%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，来自dom, 家，住所，引申词义领域。
n.(活动,思想等)领域,范围;领地After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
【记】domain＝domin统治，家；参：dominate（v 支配；占优势）
US [doʊ-] noun countable
AREA 区域
 ADVANCED
■an area of interest or an area over which a person has control 领域，领地
• She treated the business as her private domain. 她把公司看作是自己的私人势力范围。
• These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody). 这些文件已向公众开放。
UK [dəʊ'meɪn] US [doʊ-] noun countable
INTERNET 网际网路／互联网 specialized a part of the Internet that belongs to a person or organization where they can use email or show documents on the Internet （网际网路的）域
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 领域；域名；产业；地产
 - province, territory, world, industry, kingdom, universe, field

Word: contentious
Front: contentious
[kənˈtenʃəs] (宝 8932/8879 -1)
Vocabulary: contentious
(once / 3468 pages)
adj
A contentious issue is one that people are likely to argue about, and a contentious person is someone who likes to argue or fight.
Some issues — like abortion, the death penalty, and gun control — are very controversial. They're also contentious, because people tend to argue about them, and the arguments will probably go on forever. Contentious issues get people angry and in a fighting mood. On the other hand, some people always seem to be in a fighting mood, no matter what the issue is. People like that are contentious too.
WORD FAMILY
contentious: contentiously, contentiousness, noncontentious+/ contend: contended, contender, contending, contends, contention / contender: contenders/ contention: contentions, contentious
USAGE EXAMPLES
His contentious Twitter posts belie his relative calm when he is at Mar-a-Lago compared with when he is isolated inside Trump Tower.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s the third category of “settlement” that is the most contentious and that Security Council Resolution 2334 explicitly condemns: East Jerusalem.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
At a contentious NFL owners meeting in Houston, Davis finished third in the sweepstakes to get a team to Los Angeles.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 引起争论的，有争论的; 爱争论的; 爱议论的; 矫情
分布：有争议的(85%)，好争吵的(11%)，好辩的(4%)
【反】conciliatory（adj 抚慰的）
adjective
■causing or likely to cause disagreement 有争议的；引起争论的；可能引发争议的
• a contentious decision/policy/issue/subject 有争议的决定／政策／问题／话题
• She has some rather contentious views on education. 她对教育持有一些颇具争议的看法。
adj. 诉讼的；有异议的，引起争论的；爱争论的
 - objectionable, litigant

Word: allocation
Front: allocation
[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn] (7082/3262)
Vocabulary: allocation
(once / 5834 pages)
n
If it is your job to decide how much money goes to three charities, you are in charge of the allocation of your donation. The money each charity gets is their allocation.
You'll often hear this word used when talking about things like government funding. People often debate the allocation of federal funds. Should tax dollars be used for the military, or for domestic needs like education and healthcare? These decisions are made by Congress and the President, who work together to create a budget to allocate funds appropriately.
WORD FAMILY
allocation: allocations+/ allocate: allocable, allocatable, allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocator, reallocate /allocator: allocators/ reallocate: reallocated, reallocates, reallocating, reallocation/reallocation: reallocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“As species of fish move north, the allocation levels should migrate with them.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Evidence indicates that assistance from a commission-compensated financial adviser leads to lower-quality asset allocations than simply leaving people to invest on their own.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Allocations for honey, for example, were so low that they were filled in the first six weeks of the year.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 配给，分配; 分配额（或量）; 划拨的款项; 拨给的场地
分布：分配(70%)，配置(29%)，安置(1%)
分配(allocate+ion)[loc=place,表示"地方"]
分配,拨给(allocate分配,al+loc地方+ate...拨到地方上)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
N-COUNT
分配物；分配额；（尤指）划拨款项
An allocation is an amount of something, especially money, that is given to a particular person or used for a particular purpose.
例：The aid allocation for Pakistan was still under review...拨给巴基斯坦的援助物资仍在审核当中。
例：During rationing we had a sugar allocation.定量配给时期，糖是限量配给的。
N-UNCOUNT
分配；分派
The allocation of something is the decision that it should be given to a particular person or used for a particular purpose.
例：His sons quarrelled bitterly over the allocation of family resources...他的儿子们为家产如何分配而吵得很凶。
例：Town planning and land allocation had to be coordinated.必须协调城市规划和土地分配之间的关系。
n. 分配，配置；安置
 - distribution, configuration, assignment, positioning

Word: printer
Front: printer
[ˈprɪntə(r)] (高六 5875/3066 -K2)
Vocabulary: printer
(once / 591 pages)
n
A printer might be a person whose job is to make copies of printed material, or a machine that’s hooked up to a computer and prints on paper. With a 3D printer, you can even “print” a spatula!
A 3D printer creates a replica of an image sent to it from a computer, whether it’s a car part or a spatula. Most people have the regular kind of printer, though, that they use to print things like essays or articles. Or, you might hire a printer to make your wedding invitations. The original printers, circa 1500, were people who operated a moveable type printing press (invented in 1450), printing books and other texts in small quantities.
WORD FAMILY
printer: printers+/misprint: misprinted, misprinting, misprints/overprint: overprinted, overprinting, overprints/ print: misprint, overprint, printable, printed, printer, printing, prints, reprint /printable: unprintable/printing: printings/ reprint: reprinted, reprinting, reprints/reprinting: reprintings/unprintable: unprintably
USAGE EXAMPLES
As I waited to log on in my home office, I noticed a piece of paper on the printer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Inks used in the process are heavier and produces a color that can’t be matched by electronic printers, she said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Claims dating back to the summer piled up from peeved brewers, printers and tobacconists.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 打印机; 印刷机; 印刷商，印刷厂; 印刷业从业人员，印花工
分布：打印机(96%)，印刷工(4%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a machine that is connected to a computer and prints onto paper using ink 印表机
• a bubble-jet/dot-matrix/laser printer 喷墨／点阵式／雷射印表机
■a person whose job is to print books, newspapers and magazines 印刷工
n. [印刷] [摄] [计] 打印机；印刷工；印花工
 - machineman, typothetae

Word: distinctive
Front: distinctive
[dɪˈstɪŋktɪv] (六托宝 4723/3287 -2)
Vocabulary: distinctive
(once / 799 pages)
adj
Her big eyes and plump lips are distinctive features that make her a great model. These are just some of the special features that distinguish her.
You might recognize the Latin prefix dis in the adjective distinctive. Dis often means "apart" or "away." Think of this when trying to remember the word distinctive. Someone with distinctive features has features that set them "apart" from others. Yes, its stepped-back architecture and distinctive spire are among the Empire State Building's distinctive features, but its most distinctive feature has to be its height: for decades there wasn't another building in New York that came close!
WORD FAMILY
distinctive: distinctively, distinctiveness+/ distinct: distincter, distinctest, distinctive, distinctly, distinctness, indistinct / indistinct: indistinctest, indistinctly, indistinctness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Zandi’s talents are perhaps most distinctive in subtle portraits like “Transparencies”:
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Their attractive and distinctive playing style – “The Swansea Way” – was deeply ingrained and integral to their success.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Demand is high, and the shed is full of photos of children from around the world wearing their distinctive design.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 有特色的，与众不同的; 区别的，鉴别性的; 独特; 特异
分布：形容词(99%)，名词(1%)
有区别的(distinct+ive)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
adjective
 ADVANCED
■Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from other things 与众不同的，独特的，特别的
• a distinctive smell/taste 特别的气味／味道
• She's got a very distinctive voice. 她的嗓音很独特。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
adj. 有特色的，与众不同的
 - unusual, different, apart

Word: composition
Front: composition
[ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 3000/2911 -1)
Vocabulary: composition
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Composition is another word for writing — the act of writing or the piece of writing that results. It also refers to what something is made of.
The word composition comes from the Latin componere, meaning "put together" and its meaning remains close to this. Writing classes are often called composition classes, and writing music is also called composition. This can also describe things besides writing that are "put together." You could say an abstract painting has an interesting composition. Any mixture of ingredients can be called a composition. Geologists study the composition of the earth: what it's made of and how it formed.
WORD FAMILY
composition: compositional, compositions+/ component: components/ compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose/ composed: composedly / composer: composers/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
After high school, Shore majored in composition at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The racial breakdown roughly matched the composition of local and state police departments nationwide, according to federal data.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
"And we do not believe that it is appropriate to attack the composition of the democratically-elected government of an ally."
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 作文，作曲; 创作; 构图，布置; 妥协，和解
分布：作文(62%)，成分(24%)，作品(8%)，合成物(4%)，组织(2%)
作文;组合(com一起+posit+ion→放到一起→组合→作文)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.作品,作文,乐曲;作曲;结构,组成,成分The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
MUSIC/ART 音乐／艺术
countable
■a piece of music that someone has written （音乐）作品，乐曲
• This concerto is one of her earlier/later compositions. 这首协奏曲是她早期／后期的作品之一。
uncountable
■the process or skill of writing music 音乐创作（技巧），作曲（技巧）
• At music school I studied piano and composition. 我在音乐学校学习钢琴和作曲。
countable
■the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph （绘画或照片的）构图，构思，布局
• a group composition 组合构思
UK [ˌkɒm.pə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
PIECE OF WRITING 作文
countable or uncountable old-fashioned
■a short piece of writing about a particular subject, done by a student 作文
• a 200-word composition 一篇200字的作文
UK [ˌkɒm.pə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
FORMED FROM 由…构成
uncountable
■the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of 成分；构成；结构
• the composition of the atmosphere 大气的成分
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
n. 作文，作曲； [材] 构成；合成物
 - synthetic, songwriting

Word: procurement
Front: procurement
[prəˈkjʊəmənt] (宝 11565/12894)
Vocabulary: procurement
(once / 6018 pages)
n
Procurement is the act of getting something you need. Save it for when you need to sound serious, like if you're in the military.
Procurement is the noun form of the verb procure which means "to acquire," but procurement often has military connotations, such as: "The procurement of the weapons for the war is vital." It also means acquiring something that was extra hard to get, and you can use it when you want to sound formal: "I will work on the procurement of some more lemonade for all of us." Sound extra fancy by quoting the British poet John Dryden from way back in 1717: "They think it done/ By her procurement."
WORD FAMILY
procurement: procurements+/procurable: unprocurable/ procure: procurable, procural, procurance, procured, procurement, procurer, procures, procuring/procurer: procurers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Drabkin, the former senior procurement officer at the GSA, thinks for this reason alone, the president-elect should give up the hotel.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Congress combined several agencies into what is now the General Services Administration, which reduced paperwork and federal procurement costs.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
It also aims to ease rules restricting defense procurement across borders, improve industry standards and adapt policies like the EU’s space program to security priorities.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 获得，取得; 采购
分布：采购(95%)，获得(4%)，促成(1%)
→来自procure,费力取得，获得，-ment,名词后缀。后引申词义军用物质的采购，购买，因军事装备或武器购买通常比较难，即使有钱别人也未必卖。
获得(procure+ment)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
US [-'kjʊr-] formal
noun uncountable
■the process of getting supplies 采购
• a substantial budget for the procurement of military supplies 用于采购军需品的巨额预算
n. 采购；获得，取得
 - purchasing, acquisition, getting, taking, winning

Word: registration
Front: registration
[ˌredʒɪˈstreɪʃn] (雅 5378/3135 -2)
Vocabulary: registration
(once / 1333 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Registration is the act of enrolling in something, like a school. There is also registration for voters and drivers and people attending a conference.
In life, there are some things anybody can do at any time; for other things you have to go through registration first. Registration is the process of signing up or enrolling in something. Colleges make students go through registration to sign up for new classes. There is a registration process for voting: if you haven't registered, you can't vote. Registration usually involves some paperwork and waiting in line. No one enjoys registration, but it's something we all have to do.
WORD FAMILY
registration: registrations+/ register: registered, registering, registers, registrant, registration, registry/registered: unregistered/registrant: registrants/registry: registries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The session is free and open to the public, and information and registration details are here.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 登记，注册; 挂号; 登记（或注册、挂号）人数; <音>（管风琴）音栓配合（法）
分布：注册(49%)，登记(46%)，挂号(5%)
记录,注册(register+ation=registration)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
noun
LIST 列入
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when a name or information is recorded on an official list 登记；注册；挂号
• voter registration 选民登记
[ˌredʒ.ɪ'streɪ.ʃən] noun
CAR 车辆
countable (also registration number) (UK informal reg) (US usually license plate number)
■the official set of numbers and letters shown on the front and back of a road vehicle （机动车辆的）牌照号码，登记号码
• Police are looking for a small blue car with the registration number K17 EMW. 警方正在查找一辆小型蓝色轿车，车牌号为 K17EMW。
n. [专利] 登记；注册；挂号
 - entry, enrollment

Word: squad
Front: squad
[skwɒd] (托 4606/2797 -3)
Vocabulary: squad
(once / 438 pages)
n
A squad is a group, gang, or team, often made up of soldiers or police officers, but any gang will do. Some people call their group of friends a squad, probably so they seem organized and tough.
An army squad might focus on demolition or sharpshooting, while a police squad specializes in one particular type of crime — like a vice squad, battling drugs and illegal gambling, or a riot squad, controlling large groups of protesters. Any team of people is a squad, like a cheerleading squad or a squad of teenage graffiti artists. Squad comes from the Vulgar Latin exquadra, "square," or the shape infantry troops historically assembled in to fight.
WORD FAMILY
squad: squads
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also underwent questioning by a special Marine interrogation squad.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gilbert spent time on the Raiders practice squad last season and was cut by the team in the offseason.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just to be part of the Olympics was extra-special, again with my squad.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （军队中的）班; （暗杀）小组; 体育运动的运动（代表）队; （对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍
vt. 把…编成班; 把…编入班
分布：班(80%)，小队(20%)
→来自法语 esquade,班组，方队，来自意大利语 squadra,营，队伍，来自通俗拉丁语*exquadra, 方阵，词源同 square,方阵。引申诸相关词义。
US [skwɑ:d] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of people trained to work together as a unit 小队；特别行动组
• An army bomb squad arrived and defused the bomb. 一个陆军防爆小组赶到，拆除了炸弹。
■a team in sports from which the players for a match are chosen 运动队
• Eight of their 24-man squad are injured. 队里24人中有8人受伤。
■In the army, a squad is a small group of soldiers, especially one brought together for drill (= marching, etc.). （尤指集合操练时陆军的）班

Word: irrelevant
Front: irrelevant
[ɪˈreləvənt] (托 5782/4498 -2)
Vocabulary: irrelevant
(once / 1252 pages)
adj
If you're talking about hockey and someone keeps trying to mention football, you might describe their comments as irrelevant. Irrelevant means not related to the subject at hand.
If a rock star becomes irrelevant, it means people are not relating––or even listening––to his music anymore. It isn't part of what people are thinking or talking about. The opposite is relevant, meaning related. An analysis of brush strokes in Manet's painting would be relevant to a discussion of texture in painting in general. Relevant was borrowed from Medieval Latin relevare "to bear upon," from Latin, "to lift up." The prefix ir-, meaning "not," is a variant of in- before words that begin with the letter r.
WORD FAMILY
irrelevant: irrelevance, irrelevancy, irrelevantly+/ irrelevance: irrelevances/irrelevancy: irrelevancies/relevancy: relevancies/ relevant: irrelevant, relevance, relevancy, relevantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Irrelevant, because Trump outsources the FBI’s duties to the KGB.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The parents say the documents are irrelevant and that the repeated demands for them are harassing and invasive.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He says that the fact that Ramzan is nearly three times his daughter’s age is irrelevant.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 不相干的; 不恰当; 缺乏时代性的，落后于潮流的; 牛头不对马嘴
分布：不相干的(86%)，不恰当的(7%)，无关系的(7%)
→ir-,不，非，relevant,相关的。
不相干的,不切题的(ir不＋relevant)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
【记】relevant（adj 有关的；相应的）
【反】apposite（adj 适当的；恰当的）；germane（adj 有密切关系的）；apropos（adj 恰好的）
adjective
■not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore of no importance 不相关的，不切题的
• These documents are largely irrelevant to the present investigation. 这些档与目前的调查几乎毫不相干。
• Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make the book available to the largest possible audience. 赚取巨额利润对我们来说并不重要，重要的是要让尽可能多的读者读到这本书。
adj. 不相干的；不切题的
 - inconnected, unrelated

Word: hike
Front: hike
[haɪk] (研六托雅宝 4456/14785 -2)
Vocabulary: hike
(once / 1104 pages)
1vn 2vn
To hike is to walk a long way at a leisurely pace. You might love to hike in the woods on weekends.
When you hike, you walk for pleasure, often in a wooded or hilly area. The trip itself is also a hike, whether you hike the Appalachian Trail or climb a local hill. Another meaning of hike is "to increase," as when the library decides to hike the fees for late books. Hike has been around since the 1800's, when it was spelled hyke, but its origin is uncertain. The "walk vigorously" meaning is older than the "raise or increase" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
hike: hiked, hiker, hikes, hiking+/hiker: hikers
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no increase in 2016, so the cumulative increase - including the January hike - is 27 cents per gallon over four years.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
House Minority Leader Scott Pelath, D-Michigan City, still questions if a tax hike is “the best, or the only avenue, for raising revenues.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Businesses say mandated pay hikes hurt the economy by cutting jobs and hours.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 徒步旅行; 远足; 提高，涨价; <口>（数量、价格等）增加，上升
vi. 徒步旅行; 上升
vt. 提高（价格等）; 拉起; 使…高涨
时态：hiked, hiking, hikes
分布：徒步旅行(39%)，远足(31%)，提高(20%)，涨价(10%)
→来自英语方言hyke,精神抖擞的走路，可能来自中古英语icchen,猛拉，晃动，词源同hitch.引申词义远足，徒步旅行，特指山路上的徒步。词义增加，上升来自hitch变体。
n.徒步旅行;增加vi.徒步旅行vt.提高The ferry hiked the fare to a pound.船费涨到了一英镑.
【记】读：骇客（帝国），联想最后女主角突然跳起定格的一幕。我like hike徒步旅行。
【反】backset（n 挫折；逆流）
noun countable
WALK 步行
■a long walk, especially in the countryside （尤指乡间的）远足，长途健行
[haɪk] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
■an increase in the cost of something, especially a large or unwanted increase （价格或费用的大幅）提高，增加
• The recent hike in train fares came as a shock to commuters. 最近火车票价的上涨让通勤者十分震惊。
[haɪk] noun countable
Take a hike! US informal
■a rude way of telling someone to leave 滚开！快点滚！
[haɪk] verb
WALK 步行
intransitive
■to go for a long walk in the countryside 健行，长途步行
[haɪk] verb
INCREASE 增加
intransitive or transitive
■to increase the cost of something （价格或费用的大幅）提高，增加
• The Chancellor has hiked (up) interest rates again. 财政大臣再次提高利率。
[haɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hike sth up informal
■to lift or raise something with a quick movement 快速提起，快速拉起
• She hiked up her skirt and climbed onto the bicycle. 她快速撩起裙子，跨上脚踏车。
vi. 远足；徒步旅行；上升
 - trip, arise, raise, go up, climb
vt. 提高；拉起；使…高涨
 - enhance, raise
n. 远足；徒步旅行；涨价
 - walking tour, excursion

Word: underline
Front: underline
[ˌʌndəˈlaɪn] (高研四六雅 9691/4685 -2)
Back: vt. 在…下面画线; 加强，强调
n. 下划线; 下期节目预告; 图下说明文字
时态：underlined, underlining, underlines
分布：强调(90%)，在…下面划线(10%)
划线于…下(under+line线,在字底下划线,引申为强调)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示”副手”]
在字下划线;强调(under在下面+line→在下面划线)[line=line,表示"直线,线条"]
vt.在...下划线;强调I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
US [-dɚ-] (also underscore)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to draw a line under a word, especially in order to show its importance （尤指为了强调）在（词语）下面画线
• All the technical words have been underlined in red. 所有术语的下面都画了红线。
■to emphasize 强调，突出
• She put the figures up on the board to underline the seriousness of the situation. 她把资料写在黑板上，以强调形势的严峻。
• To underline their disgust, the crowd started throwing bottles at the stage. 为了宣泄他们的厌恶，观众们开始朝舞台上扔瓶子。
vt. 强调；在…下面划线；预告
 - emphasize, stress, highlight

Word: notch
Front: notch
[nɒtʃ] (托雅宝 9472/14781 -1)
Vocabulary: notch
(once / 1135 pages)
nv
A notch is a small cut or nick in something. People make notches to keep track of things.
If you've even seen a little U-shaped or V-shaped cut in something, you've seen a notch. In prison, criminals will make notches on the wall to keep track of how long they've been there. If you're stranded on a desert island, you might make notches on a tree. When you make a notch, you're notching. A notch is also part of a mountain range that is lower than the peaks around it — also called a mountain pass.
WORD FAMILY
notch: notched, notches, notching+/notched: unnotched
USAGE EXAMPLES
Eight goals were selected for a public vote with Mkhitaryan's effort - also against Sunderland, on 26 December - notching up 39.9%.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Kansas State: The Wildcats notched their first win in a conference opener since defeating Oklahoma State in 2014.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At first, this was just another notch in the radical belt, an endurance test for a committed militant.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: n. (V字形的)槽口; 刻痕; <美>峡谷; 等级
vt. 砍，切; 在…上作刻痕、开槽口; 作刻痕计算; 得分
时态：notched, notching, notches
分布：等级(38%)，切口(33%)，刻痕(13%)，赢得(8%)，计分(4%)，刻凹痕(4%)
→词源不详，可能来自nick,刻痕，引申词义等级。拼写比较bake,batch.
【记】读：no齿，一个人没有门牙，形成V形凹槽
【反】serrated（adj 锯齿状的）－without notches（没有刻痕的）
US [nɑ:tʃ] noun countable
CUT 切割
■a V-shaped cut in a hard surface （硬物表面的）V形槽口，V形切口
• The stick has two notches, one at each end. 这根木棍两端各有一个V形切口。
UK [nɒtʃ] US [nɑ:tʃ] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■an imaginary point or position in a system of comparing values, where a higher position is better and a lower position is worse 等级，档次
• Among current players, she is rated a notch above (= is better than) the rest. 在现役运动员中，她比其他人要高出一个等级。
UK [nɒtʃ] US [nɑ:tʃ] verb transitive
■to cut a notch in something 在…上切V形槽口，在…上刻V形切口
UK [nɒtʃ] US [nɑ:tʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] notch sth up informal
■to achieve something 取得，获得
• She has recently notched up her third win at a major tennis tournament. 最近，她在一项重要的网球锦标赛中获胜，取得了她的第三次胜利。
n. [木] 刻痕，凹口；等级；峡谷
 - degree, classification, score, grade, rate
vt. 赢得；用刻痕计算；在…上刻凹痕
 - win, purchase

Word: blur
Front: blur
[blɜ:(r)] (研六雅宝 6364/7648 -2)
Vocabulary: blur
(once / 900 pages)
vn
To blur is to make or become unfocused and fuzzy. Crying hard can cause your vision to blur until you wipe your tears away.
Heavy smog or early morning fog can blur your view of the city, and two candidates' similar views can blur the differences between their political parties. In both cases, things become indistinct and hazy. You can also call the haze itself a blur: "The whole day was just a blur after the exciting news I got in the morning." In the 16th century, blur meant "smear on the surface of writing."
WORD FAMILY
blur: blurred, blurring, blurry, blurs+/blurred: blurredly/blurry: blurrily, blurriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The following days were a blur of interrogations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A spectacular effort, and a scorpion kick, true to its – blurred – definition.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He sports dark stubble that blurs the chiselled jaw that matches his sportman’s physique.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 污迹，污斑; 模糊不清的事物; 暧昧不明
vt. & vi. 涂污，弄脏; （使）变模糊，（使）难以区分
时态：blurred, blurring, blurs
分布：模糊(91%)，污点(5%)，弄脏(3%)，使 ... 模糊(1%)
→词源同blear.
n.模糊不清的事物;污点vt.使模糊;玷污Her eyes blurred with tears.她的双眼模糊了.
【记】读：不乐。名誉被损坏了，当然高兴不起来了。Blur乐队的CD封面都是“模糊”的
【区】slur（v 含糊不清地说）读：死了，快死了当然说不清楚了。
US [blɝ:] noun only singular
■something that you cannot see clearly 模糊的东西
• If I don't wear my glasses, everything is just a blur. 如果不戴眼镜，我看任何东西都是模糊的。
■something that you cannot remember or understand clearly 记不清的东西；理解不清楚的东西
• It all happened so long ago that it's just a blur to me now. 这件事发生在很久以前，我现在记不清了。
• The last few days seem to have gone by in a blur. 过去几天似乎是在恍恍惚惚中度过的。
UK [blɜ:r] US [blɝ:] verb intransitive or transitive (-rr-)
■to (make something or someone) become difficult to see clearly （使）变模糊
• As she drifted into sleep, the doctor's face began to blur and fade. 当她渐渐入睡时，医生的脸开始模糊，渐渐消失了。
■to make the difference between two things less clear, or to make it difficult to see the exact truth about something 使…的区别不明显；使难以了解…的真相
• This film blurs the line/distinction/boundary between reality and fantasy. 这部电影模糊了现实与幻想的界限。
vt. 涂污；使…模糊不清；使暗淡；玷污
 - cloud, pollute
vi. 沾上污迹；变模糊
 - fog
n. 污迹；模糊不清的事物
 - work-up

Word: archive
Front: archive
[ˈɑ:kaɪv] (研宝 6515/4821 -2)
Vocabulary: archive
(once / 498 pages)
nv
An archive is a collection of older things — documents, books, movies, or something else — that's meant to preserve them. Archives tell us about history.
An archive involves old stuff — specifically, a collection of old stuff, often put together by a librarian. Newspaper archives collect old newspapers, usually all copies of a paper from a certain date onward. There are movie and music archives. Most museums have many types of archives within them. And it's always a good idea to keep an archive of important files on your computer. When you put something in an archive, you're archiving it.
WORD FAMILY
archive: archival, archived, archives, archiving, archivist+/archivist: archivists
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of them, a historian on the archives staff who was writing a book on the de Carvajal family, accused a rival of the theft.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Jonathan Lethem, 52, recently became the latest author to sell his personal paper trail to a major archive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Some appear to be in good condition but were conserved using a 1940s process that is slowly degrading the documents housed in the temperature-controlled archives.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 存档
n. 档案文件; 档案室
时态：archived, archiving, archives
分布：档案(48%)，存档(41%)，档案馆(11%)
→前缀arch-, 始，主要，权威。指政府及政府管理的档案，后指档案。
【记】1）archi主要－保存主要信息的场所－档案室2）arc拱，hive＝hide藏－藏在拱里－档案
US ['ɑ:r-] noun countable (also archives)
■a collection of historical records relating to a place, organization or family 档案；案卷
• archive film/footage /material 档案胶片／影片／材料
• These old photographs should go in the family archives. 这些老照片应收入家庭档案里。
■(also archives)
■a place where historical records are kept 档案馆；档案室
• I've been studying village records in the local archive. 我一直在当地的档案馆中研究村庄的史料。
■a computer file used to store electronic information or documents that you no longer need to use regularly （电脑上保存档的）档案
UK ['ɑ:.kaɪv] US ['ɑ:r-] verb transitive
■to store historical records or documents in an archive 把…归档；将…存档
■in computing, to store electronic information that you no longer need to use regularly （在电脑上将资料）存档；封存
• This software helps firms archive and retrieve emails. 这种软体有助于公司更便捷地封存和检索电子邮件。
n. 档案馆；档案文件
 - chancery

Word: offspring
Front: offspring
[ˈɒfsprɪŋ] (研六托雅宝 6511/5729 -1)
Vocabulary: offspring
(once / 540 pages)
n
Puppies are the offspring, or children, of a mamma dog. You're the offspring of your biological parents.
This is basically another word for children. Baby horses, gorillas, lizards, and humans are all offspring. A woman who gives birth to quadruplets suddenly has a lot of offspring. But this word isn't limited to biological creations — you could say that a project you've been laboring over is your offspring. Albert Einstein's offspring included many groundbreaking theories, and the scientists who followed up on Einstein's ideas are considered his intellectual offspring.
WORD FAMILY
offspring: offsprings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials also are considering locations for a separate test of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes genetically modified to produce offspring that die outside a lab.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The economic costs, including to our fisheries, is only one price our offspring will pay.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This in turn affects the timing of offspring hatching and their chances of survival.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 后代，子孙; 产物，结果; （动物的）崽; 幼苗
分布：子孙(37%)，后代(34%)，产物(29%)
→off,离开，spring,弹，跳，生长。比喻用法。
n.子孙,后代;结果,产物His offspring are diligent and intelligent.他的子女既勤奋又聪明.
US ['ɑ:f-] (plural offspring)
noun countable
■the young of an animal （动物的）幼崽，崽兽
• In the case of the guinea pig, the number of offspring varies between two and five. 以豚鼠为例，它一胎产2到5个幼仔。
■humorous or formal
■a person's children （人的）后代，子女，子嗣
• Tom's sister came round on Saturday with her numerous offspring. 汤姆的姐姐星期六带着她的一大群子女过来串门。
n. [生物] 后代，子孙；产物
 - child, creation, fruit, seed

Word: chemistry
Front: chemistry
[ˈkemɪstri] (中高研四六雅 4736/3555 -K2)
Vocabulary: chemistry
(once / 409 pages)
1n 2n
Chemistry is the science that tells us what things and people are made of; for example, that water is really H2O, two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
Chemistry deals with chemicals and elements, the building blocks of our world. The periodic table, that table of all of earth's basic elements — iron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. — comes from chemistry. Chemistry explains how atoms attract each other to become molecules. We also use the term to refer to people who are attracted to each other, either as colleagues, friends or romantic partners. Movie reviewers often say that that romantic leads have "great chemistry" — or not.
WORD FAMILY
chemistry: chemist, chemistries+/chemist: chemists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their chemistry was on display against fragile Watford on New Year’s Day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We use the farm to teach chemistry, math, biology,” she explained to me one morning between classes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 化学; 物质的化学组成（或性质），化学作用（现象）; （常指有强烈性吸引力的）两人间的关系; 〈比喻〉神秘的变化（过程）
分布：化学(100%)
→来自chemist.
化学(chemist化学家)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.化学The professor took the students to the chemistry lab.教授把学生们带到化学实验室去.
noun uncountable
SCIENCE 化学
 IMPROVER
■(the part of science which studies) the basic characteristics of substances and the different ways in which they react or combine with other substances 化学；化学性质，化学特性
• She studied chemistry and physics at college. 她在大学学的是化学和物理。
• A team of scientists has been studying the chemistry of the ozone layer. 一组科学家在研究臭氧层的化学性质。
• a chemistry department/laboratory 化学系／实验室
['kem.ɪ.stri] noun uncountable
RELATIONSHIP 关系 informal
■when two people understand and are attracted to each other （两人间的）理解和吸引；相互吸引
• There was an immediate sexual chemistry between us the first time we met. 我们两性相吸，初次见面就擦出了火花。
n. [化学] 化学；化学过程
 - chymist, chemical process

Word: ecosystem
Front: ecosystem
[ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] (六托 4528/13316 -1)
Vocabulary: ecosystem
(once / 5621 pages)
n
An ecosystem is all the living things, from plants and animals to microscopic organisms, that share an environment. Everything in an ecosystem has an important role. Well, almost everything.
The term ecosystem was coined in 1935, though ecosystems have been around as long as living things. Eco is a spin-off from the word ecology and describes anything having to do with the environment and our relation to it. You've probably heard of related terms like eco-friendly and eco-warrior. And system comes from the Greek word systema or "organized body, whole."
WORD FAMILY
ecosystem: ecosystems
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s always part of a larger ecosystem, what scientists call a complex adaptive system.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <生>生态系统
分布：生态系统(100%)
→eco-, 家，生态。system, 系统。
US [-koʊ-] noun countable
■all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment 生态系统
• Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem. 污染会对脆弱的生态平衡造成灾难性的破坏。
n. [生态] 生态系统
 - ecological constellation, ecological systems

Word: caucasus
Front: caucasus
[ˈkɔ:kəsəs] (-/22934)
Back: n. 高加索山脉，高加索
分布：高加索山脉(92%)，=Caucasia.(8%)

Word: drum
Front: drum
[drʌm] (中高研四六 4116/4171 -K3)
Vocabulary: drum
(once / 245 pages)
nv
A drum is a musical instrument that you play by hitting it rhythmically with a stick or your hand. Most drums are round, with a thin material stretched tightly over the ends.
Some drums, like the West African djembe, are played with bare hands by a drummer who plays just one drum at a time. Others are found in a drum kit, often part of a rock band or a jazz ensemble, which might include a bass drum, a snare drum, cymbals, and a tom-tom — or even more. The word drum is also a verb, meaning "to play a drum," and can also mean "a cylinder-shaped container."
WORD FAMILY
drum: drum-like, drummed, drummer, drumming, drums+/ drummer: drummers/drumming: drummings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tuesday’s celebration included dance, song, prayer, drumming and ended with a feast to share the harvest.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, tourists and Brazilians enjoyed a festival of sounds, including two sets of drums from popular samba schools.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources says the commercial fishing seasons for flounder, red drum and greater amberjack will each open at 12:01 a.m.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鼓; 鼓状物; 鼓声; 石首鱼
vt. 击鼓; 连打; 反复讲; 鼓吹
vi. 击鼓; 连打; 拍翅
时态：drummed, drumming, drums
分布：鼓(78%)，鼓声(8%)，击鼓(7%)，鼓状物(2%)，灌输(2%)，连续敲击(1%)，逐出(1%)，引起兴趣(1%)
→拟声词，模仿敲鼓的声音。
n.鼓;圆桶Don't drum the floor with your feet.不要用你的脚咚咚地踩踏地板.
noun countable
INSTRUMENT 乐器
 ADVANCED
■a musical instrument, especially one made from a skin stretched over the end of a hollow tube or bowl, played by hitting with the hand or a stick 鼓
• a bass/snare/kettle drum 大／小／定音鼓
• They danced to the beat of the drums (= sound of the drums being hit). 他们随着鼓声翩翩起舞。
[drʌm] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a large tube-like container 桶
• an oil drum 油桶
• a five-gallon plastic drum 五加仑的塑胶桶
• a drum of radioactive waste 一桶放射性废料
■the hollow metal cylinder in a washing machine into which clothes and other things are put for washing （洗衣机的）缸，滚筒
[drʌm] noun countable
bang/beat the drum UK
■to speak enthusiastically about a belief or idea in order to persuade other people to support it too 大肆宣传，极力鼓吹
• Labour are banging the drum for a united Europe. 工党正极力鼓吹建立一个统一的欧洲。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
■to hit a surface regularly and make a sound like a drum, or to make something do this （使）敲击，（使）敲打
• She drummed her fingers impatiently on the table. 她不耐烦地用手指敲打桌子。
• The rain drummed loudly on the roof. 雨点打在屋顶上，发出很大的声响。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drum sth into sb
■to teach something to someone by repeating it to them a lot 反覆教（某人）…，反覆向（某人）灌输…
• The importance of good manners was drummed into us at an early age. 我们很小就被反覆叮嘱要注重行为举止。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drum sb out of sth
■to force someone to leave a job, group, etc., often because they have behaved in a way which is not considered acceptable 开除；驱逐；将（某人）赶出…；迫使（某人）离开…
• The minister was drummed out of office when it was discovered that he had been taking bribes. 受贿的事情败露后那位部长被迫下台。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drum sth up
■to increase interest in something or support for something 激起，鼓动
• He was trying to drum up some enthusiasm for the project. 他正试图激发人们对该企划案的热情。
n. 鼓；鼓声
 - kettle

Word: abide
Front: abide
[əˈbaɪd] (研六托宝 8457/9496 -1)
Vocabulary: abide
(once / 378 pages)
1v 2v
Abide means to be able to live with, or stand. If you can't abide with something, it means you can't stand it. If you can abide it, it means you can live with it.
An old definition of abide is 'to live'––think of abode, as in dwelling. If you abide by the rules, it means you live with them, and you will follow them. If you can't abide your sister's shrill violin playing, it means you can't live with it, you can't be in the house when she's practicing. You abide something you don't like, like your teacher's long stories about math. It's not a pleasant experience, but what choice do you have?
WORD FAMILY
abide: abidance, abided, abides, abiding +/ abiding: abidingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Players, abiding by their religious tenets, use the sport as an outlet between long hours spent studying Judaic texts and other subjects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ray painstakingly tries to abide by all the rules, but that doesn’t mean tensions can’t run high when the board decides to drop in.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 容忍，忍受; 等候; 遵守
vi. 持续; 经受住，顶住; 居住，逗留
时态：abided, abiding, abides
分布：遵守(86%)，忍受(10%)，坚持(4%)
→前缀a-来自古英语前缀ge-, 同com-, 表强调。bide,等待，停留。
vi.(abode,abided)(by)遵守;坚持To abide the abiding bidding, the oxide bidder strides on the seaside.为了忍耐无休止的吩咐,氧化物投标者在海滨阔步行走.
【记】a一人，bid投标。只有一人投标。大家参加过拍卖会吗？如果一件拍品只有一人投标，对于拍卖官来说是很痛苦的一件事情，他必须（容忍），力求激发会场的热情，抬高价格。但是，事与愿违，只有一人投标，所以只能（忍受）一锤定音的痛苦了。Ab离开，id＝ID卡。我们的生活离开ID卡要[忍受]一定的痛苦。Ab离开，I爱，de拼：的－离开爱的：考GRE就要离开爱，但是为了事业，你要容忍，忍受。
【反】miscreant（n 有罪的人）－law-abiding individual（遵守法纪的人）
[ə'baɪd] old use
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
can't abide sb/sth
■If you can't abide someone or something, you dislike them very much （因为厌恶而）不能忍受，无法容忍
• I can't abide her. 我真受不了她。
• He couldn't abide laziness. 他无法容忍懒惰。
[ə'baɪd] old use
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
LIVE 居住
■to live or stay somewhere 居住；逗留；停留
• He abided in the wilderness for forty days. 他在荒野中渡过了40天。
[ə'baɪd] old use
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  abide by sth
■to accept or obey an agreement, decision or rule 遵守，遵循（协议、决定或规章）
• Competitors must abide by the judge's decision. 参赛者必须服从裁判的裁决。
conform, comply, abide, adhere
这组词都有“遵守”的意思，其区别是：
conform: v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
 • All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.   每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply: v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
 • Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.   我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
abide: v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。
 • I will abide by the director' decision.   我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere: v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)
 • Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.   汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
vt. 忍受，容忍；停留
 - stomach, go, stand, tough, tolerate
vi. 持续；忍受；停留
 - stay, hold, stomach

Word: sterling
Front: sterling
[ˈstɜ:lɪŋ] (雅 32085/4191 -4)
Vocabulary: sterling
(once / 690 pages)
adjn
Sterling is British money, but it also describes anything of very high quality. A sterling report card has all A’s, and sterling manners are needed for a visit with the Queen of England.
Sterling is a word for British currency, and although the jury is still out, the word sterling may be from the Middle English word for "star," sterre from the stars that appeared in the design of certain Norman (really old British) coins. Sterling can still refer to money, but it also describes something great. A sterling reputation is a flawless, immaculate reputation.
WORD FAMILY
sterling: sterlingly, sterlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In fact, the battle between Milner and Sterling was the highlight of the game for me.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Giants: Sterling Shepard ranks second among rookies with 62 catches and 653 yards receiving.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When the encounter is over, the man, Alton Sterling is shot and killed.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 标准纯度的; 含标准成分的; 符合最高标准的，高质量的; 品格优秀的
n. 英国货币; 标准纯银; 银器
分布：英国货币(36%)，优秀的(20%)，标准纯银(13%)，纯正的(10%)，英币的(8%)，纯银制的(8%)，银制品(5%)
→来自古英语 staerlinc,椋鸟，来自 staer,椋鸟，来自 Proto-Germanic*staraz,椋鸟，来自 stern, 椋鸟。-ling,小词后缀。sterling 银币，英镑，标准纯银，银器
US ['stɝ:-] noun uncountable
■British money 英国货币，英镑
• The value of sterling increased against several other currencies yesterday. 昨天英镑对其他几种货币的比值有所上升。
• If you buy things on the plane, you can either pay for them in pounds sterling (= British pounds) or in US dollars. 在飞机上买东西，既可以付英镑，也可以付美元。
UK ['stɜ:.lɪŋ] US ['stɝ:-] adjective
METAL 金属
■(of precious metal, especially silver) of a fixed standard of purity （贵金属，尤指银）标准纯度的
• a sterling silver candlestick 纯银烛台
UK ['stɜ:.lɪŋ] US ['stɝ:-] adjective
VERY GOOD 杰出的 approving
■of a very high standard 杰出的，优秀的；令人赞赏的
• You've done a sterling job. 你做得非常好。
• Everyone has made a sterling effort. 每个人都作出了出色的努力。
adj. 纯正的；英币的；纯银制的
 - uncorrupt
n. [金融] 英国货币；标准纯银
 - British dollar

Word: guilt
Front: guilt
[gɪlt] (研六宝 3628/3827 -2)
Vocabulary: guilt
(once / 94 pages)
n
You experience guilt when you feel bad about doing something wrong or committing some offense. Guilt is also the state of having committed the offense — it's the opposite of "innocence."
The noun guilt stems from the Old English word gylt, meaning "crime, sin, fault, or fine." Feelings of guilt are typical after you've done something you shouldn't have, like cheating on your spelling test or stealing from your little brother's piggy bank. We often say that our conscience is the source of this feeling. If you're the prosecuting attorney in a criminal trial, your job is to prove the guilt of the defendant, that is, to prove that they committed the crime you're accusing them of.
WORD FAMILY
guilt: guiltless, guilts, guilty +/guiltless: guiltlessly, guiltlessness/ guilty: guiltier, guiltiest, guiltily, guiltiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Food should not be about denial, guilt or killing ourselves.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A team led by prominent capital defense lawyer David Bruck represented Roof during the guilt phase of the trial.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 有罪，犯罪行为，罪恶; [法律] 轻罪，过失; 内疚，知罪; 自责
分布：内疚(73%)，罪行(27%)
→词源不详。可能来自guild, 付款，支付。引申义支付罚金，赎罪。
n.罪过,内疚He was filled with guilt.他内心深感不安.
【反】innocence（n 清白）；exculpation（n 使无罪）；attribute guilt（归罪）
noun uncountable
FEELING 感觉
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have done something wrong, such as causing harm to another person 内疚；愧疚；自责
• He suffered such feelings of guilt over leaving his children. 他因为抛弃了自己的孩子而备感愧疚。
• She remembered with a pang of guilt that she hadn't called her mother. 她想起没有给妈妈打电话，感到一阵强烈的内疚。
[gɪlt] noun uncountable
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
 ADVANCED
■the fact of having done something wrong or committed a crime 过失；犯罪；罪责
• Both suspects admitted their guilt to the police. 两名嫌疑人都向警方认了罪。
• The prosecution's task in a case is to establish a person's guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. 在庭审案件中，控方的任务无疑就是要证明被告有罪。
Compare innocence
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 犯罪，过失；内疚
 - error, crime, mistake, sin, blame

Word: gentle
Front: gentle
[ˈdʒentl] (高研四六托雅宝 3393/2778 -K3)
Vocabulary: gentle
(once / 52 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adj
Use the adjective gentle to describe something that is soothing or kind, like a person with a tender nature or the soft sound of light rain.
The word gentle traces back to the Latin word gentlis, meaning “of the same clan,” and at first the world was used to describe people belonging to distinguished families, who were seen as courteous and noble. Nowadays you’re more likely to hear the word used to refer to things that are calm, moderate, and without harshness. The word is often applied to people, but it can be used more broadly to describe anything that is mild, such as "a gentle detergent" or "a gentle reminder."
WORD FAMILY
gentle: gentility, gentled, gentlely, gentleness, gentler, gentles, gentlest, gentling, gently, ungentle+/ gentility: gentilities/ gentleness: gentlenesses/ungentle: ungently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Actually, though, Adams was a gentle and sensitive man, a rare opponent of the anti-Asian racism dominating the Australian labour movement.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The gentle piano music starts as the doorbell chimes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A gentle and wry bow-tied lawyer and stalwart of countless civic boards, Tom Lewis wears his gentility lightly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 温和的; 文雅的; 高尚的
vt. 使温和; 使驯服
n. 蛆; 饵
时态：gentled, gentling, gentles
分布：温和的(53%)，轻柔的(17%)，文雅的(14%)，温顺的(14%)，出身名门的(2%)
→来自gen-,生育，词源同generate.原指出生高贵的，优雅的。
a.和蔼的,文雅的,有礼貌的At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
【反】truculent（adj 好战凶猛的）
US [-tˌl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■calm, kind or soft 文静的；和蔼的；温柔的
• a gentle smile 和蔼的微笑
• He's very gentle with his kids. 他对孩子们很温和。
 ESSENTIAL
■not violent, severe or strong 轻柔的；平和的；徐缓的
• gentle exercise 舒缓的锻炼
• a gentle breeze 轻柔的微风
• You can actually accomplish a lot more by gentle persuasion. 和声细语耐心说服实际上会收效更大。
 IMPROVER
■not steep or sudden 不陡的；平缓的；徐缓的
• The path has a gentle slope/gradient. 这条小路上有个平缓的斜坡／有点平缓的坡度。
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温和的；文雅的
 - pacific, moderate, soft, mild, temperate
vt. 使温和，使驯服
 - soften, milden
n. 蛆，饵
 - grubworm, maggot

Word: deliberate
Front: deliberate
[dɪˈlɪbərət] (研四六托雅宝 6343/4700 -K3)
Vocabulary: deliberate
(once / 149 pages)
adjv
To deliberate means to carefully think or talk something through — it also means slow and measured, the pace of this kind of careful decision making. If you chose deliberately, you make a very conscious, well-thought-through choice.
The verb deliberate ends with an "ate" sound — at the end of a trial, after the evidence is presented, the twelve members of a jury retreat to a room to deliberate, i.e., talk through the trial and come to a verdict. The adjective deliberate ends with an "it" sound. If you walk with a deliberate pace, you're slow and steady.
WORD FAMILY
deliberate: deliberated, deliberately, deliberateness, deliberates, deliberating, deliberatingly, deliberation, deliberative+/ deliberation: deliberations/deliberative: deliberatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In “Vision,” he adopts a slower, more deliberate tempo and constructs a weighty, imposing structure that builds in intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sovannara’s attorneys were not allowed to enter closing arguments, and justices deliberated for 15 minutes before returning with a conviction, according to Amnesty International.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Still, he became ill from the stress of the neighborhood and deliberated often whether to leave New York, he said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 故意的; 蓄意的; 深思熟虑的; 慎重的
vt. 权衡
vi. 熟虑; 商讨
时态：deliberated, deliberating, deliberates
分布：深思熟虑的(40%)，故意的(32%)，仔细考虑(15%)，从容不迫的(8%)，研讨(5%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-liber, 秤，称量，词源同Libra,equilibrium.引申义反复称量的，故意的。
a.深思熟虑的,故意的vt.研讨,商讨I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
【记】de去掉，liber自由－做事谨慎就缺乏自由
【参】deliberateness＝deliberation（n 故意；深思熟虑）liberality（n 自由，慷慨）；liberty（n 自由；特权）
【反】impetuous（adj 冲动的；激烈的）；precipitate（adj 突如其来的）；hasty（adj 匆忙的；草率的）
US [-ə˞-]
 IMPROVER
■(often of something bad) intentional or planned （常指坏事）有意的，故意的，蓄意的
• a deliberate attack/insult/lie 蓄意攻击／侮辱／说谎
• We made a deliberate decision to live apart for a while. 经过慎重考虑，我们决定分开居住一段时间。
■describes a movement, action or thought which is done carefully without hurrying 慢吞吞的；小心谨慎的；沉稳的
• From her slow, deliberate speech I guessed she must be drunk. 她说话慢吞吞的，我猜她肯定喝醉了。
verb intransitive or transitive /dɪˈlɪb.ə.reɪt/ formal
■to think or talk seriously and carefully about something 慎重考虑；仔细讨论
• The jury took five days to deliberate on the case. 陪审团花了五天时间对此案进行了慎重讨论。
• The committee has deliberated the question at great length. 委员会已经仔细讨论过这个问题了。
• [+ question word] He's deliberating wh ether or not to accept the new job that he's been offered. 他正在仔细考虑是否接受提供给他的这份新工作。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
adj. 故意的；深思熟虑的；从容的
 - intended, studied, designed, contained, conscious
vt. 仔细考虑；商议
 - negotiate, mull over

Word: municipality
Front: municipality
[mju:ˌnɪsɪˈpæləti] (宝 8688/21335 -1)
Vocabulary: municipality
(once / 1792 pages)
n
If you live in a town or city that has a mayor or other officials who govern it, you live in a municipality.
The word municipality comes from the Latin municipium, meaning "free city." A municipality has its own government, but sometimes municipalities join together to share services. For instance, two neighboring municipalities might decide to share a single recycling center in order to cut costs.
WORD FAMILY
municipality: municipalities+/ municipal: municipality, municipally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, even those 21 municipalities don’t fully cooperate, officials acknowledged.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The law establishes stricter timetables for state agencies and municipalities to respond to public records requests.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The District’s commitment to non-simple solutions is the most notable among all the municipalities in the area.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 自治市; 市政当局
分布：自治市(80%)，市当局(20%)
→来自municipal,地方自治的。即自治市。
市政当局(municipal市政的+ity)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
【记】muni拼音：慕尼（黑）就是municipality
US [-tˌi] noun countable
■a city or town with its own local government, or the local government itself 市，自治市；市政府，市政当局
• The municipality provides services such as electricity, water and rubbish collection. 市政当局提供供电、供水及垃圾收集等服务。
n. 市民；市政当局；自治市或区
 - citizen, corporation

Word: lengthy
Front: lengthy
[ˈleŋθi] (托 6031/4985 -2)
Vocabulary: lengthy
(once / 1251 pages)
adj
Lengthy things are long and drawn out. Your teacher's lengthy lecture might extend far beyond the end of class and leave many people dozing at their desks.
The adjective lengthy is almost always used to describe a duration of time (or sometimes a long piece of writing), rather than the physical length of something. So long-lasting speeches and endless waits at the bus stop could both be called lengthy, but you wouldn't describe your friend's long hair that way. Lengthy is an 18th century American invention, also adopted by the British in the nineteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
lengthy: lengthier, lengthiest, lengthily, lengthiness+/ length: lengthen, lengths, lengthy / lengthen: lengthened, lengthening, lengthens/lengthening: lengthenings/ long: length, longed, longer, longest, longing, longingly, longish, longly, longness, longs/longest: longests/ longing: longings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lengthy delays prompted Lucas to abandon that bid in June and change strategy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As a longtime state politician, Bill agrees to a lengthy sit-down interview with me for another story for this publication, which is forthcoming.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They argue that skipping the lengthier deportation procedures deprives people of the opportunity to claim asylum.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 长的，漫长的; 冗长的; 啰唆的（演说，文章等）
级别：lengthier, lengthiest
分布：冗长的(55%)，漫长的(45%)
→来自length,长度，引申词义冗长的。
冗长的,漫长的(length+y)[long,leng表示"长"]
adjective
 ADVANCED
■continuing for a long time 漫长的，冗长的
• a lengthy discussion/process 漫长的讨论／过程
• Many airline passengers face lengthy delays because of the strike. 许多航空公司的乘客都因罢工而面临漫长的延误。
adj. 漫长的，冗长的；啰唆的
 - farflung, redundant

Word: ordinate
Front: ordinate
[ˈɔ:dɪnət] (-/43163)
Back: n. <数>纵坐标
分布：纵坐标(63%)，纵线(28%)，按行排列的(9%)
→来自拉丁语ordinare,安排，布置，指定，词源同order.引申词义顺序，后用于数学名词纵坐标。
n. [数] 纵座标；纵线
 - vertical scale

Word: prototype
Front: prototype
[ˈprəʊtətaɪp] (研六托雅宝 6270/6557 -2)
Vocabulary: prototype
(once / 1986 pages)
n
A prototype is the original model, a sample on which to base future designs. A company designing a new toaster will first design and build a prototype and then test it out and see if it's any good.
A prototype is your test case and becomes the model on which to base the design of the finished product. Often, however, the prototype can be a phase to work out the bugs. The prototype of our hands-free toothbrush was too dangerous; it needed to return to the lab for serious improvements. Like the word archetype, the word prototype can also mean the standard on which to base a definition of something. "A prototypical cheerleader is the girl to which all other cheerleaders might aspire."
WORD FAMILY
prototype: prototypal, prototypes, prototypic, prototypical+/prototypic: prototypically
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Harwood’s prototype at the school was the Wright brothers’ first biplane, this immense scaled-up elaboration of it was a spaceship in drydock.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Seventeen years later, after working on several prototypes, his plane was ready.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Usually, this involves a prototype, or at least a rendering.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 原型，雏形，蓝本
分布：原型(96%)，雏形(3%)，范例(1%)
→proto-,原始的，最早的，type,种类。
原型,典型(proto原始,第一+type→原始模式→原型)[typ=type,表示"模式,形状"]
n.原型;典型,范例The strange mechanical device is the prototype of modern cars.这奇怪的机械装置是现代汽车的原型.
US ['proʊ.tˌə-] noun countable
■the first example of something, such as a machine or other industrial product, from which all later forms are developed 原型
• a prototype for/of a new car 新型轿车的原型
n. [生物] 原型；标准，模范
 - criterion, standard, level, norms, type

Word: prohibit
Front: prohibit
[prəˈhɪbɪt] (高研四六托雅 3990/5809 -2)
Vocabulary: prohibit
(once / 208 pages)
v
If a sign says "Swimming Prohibited," don't go for a dip. It's not allowed. To prohibit is to forbid, or to disallow something.
In school, you are prohibited from leaving the premises before the end of the school day. The school administration also prohibits smoking and chewing gum. In 1920, it became illegal to sell alcohol in the United States. This time period when alcohol was prohibited is known as the era of Prohibition. Famously Prohibition did not work. When you prohibit something, you often make it seem more appealing.
WORD FAMILY
prohibit: prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitive, prohibits+/ prohibition: prohibitionist, prohibitions/prohibitionist: prohibitionists/ prohibitive: prohibitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure also prohibits limits the OCE’s jurisdiction to the previous three Congresses, aligning its statute of limitations to the Ethics Committee’s.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The manual adds, “Cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment is prohibited.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 禁止，阻止，防止; 不准许
时态：prohibited, prohibiting, prohibits
分布：禁止(99%)，妨碍(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，提前，-hibit,持有，握住，词源同habit,inhibit.即先行持有的，引申比喻义禁止。
阻止,禁止(pro前面+hibit→在前面拿住→不让前进→阻止)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
v.禁止,不准;阻止Smoking is strictly prohibited.严禁吸烟.
verb
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■to officially forbid (= refuse to allow) something 禁止；阻止
• Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre. 机动车辆禁止在市中心行驶。
• The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV. 政府颁布了一项法律： 禁止在电视上播放烟草广告。
• Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates. 这些大门之间严禁停车。
transitive
■to prevent a particular activity by making it impossible 阻止；妨碍；使不可能
• The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会里音乐声嘈杂，根本没法进行严肃的谈话。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 阻止，禁止
 - stem, block, dispute, bar, discourage

Word: tactical
Front: tactical
[ˈtæktɪkl] (7192/7098 -2)
Vocabulary: tactical
(once / 1745 pages)
adj
A tactical move on the military's part is one that is carefully planned and often small in scale, but important in getting control of an area.
Tactical comes from the Greek taktike techne meaning "art of arrangement." When something is tactical, it is artfully arranged, or planned. This most often refers to military or naval operations, but it doesn't have to. When someone does something with a goal that is beyond the immediate result of his action, that can be seen as a tactical move. For example, renovating your kitchen might be a tactical move if you're planning to eventually sell your house and want to increase its property value.
WORD FAMILY
tactical: tactically+/ tactic: tactics / tactician: tacticians/ tactics: tactical, tactician
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, the bank said in the note that the downgrade on Indonesia and Brazil was a "tactical" response to Trump's victory.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The second group got a tactical lecture on the use of particular shots.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 战术的; 策略上的; 巧妙设计的; 有谋略的
分布：战术上的(67%)，战术性的(27%)，足智多谋的(6%)
adjective
■relating to tactics or done in order to achieve something 策略性的，谋略性的
• It was a tactical vote. 这是一种策略性的投票。
■describes weapons that are for use over short distances and, especially in the case of nuclear weapons, have a local effect only （尤指核武器）战术性的

Word: cosmetic
Front: cosmetic
[kɒzˈmetɪk] (8341/9867 -2)
Vocabulary: cosmetic
(once / 2842 pages)
adjn
Cosmetic refers to how something or someone looks. Visit the cosmetics department of a store if you are looking to buy lipstick, and visit a cosmetic surgeon if you are looking to buy new lips.
The word cosmetic has to do with beauty and appearance. Cosmetic surgery makes someone look better, but isn't necessary medically, like heart surgery. A cosmetic change to a building only changes the building’s appearance. Cosmetic often means the same as decorative or ornamental. Also, cosmetics are items used to adorn, especially women, such as nail polish, lipstick, and eyeliner. All uses of cosmetic have to do with what's on the outside, not what's on the inside.
WORD FAMILY
cosmetic: cosmetically, cosmetician, cosmetics+/cosmetician: cosmeticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
He later found Cooper on a 32-yard touchdown that was cosmetic.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The president denied allegations that she failed to pay closer attention to the rescue operation because she was receiving a cosmetic procedure.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Yu said he spoke to an elderly woman who was robbed of her iPhone 7, cash and cosmetics by the suspects on Dec. 22.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 化妆品; 美发油，发蜡; 装饰品; 美容术
adj. 化妆用的; 美容的; 装点门面的; 表面的
分布：化妆品(89%)，表面的(5%)，化妆用的(4%)，整容的(2%)
→来自词根cosm, 安排，整理，秩序，词源同cosmos。后指化妆品，即使人看起来漂亮，得当。
US [kɑ:z'metˌ-] noun
cosmetics [plural]
■substances that you put on your face or body which are intended to improve its appearance 化妆品
• We sell a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries at a very reasonable price. 我们出售各种各样的化妆品和洗漱用品，价格公道。
UK [kɒz'met.ɪk] US [kɑ:z'metˌ-] adjective disapproving
■describes changes, etc. that are intended to make you believe that something is better when, in reality, the problem has not been solved; superficial 装饰门面的，虚饰的，表面的
• They were offered a few cosmetic improvements to their working conditions, but nothing of significance. 表面上他们的工作环境有所改善，但并没有实质上的改变。
UK [kɒz'met.ɪk] US [kɑ:z'metˌ-] adjective
[before noun]
■describes substances that you put on your face or body which are intended to improve its appearance 化妆品
• a cosmetic cream 美容霜
n. 化妆品；装饰品
 - decoration, toiletry

Word: glance
Front: glance
[glɑ:ns] (高研四六宝 2417/2192 -3)
Vocabulary: glance
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2v
Glance involves quick contact. When you glance at someone you take a quick peek at them. When a knife blow glances off you, it doesn't penetrate, but hits at an angle.
When you glance at someone, it's often because you don't want to be caught staring. Remember: "Strangers in the night/exchanging glances..." In certain circles, if someone is caught glancing at someone else's girlfriend, he'll find himself in a fist fight, praying only that his beefy opponent will deliver only a glancing blow.
WORD FAMILY
glance: glanced, glances, glancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A quick glance at catwalk signs for 2017 shows that the hems of women's skirts will be falling - to just below the knee.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
They’re in a zone, glancing at the phone or chatting, he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 一瞥; 闪微光; 掠过，擦过; 随便提到，简略地触及
n. 浏览; 闪光; 歪斜，一掠
时态：glanced, glancing, glances
分布：一瞥(44%)，扫视(22%)，掠过(12%)，闪烁(10%)，匆匆一看(6%)，反光(6%)
→来自拉丁文glacies, 冰，词源同cold,插入鼻音字母n. 即冰上滑过的光线，引申义瞥过。
v.(at,over)扫视n.匆匆看,一瞥,一眼He could tell at a glance what is wrong with a bike.他一眼就可以看出自行车有什么毛病.
【反】peruse（v 细读）；scrutiny（n 详细审查）
US [glænts] verb
LOOK 看
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to give a quick short look 瞥一眼；迅速地看一眼；扫视
• She glanced around/round the room to see who was there. 她扫视了一眼房间，看看谁在里面。
• He glanced up from his book as I passed. 我走过的时候，正埋头读书的他抬头瞥了我一眼。
• Could you glance over/through this letter and see if it's alright? 你能不能看一下这封信，看看写得好不好？
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] verb
SHINE 发光
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to shine, reflect light or sparkle 闪耀；闪光；闪烁
• The sunlight glanced on the lake. 湖面上波光粼粼。
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  glance off (sth)
■to hit or touch something quickly and lightly at an angle and move away in another direction 擦过，掠过（指偏斜击中某物后变向而去）
• The bullets glanced off the car. 子弹擦过汽车。
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a quick short look 瞥一眼；迅速地看一眼；扫视
• She took/cast a glance at her watch. 她看了一下手表。
at a glance
■immediately 立刻
• He could tell at a glance that something was wrong. 他一眼就看出问题了。
at first glance
■when first looking 乍看之下；最初看到时
• At first glance I thought it was a dog (but I was mistaken). 乍看之下，我还以为是一只狗呢（但是我看错了）。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
n. 一瞥；一滑；闪光
 - dekko, shufti
vi. 扫视，匆匆一看；反光；瞥闪，瞥见
 - run one's eyes over, catch a glimpse of
vt. 扫视；瞥见；擦过
 - run one's eyes over, catch a glimpse of

Word: testify
Front: testify
[ˈtestɪfaɪ] (研六托宝 2790/7617 -2)
Vocabulary: testify
(once / 122 pages)
v
To testify is to make a statement or provide evidence, usually in court. Witnesses testify for the prosecution or defense.
If you've ever seen a TV show about lawyers, you've probably seen someone testifying: putting their hand on the Bible, sitting in the witness seat, and telling what they know about a case. Testifying is serious business, but it doesn't always happen in court: If someone knows you're good at math, they can testify to your math skills. Or if you've been to a restaurant, you can testify to your friends that it has awesome desserts.
WORD FAMILY
testify: testified, testifier, testifies, testifying, testimony +/testifier: testifiers/ testimonial: testimonials/ testimony: testimonial, testimonies
USAGE EXAMPLES
With Park refusing to appear on Tuesday, the nine-justice court asked her to testify on Thursday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But by law, those who testify now are prohibited from telling the jury what penalty they think he should receive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Arizona senator John McCain scheduled a hearing on foreign cyber threats for 5 January, and called senior intelligence officials to testify.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 作证; 声明; 证明; 证实
vt. 作证; 证明，为…提供证明; 公开宣称，宣布
时态：testified, testifying, testifies
分布：作证(64%)，证明(35%)，声明(1%)
→test-,见证，证明，-fy,使。
表明;证实(test+ify→用证据证明)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
v.作证,证明;(to)表明,说明The young man testified that he had not seen her there.那年轻人作证说他没有看到她在那儿.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide proof 证明，证实；作证
• [+ that] He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. 他作证说自己看到那人在谋杀案案发前后离开了大楼。
certify, testify, verify, rectify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify: v.证明，声称是真的。
 • He certified it was his wife's handwriting.   他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
testify: v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。
 • He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.   由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify: v. (用事实)证实或核实。
 • I verified the store's address by calling to check it.   我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
rectify: v.改正，纠正；整顿。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
vt. 证明，证实；作证
 - demonstrate, prove, favor, make sure, argue
vi. 作证；证明
 - seal of, give evidence of

Word: herd
Front: herd
[hɜ:d] (研四六托雅宝 5174/5760 -2)
Vocabulary: herd
(once / 243 pages)
nv
A herd is a bunch of animals — or people who act like a bunch of animals. It's also a verb — when people herd animals, they try to keep them moving in the same direction.
A herd usually refers to a group of animals with hooves, like cows or sheep (meat-eating animals like wolves cruise around in packs). On a farm, sheepdogs are in charge of herding the herd of sheep. Herds of buffalo roam the plains. It's rarely a good thing when people act like a herd, which is to do what everyone else is doing. You might want "to break away from the herd" if everyone is wearing pinwheel hats, for example. If you're having trouble getting people together, you might say it's like "herding cats." Cats never follow directions.
WORD FAMILY
herd: herded, herder, herding, herds+/herder: herders
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And we voters did our part, passing judgment on the candidates, thinning the herd, rejecting them one by one.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The herd typically summers northwest of Meeteetse and migrates into the Bighorn Basin in winter.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 兽群; 牧群; 放牧人; <蔑>群众，民众
vt. & vi. 群集，纠结
vt. 放牧; （使）向…移动; 使成群
时态：herded, herding, herds
分布：群(84%)，兽群(6%)，放牧(5%)，聚在一起(2%)，牧人(2%)，群集(1%)
→来自kerdh,兽群，牧群。
n.群,兽群,牛群v.放牧,群集The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
【参】herdsman（n 牧者；牧人）
US [hɝ:d] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together 兽群；牧群
• a herd of cattle/elephants/goats 一群牛／大象／山羊
■mainly disapproving
■a large group of people that is considered together as a group and not separately 芸芸众生，人群
• Poor Janine - she just follows the herd (= does what all the other people are doing). 可怜的雅尼娜——她只是在跟随主流。
UK [hɜ:d] US [hɝ:d] verb
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to make animals move together as a group （将…）赶成一群，放牧
• A old woman was herding the goats up the mountainside. 一位老妇人正在山坡上放牧山羊。
transitive + adverb or preposition mainly disapproving
■to make people move somewhere as a group, often with force or against their wishes （常指强迫性地）使集中在一起
• The football fans complained that they had been herded into a small alley. 足球迷抱怨说他们被集中赶进了一条小巷里。
herd, swarm, flock
这组词都有“群”的意思，其区别是：
herd: 一般指大动物的群，尤指家畜的群，也可指人群。
swarm: 通常指蜜蜂、昆虫等的群。
flock: 主要指鸟群、羊群；也指较小的动物群，也可指人群。
n. 兽群，畜群；放牧人
 - drove, menagerie
vt. 放牧；使成群
 - grass, feed, range

Word: brigade
Front: brigade
[brɪˈgeɪd] (9282/4785 -2)
Vocabulary: brigade
(once / 307 pages)
nv
A brigade is a unit of the army. A bunch of brigades make up a division, while brigades are divided into battalions and regiments.
The military is nothing if not organized, and one of the forms of organization is the brigade. A brigade is smaller than a division, but larger than a battalion or regiment, several of which make up a brigade. A colonel or brigadier general will command a brigade, which consists of several units, including one at headquarters, one infantry unit, plus support staff. Soldiers in the same brigade will work together closely. Veterans will remember their brigade comrades.
WORD FAMILY
brigade: brigaded, brigades, brigading
USAGE EXAMPLES
He promised to send at least two more combat brigades, or roughly 10,000 soldiers, to Afghanistan.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
London Fire Brigade said it rescued six people from a first-floor flat above the pub.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
London Fire Brigade said it rescued six people from a first floor flat above the pub in Acton High Street.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 旅
vt. 把…编成旅; 把…编成队
时态：brigaded, brigading, brigades
分布：队(48%)，旅(43%)，组(8%)，编组(1%)
→来自词根brig, 争斗，击打。军事用语指旅，普通用语指帮派。
旅,队(brig战斗+ade)[-ade表名词1.表示"状态,物品"2.表示"个人或集体"]
noun
countable
■a large group of soldiers in an army （军队的）旅
countable usually singular informal
■a group of people who have something in common, especially an enthusiasm for a particular belief or subject （有共同点，尤指热衷于某一信念或主题的）队，派，帮
• Since she gave up smoking she's joined the anti-smoking brigade. 自从戒烟后，她加入了反对吸烟的队伍。
n. 旅；大部队；队列
 - rank, alignment

Word: psychology
Front: psychology
[saɪˈkɒlədʒi] (高研六托雅宝 2972/2980 -3)
Vocabulary: psychology
(once / 252 pages)
n
Psychology refers to the study of human behavior and the human mind, or the mental attitude of a group. Your parents will find it hard to understand the psychology of the teenager.
Psychology is more than just an academic subject. The word refers to the complex mental workings and states a person, group or activity. Marketers use the psychology of consumer behavior to sell you things you don't need. Some self-help books teach you how use psychology - mental strategies and tricks - on someone in order to win arguments or get ahead.
WORD FAMILY
psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist +/ psychological: psychologically/ psychologist: psychologists
USAGE EXAMPLES
I recommend the therapy directory on the website of Psychology Today.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
She majored in criminology, law and society and minored in psychology.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mills politely insisted, and Plummer acknowledges, “I was better as a screen actor because of Mike Mills and his delicate way with psychology.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 心理学; 心理特点; 心理状态; 心理影响
分布：心理(61%)，心理学(39%)
→psycho-,精神，心理，-logy,学科。
心理学(paych心理+o+log+y)[log=science,表示"科学,学科"]
心理学[psych=soul(灵魂)]
n.心理,心理学,心理状态The professor is a specialist of studying a criminal's psychology.这位教授是位研究罪犯心理的专家.
US [-'kɑ:.lə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour 心理学
• She studied psychology at Harvard. 她在哈佛大学攻读心理学。
• a lecturer in psychology 心理学讲师
• child psychology 儿童心理学
• the psychology of the soldier 士兵心理学
Compare psychiatry
n. [心理] 心理学；心理状态
 - mentation, psychological science

Word: coherent
Front: coherent
[kəʊˈhɪərənt] (研六托雅宝 7004/5289 -1)
Vocabulary: coherent
(once / 868 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something coherent is logical and clear. "I told you if you didn't do your homework you couldn't watch TV. You didn't do your homework so you can't watch TV." This is a coherent argument (and annoying as well).
The thing about such coherent arguments, as your Mom well knows, is that they are also easily and clearly understood. If someone speaks coherently, they are speaking clearly and lucidly. A slight variation on the meaning comes in the sense of something that is united clearly as a whole and a recognizable entity. You might say, for example, that New York City is a "culturally coherent region" within the United States.
WORD FAMILY
coherent: coherently, incoherent +/ cohere: cohered, coherence, coherency, coherent, coheres, cohering, cohesion, cohesive / coherence: coherences/coherency: coherencies/ cohesion: cohesions/ cohesive: cohesively, cohesiveness/incoherence: incoherences/incoherency: incoherencies/ incoherent: incoherence, incoherency, incoherently
USAGE EXAMPLES
He thought about the man becoming “more coherent and there’s no one there for him,” Semnani said.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Heidecker, playing his delusional self-involved alter ego on On Cinema, reads a marginally coherent prepared speech.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
And doing better will require a coherent plan from the White House, not just helter-skelter private projects.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 一致的; 连贯的; 条理分明的; 清楚明白的
分布：一致的(45%)，连贯的(39%)，有条理的(10%)，粘着的(6%)
连贯的;有条理的(cohere+ent)[her,hes=stick,表示"粘附"]
a.一致的,协调的;(话语等)条理清楚的This is a coherent essay.这是一篇条理分明的文章.
US [koʊ'hɪr.ənt] adjective
■If an argument, set of ideas or a plan is coherent, it is clear and carefully considered, and each part of it connects or follows in a natural or sensible way. （论据、观点、计划）有条理的，连贯的，前后一致的
■If someone is coherent, you can understand what they say （讲话）条理清晰的，清楚明白的
• When she calmed down, she was more coherent (= able to speak clearly and be understood). 她冷静下来后，讲话有条理多了。
adj. [植] 连贯的，一致的；明了的；清晰的；凝聚性的；互相偶合的；粘在一起的
 - united, consistent, connected, corresponding, matching

Word: andersen
Front: andersen
[ˈændəsn] (-/16546)
Back: n. 安徒生
分布：名词(100%)

Word: limitation
Front: limitation
[ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn] (研四六托 3019/2901 -2)
Vocabulary: limitation
(once / 495 pages)
n
A limitation is something that holds you back, like a broken leg that keeps you off the dance floor during prom season.
A limitation could also be a rule that restricts what you can do, like needing to be a certain height to ride a roller coaster at an amusement park. It can also be a circumstance that hampers you, like a dead car that keeps you from traveling very far from home. The noun limitation comes up a lot in the law, especially in the phrase "statute of limitations," which dictates how long after a crime someone can be prosecuted for committing it.
WORD FAMILY
limitation: limitations+/ limit: limitation, limited, limiter, limiting, limitless, limits/ limited: limitedly, limiteds, self-limited, unlimited/limiter: limiters/ limitless: limitlessly, limitlessness/unlimited: unlimitedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between the various funds and the statutory limitations placed on them, it’s hard to understand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Since Amtrak’s accessible bedrooms extend the entire width of the train on the lower level, that may be a design limitation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pinon said as long as the country suffers from its logistical limitations, Mexicans will be paying “an internal overpricing” at the pumps.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 限制; 局限; 极限; 起限制作用的规则（或事实、条件）
分布：限制(90%)，限度(9%)，缺点(1%)
→来自limit,界限，限制。
n.限制,局限性The limitation on the imitations is preliminarily eliminated.对模仿的限制初步被消除.
noun uncountable
■the act of controlling and especially reducing something 限制，限定
• the limitation of nuclear weapons 对核武器的限制
limitations [plural] disapproving
■If someone or something has limitations, they are not as good as they could be 局限，局限性
• Living in a flat is all right, but it has its limitations - for example, you don't have your own garden. 住公寓不错，但也有其局限性——如没有自己的花园。
• Despite her limitations as an actress, she was a great entertainer. 她作为演员尽管有其局限性，但仍不失为一名了不起的表演者。
limitation, boundary
limitation: 局限，限制
boundary: 边界，分界线
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
n. 限制；限度；极限；追诉时效；有效期限
 - restriction, threshold, qualification, terminal

Word: energetic
Front: energetic
[ˌenəˈdʒetɪk] (高研六托雅 7129/6931 -2)
Vocabulary: energetic
(once / 477 pages)
adj
Energetic describes someone who has lots of get-up-and-go. When you decide to jog alongside the bus instead of taking it to work, you are energetic — so energetic that it tires the rest of the commuters out just watching you.
Energetic comes from the Greek, energetikos, meaning “active.” When you are energetic, you're active with enthusiasm and excitement to spare. Energetic describes those little kids you babysit, who never sit still and force you to play hide and seek. Energetic can also mean a powerful focused effort, where you work hard to achieve something. The energetic bond between the men was formed after months of training together in the military.
WORD FAMILY
energetic: energetically, unenergetic, unenrgetic+/energise: de-energise, energised, energiser, energises, energising/energiser: energisers/ energize: de-energize, energized, energizer, energizes, energizing/energizer: energizers/energizing: energizingly, energizings/ energy: energetic, energies, energise, energize /unenergetic: unenergetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Giants’ defense was energetic and disruptive, bottling up an explosive offense with aggressive blitzes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Curious and energetic, the 32-year-old likes the fact that every day is different.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
When I first got here I wasn’t real fond of him just because he’s so energetic,” Johnson said.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 精力充沛的，充满活力的; 精力旺盛的，精神饱满的; （措施等）积极的，有力的; 雄健
分布：精力旺盛的(42%)，能量的(31%)，有力的(27%)
充满活力的(energy+etic)[erg=energy,work,表示"能量,活动"]
精力旺盛的(energy精力)[-etic表形容词"属于…的"]
a.精力旺盛的;积极的;有力的The energetic enemy submerged in the water on the verge of the emergency.在紧急情况快要发生时精力充沛的敌军沉入水中.
US [-ɚ'dʒetˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■having or involving a lot of energy 精力充沛的；充满活力的
• an energetic young woman 精力充沛的年轻女子
• I tried aerobics but it was too energetic for me. 我试过有氧运动，但是对我来说它太剧烈了。
active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。
active: 指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic: 提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous: 指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk: 指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively: 侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。
adj. 精力充沛的；积极的；有力的
 - active, positive, male, live, vigorous

Word: endowment
Front: endowment
[ɪnˈdaʊmənt] (托 10430/7253 -2)
Vocabulary: endowment
(once / 1091 pages)
1n 2n
An endowment is a gift. It might be money given to an institution like a college. Or, an endowment might be a natural gift, say of a physical attribute or a talent. If you lack the endowment of musical talent, you could play the tambourine.
To endow means "to give or bequeath," and the background of the word endowment goes back to the 15th Century, where it was used to refer to money or property that is given to an institution. An example can be found in the National Endowment for the Arts, an organization dedicated to providing grants to fund artistic endeavors. Your natural endowments — speed, agility, endurance — make you an excellent soccer player. If only you could wake up in time for practice.
WORD FAMILY
endowment: endowments+/ endow: endowed, endowing, endowment, endows/ endowed: unendowed
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the first step toward establishing a $100,000 endowment fund with additional contributions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The recipients designed “inspirational projects” to strengthen themselves personally and professionally, Sara Cobb, the endowment’s vice president for education, said in a statement.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
R. O. Kwon is a 2016 National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellow and the author of the forthcoming novel, Heroics.
Time(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 捐赠; 基金; 天赋; 养老保险
分布：天赋(100%)
noun
countable or uncountable
■money that is given to a college or hospital, etc. in order to provide it with an income, or the giving of this money （给院校、医院等的）捐款，捐赠，资助
• The school has received an endowment of £50 000 to buy new books for the library. 学校收到了一笔用于为图书馆添置新书的五万英镑的捐款。
countable
■something that you have from birth, often a quality 天赋；天资；才能
• There are tests which can establish a baby's genetic endowment. 有些测试可以测定婴儿的基因特性。
n. [经] 捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资
 - talent, donation

Word: noisy
Front: noisy
[ˈnɔɪzi] (高研四六托雅 6565/5244 -K2)
Vocabulary: noisy
(once / 425 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anything noisy is loud. Your noisy party probably won't go over too well with your downstairs neighbors — especially if it's late on a Tuesday night and they have a sleeping baby.
Something that makes loud sounds or is generally rowdy and boisterous can be called noisy. A noisy bar is a harder place to have a conversation than a quiet restaurant, but a noisy dance party tends to me much more fun than a solemn tea party with your cranky grandparents. Before there was noisy, around the late 1600s, the adjective was noiseful. Curiously, experts guess that the Latin root of noisy and noise is nausea, "seasickness."
WORD FAMILY
noisy: noisier, noisiest, noisily, noisiness+/ noise: noised, noiseless, noises, noising, noisy /noiseless: noiselessly, noiselessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether he deserves it will remain the noisiest nonpolitical argument in town.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s not too noisy; not too precious; not too far; not too healthy; not too gluttonous.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Phelps attempted to speak over the noisy room as he explained the rules to a game he designed for the program.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 嘈杂的; 喧闹的; 充满噪音的; 吵吵闹闹的
n. 响声; 嘈杂声
级别：noisier, noisiest
分布：嘈杂的(36%)，吵闹的(34%)，喧闹的(30%)
→来自noise,噪音。
a.吵闹的,喧闹的A dose of poison made the noisy man's nose rosy.一剂毒药使得吵闹的男子的鼻子变成玫瑰色.
adjective
SOUND 声音
 ESSENTIAL
■making a lot of noise 喧闹的，嘈杂的
• a noisy crowd of fans 一群喧闹的球迷
• noisy neighbours 吵闹的邻居
['nɔɪ.zi] adjective
SIGNAL 信号 specialized
■having an unwanted change in signal, especially of an electronic device （尤指电子设备的）干扰，干扰信号
• a noisy signal 干扰信号
adj. 嘈杂的；喧闹的；聒噪的
 - furious, boisterous
n. 响声；嘈杂声
 - klang, babelism

Word: culprit
Front: culprit
[ˈkʌlprɪt] (宝 8877/11124 -1)
Vocabulary: culprit
(once / 1160 pages)
n
A culprit is a person who does something wrong, like committing a crime. When your wallet got stolen out of your pocket, there was a culprit to blame in the crowd.
The word culprit comes from the Anglo French words cul prit, a contraction of culpable, which means "deserving blame." A culprit isn't always a person; it can be anything that caused something bad to happen — even a sock left on the steps can be a culprit if it makes you slip and fall. Don't confuse culprit with scapegoat, which is a person or thing that gets blamed for something it didn't do.
WORD FAMILY
culprit: culprits
USAGE EXAMPLES
She scoured the internet for information about stillbirths and pinched umbilical cords - the culprit in her son’s death.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The government will also be able to publicly name culprits who enable tax evasion or help move money offshore.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Whether the mine is truly the culprit for all the grasslands’ ills is another matter — climate change, for example, is probably an important factor.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 犯人，罪犯; 肇事者，被告人
分布：罪犯(96%)，起因(4%)
→来自culp-,责备，谴责，词源同inculpable.
noun countable
■someone who has done something wrong 过失者；责任人
• Police hope the public will help them to find the culprits. 警方希望公众能协助他们抓到罪犯。
■a fact or situation that is the reason for something bad happening 问题的起因；罪魁祸首
• Children in this country are getting much too fat, and sugar and sweets are the main culprits. 该国儿童过于肥胖，糖和甜食是罪魁祸首。
n. 犯人，罪犯；被控犯罪的人
 - prisoner, zek

Word: grind
Front: grind
[graɪnd] (研四六托雅宝 5372/5538 -2)
Vocabulary: grind
(once / 454 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4n
If you like to grind your own coffee beans, it means you prefer to buy whole beans, put them in an electric grinder, and pulverize them into tiny bits before you brew your coffee.
When you grind something, you mill or crush it into smaller pieces, the way you grind pepper or grind a grain into flour. Two things that rub up against each other also grind together, which is what your teeth do if you grind them in your sleep. Informally, grind also means boring, tedious work, often in the sense of "grind away" or "the daily grind." This sense of grind was invented in the 1800s as college slang.
WORD FAMILY
grind: grinded, grinder, grinding, grinds+/grinder: grinders/grinding: grindings
USAGE EXAMPLES
During short breaks they pose for selfies in balaclavas, keepsakes from their week away from the daily grind.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s an endless grind, but she gets it.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Roughly chop the cashews and roughly grind or crush the cumin and coriander.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 磨碎，嚼碎; 折磨
vt. 磨快，磨光; 咬牙
vi. 嘎吱嘎吱地擦
n. 碾，磨; 苦差事，苦活儿; 〈美〉刻苦用功的学生; 研细的程度
时态：ground, grinding, grinds
分布：磨(83%)，碾(9%)，压迫(2%)，苦事(2%)，碾碎(2%)，逐渐停顿(1%)，磨得吱吱响(1%)
→来自ghrendh, 磨，来自*ghreu的鼻音形式，词源同grit, grist.
v.磨(碎),碾(碎)The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
【参】grindstone（n 磨刀石）
verb transitive (ground, ground)
MAKE SMALLER 使变小
■to make something into small pieces or a powder by pressing between hard surfaces 碾碎；磨碎；把…磨成粉
• to grind coffee 磨咖啡豆
• Shall I grind a little black pepper over your pizza? 要不要我磨一点黑胡椒粉给你撒在比萨饼上？
• They grind the grain into flour (= make flour by crushing grain) between two large stones. 他们把谷粒放在两块大石头之间磨成粉。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
RUB 摩擦
■to rub something against a hard surface, in order to make it sharper or smoother 磨；把…磨锋利；把…磨光
• She has a set of chef's knives which she grinds every week. 她有一套厨房用刀具，每个星期都把它们磨一次。
• He ground down the sharp metal edges to make them smooth. 他把尖利的金属边缘打磨平。
• The car engine was making a strange grinding noise. 汽车引擎发出一种奇怪的摩擦声音。
⇒ See also grindstone
grind your teeth
■to make a noise by rubbing your teeth together 把牙齿咬得嘎嘎响；出声地磨牙
• She grinds her teeth in her sleep. 她睡觉磨牙。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
grind the faces of the poor UK literary
■Someone who grinds the faces of the poor, treats poor people very badly, often to get money from them. 欺压平民，搜刮民财
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
grind to a halt/standstill
■to stop slowly 慢慢停下来；逐渐陷入停顿
• The car juddered and ground to a halt right in the middle of the road. 汽车剧烈震动了一下， 然后慢慢停在马路正中间。
• figurative If we don't do something soon, the industry could grind to a halt (= stop operating). 如果我们不马上采取措施，工业可能会陷入瘫痪。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  grind sb down
■to treat someone so badly for such a long time that they are no longer able to fight back 长期欺压（某人），长时间虐待（某人），长久折磨（某人）（使其失去反抗能力）
• Ground down by years of abuse, she did not have the confidence to leave him. 多年来所受的虐待已经使她丧失了逃离他魔爪的信心。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  grind sth into sth
■to press something hard into something else using a twisting movement 将…用力挤压进…
• Sara angrily ground her cigarette into the ashtray. 萨拉愤怒地把手中的香烟按在烟灰缸里捻灭。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] grind sth out
■to produce the same thing, especially a boring thing, again and again 重复地做，不断重复制造（尤指令人厌烦的事物）
• The orchestra ground out the same tunes it has been playing for the last twenty years. 这个管弦乐队演奏的曲子是它过去20年一直重复演奏的那老一套。
[graɪnd] noun only singular informal
■a difficult or boring activity which needs a lot of effort 令人厌倦的苦事；苦差事
• Having to type up my handwritten work was a real grind. 还要把手写的作业用打字机打出来，这让我叫苦连天。
• The daily grind of looking after three children was wearing her down. 每天照顾三个孩子，这个苦差事快把她累垮了。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
vt. 磨碎；磨快
 - sharp, triturate
vi. 磨碎；折磨
 - prey upon, lie on
n. 磨；苦工作
 - milling

Word: dreadful
Front: dreadful
[ˈdredfl] (六托雅 9280/4571 -2)
Vocabulary: dreadful
(once / 133 pages)
adj
Something that's terribly bad is dreadful. Some people love going to the opera, but for others there's no more dreadful way to spend three hours.
Dreadful means "full of dread," "feeling a sense of dread," or "causing dread." Dread means fear or anxiety. The adjective dreadful can describe something truly devastating, like the dreadful aftermath of a tornado, or something that's awful on a more personal level, like a dreadful blind date. If it's bad, fearsome, or unpleasant, you can call it dreadful.
WORD FAMILY
dreadful: dreadfulest, dreadfully, dreadfulness+/ dread: dreaded, dreadful, dreading, dreadingly, dreadly, dreads/dreadfulness: dreadfulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The cleansing power of fire is exactly what we need to say good riddance to this relentlessly dreadful year.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
But his kicking was dreadful this season and the Vikings cut him in November.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
A powerful Post investigation in 1999, “Invisible Lives,” detailed the dreadful conditions and lack of attention to vulnerable people placed in the city’s care.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 可怕的; 令人畏惧的; 讨厌的，糟透了的，丑陋的; 糟糕的
n. <英>惊险小说[杂志]
分布：可怕的(88%)，糟糕的(12%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■very bad, of very low quality, or shocking and very sad 可怕的；糟糕的；惊人的
• The food was bad and the service was dreadful. 食物很差劲，服务也很糟糕。
• I was beginning to think I'd made a dreadful mistake. 我开始觉得自己犯了个大错误。
• The news report was so dreadful that I just had to switch it off. 那个新闻报道太可怕了，我只好关上电视机不看了。
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的
 - terrible, painful, horrible, awesome, fearful

Word: novelist
Front: novelist
[ˈnɒvəlɪst] (高 6348/6213 -2)
Back: n. 小说家
分布：小说家(100%)
→来自novel,小说。
US ['nɑ:.və-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who writes novels 小说家
n. 小说家
 - fictionist

Word: rifle
Front: rifle
[ˈraɪfl] (研四六托宝 3065/5446 -2)
Vocabulary: rifle
(once / 150 pages)
1n 2v
A rifle is a long, powerful gun that is fired from the shoulder. A soldier is most often armed with a rifle.
Some hunters use rifles, which fire single bullets rather than the small pellets, or shot, that shotguns fire. A rifle can do more damage and is therefore often used in the military. The name comes from the shape of the barrel, which is grooved — or rifled, from the Old French word rifler, "to scratch or groove." Another meaning of rifle comes from the same root but means "to search through things in a hurried way."
WORD FAMILY
rifle: rifled, rifles, rifling+/rifled: unrifled/rifling: riflings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her “aha moment” as a craftsman didn’t happen until a chance meeting eight years ago with an engraver of rifles and knives.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Morales is suspected of stealing six military rifles and 10 handguns from a U.S.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 步枪; 来福枪
vt. & vi. 快速搜寻; 匆忙翻找 ; 偷窃; 盗取
时态：rifled, rifling, rifles
分布：步枪(97%)，抢劫(2%)，洗劫(1%)
→来自古法语 rifler,掠夺，抢劫，刮，来自 Proto-Germanic*rifana,刮，抢，来自 rei,撕，砍， 抓，词源同 rive,rift.引申词义挖槽，词义来复枪缩写自 rifled pistol,槽孔火枪。-le,表反复。
n.步枪The ribbon of the rifle is fabricated with fibre.来复枪的带子是用纤维制作的.
【记】外来语：来复枪，一种具有来复口径的火器，被设计从肩膀上开枪。
noun countable
■a type of gun with a long barrel (= part shaped like a tube) , which is fired from the shoulder and is designed to be accurate at long distances 来福枪；步枪
['raɪ.fl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to search quickly through something, often in order to steal something 迅速翻查；匆忙翻找
• The safe had been rifled and the diamonds were gone. 保险柜被洗劫了，钻石不翼而飞。
• He rifled through the papers on the desk, but couldn't find the photographs. 他把桌上的一堆档翻了个遍，但是没有找到照片。
n. [军] 步枪；来复枪
 - musket
vt. 用步枪射击；抢夺；偷走
 - steal away, spirit away

Word: orient
Front: orient
[ˈɔ:rient] (研四六托宝 6514/10266 -1)
Vocabulary: orient
(once / 1070 pages)
1n 2v
When you orient yourself towards something, you point yourself towards it, literally or figuratively.
The Orient is an old-fashioned name for Asia, or the East. It's where the sun rises, and, sure enough, the Latin root of orient means "rising," as in the rising of the sun. If you're lost in the woods, probably the first thing you'd do is look for the sun and try to orient yourself — figure out which direction you need to walk in order to get to where you want to go. You might also take out your orienteering equipment — your compass and map. If the sun isn't out, you might have to settle in and orient yourself to your surroundings and prepare for a long night in the woods.
WORD FAMILY
orient: disorient, oriental, orientated, orientation, oriented, orienting, orients, reorient +/disorient: disorientation, disoriented, disorienting, disorients/disorientation: disorientations/ disorienting: disorientingly/oriental: orientalise, orientalism, orientalist, orientalize, orientally/orientalise: orientalised, orientalising/orientalism: orientalisms/orientalist: orientalists/orientalize: orientalized, orientalizing/ orientation: orientations/ oriented: unoriented/ reorient: reorientation, reoriented, reorienting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Moreover, from the founding to the present, American society is oriented toward protecting and nurturing white privilege.
Salon(Dec 20, 2016)
And it’s different enough to merit a new approach in orienting drivers.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
To them, the congressman, with his activist credentials and organizer roots, is just the person to orient the party.
The Guardian(Dec 10, 2016)
Back: vt. 标定方向; 使…向东方; 以…为参照; 使熟悉或适应
adj. 东方的; （太阳等）上升的，新生的; 闪闪发光的
vi. 转向东方; 使调整或者成为一条直线
n. 东亚各国; 珍珠光泽; 好的珍珠; 日出之处，东方
时态：oriented, orienting, orients
分布：东方(80%)，东方的(11%)，亚洲(6%)，使适应(2%)，使…朝向(1%)
→专有名词，来自拉丁语oriens,东方，太阳升起的方向，来自oriri,升起，来自ergh,升起，词源同origin,orchestra.orient 使朝向东方，定位
东方a.东方的;上升的(ori+ent→[太阳]升起的→东方的)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
n.东方,亚洲v.使朝东,为...定位,使适应I need some time to orient my thinking.我需要一些时间来使我的思想适应.
【记】ori＝rise升起，ent一原指太阳升起的
VERB
使适应，使熟悉（新的环境或行为方式）
When you orient yourself to a new situation or course of action, you learn about it and prepare to deal with it.
例：You will need the time to orient yourself to your new way of eating.你还需要一些时间才能适应新的饮食方式。
例：...orienting students to new ways of thinking about their participation in classroom learning...使学生熟悉参与课堂教学的新思维方式
VERB
使确立方位；使辨清方向
When you orient yourself, you find out exactly where you are and which direction you are facing in.
例：She lay still for a few seconds, trying to orient herself.她静静地躺了一会儿，试图弄清自己的方位。
vt. 使适应；确定方向；使朝东
 - adapt, condition, suit, season
n. 东方；东方诸国
 - east
adj. 东方的
 - eastern
vi. 向东
 - to the east

Word: embody
Front: embody
[ɪmˈbɒdi] (研六托雅宝 5093/5096 -1)
Vocabulary: embody
(once / 398 pages)
v
To embody a role is to fill it completely. If a high schooler seems to embody the character of Macbeth, his performance might make the audience forget they're watching a dorky 15-year-old with braces.
If you embody someone, you put him or her "in-body," as when an actor gives a complete and compelling representation of a character. You can also use embody to describe character traits you see in a person, like, “He embodies truth,” or, “She is the embodiment of goodness.”
WORD FAMILY
embody: disembody, embodied, embodies, embodiment, embodying+/disembody: disembodied, disembodying/embodied: unembodied/ embodiment: embodiments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Beamer says the former player’s work with The Carpenter House and other charitable organizations to help those in need “truly embodied the Virginia Tech spirit.”
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
She believes the process of embodying characters profoundly affects the people playing them.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 表现，象征; 包含，收录; 使具体化; [军]组编
时态：embodied, embodying, embodies
分布：包含(70%)，使具体化(30%)
→em-, 进入，使。body, 身体，具象。
体现(em+body身体→(精神)进入身体→体现)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
vt.具体表达,使具体化;包含,收录The statue embodies the sentiment of the sculptor.这座雕像具体表现出雕刻家的情感.
【记】em，body（n 身体）－是变成身体－具体化
【参】embodiment（n 体现；具体化；化身）
US [-'bɑ:.di] formal
verb transitive
■to represent a quality or an idea exactly 具体表现；体现
• She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field. 在运动场上，她展现了优秀的体育精神。
■to include as part of something 包括，包含；收录
• Kennett embodied in one man an unusual range of science, music and religion. 肯尼特集科学、音乐、宗教等方面一系列非凡成就于一身。
crystallize, embody
crystallize: 有“使思想、计划等具体化”的含义，但主要指“思想等变得清晰、明确”
embody: 指思想、感情等具体体现、具体表达；
vt. 体现，使具体化；具体表达
 - objectify, reify

Word: personnel
Front: personnel
[ˌpɜ:səˈnel] (高研四六托雅宝 2425/2556 -3)
Vocabulary: personnel
(once / 815 pages)
n
Personnel is a noun describing a group of people who follow orders, usually at a company. If you have a job, you’re probably considered personnel to be managed.
The word personnel is also sometimes short for the "personnel department," another name for the human resources or employment office. One of the things they might have in the personnel department is your personnel, which contains your employment records.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
personal / personnel
Choose the right word for each sentence:
XYZ Co. is letting go of personal/personnel at an alarming rate.
My personal/personnel files include notes on how to take over the world using just a red paperclip.
Match.com and other dating sites have eliminated the need to advertise in the personals/personnels.
The HR department kept James' personal/personnel file updated with all the complaints about his work habits.
Personal and personnel can be confused if the writer is not diligent, especially as both can be used as a noun and an adjective. Let's go through the quiz to uncover all four usages.
The first example could say that XYZ Co. is laying off employees or staff; the correct choice here is personnel, a plural noun. You wouldn't have one personnel; you'd have many.
The second sentence calls for personal. Personal refers to something of a particular person's, something done in person, something related to a person, and so on. My files belong to me; they are personal. They don't have anything to do with my employer.
The third sentence refers to those ads placed in a newspaper by people looking for romance or wishing to send messages to others. Personals is the correct, if increasingly rare, choice.
In the final sentence, a personnel file is an employee file. Although the file is about one person and is somewhat private, it is limited to James' work life at his current company; it is a file kept by the company about its employee.
To remember which word is which, try this: Personnel has two ns, just as a company has to have at least two employees to have personnel. Anything personal (one n) is about one individual.
WORD FAMILY
personnel: antipersonnel, personnels
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eight Camp Whitehorse personnel were charged with crimes, including negligent homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Emergency personnel arrived just after midnight Sunday at the Campbell Industrial Park in Kapolei to find the two victims injured.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 全体员工; （与复数动词连用）人员，员工; 人事部门
分布：人事部门(62%)，职员(38%)
→来自法语personnel,人的，来自person,人。其原义为相比于物质的特征而言的人的特征的，后形容词作名词，引申词义全体人员，职员等。
全体人员(person人)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.全体人员,全体职员;人事(部门)That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
US [ˌpɝ:-] noun uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■the people who are employed in a company, organization or one of the armed forces （公司、组织或军队的）全体人员，员工，职员
• The new director is likely to make major changes in personnel. 新主管可能会在人事上做出大变动。
• military personnel 军事人员
 IMPROVER
■the department of a company or organization that deals with its employees when they first join, when they need training or when they have any problems 人事部门；人力资源部
• Personnel will help you find a flat to rent. 人事部会帮你租一个公寓。
• For more information about the job, please contact the personnel manager. 如欲了解这份工作的详情，请联络人事部经理。
n. 人事部门；全体人员
 - crew, Personnel Department

Word: illicit
Front: illicit
[ɪˈlɪsɪt] (托宝 8764/11491 -1)
Vocabulary: illicit
(once / 1499 pages)
adj
Illicit means not allowed by law or custom. It's illegal to kill endangered elephants, but many poachers still engage in the Illicit ivory trade.
Illicit usually refers to something that is not morally proper or acceptable, such as an illicit love affair. Illicit is from Latin illicitus, from the prefix in- "not" plus licitus "lawful."
WORD FAMILY
illicit: illicitly, illicitness+/ licit: illicit, liciter, licitly, licitness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In many cases, that legal traffic morphed into massive illicit immigration.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There was also a realization that China’s key role in the illicit ivory trade was damaging its image in Africa.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 法律不许可的，非法的; 不正当的
分布：非法的(52%)，不正当的(27%)，违禁的(21%)
→il-,不，非，licit,合法的。
不合法的(il不+licit[=liven]→不允许→不合法的)[licen=allow,表示"允许"]
【记】i1不，licit（adj 合法的；正当的）一违法的
adjective
■illegal or disapproved of by society 非法的；违禁的；社会不容许的
• illicit drugs such as cocaine and cannabis 古柯碱和大麻之类的违禁药物
• the illicit trade in stolen vehicles 非法的赃车交易
• an illicit love affair 不正当的恋情
adj. 违法的；不正当的
 - illegal, transgressive

Word: inability
Front: inability
[ˌɪnəˈbɪləti] (托雅 5112/5324 -K2)
Vocabulary: inability
(once / 828 pages)
n
An inability refers to lacking the capacity to do something. A deaf person has an inability to hear.
If you know that abilities are things people can do — like the ability of a basketball player to dunk the ball — then you might already have figured out that an inability is something a person cannot do. Most people have an inability to dunk a basketball. People who eat too much have an inability to resist food. Often, this word refers to having mental limitations: an inability to think or figure something out. We all have different abilities and inabilities.
WORD FAMILY
inability: inabilities+/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling /unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Koni attributed his decision to the inability of the government to rule the country.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, it faced a terminal disease common to many small funds, the inability to attract assets.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But again, this isn’t possible everywhere on the planet: many regions are already limited by their inability to adapt to urban encroachment.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 无能，无力; 无才能; 无能为力
分布：无力(57%)，无能(43%)
→in-,不，非，ability,能力。
US [-tˌi] noun [S or U]
■lack of ability to do something 无能；无力
• [+ to infinitive] Inability to use a computer is a serious disadvantage when you are applying for jobs. 不会使用电脑在求职时是个十分不利的条件。
Compare disability
n. 无能力；无才能
 - incapacity, incompetency

Word: ubiquitous
Front: ubiquitous
[ju:ˈbɪkwɪtəs] (宝 8148/10091 -1)
Vocabulary: ubiquitous
(once / 3076 pages)
adj
It's everywhere! It's everywhere! When something seems like it's present in all places at the same time, reach for the adjective ubiquitous.
"Cities like Singapore aim to cloak themselves in ubiquitous, free Wi-Fi in the next few years," The Wall Street Journal reported recently — meaning that those savvy Singaporeans will find a wireless connection everywhere they go. The word, comes from the Latin ubique, meaning — you guessed it — "everywhere." The usual pronunciation is "yoo-BIK-wih-tihs," but Joseph Heller must have had the older variant "ooh-BIK-wih-tihs" in mind when he wrote in Catch-22 that a character "padded through the shadows fruitlessly like an ubiquitous spook."
WORD FAMILY
ubiquitous: ubiquitously, ubiquitousness+/ ubiquity: ubiquities, ubiquitous
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The second ugly event is the continuation of the ubiquitous misinformation on climate change.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Once this technology is commonplace and driverless cars are ubiquitous, those numbers will shrink to a tiny fraction of what they are today.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 无所不在的; 普遍存在的
分布：到处存在的(100%)
→ubi, 哪里，-quit, 任意的。即无处不在的。
无处不在的(ubi地方+quit+ous→自由地进入任何地方)[Quit=free,表示"自由"]
【记】ubi＝ubisoft，quitous－ubisoft是一个软件游戏公司－无所不在的ubi（conj 无论在哪里；无论何时），quit（v 离开），ous：无论在哪里都要离开，因为敌人是无所不在的。
【反】unique（adj 唯一的；独特的）
US [-wə.tˌəs] formal or humorous
adjective
■seeming to be in all places 普遍存在的，似乎无处不在的
• Leather is very much in fashion this season, as of course is the ubiquitous denim. 皮装在这个季节非常流行，当然牛仔服也似乎无处不在。
• The Swedes are not alone in finding their language under pressure from the ubiquitous spread of English. 不仅仅是瑞典人感觉到了自己的语言正承受着英语无处不在所带来的压力。
• The radio, that most ubiquitous of consumer-electronic appliances, is about to enter a new age. 作为使用最普遍的消费电器，收音机将进入一个新时代。
adj. 普遍存在的；无所不在的
 - omnipresent, illocal

Word: disadvantage
Front: disadvantage
[ˌdɪsədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] (高四六托 6291/3518 -K2)
Vocabulary: disadvantage
(once / 553 pages)
nv
A piece of bad luck or a less favorable position is a disadvantage. If you are trying to run a fifty-yard dash in flip flops when everyone else has on running shoes, you'll be at a disadvantage.
It's harder to be successful when you start with a disadvantage. One kind of disadvantage is being born into a poor family — it's a struggle for a child in poverty to do well in school, attend college, or end up with a well-paying job. A disadvantage is the opposite of an advantage, a lucky or favorable circumstance. At the root of both words is the Old French avant, "at the front."
WORD FAMILY
disadvantage: disadvantaged, disadvantageous, disadvantages, disadvantaging+/ advantage: advantaged, advantageous, advantages, advantaging, disadvantage / advantageous: advantageously, advantageousness/disadvantageous: disadvantageously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such emails were released by WikiLeaks during the election, to the perceived disadvantage of the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Mason did not lead after the first few minutes, but amid youthful mistakes and a big rebounding disadvantage, it played with courage.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And face it: Lively is at a disadvantage because she’s long-legged and blond in that California-girl way.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 不利，劣势，短处; 损失
时态：disadvantaged, disadvantaging, disadvantages
分布：不利(78%)，不利条件(12%)，损害(5%)，损失(5%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。advantage,有利的。
US [-'væn.tˌɪdʒ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a condition or situation which causes problems, especially one which causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or people 劣势，不利因素
• One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for the children to play. 住在城里的一个坏处是缺少可供孩子们放心玩耍的地方。
• We need to consider whether the disadvantages of the plan outweigh the advantages. 我们要考虑一下该计划是否弊大于利。
at a disadvantage
■in a situation in which you are less likely to succeed than others 处于劣势，处于不利地位
• He's at a disadvantage being so shy. 过于害羞使他处于劣势。
• This new law places/puts poorer families at a distinct disadvantage. 这项新法律使比较贫困的家庭处于明显不利的境地。
UK [ˌdɪs.əd'vɑ:n.tɪdʒ] US [-'væn.tˌɪdʒ] verb transitive
■to cause someone or something to be less successful than most other people or things 使处于劣势，使处于不利地位
• Teachers claim such measures could unfairly disadvantage ethnic minorities. 教师们声称这样的措施会有失公允地使少数民族处于不利地位。
n. 缺点；不利条件；损失
 - defect, deficiency, vice, losing, expense

Word: demography
Front: demography
[dɪˈmɒgrəfi] (六宝 21130/23259)
Vocabulary: demography
(once / 26561 pages)
n
Do you know the population growth rate of your city? The education levels of everyone on your block? Then you're a fan of demography, the branch of sociology that studies human behavior by analyzing statistical information.
The word demography comes from two ancient Greek words, demos, meaning "the people," and graphy, meaning "writing about or recoding something" — so literally demography means "writing about the people." Like many branches of the sciences, demography began in the 19th century, when the general craze for cataloging information about the world really took off (think Darwin.) A common related word is demographics, referring to the raw statistical data that's used for analysis.
WORD FAMILY
demography: demographer, demographist+/demographer: demographers/demographist: demographists
USAGE EXAMPLES
They start with all the other factors that drive change, from wealth distribution and education to demography, politics, the environment and media.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
What blocks the two-state solution is not demography, but a failure of leadership among Israelis and Palestinians.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
American power is upheld by three pillars: geography, demography and influence.
Salon(Nov 20, 2016)
Back: n. 人口统计学
adj. 人口统计学的
分布：人口统计学(100%)
→demo-, 人民。-graph, 写，记录。用来指人口统计学。
[demo人民→人数,人口,graphy写,记录→统计]人口统计学[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
人口统计学(demo+graphy学科→人口学)[dem(o)=people,表示"人民,人们"]
【记】demo人民，graphy学科
【参】census（n 人口普查）；demographic（adj 人口统计学的）
US [-'mɑ:.grə-] noun uncountable
■the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time 人口统计学
• historical demography 历史人口统计学
■The demography of an area is the number and characteristics of the people who live in an area, in relation to their age, sex, whether they are married or not, etc. 人口统计，人口状况
• The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages. 越来越多的年轻人到城市工作，这对乡村人口状况产生了巨大影响。
n. [统计] 人口统计学
 - larithmics

Word: reversal
Front: reversal
[rɪˈvɜ:sl] (7227/7892)
Vocabulary: reversal
(once / 2520 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A reversal is a change of decision or direction, often to the opposite. You liked history, but thought you'd major in business because there were more jobs. Then you took an economics class and hated it. So in a reversal, you majored in history after all.
In legal terms, a reversal is when a high court decides the decision of a lower court is incorrect and should be overturned. In a reversal, the Supreme Court overturned the guilty verdict of the lower court, and the prisoner was set free. A setback or a change in circumstances for the worse is also a reversal. If you make poor investments, you may suffer a reversal in fortune and go from shopping for designer clothes to shopping at thrift stores.
WORD FAMILY
reversal: reversals+/ irreversible: irreversibility, irreversibly/ reverse: reversal, reversed, reversely, reversible, reversing/ reversible: irreversible, nonreversible, reversibility, reversibles, reversibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They will assume the job held by Mr. Pruitt’s Oklahoma and Mr. Morrisey’s West Virginia, completing a full role reversal.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
At that point, the payments would stop, barring a reversal by the Republicans who sued to get rid of the subsidies.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
“It’s been a complete role reversal in the household,” April said.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 倒转，颠倒; 反复; 逆转，反转; [法]撤消
分布：反转(61%)，翻转(22%)，倒转(17%)
【记】源于：reverse（n 相反；adj 相反的；v 颠倒），re反，verse转
【参】revert（v 回复）
US [-'vɝ:-] noun countable
■when something changes to its opposite 反向；倒转；倒退；推翻
• He demanded a reversal of the previous decision/policy. 他要求撤销原来的决定／废弃原先的政策。
■a problem or failure 挫折；失败
• We have suffered a couple of minor/temporary reversals. 我们遭遇了几次小／暂时的挫折。
n. 逆转； [摄] 反转； [法] 撤销
 - counterturn, changeover

Word: petty
Front: petty
[ˈpeti] (研六雅宝 6435/6407 -2)
Vocabulary: petty
(once / 387 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Petty used to mean just "petite" or "small," but now it's used for things that are trivial and shouldn’t matter much. If you host world leaders and spend more time picking napkins than memorizing names, you're focused on petty things.
A few neutral meanings of petty are still in use today — such as "petty cash," which refers to a small amount of cash on hand — but most uses of petty since the 16th century are negative, as in "narrow-minded," "trivial," and "of little importance." A "petty argument" is a popular expression, because many people get all worked up over something that isn't very important — a petty concern — that seems much smaller after the heat of the moment.
WORD FAMILY
petty: pettier, petties, pettiest, pettily, pettiness +/ pettiness: pettinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its beauty and cultural significance deserve better than petty, partisan fights.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Coast Guard Petty Officer 1st Class Andrew Kendrick says the Apache helicopter based at nearby Ellington Field was carrying two people.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Petty property crimes, of the sort that lowers quality of life in cities, are on the rise.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 不重要的; 卑鄙的，小气的; 小的，一点点; 小规模的
n. [会]小额; 佩蒂; 厕所
级别：pettier, pettiest
分布：小的(44%)，琐碎的(35%)，狭隘的(12%)，次要的(9%)
→来自古法语petit拼写变体。
a.小(器,规模)的,不重要的,细微的,卑鄙的The competent petitioner thinks the perpetual impetus is petty.有能力的请愿者认为永久的动力是细小的.
【记】pet宠物，ty小－小宠物－不重要的；ky结尾一般有小的意思
【参】kitty（n 小猫）
US ['petˌ-] disapproving
adjective
[before noun]
■not important and not worth giving attention to 琐碎的；无足轻重的
• Prisoners complain that they are subjected to too many petty rules and restrictions. 犯人抱怨他们受到太多繁文缛节的管制。
[after noun]
■complaining too much about things which are not important 过于注重琐事的；小心眼的，心胸狭窄的
• Don't be so petty! 别这么小心眼！
petty, trivial
这组词都有“琐细的，不重要的”的意思，其区别是：
petty: 指在同类中是最小最微不足道的人或事物。
trivial: 指无特别价值或重要意义的普通小事。
adj. 琐碎的；小气的；小规模的
 - cheap, trivial

Word: aggregate
Front: aggregate
[ˈægrɪgət] (托雅宝 12841/5505 -2)
Vocabulary: aggregate
(once / 825 pages)
nadjv
To aggregate is to collect many units into one. If you're writing a novel, you might create a character who is an aggregate of five or six real people.
Aggregate comes from the Latin verb aggregare, which means to add to. As a verb it means to collect into a mass or whole. You can also use it as an adjective, as in your aggregate sales for February, March and April. It can also be a noun. The mountain of foam in bubble bath is an aggregate of small bubbles. If you plan to work in economics or business, expect to see the word aggregate quite a lot.
WORD FAMILY
aggregate: aggregated, aggregately, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation, aggregative, aggregator+/ aggregation: aggregations/aggregator: aggregators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fitbit provided data showing daily step count estimates, based on aggregated and anonymized average data from over 10 million users nationwide.
Time(Dec 23, 2016)
In Wisconsin the week before the election the aggregate of polls at Real Clear Politics showed Mrs. Clinton up more than six points.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
If it were really true that some of the keenest minds in psychology were doing research wrong, then the aggregate effect would be enormous.
Slate(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 合计; 聚集体; 骨料; 集料（可成混凝土或修路等用的）
adj. 总数的，总计的; 聚合的; [地]聚成岩的
vt. 使聚集，使积聚; 总计达
时态：aggregated, aggregating, aggregates
分布：集料(55%)，总计(18%)，总的(17%)，合计的(7%)，进球总数(3%)
→前缀ag-同ad-, 向，往。词根greg, 来自词根gre的反复格，gre, 集合，合围，同garden, 围起来的院子。
合计;聚集(ag增加+greg+ate→增加团体→聚集)[greg=group,表示"群体"]
【记】ag作，greg＝group团体，ate动词后缀－做成团体－聚集
【区】aggravate：身上被切了a个v型口－加重aggregate：eg读：一个－聚集成一个！
【参】gregarious（adj 喜社交的）；egregious（adj 异乎寻常的）
【反】isolated units（分离的单位）；disperse（v 使分散）coalesce（v 接合）－disaggregate（v 使崩溃；分解）disaggregate（v 使崩溃；分解）－join together（结合）
noun countable or uncountable /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/
■something formed by adding together several amounts or things; a total 聚集体，集成体；总数，合计
• They purchased an aggregate of 3000 shares in the company. 他们总共买了这家公司的3000股股票。
• Snowflakes are loose aggregates of ice crystals. 雪花是冰晶松散的凝聚体。
• Arsenal lost the second game, but got through to the final on aggregate (= adding together the goals in both matches). 兵工厂队虽然输了第二场比赛，但是凭借进球总数进入了决赛。
adjective [before noun] /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/
■total 合计的，总的；总数的
• The seven companies have an aggregate turnover of £5.2 million. 这七家公司的总营业额为520万英镑。
verb transitive /ˈæg.rɪ.geɪt/
■to combine into a single group or total 使聚集，使积聚
vi. [数] 集合； [物化] [无脊椎] 聚集；合计
 - amount, concentrate, collect, mass, crowd
vt. [数] 集合； [物化] [无脊椎] 聚集；合计
 - assemble, sum
n. 合计； [物化] [数] 集合体； [会计] 总计
 - collective, all told
adj. [植] [无脊椎] [地质] 聚合的； [数] 集合的；合计的
 - collective, polymeric

Word: fairness
Front: fairness
[ˈfeənəs] (高 5954/6946 -1)
Vocabulary: fairness
(once / 1521 pages)
1n 2n
Fairness is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination. Judges, umpires, and teachers should all strive to practice fairness.
Fairness comes from the Old English fæger, meaning "pleasing, attractive." This makes sense given that the word is also used to describe physical beauty. Fairness can refer to someone's good looks, or if someone is very pale and blond, you might notice the fairness of her complexion. When someone shows fairness is making a decision, he is pleasing all parties involved and offering a solution that is attractive to everyone.
WORD FAMILY
fair: faired, fairer, fairest, fairing, fairish, fairly, fairness, fairs, unfair+/fairish: fairishly/unfair: unfairer, unfairest, unfairly, unfairness/unfairness: unfairnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Republicans argued that their proposal was about ensuring electoral fairness, but Democrats said it plainly smelled of a power grab.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In fairness to Bainbridge’s husband, King reports that both spouses were “stunned” by the proposal.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Sen. Bob Casey also called on the FCC to keep the money in the state, calling it a matter of fairness.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 公正，公平; （皮肤的）洁白; 金发; 顺利性
分布：公平(75%)，公正(25%)
→来自fair, 公平的，公正的。
US ['fer-] noun uncountable
FAIR TREATMENT 公平待遇
■the quality of treating people equally or in a way that is right or reasonable 公平；公正；合理性
• He had a real sense of fairness and hated injustice. 他极富正义感，厌恶不义之事。
• The ban on media reporting has made some people question the fairness of the election (= ask whether it was fair). 媒体报道遭禁，一些人因而开始质疑选举的公正性。
in (all) fairness
■considering everything that has an effect on a situation, so that a fair judgment can be made 综合起来公平地讲
• In all fairness, he has been a hard worker. 说句公道话，他工作一直很努力。
• In fairness to Diana, she has at least been honest with you. 公道一点，戴安娜至少对你很坦诚。
UK ['feə.nəs] US ['fer-] noun uncountable
BEAUTY 美丽 old use
■beauty 美丽
n. 公平；美好；清晰；顺利性
 - equity, focus

Word: wildlife
Front: wildlife
[ˈwaɪldlaɪf] (高托雅 3859/3597 -2)
Back: n. 野生的鸟兽等
adj. 野生生物的
分布：野生动植物(75%)，野生动植物的(25%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions 野生动植物，野生生物
• a documentary on Peruvian wildlife 关于秘鲁野生生物的纪录片
• wildlife groups/conservation 野生生物种群／保护区

Word: malay

Word: intensity
Front: intensity
[ɪnˈtensəti] (研四六 3300/4017)
Vocabulary: intensity
(once / 434 pages)
1n 2n
The way he stared deep into her eyes was making her uncomfortable. For a first date, this was too much intensity. Intensity is the degree, volume, or magnitude of a thing, such as fire, emotion, weather, work, or passion.
Intensity is a word sometimes associated with passion, fire, and violence. It's used when discussing the level of such things as a love affair or, perhaps, a flame. For example, the intensity of the relationship between Bergman and Bogart in Casablanca was very high. Likewise, meteorologists measure the intensity of tornados on the Fujita Scale. Some things are meant to show intensity, such as performance by a great musician. Other things, such as, say, a blanket...not so much.
WORD FAMILY
intensity: intensities+/ intense: intensely, intenser, intensest, intensity, intensively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The first 25 games or so are ruled by the passion and intensity of a nascent season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 强烈; （感情的）强烈程度; 强度; 烈度
分布：强度(86%)，强烈(9%)，紧张(5%)
→来自intense,剧烈的，强烈的。
n.强烈,剧烈;强度I was surprised by the intensity of his anxiety.我对他的极度焦虑感到吃惊.
【反】palliate（v 减轻）
US [-sə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect 强烈；剧烈
• The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away. 爆炸的巨响五英里以外都能听见。
countable or uncountable
■the strength of something which can be measured such as light, sound, etc. （光、声音等的）强度
• measures of light intensity 光强度的测量
uncountable
■the quality of being very serious and having strong emotions or opinions （感情或看法的）强烈；认真；全情投入
• The intensity of their relationship was causing problems. 他们关系中所牵涉的感情强烈得引发了问题。
n. [物] 强度；强烈； [电子] 亮度；紧张
 - stress, tension, brightness

Word: overdue
Front: overdue
[ˌəʊvəˈdju:] (四托雅宝 10973/11116 -1)
Vocabulary: overdue
(once / 4462 pages)
adj
Something that's overdue should have happened or been dealt with a long time ago, like the long overdue recognition for the people who rescued motorists in last winter's big snowstorm.
Overdue literally means "past the due date." Bills that aren't paid on time are overdue. So are library books not returned or renewed by the date specified by the library. However, some things that are overdue don't have a particular date associated with them. Instead, it is up to subjective perception: if it seems "too long" then something may be considered overdue, like an overdue visit from a friend or a positive change that's overdue.
WORD FAMILY
due: duely, dues, duly, endue, overdue, subdue, undue +/ duly: dulys/ endue: endued, endues, enduing/subduable: unsubduable/ subdue: subduable, subdued, subduer, subdues, subduing/ subdued: subduedly, subduedness, unsubdued/subduer: subduers/ undue: unduely, unduly /unsubduable: unsubduably
USAGE EXAMPLES
House speaker Paul Ryan called the sanctions “overdue” and “an appropriate way to end eight years of failed policy with Russia”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The recovery of overdue books happens regularly in the library world.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some simply added a homeowners’ overdue amount to their current payments, increasing rather than lowering their payments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 过期的; 延误的，迟到的; 未兑的; 早应完成的
分布：过期的(49%)，迟到的(42%)，未兑的(9%)
→over-,超过，due,到期的。
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'du:] adjective
■not done or happening when expected or when needed; late 过期的；延误的；迟的
• My library books are a week overdue. 我借图书馆的书过期一个星期了。
• The baby is two weeks overdue (= The baby was expected to be born two weeks ago). 已经超过预产期两周了。
• Changes to the tax system are long overdue. 税收制度早该改革了。
• She feels she's overdue for promotion. 她觉得她早该被提升。
adj. 过期的；迟到的；未兑的
 - past-due, expired

Word: sniff
Front: sniff
[snɪf] (高研六托 5870/5455 -2)
Vocabulary: sniff
(once / 696 pages)
vn
Smell that cake baking? No? Take a sniff. A sniff is when you take air in through your nose to smell something.
Dogs sniff a lot. It's how they get to know the world. Imagine this when you see the figurative use for sniff meaning to snoop as in, "The detective was sniffing around for clues." Sniff is one of those words that sound like what they mean. Take a big sniff and listen, you'll see. If you have a cold, and you keep sniffing, you have what's known as the sniffles.
WORD FAMILY
sniff: sniffed, sniffer, sniffing, sniffs+/sniffer: sniffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sniffing and coughing, he visibly drains over the course of our two-hour conversation.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
Then they plunge a 2-meter-long metal rod into the earth, bring it up, and sniff the tip for the stench of decomposition.
Science Magazine(Dec 14, 2016)
Afterward, Schmetzer praised them all, right down to the reserves who never saw a sniff of game action.
Seattle Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: vt. 鄙视地说; 嗅; 深深吸入; 发现; 忿忿不平地说
vi. 鄙视; 嗅，闻; 呼哧地吸气; 寻找，好奇地查看
n. 吸气，擤鼻声; 一股气味
时态：sniffed, sniffing, sniffs
分布：嗅(64%)，嗤之以鼻(11%)，气味(9%)，吸气(6%)，嗅到(3%)，找出(3%)，嗤之以鼻地说(2%)，吸入(2%)
→来自辅音丛 sn-,鼻子，闻，嗅，发鼻音，比较 sneer,snore,snicker,sniff,snuff.
vi.嗅...味道;抽鼻涕;对嗤之以鼻,蔑视The dog sniffed at the bone.那只狗嗅着那根骨头.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to smell something by taking air in through your nose 嗅，闻
• He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing. 他嗅了嗅自己的袜子，看是否需要洗了。
• Dogs love sniffing each other. 狗喜欢相互嗅闻。
• She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it. 品尝那杯酒之前，她先闻了闻。
• Dogs are sometimes used at airports to sniff out (= find by smelling) drugs in people's luggage. 有时候，狗被用来在机场嗅查人们的行李中是否有毒品。
• He was expelled from school for sniffing glue (= taking in the gas from glue because of the feelings of pleasure that this gives). 他因吸食强力胶毒而被学校开除。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to take air in quickly through your nose, usually to stop the liquid inside the nose from flowing out （鼻塞）抽鼻子
• You were sniffing a lot - I presumed you had a cold. 你不停地抽鼻子——我觉得你感冒了
transitive
■to speak in an unpleasant way, showing that you have a low opinion of something 嗤之以鼻地说，轻蔑地说
• [+ speech] "They didn't even serve wine at dinner!" she sniffed. “他们在正餐时间竟然不供应酒！”她轻蔑地说。
[snɪf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sniff at sth
DISAPPROVE
■to show disapproval or a low opinion of something 蔑视，轻视，对…不屑
• The men at City Hall, sniffing at anything too ideological, insist that big cuts are just not practical. 市政府的官员们对一切过于意识形态的东西都嗤之以鼻，他们坚持认为大幅删减根本不实际。
SHOW INTEREST (also sniff around (sth))
■to show that you are interested in something 对…表现出兴趣，对…感兴趣
• A few computer firms are sniffing at the project already. 已经有几家电脑公司对这一企划案表现出兴趣。
• Chief executive David Prosser said the takeover speculation was wrong and no one was sniffing around. 首席执行官戴维‧普罗瑟认为该收购想法行不通，没有人对此感兴趣。
not to be sniffed at informal
■valuable or worth having 不可蔑视的；值得认真对待的
• A two million pound profit is not to be sniffed at. 200万英镑的利润不可轻视。
[snɪf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sniff sth out
■to search for and discover something 发现；搜寻出
• Her job is to go round the big fashion shows sniffing out talent for a modelling agency. 她的工作就是观赏大型时装发表会，为模特儿经纪公司发掘人才。
[snɪf] noun countable
■a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out 吸气；闻；抽鼻子
• Have a sniff of this medicine - it smells revolting, doesn't it? 闻闻这种药——有一股让人作呕的味道，对吗？
• "I don't think much of that idea," she said with a sniff (= an expression of a low opinion). “我觉得这主意不怎么样。”她吸了吸鼻子轻蔑地说。
vi. 嗅；嗤之以鼻
 - smell, snuff at
vt. 嗅；闻；用力吸；发觉
 - smell, nose, discover
n. 吸，闻；嗤之以鼻；气味；以鼻吸气；吸气声
 - suction, smell, wind

Word: romantic
Front: romantic
[rəʊˈmæntɪk] (研四六 3135/3436 -K3)
Vocabulary: romantic
(once / 233 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
If something is romantic, it isn't very practical, like the librarian's romantic dream of convincing every person in town to read a book a week for life — a great idea that probably isn't possible.
To be romantic about something can mean that you overlook its flaws and shortcomings. If your romantic ideal is growing all of your own food on a secluded farm, you are probably ignoring the tremendous amount of hard work it will require. Or, if you are romantic about love, you believe the perfect person is out there and in finding one another, all the problems and difficulties of life will melt away.
WORD FAMILY
romantic: romantically, romanticise, romanticism, romanticize, romantics, unromantic+/ romance: romanced, romances, romancing, romantic /romanticise: romanticisation, romanticised, romanticises, romanticising/ romanticism: neoromanticism, romanticist, romanticistic/romanticist: romanticists/ romanticize: romanticization, romanticized, romanticizes, romanticizing/unromantic: unromantically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Dancing for the audiences of avant-garde Paris offers young Lucia an outlet, while her father’s friend Samuel Beckett offers romantic promise.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 浪漫的，谈情说爱的，多情的，风流的，香艳的; 空想的，虚构的，怪诞的，想入非非的，不实际的，难实行的（计划等）; 传奇（式）的，小说般的，情节离奇的; 浪漫主义的
n. 富于浪漫气息的人; 浪漫主义作家[画家等]，浪漫派诗人[艺术家]; 浪漫思想[行为]
分布：浪漫的(90%)，浪漫的人(6%)，不切实际的(4%)
→来自 romance,浪漫，-itic,形容词后缀。
浪漫的(roman浪漫)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
a.浪漫的,传奇式的;不切实际的,好幻想的He is very romantic.他充满着幻想.
US [roʊ'mæn.tˌɪk] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to love or a close loving relationship 爱情的，情爱的
• a romantic novel/comedy 言情小说／爱情喜剧
• You used to be so romantic, but now you never tell me that you love me. 你以前是那么多情，可现在你从来就不对我说你爱我。
• I suppose he is quite romantic - he sends me flowers on my birthday and tells me I'm looking beautiful and so on. 我猜他是个很浪漫的人－－他在我的生日送花给我，又说我看起来很漂亮等等。
■exciting and mysterious and having a strong effect on your emotions 富于浪漫色彩的；充满传奇色彩的；惊险的
• We thought that Egypt was an incredibly romantic country. 我们以前认为埃及是个充满传奇色彩的国家。
■slightly disapproving
■not practical and having a lot of ideas which are not related to real life 不切实际的；空想的；幻想的
• She has a romantic idea of what it's like to be a struggling young artist. 她不切实际地想像着做一个挣扎求生的年轻艺术家是如何浪漫。
UK [rəʊ'mæn.tɪk] US [roʊ'mæn.tˌɪk] noun countable mainly disapproving
■someone who is not practical and has ideas which are not related to real life 耽于幻想的人；满脑子浪漫想法的人；浪漫主义者
• You're a hopeless/incurable romantic. 你是个不可救药的幻想家。
adj. 浪漫的；多情的；空想的
 - fantastic, amorous

Word: staple
Front: staple
[ˈsteɪpl] (研托雅宝 7008/9461 -2)
Vocabulary: staple
(once / 986 pages)
1nadj 2nv
Bread. Milk. Gasoline. Xboxes. What do these all have in common? They're all a staple of most people's consumption — basic products for which there will always be a demand.
Staple also has the broader more abstract sense of being anything that's popular or necessary. A staple of the political scene is partisan bickering; a staple of Broadway theater is the musical revival. And let's not forget another meaning — those handy little metal clasps that hold things together. Though most people wouldn't consider a staple a staple.
WORD FAMILY
staple: stapled, stapler, staples, stapling, unstaple+/stapler: staplers
USAGE EXAMPLES
An uneven 109-98 victory over the lowly Suns in Staples Center would hardly classify as a “fix.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To ward off atrophy, buy a drawer organizer, suggested Ms. Lowenheim, who uses expandable drawer organizers from Staples in her own home.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
It wowed the Staples Center crowd and offered a glimpse of Ingram’s potential.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主要产品; 钉书钉，U 形钉; 主题，主要部份; 主食
vt. 用钉书钉钉住
adj. 最基本的，最重要的
时态：stapled, stapling, staples
分布：主要的(61%)，重要的(32%)，用订书机装订(7%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 estaple 市场，特指官方指定的销售某些特定商品的市场，来自古法语 estaple,
n.主要产品;名产;纤维;主要成分,主食Coffee is the staple of this district.咖啡是这个地区的主要产品.
verb transitive
■to fasten something using staples 用钉书钉钉住
• Would you mind stapling the reports together ? 你能把报告用订书机订好吗？
['steɪ.pl] noun countable
WIRE 金属丝
■a short thin piece of wire used to fasten sheets of paper together. It has sharp ends which are pushed through the paper and then bent flat by a special device. 订书针
■a U-shaped piece of metal with sharp ends which is hammered into a surface to hold something, such as a wire fence, in a particular position U 形钉（如 U 形电线卡）
['steɪ.pl] noun countable
BASIC 基本的
■a main product or part of something 主要产品，或某物的主要部分
• Shortages mean that even staples (= basic foods) like bread are difficult to find. 物资短缺意味着连面包之类的主食都难觅踪影。
• Phosphate has been a staple of this area for many years. 磷酸盐多年来一直是这一地区的主要产品。
• Romantic fiction and reference books are a staple of many public libraries. 言情小说和工具书是很多公共图书馆的主要藏书。
['steɪ.pl] adjective [before noun]
■basic or main; standard or regular 基本的，主要的；标准的，常规的
• The staple diet here is mutton, fish and boiled potatoes. 这里以羊肉、鱼和煮马铃薯为主食。
• Prices of staple foods such as wheat and vegetables have also been increasing. 小麦、蔬菜等主要食品的价格也一直在上涨。
• Her latest film is the staple offering of action and comedy which we have come to expect. 她的最新影片，如同我们所预料的一样，又是一贯的动作加喜剧。
n. [贸易] 主要产品； [轻] 订书钉；主题
 - topic, theme, subject, main products
adj. 主要的，大宗生产的；常用的；纺织纤维的
 - primary, major, central, main, leading
vt. 把…分级；钉住
 - pin up, nail up

Word: defiance
Front: defiance
[dɪˈfaɪəns] (雅宝 9592/9879 -2)
Vocabulary: defiance
(once / 458 pages)
n
Stand up when the powers that be order you to sit down, and you've given a fine example of defiance. It happens when someone or a group of someones openly flouts or challenges authority.
We owe this lovely descriptive term to the French — specifically to the Old French word defier, which means to defy. (Don't mix it up with deify; that means to make someone or something into a god.) If you've ever studied Latin, you'll spot the fi from fidare "to trust" that inspired the Marines' "semper fi" motto and the popular moniker for pooches––"Fido." Combining fi with de- negates it. So an act of defiance is essentially an act of not trusting.
WORD FAMILY
defiance: defiances+/ defiant: defiance, defiantly / defy: defiant, defied, defies, defying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some death penalty opponents hope that Mr. Roof’s defiance will prompt the appellate courts to adopt a more rigorous standard for capital defendants.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
And although it’s overseen by the Kremlin, it’s also a tacit symbol of defiance to President Vladimir Putin’s authoritarian rule.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 蔑视; 挑战; 反抗
分布：蔑视(57%)，挑衅(22%)，违抗(21%)
→来自defy的名词形式。
【记】defy（vt 公然反抗；藐视；挑衅）
【参】defiant（adj 挑战的；挑衅的；目中无人的）
【反】veneration（n 尊敬；崇拜）
noun uncountable
■when you refuse to obey someone or something 对抗；对立；违抗
• The demonstration is a pointless act/gesture of defiance against the government. 透过示威来对抗政府是一种毫无意义的行为／姿态。
• In defiance of the ceasefire, rebel troops are again firing on the capital. 叛军违反停火协定再次向首都开火。
n. 蔑视；挑战；反抗
 - resistance, challenge, dare

Word: paramilitary
Front: paramilitary
[ˌpærəˈmɪlətri] (11956/13312 -1)
Vocabulary: paramilitary
(once / 6345 pages)
adjn
A group that's described as being paramilitary resembles an organized army. During the American Revolutionary War, the minutemen were a paramilitary group that fought in the earliest battles.
When civilians organize themselves (or are organized) into a group that appears to be military, or that assists actual military troops, that's a paramilitary organization. You can also call it, simply, a paramilitary. The early twentieth century word combines the prefix para-, "near" or "resembling," and military, from its Latin root militaris, "of soldiers or war."
WORD FAMILY
paramilitary: paramilitaries, paramilitarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wang was formerly the commander of China’s armed paramilitary police force for five years.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Police and paramilitary forces arrived in large numbers and fired bullets above the crowd, according to campaigners at Free Tibet.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
Hardly anyone looked askance at his passion for guns and for training youths in paramilitary tactics.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 准军事的; 辅助军事的
n. 准军事部队的成员
分布：起军事辅助作用的(75%)，准军事性的(25%)
→para-,辅助，准，military,军事的。
US [ˌper.ə'mɪl.ə.ter.i] adjective
■describes a group which is organized like an army but is not official and often not legal 准军事的，非法军事组织的
■connected with and helping the official armed forces 与正规军有联系的，辅助军事的
• In some countries, police and fire officers have paramilitary training. 在一些国家，员警和消防员都接受准军事训练。
UK [ˌpær.ə'mɪl.ɪ.tri] US [ˌper.ə'mɪl.ə.ter.i] noun countable
■a person who belongs to a paramilitary organization 准军事组织成员

Word: supplement
Front: supplement
[ˈsʌplɪmənt] (研四六托宝 5192/4371 -2)
Vocabulary: supplement
(once / 463 pages)
nv
A supplement is something added to something else. Nutritional supplements add vitamins and minerals to the ones already included in the food you eat.
If a zombie army wants to increase its ranks but is running out of bodies, it might supplement its troops with mummies. If the zombies put out their manifesto and then realize they left out an important point, they might supplement the manifesto with a press release. That press release could also be referred to as a supplement.
WORD FAMILY
supplement: supplemental, supplementary, supplementation, supplemented, supplementing, supplements+/ supplementary: supplementarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inside Schwab's car, the agent found a number of workout supplements, including powders, but all of them were legal, the station reported.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Inside Schwab’s car, the agent found a number of workout supplements including powders, but all of them were legal, the station reported.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She’s not ashamed of her father’s work, and it helped supplement his firefighter’s income.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 增补，补充
n. 增补，补充; 补充物; 增刊，副刊
时态：supplemented, supplementing, supplements
分布：补充(81%)，增刊(8%)，增补(7%)，补充物(4%)
→来自 supply,补充，供应，-ment,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
增补,补充(sup在下面,次要+ple+ment→增加次要的心填满→增补)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.补遗;增刊;附录v.增刊,补充The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
noun countable /ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənt/
■something which is added to something else in order to improve it or complete it; something extra 补充物，增补物
• The doctor said she should be taking vitamin supplements. 医生说她应该服用维生素补充剂。
• The money I get from teaching evening classes provides a supplement to my main income. 我晚上教课所赚的钱可以补充我的主要收入。
• We paid a supplement (= an extra amount of money) so that we could have a cabin on board the ship. 我们多付了一些钱，这样我们在船上就可以有一个单独的小舱住。
■a part of a magazine or newspaper, either produced separately or as part of the magazine or newspaper （杂志或报纸的）增刊，副刊
• The newspaper publishes a sports supplement every Monday. 这家报纸每周一出版一份体育副刊。
■A supplement to a book is an extra part of it, either produced separately or included at the end of the book, which contains information that was not available when the book was first produced （书的）附录，补编，补遗
• There is a supplement to the dictionary containing new words. 这部词典有一个新词附录。
verb transitive /ˈsʌp.lɪ.ment/ /ˌ--ˈ-/ to add something to something to make it larger or better 增加，补充，增补
• He supplements (= adds to) his income by working in a bar in the evening. 他晚上在酒吧打工以增加收入。
• Some vegetarians like to supplement their diets with iron tablets. 有些素食主义者喜欢在饮食之外吃一些含铁的药片。
accessory, supplement, appendix, attachment, addition
这组词都有“附加物、增加物”的意思，其区别是：
accessory: 作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。
supplement: 主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
appendix: 指书末的附录。
attachment: 指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
addition: 仅强调数量的增加。
complement, compliment, supplement
complement: 补充，补足，把有缺陷的两个东西结合成一个整体
compliment: 赞美，恭维
supplement: 增补，追加，使完整物体进一步完善
complement, append, supplement
这组词都有“补充”的意思，其区别是：
complement: n.补充，补充物，主要指补充不足使之完美。
 • Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.   有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
append: n.附加，添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
supplement: n.增补，补充，补贴，主要指另外补加，增补。
 • One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new events.   我们在报告完成一年之后，必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分。
n. 补充， [图情] 补遗；补充物；附录
 - recruitment, renewal
vt. 补充，增补
 - to replenish, eke

Word: saga
Front: saga
[ˈsɑ:gə] (托宝 7760/8493 -1)
Vocabulary: saga
(once / 1406 pages)
n
When your friend tells you every detail of how she tripped over a rock, broke her ankle, and then got into a car accident on the way to the hospital, she is sharing a long, involved story known as a saga.
The word saga has its origins in the Middle Ages. In those days, a saga was an historical tale of the first families who lived in Norway or Iceland. Today the word is used to describe a very complicated or detailed series of events. A saga is the kind of long, drawn-out story that can cause the people who hear it to roll their eyes in boredom.
WORD FAMILY
saga: sagas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Star Wars: The Force Awakens was a juggernaut that satisfied both diehard fans and casual observers of the saga.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Surely that would be it for the saga of So Help Me God/Swish/Waves/The Life of Pablo?
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Fisher was also expected to play a key role in the ninth instalment of the sci-fi saga, due for release in 2019.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 萨迦（尤指古代挪威或冰岛讲述冒险经历和英雄业绩的长篇故事）; （讲述许多年间发生的事情的）长篇故事; 传说，冒险故事，英雄事迹
分布：冒险故事(48%)，英雄事迹(39%)，世家(13%)
→来自古诺斯语 saga,史诗，故事，特指北欧的古英雄故事，来自 Proto-Germanic*sago,说，讲 述，来自 sekw,说，讲述，词源同 say,saw.
【记】源于：萨迦Sage，主要描述在冰岛定居的家族及其后代的故事、挪威国王的历史和早期日耳曼英雄的神话传说saga读：世嘉（游戏机），世嘉的成功是个传奇故事。
noun countable
■a long story about several past events or people, originally one told in the Middle Ages in Iceland or Norway 英雄传说（中世纪在冰岛或挪威流传的长篇传奇）；长篇故事；传奇
• a lengthy and compelling family saga 篇幅宏大、扣人心弦的家族小说
■a long complicated series of related usually negative events （通常指负面的）系列事件，一长串事件
• It was just another episode in an ongoing saga of marriage problems. 这只是层出不穷的婚姻问题中的又一个插曲。
n. 传说；冒险故事；英雄事迹
 - tradition, tale, fame

Word: dampen
Front: dampen
[ˈdæmpən] (托宝 10919/11247 -1)
Vocabulary: dampen
(once / 3772 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To dampen something is to stifle it, to lessen its effect, or to moisten it. Getting a cold will dampen your enthusiasm.
This word has several related meanings, most of which make something less effective or powerful. Using a towel will dampen it in the sense of getting it wet, but dampening goes beyond things that are damp (wet). A silencer on a gun dampens the sound of the gun. Bad news will dampen your mood, bringing it down. Boxing gloves dampen the force of punches because they cushion the blows. Anything dampened has been weakened and brought down a notch.
WORD FAMILY
dampen: dampened, dampener, dampening, dampens+/dampener: dampeners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dermatologists often prescribe topical cortisonelike drugs to dampen the immune response and ease inflammation.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But none of that seemed to dampen the worshippers’ joyous spirit.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
The interception didn’t dampen the confidence of Barkley, who signed with the Bears in September to be their third-string quarterback.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 抑制; 使潮湿; 使…沮丧; 隔音，防音
vi. 变得潮湿; 丧气
时态：dampened, dampening, dampens
分布：抑制(93%)，使沮丧(7%)
→来自damp, 潮湿，引申义减弱。
使潮湿;使沮丧(damp潮湿)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
【反】scorch（v 烧焦；枯萎）；damper（n 抑制因素）－amelioration（n 改进）
verb transitive
MAKE WET 使潮湿 (also damp)
■to make something slightly wet 使潮湿；把…弄潮；使受潮
• Rain had dampened the tent so we left it to dry in the afternoon sun. 雨水打湿了帐篷，午后我们把它放到太阳底下晒了晒。
['dæm.pən] verb transitive
FEELINGS 感觉
■to make feelings, especially of excitement or enjoyment, less strong 使（尤指兴奋或喜悦之情）平静下来；稳定（情绪）；对…泼冷水
• Nothing you can say will dampen her enthusiasm. 不管你说甚么，她的热情仍丝毫不减。
• I didn't want to dampen his spirits. 我不想给他泼冷水。
vt. 抑制；使…沮丧；使…潮湿
 - control, restrain, stay
vi. 潮湿；丧气
 - moisten

Word: metro
Front: metro
[ˈmetrəʊ] (7110/12275 -1)
Back: n. 地下铁道
adj. 大都市的
分布：地铁(98%)，大都市的(1%)，主要经营零售).(1%)
→缩写自metropolitan,大都会，大城市。用于口语指地铁。
US [-roʊ/
■an underground electric railway system in some cities, especially in France （尤指法国的）地铁
• Let's go by Metro. 我们坐地铁去吧。
• a metro station 地铁站
• the Paris metro 巴黎地铁
noun uncountable UK [ˈmet.rəʊ] US [-roʊ/
  Common Learner Errors  metro, subway or underground? All these words mean an underground railway system in a large city. Underground is the usual word in British English. Subway is the usual word in American English. the Paris metro the London underground the New York subway
adjective [before noun] UK [ˈmet.rəʊ] US [ˈmet.roʊ] US relating to a large city and the area surrounding it 大都市的
• This guidebook includes a map of the Phoenix metro area. 这本旅游指南中有一幅凤凰城市区图。
n. 地铁；大都市；伦敦地下铁道；麦德隆（财富500强公司之一，总部所在地德国，主要经营零售）
 - sub, subway

Word: philadelphia
Front: philadelphia
[ˌfɪlə'delfjə] (-/10154)
Back: n. 费城（美国宾西法尼亚州东南部港市）
分布：费城(100%)

Word: greed
Front: greed
[gri:d] (六 6753/8496 -1)
Vocabulary: greed
(once / 406 pages)
n
Greed is an overwhelming urge to have more of something, usually more than you really need. Watching kids at a birthday party furiously grabbing for candy from a piñata, you might find yourself surprised at their greed.
Greed is often connected with money, a desire to acquire as much of it as possible, but it can refer to that kind of urge toward anything, like food or material possessions. When you see greed, it's an ugly thing, whether you're observing a greedy person or the greed of a huge company that treats its workers badly in order to make more money. Greed comes from the Old English grædig, or "voracious," which means "always hungry for more."
WORD FAMILY
greed: greeds, greedy +/greediness: greedinesses/ greedy: greedier, greediest, greedily, greediness, overgreedy
USAGE EXAMPLES
So how did the Norman Rockwell fantasy align with unabashed greed and narcissism?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Those villains remain racism, greed, lack of a decent education and misuse of political power.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Investigators are prone to boil credit card stealing operations and mass identity thefts to simple greed but often it’s more than that.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 贪心; 贪婪
分布：贪婪(92%)，贪心(6%)，贪吃(2%)
→原义为饥饿，词源不详。可能来自gwere, 喉咙，吞没，词源同gorge, voracity.
noun uncountable
■a very strong wish to continuously get more of something, especially food or money （尤指对食物或钱财的）贪婪，贪心，贪欲
• I don't know why I'm eating more - it's not hunger, it's just greed! 我不知道自己为甚么会吃那么多——不是因为觉得饿，只是贪嘴！
• He was unsympathetic with many house sellers, complaining that they were motivated by greed. 他对很多卖房者表示反感，抱怨说他们是受贪念驱使。
n. 贪婪，贪心
 - covetousness, avarice

Word: organism
Front: organism
[ˈɔ:gənɪzəm] (研四六托雅宝 4375/3911 -2)
Vocabulary: organism
(once / 586 pages)
n
An organism is a living thing that can function on its own. That includes your pet guppy, the tree in your backyard, and — of course — you.
While the word organism typically indicates an actual living thing, you can also use organism to refer to anything that acts or functions like a living thing. For example, the social scene at a high school might be described as "a social organism" because it seems to have a mind of its own — like a living thing or even a vicious animal, depending on where one falls on the popularity scale.
WORD FAMILY
organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms+/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organ: organic, organification, organist, organs/ organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism /organicism: organicistic/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Most people think that illness is related to the organism. That’s only one part of the story,” Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When nitrogen compounds run off into rivers, they likewise promote the growth of some organisms more than others.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It found that organisms created in a California lab behaved differently in a Brazilian factory.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 有机体; 生物体; 微生物; 有机体系，有机组织
分布：有机体(60%)，生物体(38%)，有机组织(2%)
→来自organ,运行，器官，组织机构，-ism,主义，思想，机制。即有组织运行的机制，后引申词义生物，有机体。
n.生物,有机体
US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable
■a single living plant, animal, virus, etc 生物体；有机体；微生物
• Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms. 变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。
⇒ See also microorganism
n. 有机体； [生物] 生物体；微生物
 - living being, biosome

Word: vastly
Front: vastly
[ˈvɑ:stli] (7509/8443 -1)
Back: adv. 极大地; 广大地; 深远地
分布：广大地(44%)，极大地(42%)，巨大地(14%)
US ['væst.li] adverb
■very much 非常
• vastly different 极为不同
• vastly superior 好得多
• vastly improved 大幅改进的
adv. 极大地；广大地；深远地
 - extensively, immensely

Word: ritual
Front: ritual
[ˈrɪtʃuəl] (研六托雅宝 3404/4517 -2)
Vocabulary: ritual
(once / 708 pages)
nadj
A ritual is a ceremony or action performed in a customary way. Your family might have a Saturday night ritual of eating a big spaghetti dinner and then taking a long walk to the ice cream shop.
As an adjective, ritual means "conforming to religious rites," which are the sacred, customary ways of celebrating a religion or culture. Different communities have different ritual practices, like meditation in Buddhism, or baptism in Christianity. We also call the ceremony itself a ritual. Although it comes from religious ceremonies, ritual can also be used for any time-honored tradition, like the Superbowl, or Mardi Gras, or Sunday morning pancake breakfast.
WORD FAMILY
ritual: ritualise, ritualism, ritualize, ritually, rituals+/ rite: rites, ritual /ritualise: ritualised/ritualism: ritualisms, ritualist, ritualistic/ritualist: ritualists/ritualistic: ritualistically/ritualize: ritualized
USAGE EXAMPLES
At this point I felt that these rituals were almost too much.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
But this public ritual is by no means confined to celebrities.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Sometimes the story, in all its magnificent ridiculousness, seems like mere scaffolding, propping up the ritual of the performance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （宗教等的）仪式; 例行公事，老规矩; 典礼
adj. 作为仪式的一部分的; 礼节性的; 例行公事的
分布：仪式(72%)，仪式的(10%)，宗教仪式(9%)，典礼(6%)，惯常的(1%)，老规矩的(1%)，固定程序(1%)
a.宗教仪式的,典礼的n.(宗教)仪式,典礼Our society has many rituals of greeting, farewell and celebration.
US ['rɪtʃ.u-] noun countable or uncountable
■a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a ceremony 例行公事，老规矩；（尤指）仪式
• Coffee and the newspaper are part of my morning ritual. 喝咖啡和读报纸是我早晨必做的事情之一。
• The birds were performing a complex mating ritual. 这些鸟在进行程式复杂的交配。
n. 仪式；惯例；礼制
 - tradition, ceremony, convention, usage, service
adj. 仪式的；例行的；礼节性的
 - routine, ceremonial

Word: bowl
Front: bowl
[bəʊl] (中高研四托 1829/2707 -K3)
Vocabulary: bowl
(once / 172 pages)
1n 2n 3nv
A bowl is a rounded dish that holds food. Many people start the day with a bowl of cereal.
You might keep your sugar in a sugar bowl, or stir up a batch of brownies in a big mixing bowl. In either case, you've got a wide dish with curved sides that's open on the top. You can call other things with a similar shape bowls too, like a toilet bowl or the bowl of a spoon. When bowl is a verb, it means to roll or throw a ball in a game.
WORD FAMILY
bowl: bowled, bowler, bowlful, bowling, bowls+/bowler: bowlers/bowlful: bowlfuls/ bowling: bowlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was on a Super Bowl team, and we argued every day — even after we won games 45-0,” Bowles said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 碗; 一碗东西; 碗状物; [体]木球
vi. 参加保龄球赛; [体]投球; [体]玩滚木球; 稳而快地行驶
vt. 投掷或滚动（球）; 滚球得分; 表演保龄球; 打倒，撞击
时态：bowled, bowling, bowls
分布：碗(91%)，投球(3%)，保龄球(2%)，木球(1%)，碗状物(1%)，打保龄球(1%)，圆形露天剧场(1%)
→词源同ball, 球。
n.碗(状物),钵Bowing its elbow, the owl sows in the bowl.猫头鹰弯着肘在碗中播种.
US [boʊl] noun
DISH 碗状物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a round container that is open at the top and is deep enough to hold fruit, sugar, etc. 碗；钵；（物体的）碗状部分
• a soup/cereal/salad/sugar bowl 汤碗／麦片碗／沙拉钵／糖钵
• a bowl of soup/rice/porridge 一碗汤／米饭／粥
• She eats a bowl (= the contents of a bowl) of cereal every morning. 她每天早上吃一碗麦片。
• Sift the flour and baking powder into a mixing bowl. 将面粉和发酵粉筛进搅拌碗里。
• UK Just put the dirty dishes in the washing-up bowl, and I'll do them later. 将脏碟子放进洗碟盆好了，我一会儿再洗。
countable
■the rounded inside part of something 碗；钵；（物体的）碗状部分
• The toilet bowl was cracked and stained, and the walls were covered in mould. 抽水马桶破裂了，污迹斑斑，四周墙上到处都是霉点。
countable mainly US
■a large bowl-shaped building or structure which is used for important sports events or musical performances 圆形运动场；圆形露天剧场
• the Hollywood Bowl 好莱坞露天剧场
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] noun
GAME 游戏
bowls
uncountable
■a game played either outside on smooth grass or inside on an artificial surface, in which the players roll a large black or brown ball as close as possible to a smaller white ball 草地滚球；地滚球戏
• Bowls is one of the most popular sports in Britain. 地滚球戏是英国最流行的运动之一。
countable
■a large ball used in the game of bowls （草地滚球中的）木球，圆球
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] noun
Life is just a bowl of cherries.
■something that you say which means that life is very pleasant. This phrase is often used humorously to mean the opposite. （常幽默地用作反语）一切都十全十美；一切都完美无缺
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
CRICKET 板球
■to throw a ball towards a batsman (= the player who hits the ball) using a vertical circular movement of the arm while running （举臂）把（球）投给打击手；投（球）
• Pringle was tired after bowling for an hour. 投了一小时球后普林格尔累了。
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
ROLL 滚
■to roll a ball along a smooth grass or artificial surface during a game （在游戏中）滚（球）
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bowl down/along sth
■to go quickly 朝着（或沿着）…疾行
• They bowled down the street on their new bicycles. 他们骑着新的脚踏车飞奔在大街上。
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bowl sb out
■in the game of cricket, to make someone have to leave the cricket field by hitting the wicket (= three vertical sticks) behind them with the ball （板球运动中）击中三柱门把（打击手）杀出局
UK [bəʊl] US [boʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] bowl sb over
KNOCK DOWN
■to knock someone to the ground by running into them 把（某人）撞倒
• She was almost bowled over by a huge dog. 她差点儿被一只大狗撞倒。
PLEASE
■to surprise and please someone a lot 使（某人）大为惊喜
• She was bowled over when she heard she'd won the competition. 她听说自己赢了比赛喜不自禁。
n. 碗；木球；大酒杯
 - knurr, rummer
vi. 玩保龄球；滑动；平稳快速移动
 - slip, slide
vt. 投球；旋转；平稳快速移动
 - go round and round, fly about

Word: accordingly
Front: accordingly
[əˈkɔ:dɪŋli] (研四六 5589/3199 -2)
Vocabulary: accordingly
(once / 148 pages)
adv
Accordingly means in accord with, or in correspondence with something. If you learn that your so-called best friend is spreading nasty rumors about you, act accordingly and stop being her friend.
Accordingly is the adverb form of accord, which means harmony, or agreement. We often use the phrase "act accordingly," which just means to behave in a logical manner based on what you feel, learn, or are told. If you are half-starved after being lost in the woods for three days, when you come across a house with a full kitchen, you will act accordingly. Accordingly can also mean "therefore." You were hungry, accordingly you ate.
WORD FAMILY
according: accordingly +/ accord: accordant, accorded, according, accords, disaccord/ accordance: accordances/accordant: accordance, accordantly/disaccord: disaccording, disaccords
USAGE EXAMPLES
As with any NFL quarterback, he is more important than everyone else in the room, and the Rams need to build accordingly.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Accordingly, he wanted religious experts to be part of his Harvard Psilocybin Project for the study of mind-altering drugs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He found every woman who was being paid less than a male colleague doing the same job and adjusted her salary accordingly.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 因此，于是; 依据; 照着，相应地
分布：相应地(42%)，因此(29%)，于是(29%)
ad.相应地,照着办,按照;于是,因此You may arrange this accordingly.你可以权宜处理这件事.
US [-'kɔ:r-] formal
adverb
■in a way that is suitable or right for the situation 照着，相应地
• When we receive your instructions we shall act accordingly. 我们接到你的指示就会遵命行事。
• She's an expert in her field, and is paid accordingly. 她是这个领域的专家，且得到了相对的报酬。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著
 - therefore, hence, consequently, thus, then

Word: yard
Front: yard
[jɑ:d] (中高研四六雅 1035/1370 -K4)
Vocabulary: yard
(once / 65 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
The grassy area right outside a house is a yard. A yard is often surrounded by a fence or marked by shrubs or other plants. As a unit of measurement, a yard is equal to three feet.
Most suburban houses have both a front yard and a back yard — sometimes side yards too. Yards might have grass, trees, bushes, play structures, gardens, patios, and decks. A completely different kind of yard is the unit of measurement that equals three feet. This three-foot yard comes from a Germanic root meaning "rod or staff," while the yard behind your house has a root that means "to enclose."
WORD FAMILY
yard: yarder, yards+/yarder: yarders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cousins threw for 4,917 yards, 25 touchdowns and 12 interceptions.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Barkley shook six defenders to race 79 yards for a touchdown.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He added 3 more yards afterward to reach 4,122.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 院子; 码（等于3英尺或36英寸或0。9144米）; 场地; 帆桁
分布：院子(85%)，庭院(15%)
→来自gher,围，围场，词源同garden.字母g,y的音变来自旧时书写混淆的产物。yard 桁，桅横杆，码
n.院子,场地;码Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward, downward, inward, outward, forward and backward.后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看.
US [jɑ:rd] noun countable
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 计量单位
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation yd)
■a unit of measurement equal to three feet or approximately 91.4 centimetres 码（相当于3英尺，约91.4厘米）
UK [jɑ:d] US [jɑ:rd] noun countable
WORK AREA 工作场所
 ADVANCED
■an area of land in which a particular type of work is done, often one from which goods are sold （进行某种工作的）场地，场所；（常指出售货物的）场地
• a builders' yard 建筑工地
• a scrap yard 废料场
⇒ See also boatyard;dockyard;junkyard;lumberyard;shipyard;stockyard
UK [jɑ:d] US [jɑ:rd] noun countable
LAND NEXT TO BUILDING 建筑物边上的地
 ADVANCED
■an area of land next to a building which is covered with concrete or other hard material 院子；天井；庭院
• The house has a small yard at the back. 这所房子后面有个小院。
• the prison yard 监狱里的院子
⇒ See also backyard;barnyard;farmyard
UK [jɑ:d] US [jɑ:rd] noun countable
GARDEN 花园 US (UK garden)
■a piece of land next to a house, usually used for growing flowers, grass and other plants （房屋旁的）园圃，花园
n. 院子； [计量] 码（英制中丈量长度单位，1码=3英尺）； [建] 庭院；帆桁
 - courtyard, garth

Word: reservation
Front: reservation
[ˌrezəˈveɪʃn] (高研四六雅 3046/4139 -K2)
Vocabulary: reservation
(once / 703 pages)
1n 2n
A reservation is something set aside, like a table at a restaurant or land for Native Americans.
For fancy restaurants and hotels, you need a reservation: you call ahead and ask them to set aside a table or room for you. A reservation is also a piece of land set aside by the government for a group. In the U.S., there are Native American reservations. Sometimes a reservation is a doubt. If you have reservations about taking a trip to Australia, then you're not sure about it. You're not rushing to make reservations at a hotel there.
WORD FAMILY
reservation: reservations+/ reserve: reservation, reserved, reserves, reserving, reservist/ reserved: reservedly, unreserved/reservist: reservists/unreserved: unreservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is a revered coach on a reservation where hoops are a cousin to religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Truxton Circle cider bar is open as usual with reservations for New Year's Eve.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 保留; 预订，预约; 保留地，专用地
分布：预定(92%)，保留意见(8%)
→来自 reserve,预约，保留。
n.保留,保留意见;预定,预订The conservative man made a reservation in the observatory.保守的人在天文台的保留.
US [-ɚ-] noun
THING KEPT 预订
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you arrange to have something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant kept for you 预订；预约
• I'd like to make a table reservation for two people for 9 o'clock. 我要预订九点两人用餐的桌位。
• Please confirm your reservation in writing by Friday. 请在星期五前对您的预订予以书面确认。
countable
■an area of land made available for a particular group of people to live in 居留地；保留地
• The family lives on a Native American reservation. 这家人住在一个美洲土著居民居留地上。
countable (also reserve) (US also preserve)
■an area of land in which wild animals are protected 野生动物保护区；自然保护区；禁猎区
• He's the chief warden of a big-game reservation. 他是一个大型动物保护区的管理主任。
UK [ˌrez.ə'veɪ.ʃən] US [-ɚ-] noun
DOUBT 怀疑
countable usually plural uncountable
■a doubt or feeling of not being able to agree with or accept something completely 存疑；保留意见；异议
• Workers and employees shared deep reservations about the wisdom of the government's plans for the industry. 对于政府针对这一产业作出的规划是否明智，工人和雇主都非常怀疑。
• He accepted my advice without reservation. 他毫无保留地接受了我的建议。
n. 预约，预订；保留
 - preservation, booking, hold, retention

Word: venue
Front: venue
[ˈvenju:] (托 5389/4010 -3)
Vocabulary: venue
(once / 1593 pages)
n
A venue is the place where an event or meeting is happening. If you're going to see the best band ever, you should get to the venue early to get a good seat.
Venue is derived from the Latin for "come" (venire), and it's a place people come to. Another meaning of venue is specific to the law as the place where a trial will be held, and the area from which the jury will be selected. If you're on trial for stealing, and you're known around town as "Sticky Fingers Magoo," your lawyer would wisely request a change of venue to give you a better shot at a fair trial.
WORD FAMILY
venue: venues
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A century later, and the venue was a popular location for unlicensed bare-knuckle fights.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 犯罪地点，案发地点; 会场; （尤指）体育比赛场所; 审判地
分布：审判地(44%)，犯罪地点(32%)，体育场馆(14%)，集合地(10%)
→来自拉丁语venire,来，来自gwa,来，往，词源同come,acrobat,advent.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the place where a public event or meeting happens （公共事件的）发生场所，举行地点；会场
• The hotel is an ideal venue for conferences and business meetings. 这家饭店是举行会议和商务会谈的理想场所。
• The stadium has been specifically designed as a venue for European Cup matches. 这个体育场是特别为欧洲杯的比赛设计的。
US specialized
■the city or county in which a trial happens 审判地
n. 审判地；犯罪地点；发生地点；集合地点
 - assembly point

Word: sufficiently
Front: sufficiently
[sə'fɪʃntlɪ] (四六 5950/2966 -K)
Vocabulary: sufficiently
(once / 159 pages)
adv
If you do something sufficiently, you’re not wowing anybody, but you've done enough to get by. It’s fine. If you do your homework sufficiently, you’ll pass but don’t expect a gold star and applause.
When something is sufficient, it's enough. Therefore, when something occurs sufficiently, it's also good enough in some way. If you’re sufficiently fluent in French, you can talk to people in France, but you’re not writing a French novel any time soon. Doing work sufficiently means getting the job done without going above or beyond. Doing something sufficiently is still much better than doing it insufficiently, which is never enough.
WORD FAMILY
sufficient: insufficient, self-sufficient, sufficienter, sufficientest, sufficiently +/insufficiency: insufficiencies/ insufficient: insufficiency, insufficienter, insufficiently/self-sufficient: self-sufficiency/ suffice: sufficed, suffices, sufficiency, sufficient, sufficing/ sufficiency: sufficiencies/sufficing: self-sufficing
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The actions should sufficiently stabilize the documents for display and travel.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The state’s high court says the effects of the drug are sufficiently well-known to support the Dayton officer.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 足够地，充分地; 十分，相当
分布：充分地(50%)，足够地(50%)
ADJ
足够的;充足的
If something is sufficient for a particular purpose, there is enough of it for the purpose.
例：One metre of fabric is sufficient to cover the exterior of an 18-in-diameter hatbox...一米布足以包裹住直径为 18 英寸的帽盒。
例：Lighting levels should be sufficient for photography without flash...光照亮度应达到不开闪光灯便可以清楚拍照的程度。
ADJ
(理由、条件)充足的，充分的
If something is a sufficient cause or condition for something to happen, it can happen.
例：Discipline is a necessary, but certainly not a sufficient condition for learning to take place.纪律是有必要的，但绝对不是保证学习成效的充分条件。
adv. 充分地；足够地
 - fully, adequately, well, enough, wide

Word: beleaguer
Front: beleaguer
[bɪ'li:gə] (宝)
Vocabulary: beleaguer
(once / 2692 pages)
v
Beleaguer means to pester or badger with persistence. A babysitter might find annoying the children who beleaguer her with requests for candy, cookies, games, and piggyback rides all at the same time.
Beleaguer originally meant to lay siege to, and originates from a 16th century Dutch term which meant to camp all around. It was not until later that beleaguer came to mean harass or bother in a determined way. Remember that there is a league in the middle of be-league-r and the spelling will be easy.
WORD FAMILY
beleaguer: beleaguered, beleaguering, beleaguers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The call deprived the Trojans’ suddenly beleaguered defense of its top tackler.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I just felt instantly beleaguered in a very familiar way.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
A different kind of ambiguity arises in the solo arias, where tensions between voice and accompaniment often conjure the desperation of the beleaguered soul.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. 围攻; 困扰; 骚扰
时态：beleaguered, beleaguering, beleaguers
分布：围攻(64%)，使烦恼(36%)
【记】be成为，leaguer（n 联盟的会员；vt 围攻）－联盟的目的就是围攻别人－使他烦恼。
【反】delight（v 使高兴）；mollify＝soothe（v 平息）
vt. 围攻；围
 - siege

Word: pad
Front: pad
[pæd] (研四六雅 3664/5284 -2)
Vocabulary: pad
(once / 686 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n 5n
A pad is a soft cushion or mat that protects or supports something. Football players wear pads to keep their bodies from being injured, and you may sit on a pad to cushion your bottom.
A thick cotton bandage is one kind of pad, and your mattress might be topped by another kind of pad. There's also the the soft, cushion-like pad on the bottom of an animal's paws as well as the fleshy part of your own fingertips. There are numerous other pads, including ink pads and helicopter landing pads, and — informally — your cool apartment, or pad. When you pad something, you stuff it, cushion it, or fill it out.
WORD FAMILY
pad: padded, padding, pads+/ padding: paddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goalies wear full padding, but the other players wear sweatpants, jerseys and helmets with face masks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The same men also donated pads after wearing them on a garlic-free diet.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Winner pads what so far are the two leading MVP resumes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 给…装衬垫， 加垫子; 填塞; 踏平
vi. 步行，放轻脚步走
n. 垫，衬垫; 护具; 便签本; 发射台
时态：padded, padding, pads
分布：发射台(48%)，衬垫(25%)，公寓(10%)，填塞(5%)，肉趾(3%)，脚印(3%)，轻轻走(2%)，缓慢行走的马(1%)，便签纸(1%)，夸大(1%)，低沉声音(1%)
→可能来自低地德语pad,脚掌，来自pent,踩，踏，词源同path,foot.后引申词义软垫，垫子，便笺本，以及俚语直升机停机坪等。pad 蹚水
n.垫,衬垫;便笺簿v.加上衬垫You mad madam, my dad doesn't like the bad badminton pad.你这个疯太太,我爸爸不喜欢这种坏羽毛球垫.
noun countable
MATERIAL 材料
■a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something 垫，衬垫；护垫
• a knee/shoulder pad 护膝／垫肩
• Footballers often wear shin pads to protect their legs. 足球运动员经常穿护膝以保护双腿。
• In the 1980s, shoulder pads were very fashionable in women's clothes. 20世纪80年代，女性服装非常流行使用垫肩。
• She wiped her eye make-up off with a cotton wool pad. 她用卸妆棉擦去了眼影。
[pæd] noun countable
PAPER 纸
■a number of pieces of paper that have been fastened together along one side, which is used for writing or drawing on 便条纸簿
• I have a pad and pencil for taking notes. 我拿了一本便条簿和一支铅笔来写笔记。
• I always keep a pad of paper by the phone. 我总是在电话旁放一本便条簿。
⇒ See also notepad
[pæd] noun countable
FLAT SURFACE 平面
■a hard flat area of ground where helicopters can take off and land, or from which rockets are sent （直升机的）起降场地；（火箭的）发射台
• The hotel has its own helicopter pad. 这家饭店有自己的直升机停机坪。
• Missiles have been launched from their pads deep in enemy territory. 飞弹已从敌方阵地深处的发射台发射。
■one of the large flat leaves of a water lily （睡莲的）浮叶
• a lily pad 睡莲浮叶
[pæd] noun countable
FOOT 脚
■the soft part at the bottom of a cat or dog's paw (= foot) （猫或狗的）肉掌，爪垫
[pæd] noun countable
HOUSE 房子 old-fashioned slang
■a person's house or apartment 住所，公寓
• a bachelor pad 单身公寓
[pæd] verb transitive (-dd-)
■to put pieces of soft material in something to make it soft, give it a different shape, or protect what is inside （用软物）填塞，填衬
• These walking boots are padded with shock-resistant foam. 这些步行靴加了防震泡沫乳胶垫。
[pæd] verb transitive (-dd-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pad sth out
■If you pad out a speech or piece of writing, you add unnecessary words or information to make it longer or to hide the fact that you are not saying anything very important. （用多余的内容）延长，扩充（讲话或文章）；掩饰（内容的空洞）
n. [机] 衬垫；便笺簿；填补；印色盒
 - liner, interleaver
vi. 步行；放轻脚步走
 - foot, hoof it
vt. 填补；走
 - step, fill up

Word: rotate
Front: rotate
[rəʊˈteɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5483/6887)
Vocabulary: rotate
(once / 683 pages)
1v 2v
Rotate means to circle around a center point. Wheels on a car rotate, planets rotate, and if you're an ice skater, you rotate on the blade of a skate when you do your spins.
Rotate can also mean that you take turns performing a job. If you, Jim, and Shelia all got the same amount of votes in the class election, you could rotate the role of treasurer, meaning the position would pass from one to another in a regular pattern. Rotate can also refer to other things that are passed along in a regular order. You might rotate lawn duties with your brother — that means you mow the lawn one week and he mows it the next.
WORD FAMILY
rotate: rotatable, rotated, rotates, rotating, rotation, rotatory+/ rotation: rotational, rotations/rotational: rotationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rubin’s results implied that the galaxies are rotating so fast that they should fly apart.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The whole structure rotated to add prisoners to cells or remove them, Bayens said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But New Orleans tends to rotate running backs.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使某物）旋转; 使转动; 使轮流，轮换; 交替
adj. [植]辐状的; 有辐射部分的
时态：rotated, rotating, rotates
分布：轮流(87%)，车轮状的(13%)
→来自拉丁语 rotare,旋转 ，转动，来自 ret,旋转，转动，词源同 round,roll,rotary.
旋转(rot+ate)[Rot=wheel,表示"轮子,转"]
v.(使)旋转The earth rotates once a day.地球每天自转一次.
US ['roʊ.teɪt] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point （尤指围绕一个固定点）（使）旋转，（使）转动
• Rotate the handle by 180° to open the door. 要想打开门，将把手旋转180度。
• The wheel rotates around an axle. 轮子绕轮轴旋转。
• The satellite slowly rotates as it circles the Earth. 人造卫星围绕地球旋转的同时也在缓慢自转。
intransitive or transitive
■If a job rotates or if a group of people rotate their jobs, the jobs are done at different times by different people. 轮流做；（由…）轮值；轮换
transitive
■When farmers rotate crops, they regularly change which crops they grow in a particular field. 轮作；换茬
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vi. 旋转；循环
 - wheel, circle, spin
vt. 使旋转；使转动；使轮流
 - turn, spin, swing

Word: lurk
Front: lurk
[lɜ:k] (托雅宝 7183/6914 -1)
Vocabulary: lurk
(once / 562 pages)
v
To lurk is to creep around, hide out, and wait to attack. Your team’s strategy for winning capture the flag might be to lurk in the bushes for an hour until the opposing side thinks you gave up and went home.
The verb lurk means to move furtively or sneak around, usually while you wait to pounce. Tigers lurk through the jungle, stalking their prey, and creepy characters are always lurking in the shadows in horror movies. Perhaps that's why you'll often hear people describe not-so-safe places by saying that danger lurks at every turn. Other words for lurk include creep, prowl, and snoop.
WORD FAMILY
lurk: lurked, lurker, lurking, lurks+/lurker: lurkers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Through his scope he spotted a fighter with a rifle about 250 yards away, lurking in a shadow by a wall.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In a sign of the dangers that lurk, a Swiss aid worker was abducted from her home by armed men on Christmas Eve.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
They were too awful to lurk and wait for Washington to produce enough mishaps to let them back in the game.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vi. 潜伏，埋伏; 潜藏，潜在; 偷偷地行动
n. 潜在，潜伏; <俚>欺骗，欺诈
时态：lurked, lurking, lurks
分布：潜伏(54%)，潜藏(22%)，埋伏(12%)，隐藏(12%)
→来自中古英语luren,等待，潜藏，埋伏，词源同lour,lurch.
【记】读：乐渴－特别有乐趣，还特别渴的事情就是潜伏！
US [lɝ:k] verb
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to wait or move in a secret way so that you cannot be seen, especially because you are about to attack someone or do something wrong （尤指为攻击某人或做坏事而）潜伏，隐蔽，悄悄移动
• Someone was lurking in the shadows. 有人藏在黑影里。
• Why are you lurking about in the corridor? 你干吗在走廊里鬼鬼祟祟的？
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of an unpleasant feeling or quality) to exist although it is not always noticeable （不好的感觉或特征）潜伏，潜藏
• Danger lurks around every corner. 每个角落里都潜伏着危险。
• It seems that old prejudices are still lurking beneath the surface. 在表像的背后似乎依然潜藏着旧有的偏见。
intransitive informal
■to enter a chat room (= an address on the Internet where people can talk to each other using email) and read other people's messages without allowing them to know you are present 在（网上）聊天室里潜水；隐身进入（网上）聊天室
vi. 潜伏；潜藏；埋伏
 - to conceal, lie low
n. 潜伏；埋伏
 - latency, incubation

Word: descendant
Front: descendant
[dɪˈsendənt] (研六托宝 6138/6513 -1)
Vocabulary: descendant
(once / 382 pages)
nadj
The word descendant refers to something that has come down. For example, everyone is a descendant, or the end of a line of ancestors, just as modern art is a descendant of past art that contributed to its style and technique.
The word descendant comes from the word "descend" which means to move in a downward direction. Note that the word can also be spelled with an "-ent" ending. Philosopher Herbert Spencer wrote, “The wise man must remember that while he is a descendant of the past, he is a parent of the future.” Have you ever wondered what your descendants will know about you? Perhaps you could leave them your peanut butter and banana sandwich recipe.
WORD FAMILY
descendant: descendants+/ descend: descendant, descended, descendent, descender, descending, descends/descended: undescended/descendent: descendents/descender: descenders/descending: descendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Descendants of British soldiers who fought in the battle will be offered free tickets to the commemorations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His descendants are found in zoos around the world.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His more than 130 descendants account for a quarter of the world's captive-bred panda population.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 后代; 后裔; （由过去类似物发展来的）派生物; 弟子
adj. 下降的; 祖传的
分布：后裔(44%)，后代(38%)，子孙(18%)
→来自descend, 下降。引申义后裔。
子孙,后代(descend传下+ant人→传下的人→后代)[scend,scens,scent=climb,表示"爬,攀"]
n.子孙,后代Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
【源】descend（v 遗传下来）
【反】forbears（n 祖先；前辈）
noun countable
■a person who is related to someone and who lives after them, such as their child or grandchild 子孙，后代
• He has no descendants. 他没有后代。
• They claim to be descendants of a French duke. 他们自称是一位法国公爵的后代。
• We owe it to our descendants (= people younger than us who will live after we have died) to leave them a clean world to live in. 给子孙后代留下一个清洁的生活环境是我们的职责。
Compare ancestor
adj. 下降的；祖传的
 - falling, downward
n. 后裔；子孙
 - child, seed

Word: crazy
Front: crazy
[ˈkreɪzi] (中高研四六托 1803/3837 -K3)
Vocabulary: crazy
(once / 299 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
Use the adjective crazy to describe actions that aren't sensible, like the crazy way your brothers run around the house when their favorite team wins a game.
Crazy can also mean "insane," though in today's world, it is offensive to apply it to those who struggle with mental illness. Instead, stick with using crazy to describe temporary and more light-hearted situations like being crazy about a new boyfriend or girlfriend or going "football crazy" during the Super Bowl.
WORD FAMILY
crazy: crazier, crazies, craziest, crazily, craziness+/craze: crazed, crazes, crazing, crazy /craziness: crazinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’ve never even questioned something like that happening to me, so it was crazy.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Crazy. Unbelievable. The best in the country, for sure,” Harris said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“My wife tells me every day that I’m crazy,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 疯狂的; 不理智的; 离奇的; 生气的
n. [俚语]疯子，怪人，政治狂人（尤指政治上持激进或极端主义态度、行为异常、不可思议的人）
级别：crazier, craziest
分布：疯狂的(74%)，疯狂地(12%)，荒唐的(7%)，着迷的(6%)，荒唐的人(1%)
→来自craze, 发狂。
a.疯狂的,古怪的,蠢的;(about)狂热的The crazy jazzman gazed at the blaze on the razor with amazement.疯狂的爵士音乐演奏者惊愕地盯着剃刀上的白斑.
adjective
NOT SENSIBLE 荒唐的
 ESSENTIAL
■stupid or not sensible 愚蠢的；荒唐的
• It's a crazy idea. 这是个荒唐的想法。
• You're crazy to buy a house without seeing it. 看都没看就买下一所房子，你真荒唐。
■mentally ill 精神失常的，疯狂的，发疯的
• I seriously think she'll go crazy if she doesn't have a holiday soon. 我真的认为她要是不马上休假的话会发疯的。
['kreɪ.zi] adjective
ANGRY 生气的
 IMPROVER
■annoyed or angry 恼怒的；生气的
• The constant noise drove me crazy (= made me become angry). 吵声不断简直要把我逼疯了。
['kreɪ.zi] adjective
be crazy about sb/sth
■to be very interested in something or love someone very much 对…很狂热；醉心于…；迷恋…
• Both my sons are crazy about old motorbikes. 我的两个儿子都对旧摩托车很着迷。
• Lorna is completely crazy about her boyfriend. 洛娜对她的男朋友十分着迷。
['kreɪ.zi] adjective
like crazy informal
■If you do something like crazy, you do a lot of it or do it very quickly 发疯似的；拼命地；飞快地
• They were working like crazy to get the job done on time. 为了按时完工，他们在拼命工作。
['kreɪ.zi] noun countable US slang
■a person who behaves in a way that is stupid or not sensible, especially one who is mentally ill 疯子，傻瓜（尤指精神不正常的人）
• There's some old crazy over there shouting and spitting at people. 那里有个老疯子冲着人们大吼大叫，还吐口水。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
mad, crazy, mental
这组词都有“发疯的，精神错乱的”的意思，其区别是：
mad: 语气比crazy正式，但系普通用词。通常指人精神狂乱，完全不能自我控制的一种病态。
crazy: 通俗用词，指极度的神经错乱或精神失常，也指对事物的狂势，失去自控能力。
mental: 通常指患有精神病的。
adj. 疯狂的；狂热的，着迷的
 - wild, possessed, mad, enthusiastic, insane

Word: coffer
Front: coffer
[ˈkɒfə(r)] (宝 13651/14168 -1)
Vocabulary: coffer
(once / 2149 pages)
1n 2n
A coffer is a small safe or lockbox that's meant for keeping precious or valuable items safe. Your grandfather might keep his important papers in a coffer in his study.
You can keep your heirlooms, jewels, and savings bonds in a coffer, a safe chest for tucking such things safely away. Coffer takes on a figurative meaning when you talk about the coffers of a large institution: "There's plenty of money in the government coffers — they just don't want to spend it on education!" Yet another meaning of the word is "decorative sunken panel in a ceiling," such as one you'd see in a mosque, museum, or cathedral ceiling.
WORD FAMILY
coffer: coffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the chaebol did more than that, sometimes channeling money to the presidents’ personal coffers or those of their relatives and associates.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He added that while the company’s coffers were starting off relatively full, thanks to a multimillion-dollar bequest, it was working hard to raise money.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The “Star Wars” story added another $96 million to its coffers over the four-day holiday period, according to studio estimates Monday.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 保险柜，保险箱; 金库; 资金，财源; [建]天花板的镶板
vt. [建] 用镶板装饰; 把…装入箱内
分布：保险箱(59%)，用平顶镶板装饰(21%)，防水堰(10%)，放入保险箱(10%)
→来自cophinus, 篮子，现义来自于其引申词义。进一步可能来自sker, 编织，词源同cradle.
【记】在保险柜coffer里存coffee咖啡
【参】coffin（n 棺材）；人放在里面，所以后边是in；scoff（v 嘲笑）
US ['kɑ:.fɚ] noun
countable
■a large strong box in which money or valuable objects are kept （存放钱或贵重物品的）保险箱；贵重物品箱
coffers [plural]
■the money that an organization has in its bank accounts and available to spend （某一组织的帐户中可使用的）资金，金库
• government/party coffers 政府／政党的资金储备
n. 围堰；保险箱；金库；资金
 - treasury, chest, fund, capital, peter

Word: athlete
Front: athlete
[ˈæθli:t] (高研四六托雅 1600/6584 -3)
Vocabulary: athlete
(once / 260 pages)
n
An athlete is someone who trains for and competes in sporting events, as a professional or just for fun, like an athlete who bowls on a team, runs in local 5K races, or wins a gold medal at the Olympics.
The noun athlete comes from the Greek word athletes, meaning “contestant in the games.” Anyone who competes in sporting competitions can be called an athlete, but usually the term is reserved for people with a high level of dedication, skill and fitness. If your income comes from participating in your sport, you are a professional athlete.
WORD FAMILY
athlete: athletes, athletic +/ athletic: athletically, athleticism, athletics
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as I’ve discussed before, many athletes are willing to spend money and try therapies with little proof of potential gain.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Few athletes might be as prepared for a life after basketball than Kobe, a man of diverse interests and immense worldwide popularity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In the athletic competition, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt becomes the first athlete ever to win the men’s 100-meter final wearing flip-flops.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 运动员; 体育家; 强壮的人
分布：运动员(100%)
→来自拉丁词athlos, 竞争。
运动员[athl=contest(比赛)]
n.运动员,体育家,身强力壮的人In the Catholic cathedral the athlete shouted out his wrath in the athletic oath.在天主教大教堂,选手在体育誓言中喊出了他义愤.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is very good at sports or physical exercise, especially one who competes in organized events （尤指参加有组织的赛事的）运动员；健儿，擅长运动的人
• He became a professional athlete at the age of 16. 16岁时他成了一名职业运动员。
• She has the build of an athlete. 她有一副运动员的体格。
n. 运动员，体育家；身强力壮的人
 - player, sportsman

Word: embed
Front: embed
[ɪm'bed] (研托雅宝 6007/7054 -1)
Vocabulary: embed
(once / 1973 pages)
v
The verb embed means to implant something or someone — like to embed a stone into a garden pathway or to embed a journalist in a military unit.
When you stick something firmly within a particular environment, you are embedding it. If you are an archeologist, you might spend a lot of your time looking for pottery shards embedded in the earth. If you are a web site designer, you might embed video clips on web pages. And if your newspaper is covering a war overseas, you might consider embedding a journalist in a military troop in order to have a source reporting back from the front lines.
WORD FAMILY
embed: embedded, embedding, embeds
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In simple terms, that’s because the middle class is largely embedded in the party-state,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I was a chubby child, not good at games, unpopular with peers, and embedded in a dysfunctional family.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
“Models are opinions embedded in mathematics,” she writes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. &vi. 把…嵌入; 栽种; 深留（记忆中）
时态：embedded, embedding, embeds
分布：深留脑中(100%)
→em-, 进入，使。-bed，挖，河床，词源同fossil。
安置;嵌于(em+bed范围;床→进入范围→安置)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
vt.把...嵌(埋,插)入,扎牢;使深留脑中On the wedding I saw blooms embeded in the bed of the bedroom.在婚礼上,我看见卧室的床上镶嵌着花朵.
【记】em＋bed＝？！◎＃￥％…※×
【反】extract（v 汲取；拔出）
(-dd-) (ALSO US also imbed) [ɪm'bed/
verb transitive
■to fix something firmly into a substance 把…牢牢嵌入（或插入、埋入）
vt. 栽种；使嵌入，使插入；使深留脑中
 - rear, bed

Word: drawback
Front: drawback
[ˈdrɔ:bæk] (高研六托雅 8563/7710 -1)
Back: n. 缺点，劣势; 退税
分布：缺点(70%)，退税(13%)，弊(7%)，不利条件(7%)，退款(3%)
→即拉回来，引申义缺点。
障碍,缺点(draw+duck→[把人]拉回来→缺点)[draw=pull,表示"拉"]
n.欠缺,缺点;退还的关税The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
US ['drɑ:-] noun countable
■a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation 缺点，弱点；不利因素
• One of the drawbacks of living with someone is having to share a bathroom. 和别人合住的缺点之一就是不得不合用洗手间。
n. 缺点，不利条件；退税
 - defect, deficiency, disadvantage, vice, fault

Word: dimension
Front: dimension
[daɪˈmenʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2420/2699 -2)
Vocabulary: dimension
(once / 557 pages)
nv
A dimension is the measurement of something in physical space. You might give the painters every dimension of the rooms you want painted, including depth, height, and width.
In addition to physical objects, dimension can describe something less tangible, such as the magnitude or extent of something. You might be shocked by the dimension of damage from the explosion down the street. Dimension can also be a feature of something, such as an experience, situation, flavor, or thing. Painting your bedroom purple will add a mystical dimension to your dwelling, especially if you add unicorn accents.
WORD FAMILY
dimension: dimensional, dimensioned, dimensioning, dimensions+/dimensional: dimensionality, dimensionally, multidimensional
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its dimensions are five feet wide by twelve feet long by six and a half feet high.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“We are interested in something that extends beyond the dimensions of an exhibition,” Mr. Szymczyk said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“From 10 paces back, it reads as clean, fresh and neutral while showing dimension and texture up close,” said New York designer Drew McGukin.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 尺寸; [复]面积，范围; [物]量纲; [数]次元，度，维
adj. （石料，木材）切成特定尺寸的
vt. 把…刨成（或削成）所需尺寸; 标出尺寸
时态：dimensioned, dimensioning, dimensions
分布：维度(52%)，尺寸(30%)，方面(6%)，次元(4%)，范围(3%)，容积(3%)，标尺寸(1%)，形成 ... 尺寸(1%)
→di-, 分开，散开，来自dis-变体。-mension, 测量，词源同measure, meter.即测量，尺寸，维度。
大小,面积(di加强+mens测量+ion→加强测量→计算[面积])[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
n.尺寸,尺度;维(数),度(数)There is another dimension you haven't mentioned.这个问题还有一个方面你没提到.
【记】measure（n 尺寸；测量；vt 测量）
noun
countable often plural
■a measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length or width 空间，尺寸
• Please specify the dimensions (= the height, length and width) of the room. 请明确说明房间的大小。
• a building of vast dimensions (= size) 一座规模很大的建筑物
countable
■a part or feature or way of considering something 层面，维度；特点
• His personality has several dimensions. 他是个有多重性格的人。
• These weapons add a new dimension to modern warfare. 这些武器为现代战争增添了一个新的特点。
• There is a spiritual dimension to her poetry. 她的诗还有一个精神层面。
n. [数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积
 - measurement, size

Word: examination
Front: examination
[ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn] (中四六雅 3069/1531 -K3)
Vocabulary: examination
(once / 172 pages)
1n 2n
The most familiar and unpleasant meaning of examination, known to students around the world, is a test of one's knowledge in a particular area — an exam, in short.
The original meaning of examination was considerably more spiritual — a test of one's conscience rather than a test of one's knowledge of algebra or French verbs. Any form of close inspection or analysis is an examination, not just a set of questions on a piece of paper. A doctor will give you an examination of your body if you're sick, and don't, for pity's sake, buy a used car without a careful examination under the hood. Kicking the tires just won't cut it.
WORD FAMILY
examination: examinations, self-examination+/ examine: examination, examined, examinee, examiner, examines, examining, re-examine, reexamine /examinee: examinees/examiner: examiners/examining: self-examining/re-examine: re-examined, re-examining/reexamination: reexaminations/ reexamine: reexamination, reexamined, reexamines, reexamining
USAGE EXAMPLES
A post-mortem examination is to be held to investigate the unexplained death of a British woman in Australia, police say.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These cases certainly warrant a deeper examination of state policy and practices by Inspector General Julie Rogers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
District Judge Richard Gergel ordered a psychiatric examination of Roof and set the competency hearing for Monday, a federal holiday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 检查; 考试; 询问，审问
分布：考试(70%)，检查(28%)，考查(1%)，审讯(1%)
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone looks at or considers something carefully in order to discover something 检查；审查；调查
• a post-mortem examination 验尸
• I had to have/undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme. 在启动养老金计划之前，我要进行一次体检。
• The evidence is still under examination (= being examined). 仍然在对那些证据进行调查。
• I thought it was paint at first, but on closer examination I realised it was dried blood. 一开始我以为是油漆，但仔细一看，才意识到那是干掉的血迹。
countable formal
■an exam 考试
examination, test, quiz, exam
这组词都有“考试”的意思，其区别是：
examination: 通常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试，有时也指临时考试。
test: 多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz: 指时间较短，随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
exam: 系examination的缩略形式，口语用词，通俗。
n. 考试；检查；查问
 - inspection, checking, monitoring

Word: foolish
Front: foolish
[ˈfu:lɪʃ] (高研四托 5783/4977 -2)
Vocabulary: foolish
(once / 137 pages)
adj
Foolish people are silly or senseless, and when you do something foolish, it's clearly unwise or irrational. Sitting on the hood of a car while your friend is driving is a foolish thing to do.
Things that show a lack of judgment are foolish, like cheating on a test or running into the street after a basketball. Foolish decisions at work can cost you your job, and foolish comments can hurt people's feelings. Foolish is a 14th century word that comes from fool, a person who's unwise. The Latin root, follis, means "bellows" or "leather bag." The "silly person" meaning comes from the figurative idea of a "windbag."
WORD FAMILY
foolish: foolisher, foolishest, foolishly, foolishness+/ fool: fooled, foolery, fooling, foolish, fools/foolery: fooleries/foolishness: foolishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would be foolish to let Cousins walk.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is why Trump’s embrace of the carbon bubble is particularly foolish.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think you’d be foolish not to look over the fence and see what the neighbor’s got in their backyard,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 愚蠢的; 鲁莽的; 荒谬的，可笑的; 混
分布：愚蠢的(88%)，可笑的(6%)，荒谬的(6%)
愚蠢的(fool笨蛋)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
a.愚笨的,愚蠢的The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■unwise, stupid or not showing good judgment 愚蠢的，傻的
• That was a rather foolish thing to do. 做那样的事可真是蠢。
• She was afraid that she would look foolish if she refused. 她怕如果拒绝会使自己看起来像个傻瓜。
• It was foolish of them to pay so much. 他们花了这么多钱，真傻。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 愚蠢的；傻的
 - stupid, silly, mad, softheaded

Word: installation
Front: installation
[ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn] (研四六 4436/3747 -2)
Back: n. 安装; 装置; 永久性军事基地; 就职
分布：安装(92%)，装置(7%)，军事驻地(1%)
→来自install,安装，引申词义安装的各种设施。
n.安装,设置;装置,设备Do you have an installation diagram?你有安装图吗?
noun
EQUIPMENT/FURNTIURE 设施／设备
uncountable
■when equipment or furniture is put into position 安装
• Do you have to pay extra for installation? 你需要额外付安装费吗？
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
PLACE 地方
countable
■a nearly permanent place with people, buildings and equipment which have a particular, especially military, purpose （尤指用于军事目的的）设施
• a nuclear installation 核设施
• The Americans still have several military bases and installations on the island. 美国人在岛上仍有几处军事基地及设施。
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
JOB 工作
uncountable
■when someone is put in an official position 正式任命，正式就职
• The installation of the new archbishop will take place in January. 新任大主教的就职仪式将于一月举行。
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
ART 艺术
countable
■a form of modern sculpture where the artist uses sound, movement or space as well as objects in order to make an often temporary work of art 装置艺术（除物体外还运用声音、动作或空间来创作临时艺术品的现代雕塑形式）
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [机] 安装，装置；就职
 - device, apparatus, unit, gear, appliance

Word: planner
Front: planner
[ˈplænə(r)] (雅 4500/5121 -2)
Back: n. 计划者; 规划者，策划人; 设计者
分布：计划者(74%)，城市规划者(15%)，记事簿(11%)
→来自plan,规则，设计，平面图。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
DECISIONS 策划
■a person who makes decisions about how something will be done in the future 计划者；设计者；策划者
• a systems planner 系统决策者
UK ['plæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
DESIGNS 设计
■a person whose job is to decide how land in a particular area is to be used, what is to be built on it, etc. and who designs plans for it 规划者
• a town/urban/environmental/local planner 城市／都市／环境／本地规划者
UK ['plæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
DOCUMENT 文件
■a document or software program that helps you plan something 规划文件，规划软体程式
• a wall planner 墙面计划表
n. [建] [经管] [计划] 计划者，规划师
 - City Planner, schemer

Word: dim
Front: dim
[dɪm] (研四六托雅宝 5733/7081 -2)
Vocabulary: dim
(once / 135 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adj 4adj
Dim has several meanings related to a lack of light, hope, or knowledge. A room that is not well lit is dim, a slow thinker is dim, and when life looks hopeless, your prospects are dim.
To dim a light is to dull it, like by putting a shade over it. A vague idea without a lot of specifics is also dim, since it's hard to see or understand the idea. Someone who's not very bright is dim or a dimwit. When things are hopeless, they're dim too. For example, if a football team is losing by fifty points, their chances of winning are dim.
WORD FAMILY
dim: dimly, dimmed, dimmest, dimming, dimness, dims+/dimmed: undimmed/dimness: dimnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is there anything better than the Met’s Viennese chandeliers gliding to the ceiling as the lights dim?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fast-paced techno music played in a second-floor room, up a dim stairwell and down a long corridor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
My father indicated towards me and said, “No, he’s the dim one.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的; 不光明的; 看不清的; （性质和特征上）不显著的
vt. & vi. （使）变暗淡; （使）变模糊; （使）减弱; 变淡漠
n. 笨蛋，傻子
时态：dimmed, dimming, dims
分布：暗淡的(57%)，模糊的(20%)，使暗淡(9%)，使失去光泽(4%)，车头近光灯(4%)，停车灯(4%)，笨的(2%)
→来自dhem, 烟，雾，模糊，词源同dumb. dull.
a.暗淡的,模糊的With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT CLEAR 不清楚的
■not giving or having much light 光线暗的，暗淡的，昏暗的
• The lamp gave out a dim light. 那盏灯发出暗淡的光芒。
• He sat in a dim corner of the waiting-room. 他坐在候车室一个昏暗的角落里。
• We could see a dim (= not easily seen) shape in the fog. 在雾中我们可以看见一个模模糊糊的影子。
■literary
■If your eyes are dim, you cannot see very well. 模糊的，看不清的
a dim memory/recollection, etc.
■something that you remember slightly, but not very well 模糊的记忆／回忆等
• I had a dim recollection of having met her before. 我隐约记得以前好像见过她。
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT CLEVER 愚笨的 informal
■not very clever 愚笨的，迟钝的
• He's a nice chap, but a little dim. 他是个好小伙儿，只是头脑有些迟钝。
• Don't be dim! 别发傻了！
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT POSITIVE 不乐观的
■not likely to succeed 前景暗淡的，不乐观的
• The company's prospects for the future are rather dim. 该公司未来的发展前景不容乐观。
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
take a dim view of sth
■to disapprove of something 不看好，不赞成
• I take a dim view of this kind of behaviour. 我不赞成这种行为。
[dɪm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
■to (make something) become less bright （使）变暗，（使）亮度降低
• Someone dimmed the lights. 有人调低了灯的亮度。
• The lights dimmed and the curtains opened. 灯光暗了下来，大幕随之拉开。
■literary
■to (make a positive feeling or quality) become less strong （使）减弱，（使）变淡
• Our hopes/expectations dimmed as the hours passed. 我们的希望／期望随着时间的流逝变得越来越渺茫了。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的
 - fuzzy, dark, dirty, lowering
vt. 使暗淡，使失去光泽；使变模糊
 - breathe upon
vi. 变模糊，变暗淡
 - fog, mist
n. 笨蛋，傻子
 - simple, turkey, put, idiot, stupid

Word: indication
Front: indication
[ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六 3371/2656 -K)
Vocabulary: indication
(once / 354 pages)
n
An indication is a sign––it indicates, or suggests, some conclusion. The way you blush furiously when a certain someone talks to you is an indication that you have a crush on them.
An indication is like a clue, or a suggestion, but it's not proof. If someone is weaving all over the place when they walk, that could be an indication that they’re drunk. But then again, it could indicate an inner-ear infection that has ruined their balance. The verb, indicate, literally means to point out, by using your index finger. But indications don’t require actual fingers pointing to a cause.
WORD FAMILY
indication: indications, preindication+/ indicate: indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative, indicator, indicatory/ indicative: indicatively, indicatives/ indicator: indicators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no indication whether anyone else in the crash was hurt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
An Old Firm afternoon which started so promisingly for Rangers concluded with the latest indication of Celtic’s domestic supremacy.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
"There are no indications of specific threats to the U.S. Homeland," said a "situational awareness" bulletin issued to U.S.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 指示; 象征; 表明; 标示
分布：迹象(43%)，指示(40%)，表示(17%)
n.指出,指示;表明,暗示There are indications that unemployment will decrease.有失业人数减少的迹象.
noun
SIGN 标示
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen 标示；表明；象征
• There are few indications (that) the economy is on an upswing. 没有甚么迹象显示经济正在好转。
• Helen's face gave no indication of what she was thinking. 从海伦的脸上看不出她在想甚么。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
SUGGESTION 暗示
countable
■a suitable action that is suggested by something 暗示；显示；建议
• The indication from the trade figures is to reduce stock by at least 30%. 贸易数字说明至少应减少30%的存货。
indication, symptom
这组词都有“征兆”的意思，其区别是：
indication: 普通用词，指任何情况或内容的征兆或迹象。
symptom: 通常指作为医学诊断的病征兆。
n. 指示，指出；迹象；象征
 - instruction, symbol, breath, pointing, evidence

Word: rental
Front: rental
[ˈrentl] (托雅 4746/7700 -2)
Back: n. 租费，租金额
分布：租费(40%)，租借(33%)，地租的(15%)，租借的(12%)
US [-tˌəl] noun countable or uncountable
■an arrangement to rent something, or the amount of money that you pay to rent something 出租，租赁，租借；租金，租费
• Property rental is quite expensive here. 这里房租很贵。
• Video and television rentals have decreased this year. 今年录影带和电视的租金下降了。
• a car rental company 汽车租赁公司
n. 租金收入，租金；租赁
 - letting, leasing
adj. 租赁的；收取租金的
 - leasehold

Word: maoist

Word: taboo
Front: taboo
[təˈbu:] (研雅宝 11305/10404 -1)
Vocabulary: taboo
(once / 1915 pages)
nadjv
Something considered taboo is naughty, something society considers a no-no. For example, it is taboo to ask people how much money they earn.
Taboo is one of those rare words in the English language that doesn't have Greek or Latin or French roots, coming instead from the South Pacific Islands in the eighteenth century via the explorer Captain Cook. For many islanders some things were tabu, meaning not only could they not be done but they could not be talked about either for risk of offending the Gods. This latter meaning still applies today (minus the spiritual underpinning), when we say that certain subjects are "taboo," meaning off-limits for discussion.
WORD FAMILY
taboo: tabooed, tabooing, taboos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Taboo also reunites Hardy with his Peaky Blinders and Locke collaborator, writer Steven Knight.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
“It’s a taboo, to mess with flan,” Mr. Meana said.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Divorce is taboo in the country, especially for women.
BBC(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 禁忌; 忌讳; 戒律; 禁忌的事物（或行为）
adj. 禁忌的，忌讳的
vt. 把…列为禁忌，禁止
分布：禁忌(82%)，禁忌的(15%)，禁止接近(2%)，禁止使用(1%)
→由英国 18 世纪著名航海家库克船长带入英国，来自太平洋小岛某土著语言 ta-bu,神圣的。
【记】读：他不，他不能这样，因为忌讳
[tə'bu:] (plural taboos)
noun countable
■(an action or word) avoided for religious or social reasons （宗教或社会习俗方面的）禁忌，忌讳；禁忌的，忌讳的
• In this society there is a taboo on/against any sort of public display of affection. 在这个社会里，人们忌讳当众示爱。
• For some people, death is a taboo subject. 对有些人而言，死亡是个忌讳的话题。
n. 禁忌；禁止
 - ban, don't
adj. 禁忌的；忌讳的
 - ticklish
vt. 禁忌；禁止
 - bar, inhibit

Word: countless
Front: countless
[ˈkaʊntləs] (托 5052/7613 -2)
Vocabulary: countless
(once / 576 pages)
adj
Countless means more than you could possibly count. If you have countless reasons why you love living in New York, there are so many reasons that you can't list them all.
Countless is a good adjective to use when you want to emphasize how endless, huge, or immeasurable something is. Your could say that smoke detectors save countless lives each year, or that your principal has tried countless times to ban soda at school, only to be outvoted by the student council over and over. The word dates from the 16th century, from the verb count, with its Old French root, conter, "add up."
WORD FAMILY
countless: countlessly, countlessness+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Clemens, who studies remittances and migration at the Center for Global Development, says that "for countless towns like Ixmiquilpan, remittances are an economic lifeline."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A gentle and wry bow-tied lawyer and stalwart of countless civic boards, Tom Lewis wears his gentility lightly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Since then, he’s gotten countless calls and texts asking for Mix.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 无数的，多得数不清的; 恒河沙数; 指不胜屈; 数不胜数
分布：无数的(99%)，多的数不清的(1%)
adjective
■very many; too many to be counted 无数的；数不清的
• There are countless arguments against this ridiculous proposal. 这项荒谬的提议招来无数批驳意见。
• I've heard it played countless times on the radio. 这首歌我听电台播过无数次了。
adj. 无数的；数不尽的
 - thousand, million, infinite, innumerable

Word: avenue
Front: avenue
[ˈævənju:] (高研四托雅 5320/3634 -2)
Vocabulary: avenue
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n
An avenue is a street, especially a wide one lined with trees. An avenue is also any approach to doing something. For example, this web site might be a new avenue you have found for learning words.
The word avenue comes from the French avenir, meaning "to come to, or arrive." The first meaning is simply a wide street. An avenue — or boulevard — is likely to be busy, unlike a quiet side street. The abbreviation is ave., as in Park Ave. Also, an avenue is a way to accomplish something. If you need money but can't get a loan, you'll have to find another avenue.
WORD FAMILY
avenue: avenues
USAGE EXAMPLES
There may be more Zhongshan Streets in China’s cities than Liberation Avenues.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Sunday at the home on Blossom Knoll Avenue.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 80 firefighters are dealing with the fire in Transport Avenue in Brentford.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 林荫路; 大街; 途径，手段; 〈美〉（南北向）街道
分布：大街(63%)，林荫道(34%)，途径手段(3%)
→前缀a-同ad-.词根ven, 来，见advent.
大路,道路(让人可以走来走去)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.林荫路,大街;(比喻)途径,渠道,方法On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
US [-nu:] noun countable
ROAD 路
 ADVANCED
■a wide road, with trees or tall buildings on both sides, or a wide countryside path or road with trees on both sides （两边有树或高楼的）大街；（乡间宽阔的）林荫大道
• Fremont Avenue 弗里蒙特大街
■UK
■a road of this type which leads to a large house （通往大住宅的）林荫大道
UK ['æv.ə.nju:] US [-nu:] noun countable
POSSIBILITY 可能性
■a method or way of doing something; a possibility 方法；途径；管道
• We should explore/pursue every avenue in the search for an answer to this problem. 我们应该尝试一切途径寻求该问题的答案。
• Only two avenues are open to us - either we accept his offer or we give up the fight completely. 我们只有两条路可走——要么接受他的提议，要么完全放弃斗争。
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [公路] 大街； [建] 林荫大道
 - main street, high street

Word: selective
Front: selective
[sɪˈlektɪv] (6195/4852 -2)
Vocabulary: selective
(once / 2608 pages)
adj
If your mother only remembers the good things and not the bad, she has a selective memory. If a school chooses to offer only a few students spots, it is selective. Selective means characterized by choice.
When you are looking for someone to date, you will get advice as to how selective to be. Some people will suggest that you cast a wide net, choosing to date a lot of people in hopes that one will be right. Others will recommend that you be more selective, choosing to date only people that fit a set of criteria. If you are a male, you will have to register with Selective Service, a database the military selects from if there is ever a draft, when you turn 18.
WORD FAMILY
selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective+/ select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects/ selected: unselected/ selection: selections/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Agency spokeswoman Abby Gras says it is being more selective in which companies receive incentive offers because of improved employment levels in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Herewith, our annual, highly selective journey down pop culture memory lane:
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Stanford, the most selective, now turns down 19 of every 20 students seeking admission.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 精心选择的; 选择的，不普遍的; 淘汰的
分布：选择性的(56%)，选择的(34%)，精挑细选的(10%)
→select,选择，-ive,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■intentionally choosing some things and not others 有选择性的；严格筛选的
• As a teacher she was very selective, accepting only a small number of exceptionally gifted pupils. 作为老师，她的筛选很严格，只接受一小部分特别有天赋的学生。
• He seemed to have a very selective recall of past events. 他好像只能选择性地回想起过去的事情。
adj. 选择性的
 - alternative

Word: mathematical
Front: mathematical
[ˌmæθə'mætɪkl] (研四六 6512/4809 -2)
Back: adj. 数学的; 精确的; 绝对的; 可能性极小的
分布：数学的(56%)，精确的(35%)，可能性极小的(9%)
a.数学的;数学上的He bought a new mathematical textbook.他买了本新的数学教科书.
ADJ
数学的;数学方面的
Something that is mathematical involves numbers and calculations.
例：...mathematical calculations...数学计算
例：Given the sheer number of stars that exist it's a mathematical certainty that there is life on other planets.考虑到现有星球数量，从数学的角度来说，其他行星上面肯定存在生命。
ADJ-GRADED
(具有)数学(头脑)的;运算能力强的
If you have mathematical abilities or a mathematical mind, you are clever at doing calculations or understanding problems that involve numbers.
例：...children who display extraordinary mathematical ability.显示出不凡的数学能力的儿童
例：...a mathematical genius.数学天才
adj. 数学的，数学上的；精确的
 - accurate, precise, strict, rigid, refined

Word: lloyd
Front: lloyd
[lɔid] (-/3248)
Back: n. 劳埃德(m.)
分布：劳埃德(m(100%)

Word: paradox
Front: paradox
[ˈpærədɒks] (研六托雅宝 6775/6552 -1)
Vocabulary: paradox
(once / 917 pages)
n
Here's a mind-bender: "This statement is false." If you think it's true, then it must be false, but if you think it's false, it must be true. Now, that's a paradox!
A paradox is a logical puzzler that contradicts itself in a baffling way. "This statement is false" is a classic example, known to logicians as "the liar's paradox." Paradoxical statements may seem completely self-contradictory, but they can be used to reveal deeper truths. When Oscar Wilde said, "I can resist anything except temptation," he used a paradox to point to our fundamental weakness to give in to tempting things (like chocolate or a pretty smile), all the while imagining that we can hold firm and resist them.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
paradox / oxymoron
A paradox is a logical puzzle that seems to contradict itself. No it isn't. Actually, it is. An oxymoron is a figure of speech — words that seem to cancel each other out, like "working vacation" or "instant classic."
A paradox makes your brain hurt because it seems like something is true and false at the same time. M.C. Escher's "Relativity" is a visual paradox. The floor is the ceiling! Part of the fun of a paradox is figuring out if it really is one. How about this one: A father and son get in a car wreck and the father dies. The son goes to the hospital, but the doctor says, "I can't operate on him. He's my son." Confused? Ha! Not a paradox, though — the doctor is his mom. Here's a paradox by William Wordsworth, "The child is father of the man." Check out the word in action:
"He seemed to absorb the baffling paradoxes of quantum theory with ease." (Big Science)
"The answer, for Muji, is a neat paradox, like a Zen koan: massive minimalism through perpetual growth." (New Yorker)
Oh jumbo shrimp of the world, we're not calling you morons. You're oxymorons! The word itself is an oxymoron, a contradiction. It comes from the Greek oxys for "sharp" and moros for "stupid." Sharply stupid. Oxymorons gone mild wild:
"This article proves that good economic news is an oxymoron." (New York Times)
"The ultimate oxymoron: I was once invited to an agoraphobic convention," he said. (Washington Post)
Both are contradictions, but a paradox is something to think on, and an oxymoron is a description, enjoyed in the moment then gone.
WORD FAMILY
paradox: paradoxes, paradoxical +/ paradoxical: paradoxically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps the Ninth’s greatest paradox is that its expression of elite, individual genius runs parallel to the message of radical inclusivity.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is the paradox of policing in the 40th Precinct.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In her prep, Bening worried about Dorthea’s contradictions and paradoxes, but realized in time that that’s “where the gold is.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 反论，悖论; 似非而是的论点; 自相矛盾的人或事; [物]佯谬
分布：悖论(93%)，似非而是的论点(5%)，自相矛盾的话(2%)
→para-,相反，-dox,观点，词源同dogma,doctor,orthodox.即相反的观点，引申词义矛盾，悖论。
矛盾的说法(para+dox观点→观点边上有观点→矛盾)[para-①表示"半,类似,辅助"②表示"在旁边"③表示"降落伞"]
勃论,相矛盾(para半+dox→一半观点,另一半相反)[dox=opinion,表示"观点"]
n.似非而是的话,自相矛盾的话,悖论The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】para旁边，dox观点－旁门左道的观点－矛盾的话
【参】orthodox（adj 正统的）；heterodox（adj 异端的）
US ['per.ə.dɑ:ks] noun countable or uncountable
■a situation or statement which seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics 自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法，悖论；诡论
• [+ that] It's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty. 大量喝水经常会让人感觉口渴，这是看似矛盾而正确的奇怪说法。

Word: presume
Front: presume
[prɪˈzju:m] (研六托宝 5740/4921 -2)
Vocabulary: presume
(once / 151 pages)
1v 2v
If you presume something, it means you act as though it's true before all the evidence is in. If you are presumed to be the fastest runner, don't get too cocky — that word implies that you haven't actually raced yet.
To presume is to take something for granted. The famous quote “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” comes from the explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who ran into the explorer David Livingstone in the wilds of Africa in 1871. It’s funny because these were the only two white men known to be in that part of Africa at the time.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assume / presume
Assume and presume both mean to believe something before it happens, but when you assume you're not really sure. If someone bangs on your door in the middle of the night, you might assume (and hope!) it's your crazy neighbor. If your neighbor knocks on your door every night at 6:30, at 6:29 you can presume she's coming over in a minute.
To assume is to suppose or believe something without any proof. It also means to take over, usually responsibilities and duties, such as with a job, or to take on a look or attitude:
First, based on your question, we'll assume you're a recent college graduate. (USA Today)
Receiving no reply, three days later he sent a second missive, in which he assumed that his first letter had gone astray. (Elizabeth S. Kite)
"I won't have him," said Sir Henry at once, his eyes assuming their most prawnlike expression. (Mary Cholmondeley)
Presume is from the Latin pre "before" and sumere "to take," like taking something for granted. It means to be sure of something before it happened. When you presume, you suppose something without proof, based on probability:
In her latest video, Britney Spears arrives on earth — an alien, we presume — to spread the message of consumerism. (Washington Post)
I favor the latter explanation, also known as a sensibly presumed truth, just as I believe William Shakespeare wrote a few plays in his day. (Time)
People don't love it when you assume, based on the catchy phrase that calls you an ass, because you're basically making a guess. When you assumed it was your neighbor knocking on your door and you told her to go away, you found out later it was your mom! There's no funny phase about presume, because you're usually right.
WORD FAMILY
presume: presumable, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptive +/presumable: presumably / presumption: presumptions, presumptuous / presumptive: presumptively/ presumptuous: presumptuously, presumptuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In the absence of this evidence, we must presume that Sherman performed competently.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A Mali government statement says the country will not accept any visitors presumed to be Malian without a passport or Mali-issued travel documents.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Which brings this back to the original point: while the Raptors are an excellent team, their current ceiling, presuming health, is well defined.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 以为，认为; 假定，假设; 推测; 意味着
vi. 擅自行动; 相信; 敢于; 放肆
时态：presumed, presuming, presumes
分布：假定(40%)，推测(36%)，利用(12%)，姑且认定(4%)，越权行事(4%)，认为是理所当然(4%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-sum,承担，认为，词源同assume,resume.引申词义假设，假定等。
假定;自以为是(pre预先+sum+e→预先拿往→假定)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
v.假定,假设,认为,揣测,滥用,擅自行动I presume from your speech that you are a foreigner.根据你的谈话,我还以为你是个外国人呢.
US [-'zu:m] verb
BELIEVE 认为
 IMPROVER transitive
■to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain 假定，推定，认定
• [+ (that)] I presume (that) they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation. 鉴于他们没有回覆邀请，我认为他们不会来了。
• [+ speech] You are Dr Smith, I presume? 我想你是史密斯博士吧？
• "Are we walking to the hotel?" "I presume not/so." “我们要步行到旅馆吗？”“我想不是／是的。”
• [+ obj + adj] The boat's captain is missing, presumed dead (= it is believed that he is dead). 这艘船的船长失踪了，可能是死了。
• In British law, you are presumed innocent until you are proved guilty. 按照英国法律，你在证明有罪之前，一律假定是无辜的。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The universe is presumed to contain many other planets with some form of life. 据推测，宇宙中很多其他行星上有某种形式的生命存在。
UK [prɪ'zju:m] US [-'zu:m] verb
BE RUDE 粗鲁
intransitive
■to do something although you know that you do not have a right to do it 冒昧（做），擅（做）；越权行事
• [+ to infinitive] I wouldn't presume to tell you how to do your job, but shouldn't this piece go there? 我不想冒昧地教你该如何工作，但这个零件不是应该装在那里吗？
• I don't wish to presume (= make a suggestion although I have no right to) , but don't you think you should apologize to her? 恕我冒昧，但你难道不觉得应该向她道歉吗？
• He presumes on (= takes unfair advantage of) her good nature. 他利用了她的善良本性。
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 假定；推测；擅自；意味着
 - guess, spell
vi. 相信；擅自行为
 - depend, be satisfied of

Word: miserable
Front: miserable
[ˈmɪzrəbl] (研四六托雅 5769/5017 -2)
Vocabulary: miserable
(once / 144 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Miserable goes way beyond sad — it means absolutely wretched. Someone who's miserable feels absolutely awful.
If you were caught in the pouring rain, missed your own birthday party, and then got food poisoning, you wouldn't just feel bad. You'd be miserable — which means exceptionally unhappy. Victor Hugo's novel, Les Miserables ("The Miserable Ones"), is the story of people who live a wretched life filled with death and unhappiness. You might want to bring some tissues if you're heading to the musical!
WORD FAMILY
miserable: miserableness, miserabler, miserablest, miserably+/ misery: miserable, miseries
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Swansea’s miserable form continued in the first game following Bob Bradley’s firing.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Life was miserable without electricity or medical care.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 悲惨的; 令人痛苦的; 太少的; 卑鄙的
分布：悲惨的(62%)，痛苦的(36%)，贫乏的(1%)，狼狈的(1%)
→来自拉丁语miser,可怜的，可悲的，悲惨的。
可怜的(miser+able)[mmiser=wretched表示"可怜的"]
a.痛苦的,悲惨的I was miserable from hunger.我受饥饿的折磨.
【反】halcyon（adj 海面平静的；太平的）
US [-ɚ-] adjective
UNHAPPY 不快乐的
 ADVANCED
■very unhappy 痛苦的；可怜的
• She's miserable living on her own. 她独自生活，非常可怜。
 ADVANCED
■unpleasant and causing unhappiness 令人难受的，令人痛苦的
• miserable weather 令人难受的天气
• What a miserable existence! How could anyone live in such dreadful conditions. 多么痛苦的生活！一个人怎么能在这么糟糕的条件下过活。
UK ['mɪz.ər.ə.bl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
LOW VALUE 低价值
[before noun]
■having little value or quality 拙劣的；卑鄙的；少得可怜的
• informal She only offered me a miserable £20 for my old computer. 她只出少得可怜的20英镑买我的旧电脑。
• slang Some miserable bastard went and vandalised my car. 某个卑鄙的家伙毁了我的车。
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
adj. 悲惨的；痛苦的；卑鄙的
 - poor, painful, mean, base, dirty

Word: resilient
Front: resilient
[rɪˈzɪliənt] (宝 10634/13884 -1)
Vocabulary: resilient
(once / 3399 pages)
adj
When something is strong and able to recover from damage quickly, call it resilient. If you're rough on your toys, the ones that don't break are resilient.
Formed from the Latin verb resilīre "to leap back," a resilient person is able to recover from an illness or a bad experience quickly. Politicians who are resilient to media criticism do not let critical journalists affect their focus, performance or relationship to their constituents. An object can be resilient also, but in this case, it is not damaged easily, or it returns to its original good shape quickly.
WORD FAMILY
resilient: nonresilient, resilience, resiliency, resiliently+/ resilience: resiliences
USAGE EXAMPLES
"And it became resilient to the fungal disease," he says.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
She was less optimistic about how resilient the rest of British society would be to an outbreak.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“I am confident that democracy will prove resilient in the U.S.,”
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 能复原的; 弹回的，有弹性的; 能立刻恢复精神的; 社会渣滓
分布：有弹力的(75%)，适应力强的(25%)
→re-,向后，往回，-sil,弹，跳，词源同 salient,result.引申词义有弹力的，有适应力的。
有弹性的(re重新+ail[+sal]+ient→能重新跳起来→有弹性的)[sal=leap,表示"跳"]
adjective
■able to quickly return to a previous good condition 有弹性的；能复原的；有复原力的；适应性强的
• This rubber ball is very resilient and immediately springs back into shape. 这种橡胶球很有弹性，可以立即恢复原来的形状。
• She's a resilient girl - she won't be unhappy for long. 她是个适应力很强的女孩儿——她不会长时间沉浸于悲伤之中的。
adj. [物] 弹回的，有弹力的
 - springy, rubbery

Word: breath
Front: breath
[breθ] (中高研四托 1628/1768 -K3)
Vocabulary: breath
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Breath is the process of taking air in and out of your lungs. It’s also the air you inhale and exhale, or a slight movement of air, like a breeze.
Breath comes from the Old English braeth (“scent" or "smell”). Many figures of speech originate with the idea that breathing deeply energizes or calms us. You can "catch your breath" by slowing down, and you might "take a breath" by taking a break or walking away from a stressful situation. A "breath of fresh air" might be just that, or, metaphorically, it might signal the arrival of something new and different that invigorates us or refocuses our attention.
WORD FAMILY
breath: breathless, breaths+/breathless: breathlessly, breathlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ninety days after diagnosis, 51 percent reported fatigue, 32 percent cough, and 28 percent shortness of breath.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
No cough, no chest pain, no weight loss, no shortness of breath.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 呼吸; 一口气; 呼吸力; 微量
分布：呼吸(81%)，气息(19%)
→来自PIE *gwhre, 呼吸。
n.呼吸,气息Beneath (Underneath) the wreath the deaf man near death is out of breath.花环下面那个快要死的聋子喘不过气来.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the air that goes into and out of your lungs 呼吸的空气；气息
• Her breath smelled of garlic. 她的嘴里有大蒜味。
• She was dizzy and short of breath (= unable to breathe in enough air). 她头昏眼花，上气不接下气。
• He burst into the room, red-faced and out of breath (= unable to breathe comfortably because of tiredness or excitement). 他冲进房间，满脸通红，气喘吁吁。
catch your breath (UK also get your breath back)
■to pause or rest for a short time until you can breathe comfortably or regularly again 停下来让呼吸平缓下来
• I had to stop running to catch my breath. 我跑得喘不上气来，不得不停了下来。
draw breath * to breathe
• Without pausing to draw breath she told me everything. 她气也不喘一口就把一切告诉了我。
■to pause for a short time to rest or recover 停下来喘口气
• Give me a moment to draw breath, won't you? 让我歇一会喘口气，行吗？
hold your breath
■to keep air in your lungs and not release it so that you need more 屏住呼吸
• How long can you hold your breath under water? 你能屏住呼吸多长时间？
countable
■a single action of breathing air into your lungs 吸一下气
take a breath
■to breathe air into your lungs (as a single action) 吸气
• The doctor told me to take a deep breath (= breathe in a lot of air). 医生让我做深呼吸。
a breath of air
■the smallest amount of wind 一丝微风
• There wasn't a breath of air in the room. 房间里闷得让人透不过气来。
■a short period of time spent outside 在外面稍微呆一会儿；透气
• I'm just going out for a breath of (fresh) air - I won't be long. 我需要在外面呆一会儿，透透气。
[breθ] noun
a breath of fresh air
■someone or something that is new and different and makes everything seem more exciting 令人耳目一新的人（或物）
• Angela's so cheerful and lively - she's like a breath of fresh air when she visits. 安琪拉如此快乐，充满活力——她一来就像带来了一阵清新的空气。
[breθ] noun
Don't hold your breath. humorous
■said in order to tell someone that an event is not likely to happen （指不大可能发生）别眼巴巴等着，有你等的
• She said she might have finished by this afternoon but don't hold your breath. 她说她有可能在今天下午之前完成，不过你可别眼巴巴等着。
[breθ] noun
in the same breath
■If you say two things in the same breath, you say two things that are so different that if one is true, the other must be false 同时，紧接着（指同时说出两件相抵触的事）
• You say you're bored and frustrated but in the same breath say you're resigned to staying in the same job. 你一会儿说你对工作感到厌烦，无成就感，可一会儿又说你安于继续做这份工作。
[breθ] noun
take sb's breath away
■be extremely beautiful or surprising 美得令（某人）透不过气来；令（某人）惊叹
• The beauty of the Taj Mahal took my breath away. 泰姬陵美得让我惊叹。
[breθ] noun
under your breath
■quietly so that other people can not hear exactly what you are saying 低声地，轻声地
• He muttered something under his breath. 他低声嘀咕着甚么。
[breθ] noun
with your last/dying breath literary
■just before you die 用最后一口气；临终前
• She asked him with her dying breath to look after her child. 她临终前请求他照顾她的孩子。
[breθ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  breath or breathe? Warning: do not confuse the noun breath with the verb breathe :
✗ Pollution is damaging the air that we breath. Pollution is damaging the air that we breathe.
n. 呼吸，气息；一口气，（呼吸的）一次；瞬间，瞬息；微风；迹象；无声音，气音
 - moment, evidence, sign, second, wind

Word: statute
Front: statute
[ˈstætʃu:t] (研四雅宝 4153/3358 -1)
Vocabulary: statute
(once / 402 pages)
nadj
A statute is a formal law or rule. Whether it's enacted by a government, company, or other organization, a statute is typically written down.
Local governments can pass all kinds of statutes, or written laws, to govern their citizens. A city's government might try to restrict the consumption of alcoholic beverages in public, or make it illegal to pet cats on the weekends. Of course, silly statutes like no cat-petting on weekends can be pretty hard to pass.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
statue / statute
Look under the pigeons and you might find a bronze statue in a park, but there's probably a statute, or law, about how big it can be.
A statue is a figure of a person, animal, or object that is carved or cast from some material, such as marble or iron. A statue is usually life-sized or larger. (If it's smaller than the real-life original, it's a statuette or a figurine). Here are some examples of statue in the headlines:
Bronze statue unveiled in tribute to Ronnie Barker (Mirror UK)
Rosa Parks statue dedicated in downtown Grand Rapids (Michigan Live)
But a statute is a written law, such as that of a particular government or organization:
Fifteen other states and the District of Columbia have since enacted similar statutes, though cannabis remains classified as an illegal narcotic under U.S. law. (Reuters)
All were also discharged within the past six years, putting them within the statute of limitations. (New York Times)
Both words come from the Latin word "to stand," but a statue literally stands, often on two legs, and a statute is a law that stands. So while you might find a statue in the park of, say, Jimi Hendrix, it's the statutes about that park that allow a monument to the rock star to be erected there.
WORD FAMILY
statute: statutes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure also prohibits limits the OCE’s jurisdiction to the previous three Congresses, aligning its statute of limitations to the Ethics Committee’s.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
That statute, which was broadened in 2009, does not carry a potential death sentence, but Mr. Roof was also convicted of other crimes that do.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The first statute even implied driving one-handed was the root issue.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 法令，法规; 规则，条例
分布：法令(47%)，法规(41%)，条例(12%)
→来自拉丁语 statutum,法令，法规，规章，过去分词名词格于 statuere,实施，建立，来自 stare, 站立，建立，词源同 stand,state.
法令,法规(star+ure→站着不动的东西→法令)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例S-of the lnterna-tional Court of Justice.国际法庭规约.
【区】statue（n 塑像）＋t＝statute
【参】statutory（adj 法定的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a law which has been formally approved and written down 成文法；法令，法规
statute book UK
■When a law is on or reaches the statute book, it has been formally approved and written down and can be used in a law court. 法典；法令全书；法规汇编
n. [法] 法规；法令；条例
 - act, ordinance

Word: trafficker
Front: trafficker
['træfɪkə(r)] (10909/17692 -1)
Back: n. 商人; 贩子; 从事违法勾当者
分布：贩子(56%)，商人(44%)
US [-kɚ] noun
■a person who trades in illegal goods, especially drugs 做非法买卖的人（尤指毒品贩子）
• drug traffickers 毒品贩子
• an international arms trafficker 国际军火贩子
n. 贩子；商人；从事违法勾当者
 - trader, merchant

Word: convergence
Front: convergence
[kən'vɜ:dʒəns] (10036/9173)
Vocabulary: convergence
(once / 7486 pages)
n
Convergence is when two or more things come together to form a new whole, like the convergence of plum and apricot genes in the plucot.
Convergence comes from the prefix con-, meaning together, and the verb verge, which means to turn toward. We can use convergence to describe things that are in the process of coming together, like the slow convergence of your opinions with those of your mother, or for things that have already come together, like the convergence of two roads, or for the place where two things already overlap, like the convergence of your aunt's crazy wardrobe with avant-garde fashion.
WORD FAMILY
convergence: convergences+/ converge: converged, convergency, convergent, converges, converging/convergency: convergencies/ convergent: convergence, convergently, nonconvergent
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tonight, it’s a convergence of downtown, uptown, East and West — polo shirts with leather jackets, suits with Converse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The industry is starting to centralize around what’s the best technology,” Clark said, comparing the convergence to what happened earlier in the auto industry.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
There were also the more technical forms of convergence with virtual reality.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 集收敛; 集合; 会聚; [气]辐合
分布：收敛(96%)，汇聚(3%)，汇合点(1%)
N-VAR
(不同思想、群体或社会的)趋同，融合
The convergence of different ideas, groups, or societies is the process by which they stop being different and become more similar.
例：...the need to move towards greater economic convergence...朝着经济进一步融合发展的需要
例：There is a convergence between capitalist firms and co-operatives in terms of business strategy.资本主义公司和合作企业在经营战略方面趋于一致。
n. [数] 收敛； [生物] [电子] [光] 会聚，集合
 - assembly, concentration, set

Word: performer
Front: performer
[pəˈfɔ:mə(r)] (高托 3962/5369 -K)
Back: n. 执行者; 演奏者; 演员，歌手; 完成者
分布：表演者(76%)，执行者(24%)
US [pɚ'fɔ:r.mɚ] noun countable
ENTERTAIN 娱乐
 ADVANCED
■a person who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing or playing music 表演者；演出者；演员
• He's a brilliant performer. 他是个出色的演员。
UK [pə'fɔ:.mər] US [pɚ'fɔ:r.mɚ] noun countable
DO 做
■If you are a particular type of performer, you are able to do the stated thing well or badly 表现得…者；做得…者
• The British boat was the star performer in the race. 英国赛船在比赛中表现非凡。
player, performer, actor
这组词都有“演员”的意思，其区别是：
player: 侧重指职业或业余舞台演员。
performer: 使用广泛，不仅可指舞台或影视演员，而且可指舞蹈演员、乐器演奏等的演员，侧重在观众面前的实际表演。
actor: 指在舞台剧、电影、电视剧或广播剧中以演出为职业的男演员，侧重扮演的角色。
n. 执行者；演奏者
 - player, executive

Word: carl
Front: carl
[kɑ:l] (-/5417)
Back: n. <古>村夫; <废>奴隶; <方>粗野的人
分布：乡下人(100%)

Word: conceive
Front: conceive
[kənˈsi:v] (研六托雅宝 4169/3806 -2)
Vocabulary: conceive
(once / 102 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To conceive is to come up with an idea. If you conceive a plan for your little brother's birthday, you dream up the perfect party, complete with a magician, rented ponies, and a cake shaped like a rocket.
Latin roots for conceive (by way of French) point to "take into" either "the womb" or "the mind." An idea is sometimes called "a seed" or "the seed of an idea," and conceive means to produce something from inside the mind — or to become pregnant. Another expression is "pregnant with ideas" or "pregnant with possibilities," and someone who can "conceive of a thousand ways" to solve a problem or design something is full of new ideas.
WORD FAMILY
conceive: conceivable, conceived, conceiver, conceives, conceiving, conceptive, misconceive, preconceive+/ conceivable: conceivability, conceivableness, conceivably, inconceivable /conceived: ill-conceived /conceiver: conceivers/ concept: conceive, conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualize / conception: conceptional, conceptions/ conceptual: conceptualise, conceptualism, conceptuality, conceptually/conceptualise: conceptualisation/conceptualism: conceptualistic/conceptualization: conceptualizations/ conceptualize: conceptualization, conceptualized, conceptualizes, conceptualizing/inconceivability: inconceivabilities/ inconceivable: inconceivability, inconceivableness, inconceivably/misconceive: misconceived, misconceives, misconceiving, misconception / misconception: misconceptions/preconceive: preconceived, preconceives, preconception/preconception: preconceptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think the thing that people sort of misinterpret about this is they’re well conceived. They fit their offense,” Saban said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The first baby conceived using a new method to combine material from two women and one man was born in Mexico.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Healy’s Lincoln portrait was conceived in the 1860s but executed some 20 years later.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 怀孕; 构思; 想像，设想; 持有
vi. 怀孕; 设想; 考虑
时态：conceived, conceiving, conceives
分布：怀孕(47%)，设想(39%)，想出(14%)
→con-, 强调。-ceive, 词源同cap, 抓住，理解，词源同capable. 指形成思想和概念的。
想象;构想[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.(of)设想,构思,想象;以为;怀胎,怀有People used to conceive of disease as a punishment for sin.以前人们认为疾病是对罪恶的一种惩罚.
【记】con共同，ceive 抓，拿－一起抓思想－构想；一起抓小孩－怀孕
【参】perceive（v 察觉）；receive（v 收到）；conceivable（adj 可能的；想得到的；可想像的）
verb
IMAGINE 想像
intransitive or transitive
■to imagine something 想像；想出；构想
• I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old. 我觉得我叔叔仍然把我看成是四岁的小孩。
• He couldn't conceive of a time when he would have no job. 他不能想像有一天他会没有工作。
• [+ question word] I can't conceive (= It is too shocking to imagine) how anyone could behave so cruelly. 我不能想像有人竟然能做出如此残酷的事情。
• [+ that] I find it hard to conceive (= It is too shocking to imagine) that people are still treated so badly. 人们竟然还受着那样的虐待，实在令我难以想像。
[kən'si:v] verb
INVENT 构思
transitive
■to invent a plan or an idea 构想，想出，设想出（计划或主意）
• He conceived the plot for this film while he was still a student. 他还是个学生的时候就已经构想出了这部影片的情节。
• The exhibition was conceived by the museum's director. 这次展览是由博物馆馆长构思设计的。
⇒ See also concept
[kən'si:v] verb
BECOME PREGNANT 怀孕
intransitive or transitive
■to become pregnant, or to cause a baby to begin to form 怀孕；受孕；怀（胎）
• Do you know exactly when you conceived? 你知道自己怀孕的确切时间吗？
• The baby was conceived in March, so will be born in December. 这孩子是3月份怀上的，所以会在12月出生。
⇒ See also conception
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
formulate, devise, conceive
这组词都有“设计、设想”的意思，其区别是：
formulate: 与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。
devise: 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。
conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。
approve, conform, conceive, agree
approve: 赞同 ~ of
conform: 符合，与……相一致 ~ to
conceive: 设想，一位，怀有 ~ of
agree: 同意 ~with/to/on
vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有
 - design, hold
vi. 怀孕；设想；考虑
 - allow, think of, think about

Word: centralise
Front: centralise
['sentrəlaɪz] (-/19865)
Back: vt. 使处于中央的控制之下，把…集中于中央
n. 集中
时态：centralised, centralising, centralises

Word: diabetes
Front: diabetes
[ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] (宝 4089/7386 -2)
Vocabulary: diabetes
(once / 1636 pages)
n
When a person has the medical condition called diabetes, the body can’t produce enough insulin to process the glucose in the blood.
Diabetes has been known since the first century B.C.E., when a Greek physician, Aretus the Cappadocian, named it diabainein, meaning "a siphon," referring to the excessive urination associated with the disease. The word diabetes was first recorded in 1425, and in 1675, the Greek mellitus, “like honey,” was added, to reflect the sweet smell and taste of the patient’s urine. An unrelated and rare disorder, diabetes insipidus, is usually caused by a hormone deficiency.
WORD FAMILY
diabetes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The neuropathy started before I was even diagnosed with diabetes.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In December 2015, Kardashian was hospitalized and diagnosed with diabetes but declared earlier this year that he was "completely free" of the disease.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Gadgets that help people live healthier lives or let them manage chronic conditions, such as diabetes, are expected to feature strongly at the show.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <医>糖尿病; 多尿症; 中消
分布：名词(100%)
→dia-, 穿过。-bet, 走，词源同come,acrobat,advent. 在古希腊用来指尿液过多的疾病症状。
【记】dia＝2，bet赌博：2个人整天赌博，导致身体发胖，得了糖尿病。
US [-tˌəs] noun uncountable
■a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood 糖尿病
n. [内科] 糖尿病；多尿症
 - polyuria

Word: jargon
Front: jargon
[ˈdʒɑ:gən] (研宝 12425/8660 -1)
Vocabulary: jargon
(once / 2033 pages)
1n 2n
Jargon usually means the specialized language used by people in the same work or profession. Internet advertising jargon includes the terms "click throughs" and "page views."
This noun can also refer to language that uses long sentences and hard words. If you say that someone's speech or writing is full of jargon, this means you don't approve of it and think it should be simplified. In Middle English, this word referred to chattering, so its origin is probably imitative: it echoes the sound of chatter or meaningless words.
WORD FAMILY
jargon: jargons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the refreshing lack of jargon, either medical or spiritual.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In his first session, when inmates were introducing themselves, an attendee claiming to be a former Marine mangled Marine Corps jargon.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In the jargon of economics, their problems are structural, not cyclical.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: n. 行话; 行业术语; 黑话
分布：行话(96%)，说行话(4%)
→来自法语jargon,鸟鸣，说话，来自拉丁语garrire,交谈，拟声词，模仿含混不清说话的声音，词源同garrulous.引申词义行话，即外人听不懂的话。
n.行话He spoke such a jargon I couldn't make head or tail of what he said.他讲那么一种方言土语, 我根本不懂他说什么.
US ['dʒɑ:r-] usually disapproving
noun uncountable
■special words and phrases which are used by particular groups of people, especially in their work 行话，行业术语
• military/legal/computer jargon 军事／法律／电脑术语
Compare terminology
n. [语] 行话，术语；黄锆石
 - technology, industry lingo

Word: cyclical
Front: cyclical
[ˈsɪklɪkəl] (宝 12518/15586 -1)
Vocabulary: cyclical
(once / 6678 pages)
adj
Though day-to-day weather changes are unpredictable, nature’s seasons can always be counted on to move in cyclical or predictable patterns.
Cyclical is used to describe things that are regularly patterned or that occur in regular intervals. The root of cyclical is “cycle” which means movement in a circular fashion, or the circular fashion itself. Planets orbit the sun in cyclical patterns, the moon’s phases are cyclical as well. Some stock brokers say that the market is cyclical, but that may be just a way of telling people to keep investing when it's down.
WORD FAMILY
cyclical: encyclical, noncyclical+/ bicycle: bicycled, bicycler, bicycles, bicycling, bicyclist/bicycler: bicyclers/bicyclist: bicyclists/ cycle: bicycle, cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling, cyclist, unicycle / cyclic: cyclically, cyclicity, noncyclic/cyclist: cyclists/encyclical: encyclicals/ unicycle: unicycles, unicycling, unicyclist/unicyclist: unicyclists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mercury got a boost from a record-challenging El Niño event, a cyclical warming of the tropical Pacific, which dispersed heat around the globe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The sector fell about 35% in the three trading days following the referendum as investors rushed into less cyclical, more international companies.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Profitability in the cyclical airline industry peaked in 2016 and is trending down, he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 循环的; 周期的; 环状的
分布：周期的(52%)，循环的(48%)
(also cyclic)
adjective
■describes a group of events which happen in a particular order, one following the other, and which are often repeated 循环；周期
• Changes in the economy have followed a cyclical pattern. 经济呈周期性变化。
adj. 周期的，循环的
 - circular, periodic

Word: shipment
Front: shipment
[ˈʃɪpmənt] (研六托 6962/8047 -2)
Back: n. 装运; 载货量; 装货，装载的货物
分布：装运(47%)，货物(31%)，装船(18%)，出货(4%)
→ship,船运，运输，-ment,名词后缀。
n.装船,装运;装载的货物,装货量A large shipment of grain has just arrived.一大批粮食刚运到.
noun countable or uncountable
■a large amount of goods sent together to a place, or the act of sending them 运输的货物；运输；装运
• A shipment of urgent medical supplies is expected to arrive very soon. 一批急需的药品预计很快就到。
n. 装货；装载的货物
 - loading

Word: shatter
Front: shatter
[ˈʃætə(r)] (研六托雅 5453/5979 -1)
Back: vt. 使破碎，使碎裂，砸碎; 使…成为泡影; 使…痛不欲生; 使…散开
vi. 粉碎，损坏，落叶
n. 碎片，碎块; 落花（叶等）
时态：shattered, shattering, shatters
分布：粉碎(73%)，碎片(13%)，毁坏(12%)，使精疲力尽(2%)
n.碎片;粉碎v.粉碎;使疲惫;使震骇With a clatter, the flatterer shattered the chattering wattmeter in the chaos.当啷一声,马屁精在混乱中打碎了格格作响的瓦特表.
US ['ʃætˌ.ɚ] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) break suddenly into very small pieces （使）破碎；粉碎
• The glass shattered into a thousand tiny pieces. 玻璃碎成无数块细小的碎片。
• His leg was shattered in the accident. 他在事故中腿骨碎裂。
transitive
■to end or severely damage something 终结；严重破坏
• The book shattered all her illusions about the Romans. 这本书让她对罗马人的幻想完全破灭。
• Noisy motorbikes shattered the peace. 吵闹的摩托车声打破了宁静。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 粉碎；打碎；破坏；破掉；使散开
 - destroy, comminute
vi. 粉碎；损坏；落叶
 - size reduction, out of action
n. 碎片；乱七八糟的状态
 - debris, chip

Word: rocky
Front: rocky
[ˈrɒki] (托 5549/7774 -1)
Vocabulary: rocky
(once / 278 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anything rocky is covered with rocks, like a rocky beach or hillside. You can also use rocky for something that moves in a bumpy or uneven manner, like a rocky ride in a Jeep.
There's a figurative sense of rocky that means "difficult, rough, or up-and-down" like your rocky relationship with your sister or a struggling business's rocky future. This meaning comes from a combination of the "uneven and covered with rocks" definition and the verb rock, or "sway back and forth." The Rocky Mountains, which aren't actually all that rocky, were named for the local Native American people, called "the stone Sioux" by their Cree neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
rocky: rockier, rockiest, rockily, rockiness+/ rock: rocked, rocker, rockery, rocking, rocklike, rocks, rocky / rocker: rockers/rockery: rockeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that Booker T. embraced “the ‘Rocky’ concept.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Maltnomah County Sheriff’s Office responded to a call on Saturday at about 12:30 p.m. from a resident at the Rocky Pointe Marina.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The governor-elect already slipped along the rocky path he must walk to work successfully with the legislature.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 多岩石的; 坚如磐石的，坚硬的; 麻木的; 头晕目眩的
级别：rockier, rockiest
分布：岩石的(76%)，坚硬的(11%)，麻木的(6%)，困难重重的(4%)，像岩石的(3%)
US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
STONE 岩石
■made of rock and therefore usually rough and difficult to travel along 岩石构成的，多岩石的；崎岖难行的
• She scrambled along the rocky path. 她沿着一条崎岖的小道攀爬。
UK ['rɒk.i] US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
UNSTEADY/UNCERTAIN 摇晃
■unable to balance very well 身体摇摇晃晃的；头晕目眩的
• After two months in a hospital bed, I felt a bit rocky on my feet. 住院卧床两个月后，我感到走路有点摇摇晃晃的。
■uncertain and difficult and not likely to last long 不稳定的；不牢靠的；动摇不定的
• Their relationship got off to a rocky start. 他们的关系一开始就不很稳定。
UK ['rɒk.i] US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
rocky road
■If you are on a rocky road, you are experiencing a difficult period and have a lot of problems 障碍重重的道路；重重困难
• Greenspan predicts a rocky road ahead for the economy. 格林斯潘预言经济会面临重重困难。
adj. 岩石的，多岩石的；坚如岩石的；摇晃的；头晕目眩的
 - petrous, lithological

Word: baker
Front: baker
[ˈbeɪkə(r)] (10129/3587 -1)
Vocabulary: baker
(once / 325 pages)
n
If you're a baker, it's your job to bake bread, cake, or other baked goods. A baker usually works in a bakery.
Professional bakers make pastries, hearty loaves of bread, or cupcakes, depending on their specialty. If you're an amateur baker, you may bake cinnamon rolls or macaroons at home in your spare time. "A baker's dozen" is a common phrase meaning 13 of something — in other words, a dozen plus one extra — from the old baker's practice of adding an additional loaf to an order, which became the retail seller's only profit.
WORD FAMILY
baker: bakers+/ bake: baked, baker, bakery, bakes, baking/ bakery: bakeries/baking: bakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many were in the same situation as Baker, who will become an unrestricted free agent March 7 at noon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“After the first time, I couldn’t remember the season or the year,” Baker said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Denhardt claimed that when he walked to the Baker house, Taylor disappeared and then moments later, he heard two gunshots.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 面包师; 烤炉; 贝克（姓氏）
分布：面包师(95%)，烤炉(5%)
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to make bread and cakes for sale, or to sell bread and cakes 面包师傅；糕点师傅；面包店店员（或店主）
 ADVANCED (UK also baker's)
■a shop where bread and cakes are sold and sometimes made 面包店
n. [食品] 面包师；面包工人；（便携式）烘炉
 - doughhead

Word: accessible
Front: accessible
[əkˈsesəbl] (高六托雅宝 4377/4162 -2)
Vocabulary: accessible
(once / 450 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Accessible can mean easy to get to. If the mall is easily accessible, you might be tempted to spend a lot of money on your lunch breaks.
The "within reach" definition of the adjective accessible does not just refer to physical distance. A person can be accessible if they are approachable and friendly. A celebrity that is accessible probably signs a lot of autographs and grants interviews. The word can also describe something that is easily understood. You might need to read a plot summary of a long convoluted novel — to make it more accessible or easy to follow.
WORD FAMILY
accessible: accessibility, accessibly, inaccessible, unaccessible+/ access: accessed, accesses, accessible, accessing, de-access/ accessibility: accessibilities/inaccessibility: inaccessibilities/ inaccessible: inaccessibility, inaccessibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since Amtrak’s accessible bedrooms extend the entire width of the train on the lower level, that may be a design limitation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Attorneys for several media organizations including The Associated Press requested in a letter Friday that materials already deemed to be publicly accessible be released now.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Boats will carry about 4.5 million passengers a year, first up and down the Brooklyn-Queens waterfront, relieving burdened and not always accessible subway lines.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 易接近的; 可理解的; 易相处的; 易感的
分布：易接近的(38%)，可进入的(29%)，易理解的(13%)，可得到的(10%)，易受影响的(10%)
能接近的;可进去的[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
能接触到的(access接触,接近+ible)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
【反】abstruse（adj 奥妙的，难以理解的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to be reached or easily got 可进入的，可接近的；可得到的
• The resort is easily accessible by road, rail and air. 这个旅游胜地交通便利，坐汽车、火车和飞机都可以到达。
• The problem with some of these drugs is that they are so very accessible. 此类毒品的问题在于当中一些很容易获取。
■easy to understand 可以理解的；易懂的
• Lea Anderson is a choreographer who believes in making dance accessible. 作为一个编舞者，利·安德森认为应该使舞蹈通俗易懂。
• Covent Garden has made some attempt to make opera accessible to a wider public. 科芬园皇家歌剧院已做出一些努力，以让更多的人来欣赏歌剧。
adj. 易接近的；可进入的；可理解的
 - accostable, comprehensible

Word: amsterdam
Front: amsterdam
[ˈæmstəˈdæm] (-/6125)
Back: n. 阿姆斯特丹（荷兰首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: caucus
Front: caucus
[ˈkɔ:kəs] (宝 8720/26098 -1)
Vocabulary: caucus
(once / 2007 pages)
vn
The noun caucus is a closed meeting of members from the same political party. The Iowa caucuses get a lot of attention during the presidential primary season.
Who knows how we got the noun caucus? One theory is that it comes from an Algonquin word that means an elder or leader of the tribe. Another theory is that the word comes from a social and political club in Boston in the 1700s that was perhaps named for the Greek word for drinking cup. However the word slipped into American English, today it refers to a closed political meeting, often used to choose party leaders.
WORD FAMILY
caucus: caucused, caucuses, caucusing, caucussing
USAGE EXAMPLES
She is declared the winner of the Iowa caucuses via a controversial and confusing process that, in some precincts, involves dodgeball.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But in December, the conservative House Freedom Caucus began compiling a list of more than 200 regulations it views as vulnerable to a disapproval vote.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But Trump’s questions about the primary process struck Priebus as unusually detailed and pointed: How did the Iowa caucuses work?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 干部会议; 核心小组; 决策委员会; 秘密会议
vi. （参加）干部开会议; 召开（参加）核心会议
时态：caucused, caucusing, caucuses
分布：干部会议(59%)，政党高层会议(25%)，开干部会议(16%)
→可能来自北美印第安土著语，义为长者。
【记】读：口渴死。这种会议是秘密的，而且时间长，所以口渴不能出去喝水，终于口渴而死。
【区】cactus（n 仙人掌）读：开垦特色
US ['kɑ:-] noun countable
■(a meeting of) a small group of people in a political party or organization who have a lot of influence, or who have similar interests （政党或组织的）决策层（会议）；利益集团（会议）
■in the US, a meeting held to decide which candidate a political group will support in an election （美国政党集团挑选候选人的）决策会议

Word: catalogue
Front: catalogue
[ˈkætəlɒg] (高六雅 6793/2710 -2)
Vocabulary: catalogue
(once / 514 pages)
nv
A catalogue is a list of things. Those glossy booklets from your favorite clothing shops that fill your mailbox are catalogues, and so is that online list you consult to find a book at the library.
A catalogue — also spelled catalog — can be a list of anything, arranged in some order, and when you list things, you catalogue them. If you're particularly peeved at your brother, you might catalogue for him every annoying thing he's done lately. If you've ever worked in a library, you may have been assigned to catalogue new books, or, at your office, you might catalogue all the printers, listing the make and model of each one.
WORD FAMILY
catalogue: catalogued, cataloguer, catalogues, cataloguing+/cataloguer: cataloguers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Digitization is laudable, but it never replaces the books themselves, which now need to be carefully studied and catalogued,” she said.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The writer is founder and president of the Catalogue for Philanthropy: Greater Washington.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
That’s why I created the Pre-Snap Reads Quarterback Catalogue, and why I will publish that each year.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 目录，一览表; （美）大学情况便览; 展览目录; 产品样本
vt. 为…编目录; 登记分类; 记载，列入目录; 登记（某人、某事的）详情
时态：catalogued, cataloguing, catalogues
分布：目录(92%)，系列(4%)，编入目录(1%)，总目(1%)，编制目录(1%)，在目录里列出价格(1%)
→cata-, 向下。-log, 说，读，词源同legible,lecture.
目录,一览表(cata下面+logue在下面要说的话→目录)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
US ['kætˌ.əl.ɑ:g] noun (ALSO US usually catalog)
LIST 清单
 ADVANCED countable
■a book with a list of all the goods that you can buy from a shop （商品）目录册
• a mail-order catalogue 邮购目录
countable
■a list of all the books, paintings, etc. that exist in a place （书籍、绘画作品等的）目录
UK ['kæt.əl.ɒg] US ['kætˌ.əl.ɑ:g] noun (ALSO US usually catalog)
BAD EVENTS 坏事
only singular
■A catalogue of unwanted events is a series of them 一系列，一连串（坏事情）
• The whole holiday was a catalogue of disasters. 整个假期祸事接二连三。
• a catalogue of errors/crimes/complaints 一连串的错误／罪行／投诉
UK ['kæt.əl.ɒg] US ['kætˌ.əl.ɑ:g] verb transitive
■to record something, especially in a list 纪录；将…编入目录
• Many plants become extinct before they have even been catalogued. 许多植物甚至还没来得及编入目录就已经灭绝了。
n. [图情] [计] 目录；（美）大学情况一览
 - directory, content, list

Word: convenience
Front: convenience
[kənˈvi:niəns] (高研四六托雅宝 4892/5559 -1)
Vocabulary: convenience
(once / 472 pages)
1n 2n
Even though the real reason you want the newest phone is that it's incredibly cool looking, you might pretend that what interests you is its convenience, or how easy and useful it will be.
The noun convenience is a quality of ease or accessibility. Just think of a convenience store, which is arranged to be easy to get in and out of, and sells things you might need to grab on your way home. Some things are referred to as a convenience if the whole reason for their existence is to make life easier in some way, like electricity, indoor plumbing, and microwaveable meals.
WORD FAMILY
convenience: conveniences+/ convenient: convenience, convenienter, convenientest, conveniently, inconvenient / inconvenience: inconvenienced, inconveniences, inconveniencing/ inconvenient: inconvenience, inconveniently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The mystery of the busts is reduced to a storytelling convenience.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Four pesos is ridiculous in my view,” said 40-year-old Armando Galicia, who works at a convenience store in Mexico City.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Cook’s also operates as a sort of general store, where neighbors find convenience and comfort.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 方便，便利; 便利设施; 个人的舒适或利益; （公共）厕所
分布：便利(78%)，舒适(10%)，便利设施(8%)，适宜(2%)，方便的时间(2%)
方便,便利(con全部+ven来+ience→全部能来没有障碍→方便)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.便利,方便;(pl.)便利设备For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
【记】con全部，vene来－全部能来没有障碍－方便
【参】convenient（adj 便利方便的）
【反】opportune（adj 适当的）－inconvenient（adj 不便的）
noun
EASY 方便
uncountable
■when something is convenient 方便，便利；合宜；近便
• I like the convenience of living so near work. 我喜欢住在工作地点附近，这样很方便。
• Just for convenience, I'm going to live at my mother's place until my new house is ready. 为了方便，我打算在我的新居收拾好之前先住在我母亲那里。
at your convenience
■when you want 在（某人）方便的时候
• The goods will be delivered at your convenience. 货物随传随到。
at your earliest convenience
■as soon as you like or can 尽快
• Please return the completed form at your earliest convenience. 请将填好的表格尽快交回。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənts] noun
MACHINE 装置
countable
■a device or machine, usually in the house, which operates quickly and needs little effort （通常指房子里的）便利设施；方便装置
• The house has every modern convenience. 这所房子里现代化便利设施一应俱全。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənts] noun
TOILET 厕所
countable usually plural (also public convenience) formal
■a public toilet 公共厕所
n. 便利；厕所；便利的事物
 - john, bathroom, toilet

Word: descent
Front: descent
[dɪˈsent] (研六托雅宝 5454/5385 -1)
Vocabulary: descent
(once / 306 pages)
n
If you’re on your way down, you’re making a descent, whether that’s as a passenger in an airplane that's landing, or if you’re tumbling down a staircase you just slipped on.
Descent comes from the verb descend — to go down. In the original Latin meaning, descent was used spatially, in reference to physical action, like going downstairs into a creepy basement. Metaphorically, though, we also use it to describe origins, especially in ancestry, when we consider ourselves descendants of our forebears.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
decent / descent / dissent
Decent is all buttoned up. Descent has all the fun because it gets to climb down a mountain. Dissent is what you do when the glee club wants to get matching red outfits but you like purple.
Decent, pronounced "DEE-sent," means "socially acceptable." It's also an old fashioned way to say "polite." These days if you ask someone if she's decent, you probably don't care if she went to finishing school, you're just wondering if she's dressed so you can come in. Decent can also mean good but not excellent. Have it both ways:
He's a decent old chap, but isn't at home much. (Bertram Mitford)
"We're going to work hard out there, and earn a decent living." (New York Times)
Descent, pronounced "dih-SENT," means the act of moving downward, either physically or socially, like an evil cartoon character's descent into the underworld, or a villain's descent into madness, or even your descent into the subway station or down a mountain:
There are a few nasty, short climbs, but several long descents too. (Guardian)
Descent can also refer to a person's cultural background. Makes sense if you think about going down the family tree:
The women, U.S. citizens of Somali descent, are charged with conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. (Washington Post)
Finally, dissent, also pronounced "dih-SENT" is to pipe up against popular opinion.
It can refer to an opinion that differs from an official or popularly held one.To dissent is to voice such an opinion. There are shades of meaning, but it always means to go against the grain:
Mr. Putin, who has rarely faced public dissent in his 11 years in power, appeared momentarily taken aback, but quickly recovered and finished his statement. (New York Times)
Mrs. Twining curled her mouth in bitter dissent. (Edgar Fawcett)
To recap: decent is fine and you're dressed, descent is to go down down down, and dissent is when you're opinion doesn't mesh with others.
WORD FAMILY
descent: descents
USAGE EXAMPLES
When it completes its descent at midnight, a giant "2017" sign will illuminate and a shower of fireworks with light up the sky.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
“It felt a lot like a normal descent for a landing,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They threaten to return this country to the grimmest chapters of our history, like the mass imprisonment of U.S. citizens and noncitizens of Japanese descent.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 下降; 血统; 倾斜
分布：下降(58%)，血统(30%)，继承(3%)，下坡(3%)，衰落(3%)，家世(2%)，侵袭(1%)
下降;下坡(de+scent)[scend,scens,scent=climb,表示"爬,攀"]
n.下降,降下;斜坡;血统,家世Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
noun
RELATION 关系
uncountable
■the state or fact of being related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past 血缘关系，家族关系；祖先；出身
• She's a woman of mixed/French descent. 她是一个混血／法裔女人。
• They trace their line of descent back to a French duke. 他们的先人可以追溯到一位法国公爵。
• He claims direct descent from Mohammed. 他自称是穆罕默德的直系后代。
[dɪ'sent] noun
ARRIVAL 到达
uncountable mainly humorous
■when a group of people arrive somewhere, usually suddenly or unexpectedly 不期而至，突然到达
• We're preparing for the yearly descent of thousands of visitors on the village for the pop festival. 我们正在准备迎接前来村里参加一年一度的流行音乐节的成千上万名游客。
[dɪ'sent] noun
POSITION 位置
countable or uncountable
■a movement down 下降，下落；下沉
• The plane began (to make)its final descent into the airport. 飞机开始（作）最后一次下降，准备在机场降落。
• There is a steep descent (= way down, such as a path) to the village below. 有一条很陡的路通向下面的村庄。
[dɪ'sent] noun
NEGATIVE CHANGE 堕落
[S or U]
■a change in someone's behaviour, or in a situation, from good to bad 堕落，蜕变
• His descent into crime was rapid. 他很快就堕落到犯罪的地步。
n. [航] 下降； [遗] 血统；袭击
 - reduction, birth, decline, fall, blood

Word: nest
Front: nest
[nest] (高研四六 4131/3867 -K2)
Vocabulary: nest
(once / 179 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A nest is a shelter or other structure that an animal uses for laying eggs or giving birth. If a bird is collecting string and straw and twigs in your yard, she's probably building a nest in a nearby tree.
Large birds of prey build nests that can be six feet high, in trees or on buildings, and up to three feet wide. Owls often make nests in tree hollows, while orioles build elaborate hammock-like nests that hang from branches. Foxes, mice, and raccoons also build nests, and people can make nests too, cozy spots to settle for a nap. As a verb, nest means "to build a nest or fit inside something larger."
WORD FAMILY
nest: nested, nester, nesting, nests+/nester: nesters
USAGE EXAMPLES
At a monitoring site in Kavewa Island, no turtle nests were found in 2010; almost 70 were identified four years later.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She thought it a relic, scrapped after it was depicted as an instrument of torture in the 1975 movie “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A stage adaptation of Janell Cannon’s book about a baby bat that falls into a bird’s nest.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （鸟）窝; 温床; （套叠在一起的）一套物件; 藏匿处
vt. 筑巢; 嵌套
vi. 筑巢
时态：nested, nesting, nests
分布：巢(58%)，窝(28%)，筑巢(12%)，嵌入(1%)，寻找鸟巢(1%)
→来自古英语nest,来自nisdos,鸟巢，来自*ni,向下，词源同beneath,*sed,坐，词源同sit.即坐的地方，落脚的地方，引申词义鸟巢，鸟窝。
n.窝,巢v.筑巢The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
noun countable
HOME 家
 ADVANCED
■a structure built by birds or insects to leave their eggs in to develop, and by some other animals to give birth or live in （鸟类或昆虫的）窝，巢；（某些动物的）穴
• a bird's nest 鸟巢
• a wasps'/hornets' nest 黄蜂／马蜂窝
• a rat's nest 鼠穴
• Cuckoos are famous for laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. 杜鹃以在其他鸟的窝巢里下蛋而闻名。
• The alligators build their nests out of grass near the water's edge. 短吻鳄在水边用草给自己搭窝。
■a comfortable home 舒适的居所，安乐窝
• when the children grow up and leave the nest 当孩子们长大后离开安乐窝
■a place where something unpleasant or unwanted has developed （坏事滋生的）温床，窟
• The diplomats have been sent home because their embassy has become a nest of spies and espionage. 外交官被遣送回国，因为他们的大使馆已经沦为间谍窝。
[nest] noun countable
SET 一套
■a set of things that are similar but different in size and have been designed to fit inside each other （套叠的）一套物件，一组物件
• I'd like a nest of tables for the living room. 我想在客厅里放一套桌子。
[nest] verb intransitive
■to build a nest, or live in a nest 筑巢，做窝；巢居
• We've got some swallows nesting in our roof at the moment. 现在有几只燕子在我们的屋顶下筑巢。
• Stone farm buildings are ideal nesting sites for barn owls. 石头搭建的农舍是仓鸮理想的栖息之所。
n. 巢，窝；安乐窝；温床
 - soil, eyrie
vi. 筑巢；找鸟巢
 - nidificate

Word: clarity
Front: clarity
[ˈklærəti] (研雅宝 5443/5359 -1)
Vocabulary: clarity
(once / 2339 pages)
n
Clarity means clearness. Clean water running down a mountain has clarity. So does a lovely singing voice: it's clear and pure.
If you bring clarity to a situation, you help people see what really happened by clearing up misunderstandings or giving explanations. Sometimes people talk about having moments of clarity when suddenly everything about a particular situation or even about life itself comes into focus. People also talk about good writing having clarity when it is precise, clean, and easy to understand.
WORD FAMILY
clarity: clarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s less clarity about how to respond on other Republican priorities.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“There’s a clarity of music that I think reflects his clarity of thought,” suggested his old friend and bandmate Paul Hoffert.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Now, hoping this hearing would perhaps bring some clarity, they wait for it to begin.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 清楚，明晰; 透明; 明确; 清晰度
分布：清楚(67%)，透明(33%)
→来自clar-,清晰的，词源同clear.
清楚[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
n.清晰,明晰The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【反】opaqueness（n 含糊）；equivocation（n 模棱两可的话）；muddy（adj 多泥的；泥泞的）；
US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
EASY TO UNDERSTAND 清晰易懂
■the quality of being clear and easy to understand 清楚明了；清晰易懂
• There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law. 人们要求这个领域的法规应该更加明确一些。
UK ['klær.ɪ.ti] US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
EASY TO HEAR/SEE 容易听／看
■the quality of being easy to see or hear （画面或声音的）清晰
• She was phoning from Australia, but I was amazed at the clarity of her voice. 她从澳大利亚打电话来，可是声音那么清晰，让我觉得惊讶。
UK ['klær.ɪ.ti] US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
THINKING CLEARLY 思路清晰
■the ability to think clearly and not be confused （思路）清晰
• He has shown great clarity of mind. 可以看出他的思维极其清晰。
• mental clarity 头脑清醒
n. 清楚，明晰； [化学] 透明
 - transparency, perspicuousness

Word: worship
Front: worship
[ˈwɜ:ʃɪp] (研四六雅宝 5808/4576 -K2)
Vocabulary: worship
(once / 93 pages)
nv
To worship is to show a lot of love and adoration for something. Religious believers worship gods, and people can worship other people and things too.
Worship is an extreme form of love — it's a type of unquestioning devotion. If you worship God, then you love God so much that you don't question him at all. Going to church is a form of worship — so is prayer. People also use the word worship in other cases. If you love a musician or sports star, you might say, "I worship her!" Or someone might say to you, "Man, you need to wake up and stop worshiping him."
WORD FAMILY
worship: self-worship, worshiped, worshiper, worshipful, worshiping, worshipped, worshipper, worshipping, worships+/worshiper: worshipers/worshipful: worshipfully/worshipper: worshippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps they will be feasted, protected or worshiped?
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Jerusalem: Both sides claim Jerusalem as their capital and consider it a center of religious worship and cultural heritage.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
According to Breitbart, those propagating hate were no more genuinely bigoted than 1980s heavy metal fans genuinely worshiped Satan.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 崇拜，尊崇; 爱慕
vi. 做礼拜; 热爱; 爱慕; 崇拜（尤指达到看不到缺点的地步）
n. （对治安官或市长的尊称）阁下; 尊敬; 崇拜; 礼拜
时态：worshipped, worshipping, worships
分布：崇拜(84%)，做礼拜(9%)，爱慕(7%)
→缩写自古英语worthscip,高贵，荣耀，名声，来自worth,价值，力量，-scip,同-ship,抽象名词后缀。后词义引申为对神灵或超自然现象的尊敬，崇拜。
n.礼拜,礼拜仪式;崇拜v.崇拜,敬仰;做礼拜The worshiper thinks that the worst is the insufficient horsepower.崇拜者认为最坏的事是马力不足.
US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
RELIGION 宗教
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have or show a strong feeling of respect and admiration for God or a god 敬奉，崇拜，信仰（上帝或神）
• In the various regions of India, Hindus worship different gods and observe different religious festivals. 在印度的不同地区，印度教信徒敬奉不同的神灵，并庆祝不同的宗教节日。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to go to a religious ceremony 参加宗教仪式；敬神；拜神
• They work for the same company, socialise together and worship in the same mosque. 他们为同一家公司工作，一同参加社交活动，并且在同一清真寺做礼拜。
• The poll showed that over 40% of Americans worship on a weekly basis. 民意调查显示，超过40%的美国人每周都去做礼拜。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
ADMIRE 崇拜
transitive
■to love, respect and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing their bad qualities （常指盲目地）宠爱，崇拜，崇尚
• Her parents worship her. 她的父母很宠爱她。
• As a child, I worshipped my older brother. 还是孩子时，我很崇拜我的哥哥。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
worship at the shrine/altar of sth literary
■to completely support or follow a particular idea, principle, etc. 笃信，坚信，追随（某一思想、原则）
• She thinks that young people today are becoming increasingly selfish, and worship at the shrine of individual happiness and gratification. 她觉得现在的年轻人变得越来越自私，且极为崇拜个人的幸福与满足。
• He may not worship at the altar of government intervention in business, but he is in favour of limited support for industry. 他或许不支持政府对商业的干预，不过却赞成政府对工业采取有限度的支持。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
worship the ground sb walks on
■to love and admire someone very much 痴爱（某人）；极其崇拜（某人）
• I worship the ground you walk on, you must know that by now. 我极其崇拜你，你现在一定知道了吧。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
RELIGION 宗教
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you worship God or a god, often through praying or singing （对上帝或神的）敬奉，信奉
• daily acts of worship 每日的礼拜
• Christian/Sikh/Muslim worship 基督教／锡克教／伊斯兰教的礼拜
• For Jews, the synagogue is the centre for community worship and study. 对犹太人来说，犹太教堂是教徒共同祈祷和学习的中心。
• Local people have complained about improperly dressed tourists entering places of worship (= buildings for religious ceremonies or private prayer). 当地人已经对穿着不得体的游人进入宗教场所表示不满。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
ADMIRATION 赞赏
uncountable disapproving
■when you like or admire a particular thing or person very much, often too much （对…）顶礼膜拜，狂热推崇
• We're in an era of fitness and health worship. 我们处在一个过分崇尚健康的时代。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
TITLE 称呼
His/Your, etc. Worship mainly UK formal
■used as a title of respect when speaking to or about a mayor or a magistrate （对市长和治安官的尊称）阁下
• His Worship the Mayor will present the awards. 市长阁下将会颁奖。
• [as form of address] Thank you, Your Worship. 谢谢您，阁下。
n. 崇拜；礼拜；尊敬
 - respect, church, praise, exercise
vt. 崇拜；尊敬；爱慕
 - honor, love, regard
vi. 拜神；做礼拜
 - go to church

Word: fluid
Front: fluid
[ˈflu:ɪd] (研四六托雅 3779/3676 -2)
Vocabulary: fluid
(once / 491 pages)
1nadj 2adj 3adj
Something that is unstable or subject to change can be described as fluid. The fluid political situation in a particular country makes it unsafe to travel there, with the constant possibility of a violent uprising.
A liquid is a fluid — something that flows easily when poured — although gases can also be called fluid. When your doctor told you to drink lots of fluids to help your cold symptoms, she probably meant things like water or orange juice, not root beer floats. If a movement is smooth, it can also be described as fluid. You have to make fluid arm movements in ballet so you look graceful.
WORD FAMILY
fluid: fluidity, fluidly, fluidness, fluids+/fluidity: fluidities, semifluidity
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Lowell was in congestive heart failure, his lungs filling with fluid.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The minimal use of props allows for fluid scene changes, and the symbolic white sheet creates some dramatic stage images.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 液体，流体
adj. 流体的，流动的，流体的，液体的; 易变的，不固定的; （动作、设计、音乐等）流畅优美的
分布：流体(66%)，液体(26%)，流动的(5%)，流畅的(2%)，不定的(1%)
→来自拉丁语fluere, 流动，词源同fluent.
流体,液体a.流动的(flu+id)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
流动的(flu流+id)[-id表形容词"如…的"]
a.流动的,液体的n.流体,液体Mercury is a fluid substance.水银是流质.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a substance which flows and is not solid 液体；流质
• If you have a fever you should drink plenty of fluid(s). 如果发烧，应多喝流质。
• The virus is contracted through exchange of bodily fluids. 这种病毒透过体液感染。
['flu:.ɪd] adjective
MOVEMENT 运动
■smooth and continuous 流畅的
• fluid movements 流畅的动作
['flu:.ɪd] adjective
LIKELY TO CHANGE 易变的
■If situations, ideas or plans are fluid, they are not fixed and are likely to change, often repeatedly and unexpectedly （情况、想法或计划）不固定的，易变的
• The military situation is still very fluid. 军事局势依然很不稳定。
adj. 流动的；流畅的；不固定的
 - floating, flowing, running, fluent
n. [流] 流体； [物] 液体
 - liquid medium

Word: revision
Front: revision
[rɪˈvɪʒn] (高六托雅 5994/4579 -K)
Vocabulary: revision
(once / 812 pages)
n
When you make a revision, you go about editing or rethinking whatever it is you're working on. So that paper on Donald Duck's influence in national politics? It could probably use a revision or two.
The word revision is made up of re, as in "repeat" or "redo," and vision. So you can think of a revision as a redo of your original vision. It's related to the word revise, which is the act of making changes to something original. Just about anything can get revised, from a script that needs rewrites to a wardrobe with some questionable pieces.
WORD FAMILY
revision: revisionism, revisions+/revisal: revisals/ revise: revisal, revised, reviser, revises, revising, revision / revised: unrevised/reviser: revisers/revising: revisings/revisionism: revisionist/revisionist: revisionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Budget deliberations will consume lawmakers until mid-summer, when the Legislature’s budget committee finalizes revisions and kicks it to the full Senate and Assembly for approval.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Schanes told Gates to never hesitate in calling to get revisions done to her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 修订，修改; 修订本; 校对; 复审，上诉
分布：修正(53%)，复习(29%)，修订本(14%)，校订(4%)
→来自 revise,改变，修改。
修正,校订本[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
noun
CHANGE 更改
countable or uncountable
■a change that is made to something, or the process of doing this 修正过的；经过修改的
• These proposals will need a lot of revision. 这些提案需要进行大刀阔斧的修改。
• He was forced to make several revisions to his speech. 他被迫对发言稿作了几处修改。
[rɪ'vɪʒ.ən] noun
STUDY 学习
uncountable
■study of work you have done, in order to prepare for an examination 复习；温习
• She did no revision, but she still got a very high mark. 她没有复习，但是仍然考了很高的分数。
n. 修正；复习； [图情] [印刷] 修订本
 - modification, correction

Word: jazz
Front: jazz
[dʒæz] (高研四宝 3848/5759 -3)
Vocabulary: jazz
(once / 885 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
Jazz, a form of instrumental and vocal music characterized by syncopated rhythms and informal improvisation, has been called America's only original art form. If you've ever listened to Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, or Thelonious Monk, jazz is what you're hearing.
The term jazz originated not with music, but in baseball, where it was used as a synonym for "pep, vim, vigor." It began to be used to describe music about a decade after jazz first began to be played in 1900 New Orleans. Since then, like the art form it describes, jazz has changed and expanded its meaning. Today, jazz can refer to a genre of dance, to the act of "sprucing something up," to the decade of the 1920s (nicknamed The Jazz Age), or to holding your hands above your head and waving your fingers, making jazz hands.
WORD FAMILY
jazz: jazzed, jazzes, jazzing, jazzy +/ jazzy: jazzier, jazziest, jazzily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stone plays an actress, Gosling a jazz pianist.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Musical performance in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese Verroneau, an international acoustic quartet, performs a blend of bossa nova, jazz, samba and swing.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
“I played for jazz bands in bars, and I even recorded with a pop group called the Blue Nile.”
The New Yorker(Nov 27, 2016)
Back: n. 爵士乐，爵士舞（曲）
时态：jazzed, jazzing, jazzes
分布：爵士乐(85%)，奏爵士乐(7%)，跳爵士舞(3%)，游荡(2%)，使有生气(1%)，以爵士风格演奏(1%)，各种杂物(1%)
→一种发源于美国路易斯安那克里奥尔区的流行音乐或舞蹈，词源不确定，可能来自非洲某语言jasm,精力，活动，衍生俚语词jism,种子，精液，后衍生俚语词jazz,性交。后黑人音乐家用于命名他们创作的一种音乐形式，即爵士。但始料未及的是，该音乐形式在创作出来后，迅速流行于全世界，并赋予了多种褒义词义。因此，也有人评论说：“If the truth were known about the origin of the word”Jazz”,it would never be mentioned in polite society.”比较funk.
n.爵士乐Do You like listening to jazz?你喜欢听爵士音乐吗?
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a type of modern music with a rhythm in which the strong notes are usually not on the beat and which is usually improvised (= invented as it is played) 爵士乐；爵士乐曲
[dʒæz] noun uncountable
and all that jazz informal
■used when speaking to mean 'and other similar things' 以及诸如此类
• They sell televisions and radios and all that jazz. 他们经销电视、收音机之类的商品。
[dʒæz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] jazz sth up informal
■to make something more attractive or interesting 使更有趣；使更吸引人
• Jazz the dress up with some bright accessories. 用些鲜艳的饰物为连身裙增色。
• He jazzed up the food with a spicy sauce. 他用辣酱使食物更美味。
n. 爵士乐，爵士舞；喧闹
 - Jass, rumpus
vi. 奏爵士乐，跳爵士舞；游荡
 - louse around, potter about
vt. 奏爵士乐；使活泼
 - enliven, activate
adj. 爵士乐的；喧吵的
 - loud

Word: collaborate
Front: collaborate
[kəˈlæbəreɪt] (研四六托宝 6388/7961 -1)
Vocabulary: collaborate
(once / 780 pages)
v
When you work together on shared goal, you collaborate. If you don't just split a project up evenly but work together on creating solutions, you collaborate.
Inside the word you see co-labor, or "working together." Cooperation is simply splitting up the work and getting it done. Collaboration is when you brainstorm, create, and share possible solutions. During World War II, however, Nazi collaborators were sharing ideas with the wrong side. In today's pop music scene, collaboration means featuring a guest star on a record, and it's often a surefire way to boost sales.
WORD FAMILY
collaborate: collaborated, collaborates, collaborating, collaboration, collaborative, collaborator+/ collaboration: collaborationism, collaborations/collaborationism: collaborationist/collaborationist: collaborationists/ collaborative: collaboratively/collaborator: collaborators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some other countries refuse to collaborate with U.S. deportation proceedings altogether, effectively blocking their nationals’ return.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And there’s no evidence that any elected Republican collaborated on this hacking episode.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
The alto saxophonist and producer Terrace Martin released his proper debut album, while collaborating with a visionary elder, Herbie Hancock.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 合作，协作; （国家间的）协调，提携; 勾结，通敌
时态：collaborated, collaborating, collaborates
分布：合作(98%)，通敌(2%)
→col-, 强调。-labor, 劳作。
合作;勾结(col共同+labor+ate→共同劳动→合作)[labor=labor,表示"劳动"]
vi.协作,合作;(与敌人)勾结The corporate bodies collaborate elaborately on producing vibrating evaporator.法人团体在生产振动蒸发器之后精心制作协作.
【记】col共同，labor劳动，ate吃－共同劳动共同吃－合作
【参】collaboration（n 合作，通敌）；collaborative（adj 合作的）
verb intransitive
WORK WITH 与…一起工作
■to work with someone else for a special purpose 合作；协作
• Two writers collaborated on the script for the film. 两位作家合写了这部电影的剧本。
• A German company collaborated with a Swiss firm to develop the product. 一家德国公司与一家瑞士小公司合作开发该产品。
• The British and Italian police collaborated in catching the terrorists. 英国警方和义大利警方通力合作，抓住了恐怖分子。
[kə'læb.ə.reɪt] verb intransitive
SUPPORT AN ENEMY 支援敌人 disapproving
■to work with an enemy who has taken control of your own country 勾结；通敌，叛国
• Anyone who was suspected of collaborating with the occupying forces was arrested. 任何涉嫌与占领军勾结的人都被逮捕了。
cooperate, collaborate
这组词都有“合作”的意思，其区别是：
cooperate: 指为相互支持或行动而进行的合作或协作，强调通力合作。
collaborate: 多指文化领域中，文艺、科学等方面有明确目的合作。
vi. 合作；勾结，通敌
 - team, work together

Word: questionable
Front: questionable
[ˈkwestʃənəbl] (研六托 6242/8517 -1)
Vocabulary: questionable
(once / 487 pages)
adj
Something that's questionable is uncertain or hard to believe. If a politician says things you doubt are true, you might describe his words as questionable.
You might say that it's questionable whether you'll reach your goal of getting straight A's in school, or secretly believe that everything your history teacher says is slightly questionable. In either case, you're highly doubtful. You can even describe a person as questionable, if he or she doesn't strike you as completely honest. The original meaning of the word was "that may be interrogated," from the Latin root word quaestionem, "a seeking, inquiry, questioning, or examination."
WORD FAMILY
questionable: questionablest, questionably, unquestionable+/ question: questionable, questioned, questioner, questioning, questions/questioned: unquestioned/ questioner: questioners/ questioning: questioningly, questionings, unquestioning/unquestionable: unquestionability, unquestionableness, unquestionably/unquestionably: unquestionablys/unquestioning: unquestioningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
We might wonder at our ability to look past some questionable expressions of character.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Lax enforcement by key federal agencies and questionable judgments from the D.C.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Bengals: Running back Jeremy Hill was inactive with a knee injury after being listed as questionable.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可疑的，有疑问的
adv. 可疑地，不真实地
分布：可疑的(92%)，可置疑的(8%)
→来自question,问题。即有问题的，可疑的。
adjective [+ question word]
■not certain, or wrong in some way 不确定的；未必正确的；值得怀疑的
• It is questionable wh ether this goal can be achieved. 这个目标能否实现还不确定。
• Much of late-night television is of questionable value/taste. 很多在深夜播出的电视节目其意义/品味值得怀疑。
uncertain, questionable, doubtful, ambigous
这组词都有“怀疑的，不确定的”的意思，其区别是：
uncertain: 多指因缺乏证据或了解而捉摸不定，也指因不能预料而不能作出选择。
questionable: 通常指怀疑某行为是否恰当，或指有根有据的怀疑。
doubtful: 指对某个问题持积极怀疑的，有疑问的态度，强调缺乏确信。
ambigous: 指因缺乏明确感或因为有各种不同的解释而值得怀疑。
adj. 可疑的；有问题的
 - suspicious, doubtful

Word: necessity
Front: necessity
[nəˈsesəti] (研四六托 3951/3374 -2)
Vocabulary: necessity
(once / 86 pages)
n
A good camping knife is a necessity if you’re going to be hiking in a heavily forested region. A necessity is something that you must have in order to complete a task.
When used in the plural, necessities are items required for a situation but nothing extra. You probably only bring the bare necessities to a sleepover — pajamas and a toothbrush. Sometimes a necessity is a thing you must know how to do. Knowing how to balance your checkbook is a financial necessity. In some cases, necessity simply means "need." Do you do your homework out of necessity or because you want to?
WORD FAMILY
necessity: necessitarian, necessitate, necessities, necessitous+/necessitarian: necessitarians/ necessitate: necessitated, necessitates, necessitating/necessitous: necessitously
USAGE EXAMPLES
In theory, progressives recognise the necessity of fundamental social change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But he added that finding new ways to talk about China was also a business necessity.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The song from 1988 reminds me of the necessity of positivity as a force in this relentless epoch of fear.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 必要（性）; （迫切）需要; 必需品; 自然规律
分布：需要(52%)，必然(25%)，必需品(23%)
→来自necessary,必要的，必需的。
n.必要性,需要;必然性;(pl.)必需品In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■the need for something 必要，需要
• You can come early if you want to, but there's no necessity for it. 如果你愿意，可以早点儿来，但不是非早来不可。
• [+ to infinitive] Is there any necessity to reply to her letter? 有必要给她回信吗?
• The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. 这份报告强调大量食用新鲜水果及蔬菜的必要性。
• With a personal fortune of six million pounds, she certainly doesn't work out of necessity (= because she needs to). 她有600万英镑的身家，当然不是为了生计而工作。
• We'll employ extra staff to help out as and when the necessity arises (= when we need to). 需要的时候我们会另聘雇员工帮忙。
countable
■something that you need, especially in order to live 必需的东西；（尤指）生活必需品
• We brought only the bare necessities with us. 我们只带了基本的必需品。
• He regarded music as one of life's necessities. 他把音乐视作生活中不可缺少的东西之一。
UK [nə'ses.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
Necessity is the mother of invention. saying
■an expression which means that if you really need to do something, you will think of a way of doing it 需要乃发明之母。
n. 需要； [数] 必然性； [经] 必需品
 - need, want, demand, requirement for

Word: competent
Front: competent
[ˈkɒmpɪtənt] (研四六托 5797/4995 -2)
Vocabulary: competent
(once / 307 pages)
adj
If you are competent, you have the necessary ability or skills to do something. If you can carry a heavy tray of food, and store a table's worth of orders in your head, you are probably a competent waitress.
The opposite of competent is incompetent––an incompetent travel agent might send you to Bahrain when you requested Britain. But competent on its own can sometimes be a veiled criticism, with the implication that someone competent is just going to through the motions––you'd rather have someone inspired on the job. In legal language, competent describes someone who is able to take part in a trial or sign a contract.
WORD FAMILY
competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent +/ competence: competences/ competency: competencies/ incompetence: incompetences/incompetency: incompetencies/ incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was decreased through use of a positive behavioral plan, designed by a competent psychologist and monitored with data collection.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 有能力的，能胜任的; 能干的，称职的; 足够的，充足的; 有决定权的
分布：有能力的(53%)，胜任的(28%)，足够的(19%)
资格的,能力的(compete+ent→竞争的[能力]→有资格的)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
a.有能力的,能胜任的;足够的The competent petitioner thinks the perpetual impetus is petty.有能力的请愿者认为永久的动力是细小的.
US ['kɑ:m.pə.tˌənt] adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to do something well 有能力的；能干的；称职的
• a competent secretary/horse-rider/cook 能干的秘书／骑手／厨师
• I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job. 我虽然不会说他是才华横溢，可他还是能胜任工作的。
Opposite incompetent
competent, able, capable
competent: 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able: 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable: 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的；足够的
 - able, capable, efficient, sufficient, adequate

Word: knight
Front: knight
[naɪt] (六 27105/5152 -2)
Vocabulary: knight
(once / 88 pages)
1nv 2n
Traditionally the noun knight means someone born of the nobility and trained to fight, usually in heavy metal armor. As a verb, if a king decides to knight you, that means the king wants to make you into a knight.
Real life knights haven’t been around since the Middle Ages, which ended around 600 years ago. These days knight is an honorary title awarded by nations with royal families like the UK. These nations will knight anyone they think is deserving from a rock star to a politician. More casually, you can use knight to describe anyone who acts chivalrous, or bravely. If you are rescued from a burning building, you might call your rescuer, a “knight in shining armor.”
WORD FAMILY
knight: knighted, knighthood, knighting, knightly, knights+/knighthood: knighthoods/knightly: knightliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The brand represents a new approach for Constellation, which also recently launched Ravage, a red-wine brand geared toward men with horseback-riding knights on its labels.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“One of the reasons I won: Bobby Knight! That’s the gold standard, right?”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Knights led by 27 at the half, holding Temple to 11 points for the fewest points allowed in a half.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （中古时代的）武士; 骑士; 爵士; （国际象棋中）马
vt. 封…为爵士
时态：knighted, knighting, knights
分布：骑士(79%)，武士(13%)，爵士(7%)，授以爵位(1%)
→来自古英语cniht,小伙，年青人，侍者，来自Proto-Germanic*knehtaz,小男孩，仆人，来自gen,压，捏，成团，词源同knob,knave.词义演变参照knave.后约在12世纪用于指国王的随从或侍卫，并最终在16世纪成为军衔和贵族称号，即骑士和爵士。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a man given a rank of honour by a British king or queen because of his special achievements, and who has the right to be called 'Sir', or (in the past) a man of high social position trained to fight as a soldier on a horse （英国的）爵士；（旧时的）骑士
• He hopes to be made a knight for his work at the Bank of England. 他希望因为他在英格兰银行的工作而被封为爵士。
• knights in black armour 身穿黑色盔甲的骑士
■in the game of chess , a piece in the shape of a horse's head that moves two squares in one direction and then one square at an angle of 90° （国际象棋中的）马
[naɪt] noun countable
a knight in shining armour
■someone who saves you from a difficult or dangerous situation 救星
[naɪt] verb transitive
■to give someone the rank of knight 封（某人）为爵士
• He was knighted by the Queen for his work with famine victims. 他为饥荒难民操劳而被女王封为爵士。
n. 骑士，武士；爵士
 - chevalier, Cavs

Word: dirt
Front: dirt
[dɜ:t] (高研四 2737/5597 -K2)
Vocabulary: dirt
(once / 153 pages)
nadj
Dirt is earth or soil — it's the substance that makes up the dry surfaces of our planet. Gardeners spend a lot of time digging in the dirt, planting seeds and pulling up weeds.
Dirt is the fine rock that makes up soil, but it also means anything unclean: "Do something about the dust and dirt in this room before our guests arrive!" When you know something embarrassing about another person, especially juicy gossip, you can call that information dirt as well — this meaning was coined by Ernest Hemingway in 1926. The word comes from the Old English drytt, "mud, dirt, or dung."
WORD FAMILY
dirt: dirts, dirty +/ dirty: dirtied, dirtier, dirties, dirtiest, dirtily, dirtiness, dirtying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the front lines shift, the fighters leave mines in their wake, burying them in the shallow dirt and hiding them in empty buildings.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Off a dirt road, in a small village north of Tirana, there's a half-built, tumble-down, brick house.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
“They sit outside and collect dirt,” said Grey.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 泥土; 污垢，污泥; 下流想法; 恶意中伤的话
分布：污垢(44%)，泥土(31%)，灰尘(25%)
→来自古英语drit, 粪便，来自dhreyd, 腹泄。引申义污物，烂泥。其日耳曼同源词词义集中在粪便，鸟粪，屎等。
n.污物,污垢There is some dirt on your nose.你的鼻子上有灰尘.
US [dɝ:t] noun uncountable
NOT CLEAN 肮脏
 IMPROVER
■dust, soil or any substance that makes a surface not clean 尘土，泥土，灰尘
• His coat was covered with dirt. 他的外套上满是泥土。
 IMPROVER mainly US
■loose soil on the ground 松土，浮土
• After I'd finished gardening, there was dirt from the flower beds all over the path. 我做完园艺工作后，小路上撒满了花坛里的浮土。
■informal
■solid waste 固体废弃物
• I got some dog dirt on my shoes. 我的鞋沾上了一些狗屎。
UK [dɜ:t] US [dɝ:t] noun uncountable
GOSSIP 流言蜚语 informal
■unpleasant or bad details about someone's private life, which are repeated or published to stop other people admiring them （私生活的）丑闻
• Journalists are always digging for (= trying to discover) dirt. 记者总想挖到丑闻。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 污垢，泥土；灰尘，尘土；下流话
 - earth, dust, clay, powder

Word: infuriate
Front: infuriate
[ɪnˈfjʊərieɪt] (宝 13254/14099 -1)
Vocabulary: infuriate
(once / 1544 pages)
v
Different things infuriate different people: whatever makes you angry, mad, or ticked off infuriates you.
Fury is a word for "anger" that should help with this word: to infuriate is to fill someone with fury, i.e., anger. Unless you're new to the planet, you've probably noticed many things that are infuriating: people talking too loudly on their phones, the cancellation of your favorite TV show, stepping in a puddle, someone stealing from you, stubbing your toe. These annoying events could infuriate anyone. Sometimes you might infuriate someone else by accident. Like it or not, we all infuriate someone sometime.
WORD FAMILY
infuriate: infuriated, infuriates, infuriating, infuriation+/ infuriated: infuriatedly/ infuriating: infuriatingly/infuriation: infuriations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Army Corps of Engineers thrilled protesters and infuriated the company building the pipeline by announcing that it would explore other routes for the project.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The United States abstained from the resolution, infuriating Mr. Netanyahu.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Boyd was unruffled by being targeted, although he was infuriated at times by his teammates' failure to back up his pressing of the Hearts centre-backs.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 使大怒，激怒
adj. 狂怒的
时态：infuriated, infuriating, infuriates
分布：激怒(84%)，狂怒的(16%)
→in-,进入，使，fury,愤怒。
【记】in进入，furi＝fury（n 狂怒；狂暴），ate－进入狂怒状态
US [-'fjʊr.i-] verb transitive
■to make someone extremely angry 使大怒，激怒
• His sexist attitude infuriates me. 他歧视女性的态度让我很生气。
vt. 激怒；使大怒
 - anger, enrage
adj. 狂怒的
 - rageful, furious

Word: gender
Front: gender
[ˈdʒendə(r)] (研雅 1824/3608 -2)
Vocabulary: gender
(once / 1614 pages)
n
People use the word gender to indicate your biological sex or your sense of being female, male, or a combination of both. Danica Patrick is someone who has broken many gender barriers by being a successful female race-car driver in a male-dominated sport.
If you've learned French, Spanish, or Latin, you know these languages assign genders to nouns, such as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Besides this grammatical use, gender and sex are very often used as synonyms in everyday speech. However, while sex refers to biological differences between men and women, gender is much more complicated and changeable, influenced by society, culture, and an individual person's self-identity.
WORD FAMILY
gender: genders, transgender, transgendered
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Initially, Carter plans to buy suitcases that are gender neutral for any age before eventually buying more age- and gender-specific ones.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The so-called bathroom bill in North Carolina includes a provision that requires people to use public bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. <语>性某些语言的（阳性、阴性和中性，不同的性有不同的词尾等）; 性别; 某些语言的（名词、代词和形容词）性的区分
分布：性(55%)，性别(45%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同gene, generate.
n.(生理上的)性;(名词,代词等的)性What's the gender of the new born baby?新生儿是男孩还是女孩?
US [-dɚ] noun
SEX 性别
 IMPROVER uncountable formal
■the physical and/or social condition of being male or female 性别
• Does this test show the gender of the baby? 这种检测能测出胎儿的性别吗？
• Discrimination on the basis of race, gender, age or disability is not allowed. 基于种族、性别、年龄或残疾的歧视都是不能容许的。
countable [+ sing/pl verb] formal
■all males, or all females, considered as one group （所有）男人，女人
• I think both genders are capable of looking after children. 我认为男人和女人都能照看孩子。
UK ['dʒen.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
 IMPROVER countable specialized
■the grammatical arrangement of nouns, pronouns and adjectives into masculine , feminine and neuter types in some languages 性（一些语言将名词、代词和形容词分为阳性、阴性和中性的文法形式）
n. 性；性别；性交
 - sexuality, sexual intercourse

Word: shall
Front: shall
[ʃəl] (中高 2197/474 -K4)
Back: v. 将要; 必须; 可以; 应该
分布：应该(67%)，将要(20%)，一定(10%)，表示提供建议(3%)
→来自古英语 sceal,有责任，有义务，应当，来自 Proto-Germanic*skal,欠，应当，来自 skel, 欠，应当，词源同 should.
aux.v.(我,我们)将要,会;必须,应该In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
modal verb
FUTURE 将来
 ESSENTIAL slightly old-fashioned
■used instead of 'will' when the subject is 'I' or 'we' （用于在主语为 I 或 we 时替代 will）
• If you do that one more time, I shall be very cross. 如果你再那么做，我就要生气了。
• I shall never forget you. 我永远不会忘记你。
• Shall we be able to get this finished today, do you think? 你认为我们今天能完成这项工作吗？
• I'm afraid I shall not/shan't be able to come to your party. 恐怕我不能参加你的派对了。
• formal I shall look forward to meeting you next week. 我盼望着下星期见到你。
• So we'll see you at the weekend, shall we (= is that right) ? 那么我们周末会见到你，是吗？
• We shall (= intend to) let you know as soon as there's any news. 一有消息，我们就告诉你。
[strong form ʃæl] [weak form ʃl] modal verb
SUGGEST 建议
 IMPROVER
■used, with 'I' or 'we', to make a suggestion （与 I 或 we 连用，表示建议）
• "I'm cold." "Shall I close this window?" “我觉得会冷。”“要我把这扇窗户关上吗?”
• Shall we go out for dinner tonight? 我们今晚出去吃饭好吗？
• Shall I pick the children up from school today? 今天我去学校接孩子好吗？
[strong form ʃæl] [weak form ʃl] modal verb
CERTAINLY WILL 一定会
 IMPROVER
■used to say that something certainly will or must happen, or that you are determined that something will happen （表示某事肯定或必须发生，或表示决心）
• Don't worry, I shall be there to meet the train. 别担心，我会去火车站接你。
• formal The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult. 学校的纪律规定，除非有大人陪同，小孩白天不得离开学校。
• You shall go to the ball, Cinderella. 你一定要去参加舞会，灰姑娘。
aux. 应；会；将；必须
 - would, must

Word: assurance
Front: assurance
[əˈʃʊərəns] (研六雅 5702/3133 -2)
Vocabulary: assurance
(once / 246 pages)
1n 2n
An assurance is a vote of confidence. If you give your friend an assurance that you'll be there, you'd better show up.
If you pledge to do something or make a binding commitment to do it, you can use the noun assurance. If the bank is going to loan you money to buy a house, they are going to need some sort of assurance that you will repay the loan in a timely manner. If you have confidence in yourself and your abilities, you can also use assurance to describe that — "The baseball team played with assurance, quickly racking up a seven point lead."
WORD FAMILY
assurance: assurances, self-assurance+/ assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure / assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring / reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He became aware of “the quiet assurance of an inner voice” and “heard the voice of Jesus saying still to fight on.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Some of us would like assurances that the election results are legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Abbs handles the parabola of this real life story with tremendous assurance.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 保证，担保; （人寿）保险; 确信; 厚脸皮，无耻
分布：自信(44%)，保险(36%)，确信(20%)
保证(assure+ance)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念He answered the questions with assurance.他胸有成竹地回答问题.
US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
PROMISE 保证
 ADVANCED countable
■a promise 保证
• [+ (that)] She gave me her assurance (that) she would post the cheque immediately. 她向我保证她会马上寄来支票。
• Despite the Government's repeated assurances to the contrary , taxation has risen over the past decade. 尽管在过去十年中政府一再保证不会增税，可税收还是提高了。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:.rənts] US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
CONFIDENCE 自信
 ADVANCED uncountable
■confidence 自信，把握
• He spoke with calm assurance. 他说话时冷静而自信。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:.rənts] US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
INSURANCE 保险
uncountable UK
■a type of insurance against events which will certainly happen, such as death, not ones which may happen, such as illness, fire or having your property stolen （人寿）保险
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. 保证；保险；确信；断言
 - certification, insurance, commitment, guarantee, safety

Word: unfortunate
Front: unfortunate
[ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənət] (高四六 4970/4076 -K2)
Vocabulary: unfortunate
(once / 99 pages)
adjn
Something unfortunate is something that you wished had not happened — like that unfortunate incident that got you suspended from school. Let's not bring that up.
Unfortunate can also describe unlucky circumstances. A natural disaster like an earthquake or a tornado will always have unfortunate consequences. You can even use unfortunate as a noun to identify someone or something not favored by fortune — like the unfortunates whose lives were shattered by the earthquake.
WORD FAMILY
unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates+/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate / fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We thought this would be a way to get past the unfortunate bigotry,” Shalaby said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The majority of the issues that shuffled off their mortal coil were some combination of uninspired, unloved, unlucky and unfortunate, and deserved their fate.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That’s the unfortunate fate suffered by Daughter’s sophomore effort, “Not To Disappear,” whose chilly songs sound as desolate as a frozen tundra.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不幸的，倒霉的; 不吉利的; 不成功的; 可惜的，可叹的
n. 不幸的人
分布：不幸的(76%)，不幸的人(15%)，令人遗憾的(9%)
不幸的(un+fortunate幸运的)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
不幸的(un不+fortune+ate→运气不好)[furt=luck,表示"运气"]
US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
UNLUCKY 不幸的
 ADVANCED
■unlucky or having bad effects 不幸的，倒楣的
• She has inherited her father's large nose, which is very unfortunate. 她遗传了父亲的大鼻子，真是太不幸了。
• [+ (that)] It was just unfortunate (that) he phoned exactly as our guests were arriving. 遗憾的是他恰好在我们的客人到达时打来电话。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət] US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
NOT SUITABLE 不合适的 formal
■(of remarks or behaviour) unsuitable in a way which could cause embarrassment or offence （言论或行为）令人尴尬的，不恰当的，得罪人的
• The housing director's remark that 'the homeless could do more to help themselves' was unfortunate to say the least. 住房主任说的那句“无家可归者可以做更多的事来自助”至少是不恰当的。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət] US [-'fɔ:r-] noun countable formal or humorous
■an unlucky person who is in a bad situation 不幸之人；倒楣蛋
• He was one of the poor unfortunates who invested in the company and now finds himself a few thousand pounds poorer. 他是那些投资于这家公司的可怜倒楣蛋之一，现在已经亏了几千英镑。
unhappy, unfortunate, disastrous, unlucky
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 多用于表示心理状态，指由于不满意或遇到一般性倒霉事而感到不愉快。
unfortunate: 语气较强，多指因命运不佳，意外不幸或事业失败、生活处于困境等而感到不幸。
disastrous: 着重不可避免和后果严重。
unlucky: 指因缺少或一时无机遇，虽作了努力，但事不从心，感到失意。
adj. 不幸的；令人遗憾的；不成功的
 - evil, failed, unlucky, tragic

Word: immense
Front: immense
[ɪˈmens] (研四六托雅宝 5645/4545 -2)
Vocabulary: immense
(once / 129 pages)
adj
Immense means very large in size, amount, or degree. You might describe the ocean as immense, or your homework load, or the slice of cake your brother took, leaving you a tiny sliver.
This word has an immense number of near synonyms: huge, great, enormous, vast, gigantic, colossal, mammoth, copious, tremendous are a few of the more common ones. If you're having immense difficulty deciding which word to use, just plain "very big" might do.
WORD FAMILY
immense: immensely, immenseness, immenser, immensest, immensity +/ immensity: immensities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few athletes might be as prepared for a life after basketball than Kobe, a man of diverse interests and immense worldwide popularity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
If Harwood’s prototype at the school was the Wright brothers’ first biplane, this immense scaled-up elaboration of it was a spaceship in drydock.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In other words, the advantage of the bye and needing to win just one home game to get to a conference final is fairly immense.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 极大的，巨大的; 浩瀚的，无边际的; 〈口〉非常好的; 弘道
分布：巨大的(86%)，广大的(14%)
→im-,不，非，-mens,测量，词源同meter,measurable.即没法测量的，巨大的。
无限的,广大的(im不+mense→不能测量→无限的)[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
a.广大的,巨大的;[口]极好的The immense expense in condensing the steam made me tense.凝结蒸汽的巨大开支使我感到紧张.
【记】im不，mense＝measure（vt 测量；调节）－不能测量的－巨大的
【参】immensity（n 巨大；无限；浩瀚）
adjective
■extremely large in size or degree 巨大的，无限的
• immense wealth/value 巨大的财富／价值
• They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition. 他们花了大量时间使引擎运转完美。
■slang
■extremely good 非常好，极好
• He's an immense goalkeeper. 他是一名非常出色的守门员。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 巨大的，广大的；无边无际的；非常好的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro

Word: truce
Front: truce
[tru:s] (雅宝 11070/8938 -2)
Vocabulary: truce
(once / 748 pages)
n
When two warring sides decide to call it quits, it's called a truce — an agreement to end the fighting.
When there's a truce, the two sides stop attacking each other, catch their breath, and try to work out a peace deal. A truce isn't a permanent solution: it's more like a time-out. People with other kinds of conflicts talk about truces, too. If you and your sister are in an ongoing battle, one of you could say, "Can we please call a truce?" That means you'll take a break from squabbling, at least for a while.
WORD FAMILY
truce: truces
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fatah al-Sham Front and the Islamic State group are not included in the truce.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was not immediately clear if the rebels would abandon the truce as a result.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The Syrian military on Friday denied attacking the valley, saying it respected the Russian and Turkish brokered truce.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 休战; 停战（协定）; 停止争辩（的协议）; 中止
vt. 以休战结束; 停止争执
vi. 停战
分布：休战(92%)，以停战结束(4%)，烦恼等的)缓和(2%)，(争执(2%)
→来自古英语 treow,事实，承诺，忠诚，条约，词源同 true,truth.-ce,表复数，如 pence 为 penny 复数格。
休战,停战(相信对方而停战)[tru=true,表示"相信,真实"]
【记】tru真，ce读：死，真的出现了人员的伤亡－停战
【反】resumed fighting（继续打）
noun countable
■a short interruption in a war or argument, or an agreement to stop fighting or arguing for a period of time 讲和（协议）；休战，停战（协定）
• After years of rivalry, the two companies have UKagreed / USagreed to a truce. 经过多年的竞争，两家公司同意握手言和。
• We've got to spend the weekend together, so we might as well call (= have) a truce. 我们必须在一起过周末，所以最好还是讲和。
• Following last month's riots, the two big gangs in Los Angeles have finally declared a truce, ending years of bloodshed. 上个月火拼之后，洛杉矶的两大帮派最终宣布停战，从而结束了多年的杀戮。
• The fragile truce between the two sides is not expected to last long. 预计双方脆弱的停战协定不会持久。
n. 停战；休战；休战协定
 - armistice

Word: accomplish
Front: accomplish
[əˈkʌmplɪʃ] (高研四托雅宝 2345/5546 -2)
Vocabulary: accomplish
(once / 84 pages)
1v 2v
To accomplish something is to get it done. People usually accomplish things that are sources of pride — like goals or records. But people accomplish immoral acts as well — like scandals or cons.
The verb accomplish also means to bring about or put into effect. The CEO stood before the employees and outlined all she expected to be accomplished in the next year. She ended her speech by saying, "If we are to accomplish this, we must all work together — and work hard — but the rewards if we succeed will be great both for the company and for those that work here. Thank you for your efforts!"
WORD FAMILY
accomplish: accomplishable, accomplished, accomplishes, accomplishing, accomplishment +/ accomplishment: accomplishments, nonaccomplishment
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews accomplishing the feat might be more impressive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The king is an accomplished linguist who speaks English, French and Czech.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 完成; 达到（目的）; 走完（路程、距离等）; 使完美
时态：accomplished, accomplishing, accomplishes
分布：完成(70%)，实现(30%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. Zero-grade词根pl, 满，同full, 满的。指装满的，完成的。
强制(ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
成就;完成(ac+com+pli+ish→全部弄满→完成)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
v.实现(计划等);达到(目的);完成(任务)In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【参】accomplished（adj 完成的，多才多艺的）
US [-'kɑ:m-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to finish something successfully or to achieve something 完成；实现；达到；做到
• The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes. 学生不到十分钟就完成了任务。
• She accomplished such a lot during her visit. 她在访问期间取得了丰硕的成果。
• I feel as if I've accomplished nothing since I left my job. 我觉得辞掉工作以后就一直在虚度光阴。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
vt. 完成；实现；达到
 - carry out, come true, perform, complete, fulfill

Word: pregnant
Front: pregnant
[ˈpregnənt] (高研六托雅宝 2629/3276 -K3)
Vocabulary: pregnant
(once / 501 pages)
adj
If you are pregnant, you are carrying a developing baby in your body (and you are definitely a woman). Pregnant women take excellent care of their health — good for them and good for the baby.
Pregnant comes from Latin, and literally means "before giving birth" — prae-, like pre- means "before" and gnasci is a root that means "be born." Pregnant can also mean "filled with something," like inspiration or "rich in significance or implication," like your pregnant pause before answering your friend's question, "You like my new boyfriend, don't you?"
WORD FAMILY
pregnant: nonpregnant, pregnancy, pregnantly+/ pregnancy: pregnancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet we begin a year pregnant with perils with the Fear Index at exceptionally low levels.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
One woman arrived with her 9-month-old son; the other was several months pregnant.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The case involved a newly pregnant woman experiencing abdominal cramping and fever.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 怀孕的; 孕育着…的; 富于想象的; 富于成果的
分布：怀孕的(81%)，意味深长的(12%)，充满的(7%)
→pre-,在前，-gn,生育，生产，词源同gene,generate.即即将生育的。
a.怀孕的,孕育的,充满的,意味深长的A woman is pregnant for ten months before a child is born.在小孩生出前,妇女要怀孕十个月.
【记】pregn拿住，ant－拿住孩子－怀孕
【参】pregnable（adj 可攻克的）；prehensible（adj 能被抓住的）；prehistoric（adj 史前的）；preliterate（adj 文字出现以前的）
【反】inane（adj 空洞的）
adjective
FEMALE 女性的
 IMPROVER
■(of a woman and some female animals) having young developing inside the womb 怀孕的，妊娠的
• She's five and a half months pregnant. 她怀孕有五个半月了。
• My mother stopped smoking when she became pregnant. 我母亲自从怀孕后就不吸烟了。
• He believes that men who get (= make) young girls pregnant should be severely punished. 他认为让少女怀孕的男人应受严惩。
• My sister is pregnant with twins. 我姐姐怀了双胞胎。
['preg.nənt] adjective
MEANING 意义
■filled with meaning or importance which has not yet been expressed or understood 意味深长的，意义重大的
• There followed a pregnant pause in which both knew what the other was thinking but neither knew what to say. 接下来是意味深长的沉默，双方都知道对方在想些甚么，但都不知道该说甚么。
adj. 怀孕的；富有意义的
 - cyetic, childing

Word: custody
Front: custody
[ˈkʌstədi] (宝 4422/4395 -2)
Vocabulary: custody
(once / 799 pages)
1n 2n
When you are legally responsible for another person, they are in your custody. Most parents have custody over their children.
The word custody brings with it the meaning of care for. When someone is in your custody, it is not just that they reside with you, it is that you are responsible for taking good care of them. If you are arrested, you will be taken into police custody. While there in jail, it is their responsibility to protect you from harm.
WORD FAMILY
custody: custodial, custodies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hennepin County Jail roster shows all three suspects were released from custody Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were placed in state custody for their protection.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Four men aged 59, 48, 38 and 18 remain in custody after being arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监管; 拘留，羁押; 抚养权，监护权
分布：监护(40%)，拘留(36%)，羁押(14%)，监禁(10%)
→来自skeu, 覆盖，遮盖，词源同sky, house, hide.
监护[custod=guard(看护)]
【参】custom（n 习惯；风俗、习俗）；custodian（n 管理员，监护人）
noun uncountable
CARE 照顾
■the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died 照管，监护；（尤指对父母离异或去世的孩子的）监护权
• The court awarded/granted/gave custody of the child to the father. 法庭将孩子的监护权判给了父亲。
• The mother got/received custody (of the child). 母亲得到了孩子的监护权。
• The parents were given joint custody (of the child). 孩子的父母获取了共同监护权。
['kʌs.tə.di] noun uncountable
PRISON 监狱
■the state of being kept in prison, especially while waiting to go to court for trial （尤指等候法庭审判期间的）监禁，拘留
• You will be remanded in custody until your trial. 你将被扣押候审。
n. [经管] 保管；监护；拘留；抚养权
 - keeping, detention

Word: commuter
Front: commuter
[kəˈmju:tə(r)] (托雅 6849/8778)
Vocabulary: commuter
(once / 3635 pages)
n
A commuter is someone who has a lengthy trip to work, usually from a suburb to a city.
Some people are lucky enough to work at home or live very close to where they work. Others are commuters: commuters need to commute — travel — to work. Being a commuter isn't easy, because it might take anywhere from 20 minutes to two hours to get from home to work and then back again, both times during rush hour. Usually, a commuter lives in the suburbs and commutes to the city, where many jobs are.
WORD FAMILY
commuter: commuters+/commutable: commutability, incommutable/commutation: commutations/ commute: commutable, commutation, commuted, commuter, commutes, commuting/incommutable: incommutability, incommutably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Utah is undertaking a test of the technology on a stretch of Salt Lake City’s Redwood Road, a major north-south commuter route.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Holbrook Fire officials say the accident occurred on Union Street, just outside the commuter rail station.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Those plans affect tens of thousands of commuters.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （远距离）上下班往返的人
分布：通勤者(86%)，每日往返上班者(14%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who regularly travels between work and home 上下班往返的人
• The train was packed with commuters. 火车上挤满了上班族。

Word: akin
Front: akin
[əˈkɪn] (托 7884/9616 -1)
Vocabulary: akin
(once / 753 pages)
adj
If two things are akin, then they're similar or related. A cupcake is akin to a cake and relatives are akin to each other.
If you know the word kin — a relative — then you have a clue to the meaning of akin. People who are related are akin, but the word goes beyond blood relations. Football is akin to the sport of rugby; baseball is akin to the British sport cricket. Mice are akin to rats, and rats are akin to gerbils, hamsters, and squirrels. Things that are akin are alike.
WORD FAMILY
akin
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hawkins said last week the choir’s tradition of presidential performances was not akin to “implied support of party affiliations or politics”.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
That motion would, in turn, shorten or stretch the time between pulses from pulsars in different directions, in an effect akin to the Doppler shift.
Science Magazine(Dec 22, 2016)
He described Obama as a “retrenchment president” akin to Dwight Eisenhower.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 同族的; 相似的; 同源的; 关系密切的
分布：同族的(56%)，同类的(33%)，近似的(11%)
→来自短语 of kin.
adjective [after verb]
■similar; having some of the same qualities 相似的，类似的
• They speak a language akin to French. 他们说的是一种类似法语的语言。
adj. 类似的；同类的；同族的
 - parallel, analogous

Word: fractious
Front: fractious
[ˈfrækʃəs] (托宝 19745/21157)
Vocabulary: fractious
(once / 6848 pages)
adj
If you're prone to picking fights, making snarky comments, and being frustratingly stubborn, you're fractious. And odds are you're not invited to too many parties.
Someone who is fractious is cranky, rebellious and inclined to cause problems. Tempers and children are commonly described as such. In To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses the word to describe the trouble-making Calpurnia: "She had always been too hard on me, she had at last seen the error of her fractious ways, she was sorry and too stubborn to say so."
WORD FAMILY
fractious: fractiously, fractiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The clash just four weeks before Mr. Obama leaves office culminated a fractious eight years between the men.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
But as they showed again on Thursday, the agency’s fractious commissioners do not seem to understand that.
New York Times(Dec 08, 2016)
Southern Command, which spanned some of the more fractious debate over the Obama administration’s ultimately failed attempt to close Guantanamo.
Seattle Times(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: adj. 易怒的，急躁的
分布：易怒的(73%)，脾气不好的(9%)，表示不满的(9%)，捣乱的(9%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fragment. 即破开，引申词义暴躁，易怒。
易怒的,脾气坏的(fract+ious→碎的→脾气易碎)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
【记】fract骨折，碎裂，ious多－总是骨折－脾气易怒的
adjective
■easily upset or annoyed, and often complaining 易烦躁的；易怒的；暴躁的
• a fractious child 暴躁的孩子
adj. 易怒的；倔强的，难以对待的
 - passionate, irascible

Word: handy
Front: handy
[ˈhændi] (高研四六托雅 6380/5980 -2)
Vocabulary: handy
(once / 1050 pages)
1adj 2adj
Someone who's handy is skilled and clever, especially when it comes to making or fixing things. If you're handy in the kitchen, you're a good cook.
A carpenter tends to be handy with a saw or a hammer, and if you're good at sewing, you're handy with a needle and thread. Another meaning of handy is "useful" or "convenient." Your laptop is handy because you use it for all kinds of things, and your smartphone is handy because you always keep it in your pocket — it's right there when you need it.
WORD FAMILY
handy: handier, handiest, handily, handiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Built in the 19th Century around a private garden, it features stucco white facades and is handy for Knightsbridge and Chelsea.
BBC(Dec 22, 2016)
That’s a handy ability for a mother tending to an infant.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
It also supplies black-and-white reproductions of them on the pages where they’re mentioned, for handy reference.
Washington Post(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 方便的; 手边的，附近的; 便于使用的; 手巧的
级别：handier, handiest
分布：方便的(68%)，手边的(15%)，近便的(8%)，现成的(6%)，灵巧的(3%)
→来自hand,手。即手边的，近手的，引申义方便的，便利的。
a.手边的,近便的;方便的The handy left-hander left a handsome handkerchief on the handle of the handbag.手巧的左撇子把一方漂亮手帕留在手提包的提手上.
adjective
USEFUL 有用的
■useful or convenient 有用的；方便的；便利的
• a handy container/tool 实用的容器／工具
• First-time visitors to France will find this guide particularly handy. 初次来法国的游览者会发现这本旅游指南很有用。
• It's a nice house and it's handy for (= near) the station. 这座房子很漂亮，离车站也很近。
• informal Don't throw those bottles away - they'll come in handy (= be useful) for the picnic next Sunday. 别把那些瓶子扔掉——下周日出去野餐会派上用场。
['hæn.di] adjective
SKILFUL 有技巧的
[after verb]
■able to use something skilfully 手巧的
• Jonathan's good at wallpapering but he's not so handy with a paintbrush. 乔纳森贴壁纸很在行，但拿起油漆刷来就不那么得心应手了。
• Susannah's very handy (= good at doing things which need skilled use of the hands) about the house. 苏珊娜非常善于打理房子。
adj. 便利的；手边的，就近的； [水运] 容易取得的；敏捷的
 - sharp, quick, smart, keen, fly

Word: designate
Front: designate
[ˈdezɪgneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5240/5390 -2)
Vocabulary: designate
(once / 368 pages)
vadj
To designate is to give something a specific status. If you designate your house an opera-free zone, it means that you've officially declared that no opera is allowed to be played there.
To give a person or thing an official status is to designate it as something, like when you designate a meeting place if members of your group get lost at the amusement park. Sometimes, it can carry responsibility or an assignment, like when your teammates designate you as the captain. It can also show a category, like when you designate certain books to the humor section of the bookstore where you work.
WORD FAMILY
designate: designated, designates, designating, designation, designative+/ designation: designations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials say Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th park unit with designated thermal features.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 指明，指出; 指派; 表明，意味着; 把…定名为
adj. 指定而尚未上任的; 选出而尚未上任的
时态：designated, designating, designates
分布：指定(83%)，指定的(10%)，选派(3%)，标明(3%)，把...定名为(1%)
指示;指定(de+sign+ate→着重指定)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
v.指明,指出;任命,指派The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
verb transitive /ˈdez.ɪg.neɪt/
■to choose someone officially to do a particular job 指定，选定；委派
• Traditionally, the president designates his or her successor. 按照传统，总统要选定其接班人。
• Thompson has been designated (as/to be) team captain. 汤姆森被指定担任队长。
• [+ to infinitive] She has been designated to organize the meeting. 她被派来组织是次会议。
■to state officially that a place or thing has a particular character or purpose 指定，划定（特征、用途）
• This area of the park has been specially designated for children. 公园的这个区域被指定为儿童活动区。
• They officially designated the area (as) unsuitable for human habitation. 他们把这个地区正式划定为不适合人类居住的区域。
adjective [after noun] /ˈdez.ɪg.nət/ /-neɪt/ used after the title of a particular official job to refer to someone chosen to do that job, but who has not yet started doing it （用于职务后）新选定的，新指定的，新任命的
• the Secretary General/Managing Director designate 新任命的秘书长／总经理
Compare -elect
call, designate, name
这组词都有“命名，称呼”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指给某人或某物取名字以某人或某物的特征称呼。
designate: 指用特别的名字、符号或词句来称某人或某物。
name: 含义最泛，指给人或物命名以示区别或便于记忆。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 指定；指派；标出；把…定名为
 - specify, ticket, name, appoint
adj. 指定的；选定的
 - assigned, named, appointed

Word: prey
Front: prey
[preɪ] (研六托雅宝 5502/4181 -2)
Vocabulary: prey
(once / 275 pages)
nv
Prey is an animal hunted for food. If you're a delicious-looking deer during hunting season, watch your back! You're the prey for all those guys in orange jackets carrying rifles.
Prey can also mean the human subject of an attack, or ridicule, by another person. Remember those bullies in school? The younger kids whom they shoved into lockers were their prey. Prey can also be used as a verb, meaning to hunt or go after. I bet most people would agree it's better to prey on something else than to be the preyed upon!
WORD FAMILY
prey: preyed, preying, preys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He denigrates and preys on people who are unlucky and then reinforces the good fortunes of people who are already lucky.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Now, with almost no way to communicate with him, Sovannara’s family waits in Long Beach, fearful that Prey Sar prison may become his tomb.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When we think we’re on our own, it’s easier to fall prey to temptation.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 被捕食的动物; 捕食（习性）; 受害者; 受骗者
vi. 捕食; （疾病等）使人慢慢衰弱; 折磨; （人）靠欺诈为生
时态：preyed, preying, preys
分布：捕食(72%)，掠夺(17%)，牺牲者(10%)，使 ... 苦恼(1%)
→来自拉丁语praeda,猎物，来自（缩写自）prehendere,抓住，握住，词源同prehensile,predator.引申词义捕食，猎捕等。
n.被掠食者,牺牲者,掠食v.捕食,掠夺,折磨The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
noun uncountable
■an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal 被捕食的动物，猎物
• A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey. 老鹰在空中盘旋，之后向猎物猛扑过去。
[preɪ] noun uncountable
be easy prey
■to be easy to deceive or be taken advantage of 易成为…的目标，易被…欺骗（或利用）
• Homeless young people are easy prey for drug-dealers and pimps. 无家可归的年轻人很容易成为毒品贩子和皮条客的猎物。
[preɪ] noun uncountable
be/fall prey to sth
■to be hurt or deceived by someone or something bad 成为…的牺牲品，被…欺骗；深受…之害
• Small children are prey to all sorts of fears. 幼童深受各种恐惧的折磨。
[preɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prey on sth
■If an animal preys on another animal, it catches and eats it 捕食
• The spider preys on small flies and other insects. 蜘蛛捕食小苍蝇和其他昆虫。
prey on your mind
■If a problem preys on your mind, you think about it and worry about it a lot 使焦虑不安；使耿耿于怀
• I lost my temper with her the other day and it's been preying on my mind ever since. 前几天我对她发火了，从那以后这件事一直让我惴惴不安。
[preɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prey on sb
■to hurt or deceive a group of people, especially people who are weak or can easily be hurt or deceived 伤害，欺骗，坑害（尤指弱势人群）
• He would attack at night, preying on lone women in their twenties or thirties. 他总在夜间出没，袭击二三十岁的单身女子。
• It's particularly contemptible that these sort of people prey on the elderly. 这种人坑害老年人真是太卑鄙了。
vi. 捕食；掠夺；折磨
 - grind down, lie on
n. 捕食；牺牲者；被捕食的动物
 - victim, predation

Word: potato
Front: potato
[pəˈteɪtəʊ] (中高 2253/3013 -K3)
Vocabulary: potato
(once / 251 pages)
n
The potato is a mighty tuber! You can find it baked, mashed, or fried, among other things, in kitchens the world over.
Potato, which comes from the Spanish word patata, originally meant "sweet potato." Potatoes have been around for quite awhile. If you'd lived in the Andes 1800 years ago, you might have been eating potatoes ever since (though you might be sick of them by now). Remember that the plural form of this starchy vegetable ends in "toes."
WORD FAMILY
potato: potatoes, potatos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Roaming vendors sell doughnuts and potato chips while beer and food trucks contribute to the happy-hour atmosphere.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Suppose you are a basic Couch Potato investor and you’ve chosen to avoid credit risk.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 马铃薯， 土豆，洋芋; 土豆块茎
分布：马铃薯(52%)，土豆(48%)
→1560s,来自西班牙语patata,来自加勒比海地语batata,红薯，甜薯。后用于指秘鲁产的土豆，土豆早先的名字为bastard potato,因最初土豆不如红薯美味，但后随着土豆越来越重要，人们以potato命名土豆，而以sweet potato命名红薯。
n.马铃薯,土豆Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
US [-tˌoʊ] (plural potatoes)
noun countable or uncountable ESSENTIAL
■a round vegetable which grows underground and has white flesh with light brown, red or pink skin, or the plant on which these grow 马铃薯
• boiled/roasted/fried potatoes 煮／烤／炸马铃薯
• mashed potato/mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥
n. 土豆， [作物] 马铃薯
 - murphy, tater

Word: lightly
Front: lightly
[ˈlaɪtli] (四六 3396/3528 -K)
Back: adv. 轻轻地，轻巧地; 轻松地，轻快地; 轻易地，容易地，不费力地; 轻率地
分布：轻轻地(35%)，轻率地(27%)，轻快地(16%)，轻微地(11%)，轻蔑地(11%)
adverb
GENTLY 轻轻地
 ADVANCED
■gently or using very little of something 轻轻地；稍稍地；少许
• She patted him lightly on the shoulder. 她轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。
• Dust the cake lightly with icing sugar. 在蛋糕上稍微撒上一点糖霜。
■If food is lightly cooked, it is cooked for only a short time 稍微（烹调）一下；嫩（炒）地
• lightly cooked vegetables 烧得很嫩的蔬菜
['laɪt.li] adverb
NOT SERIOUSLY 不严肃地
■If you say something lightly, you are not serious when you say it 轻松地，随便地；不严肃地
• "Anyway, it won't affect me because I'm leaving, " she said lightly. “不管怎么说，这对我都没甚么影响，因为我就要走了。”她很轻松地说。
not do sth lightly
■If something is not said or treated lightly, it is said or treated in a serious way, after great thought 不可草率对待，不能忽视
• Accusations like these from a top minister are not made lightly. 高级部长提出这样的指控不可等闲视之。
['laɪt.li] adverb
NOT SEVERELY 不严重地
get off lightly; let sb off lightly
■to be punished or punish someone less severely than might have been expected 得到从轻判罚；对（某人）从轻判罚
• I think he got off quite lightly considering it's his third driving offence. 这已经是他第三次违法驾驶了，我觉得对他罚得太轻了。
adv. 轻轻地；轻松地；容易地；不费力地
 - easily, gently, easy, readily

Word: shortcoming
Front: shortcoming
[ˈʃɔ:tkʌmɪŋ] (高研四六 8140/8552 -1)
Vocabulary: shortcoming
(once / 1787 pages)
n
The flaw in something is its shortcoming — your car's only shortcoming might be its lack of a sunroof, for example.
Use the noun shortcoming when you talk about the way something — or someone — comes up short. Your boss's shortcoming could be her high expectations, and your job's shortcomings might be having to deal with your boss and not earning much money. The root of shortcoming is the phrase "to come short," which was used starting in the 1600's to mean "to be inadequate."
WORD FAMILY
shortcoming: shortcomings
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these shortcomings detract from what is a fascinating work of revisited history with all the narrative traction of a good mystery.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
I would miss my brother, my husband; with all our shortcomings, I would also miss the family of man.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Shortcomings in its reserve deputy program were just the most-visible signs of trouble within the agency, it said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 短处，缺点
分布：缺点(91%)，短处(9%)
→来自短语 come short,不足的，不够的。引申名词词义缺点，短处。
n.短处,缺点With shortcomings overcome, the outcome become welcome.随着缺点被克服,结果变得受欢迎.
US ['ʃɔ:rt-/ UK [ˌ-'--] noun countable usually plural
■a fault or a failure to reach a particular standard 缺点，弱点
• Whatever his shortcomings as a husband, he was a good father to his children. 不管作为一个丈夫他有何缺点，他却是孩子们的好父亲。
• Like any political system, it has its shortcomings. 和任何政治体制一样，它也有不足之处。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 缺点；短处
 - defect, deficiency, disadvantage, vice, fault

Word: entrance
Front: entrance
[ˈentrəns] (高研四六托雅宝 2877/2465 -K1)
Vocabulary: entrance
(once / 114 pages)
1n 2n 3v
As a noun, entrance means an act of entering or something that provides a way to enter something. You can make a grand entrance when you arrive at a party, as long as you can actually find the entrance.
Entrance has two pronunciations. If you put the accent on the first syllable, the word is a noun meaning the act of entering or the way into something ("an entrance to the building"). If the accent is on the second syllable, then entrance is a verb meaning "to enchant, charm, or enamor" — "You will be entranced by the movie; the scenery looks so real you will swear it is growing in the theater."
WORD FAMILY
entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing+/ enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter/entering: enterings/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant/ entry: entries, reentry/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The attacker fired indiscriminately at people, starting with a security guard and a travel agent near the entrance.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A separate entrance for emergency care directly into the hospital means a high level of discretion for trauma cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入口，进口; 进入; 进入方法，进入方式; 入场权
vt. 使出神，使入迷; 使喜悦，使狂喜
时态：entranced, entrancing, entrances
分布：入口(77%)，进入(12%)，使入迷(4%)，登场(3%)，进入权(2%)，使狂喜(2%)
→来自enter的名词形式。entrance 恍惚
n.入口,门口;进入;入学,入会After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
【记】源于enter（vt 进入；vi 进去；n 回车）
【反】egress（n 出口）；disgust（v 令人厌恶）；repel（vt 击退；使厌恶）；repulse（v 拒绝；憎恶）；bore（v 使烦扰；钻孔）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place 入口；大门（口）；通道
• There are two entrances - one at the front and one round the back. 入口有两个，一个在前面，另一个在后面。
Compare exit
countable usually singular
■when an actor or dancer comes onto a stage （演员的）入场，登场
• He makes a spectacular entrance in act two draped in a gold sheet. 在第二幕，他身披金袍上场，光彩炫目。
countable usually singular
■the act of a person coming into a room in an ordinary situation, although often because there is something noticeable about it 进入；进门
• I noticed her entrance because she slipped and fell in the doorway. 她进来时我注意到了，因为她在门口滑了一跤。
uncountable
■the right to enter a place 进入权；进入许可
• The management reserve the right to refuse entrance. 管理部门保留拒绝他人入内的权利。
UK [ɪn'trɑ:nts] US [-'trænts] verb transitive literary
■Someone or something that entrances you is so beautiful or interesting that you cannot stop listening to or watching them 使…着迷
• He has entranced millions of people with his beautifully illustrated books. 他曾以其附有精美插图的书吸引了上百万名读者。
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. [建] 入口；进入
 - threshold, access, portal, way in

Word: hacker
Front: hacker
[ˈhækə(r)] (10274/25812)
Vocabulary: hacker
(once / 1646 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A hacker is a skilled computer programmer who uses her abilities to break into the computer systems of companies or organizations.
While most people imagine a hacker as a bad guy who steals credit card information, destroys data, or is otherwise malicious and destructive, some hackers break into systems simply to test their security. There are so many hackers today that they've formed a true community and subculture. The earliest use of hacker is from 1983, from hack as "person hired to do routine work," although MIT students in the 1960's reportedly used the word hack to mean "creative prank."
WORD FAMILY
hacker: hackers+/ hack: hacked, hacker, hacking, hacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or maybe even the code running an electrical grid, such as the one Russian hackers recently tried to infiltrate in Vermont.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“And it produces a lot of computer programmers. And this is the reason why there are a lot of Russian hackers.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （电脑） 黑客; 计算机迷
分布：电脑高手(100%)
→来自hack,砍，劈。后麻省理工学院学生借用该词来指电脑高手，黑客等。
US [-ɚ] noun countable (also computer hacker)
■someone who hacks into other people's computer systems 骇客，非法侵入他人电脑者

Word: speculative
Front: speculative
[ˈspekjələtɪv] (宝 9713/6945 -1)
Vocabulary: speculative
(once / 972 pages)
adj
Speculative describes very risky and unproven ideas or chances. You might have great ideas about starting your own business but your plans are speculative until you earn money from them.
Speculative describes abstract ideas — usually with high risk — that often come with excitement and expectation too. A speculative investment could mean putting lots of cash into a business or real estate property hoping it will make money later. Anything speculative is based on prediction: whatever it is hasn't happened yet.
WORD FAMILY
speculative: speculatively, speculativeness+/ speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator / speculation: speculations/ speculator: speculators
USAGE EXAMPLES
But prosecutors called that argument “far-fetched and speculative” in court papers filed in New York federal court Friday.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
What the government did not foresee was an explosion of speculative bond trading by Chinese banks.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
The challenge for policymakers will be in ensuring home ownership remains attractive even as they put in place curbs to temper a speculative rally.
Reuters(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 投机的; 思考的; 推理的，揣摩的
分布：投机的(55%)，推测的(24%)，思索的(15%)，推理的(6%)
→speculate,推测，猜测，投机，-ive,形容词后缀。
US [-ɪv] adjective
GUESS 猜测
■based on a guess and not on information 猜测的；推测的，推断的
• The article was dismissed as highly speculative. 该文被斥为纯属臆测而未予理会。
UK ['spek.jʊ.lə.tɪv] US [-ɪv] adjective
TRADE 交易
■bought or done in order to make a profit in the future 投机性的，投机买卖的
• The office block was built as a speculative venture. 盖这栋办公大楼是一桩投机生意。
adj. 投机的；推测的；思索性的
 - conjectural

Word: authorise
Front: authorise
['ɒθəraɪz] (-/5775)
Back: vt. 授权，批准，委托
时态：authorised, authorising, authorises
分布：授权(69%)，批准(22%)，委任(6%)，许可(3%)
授权(anthor权力;参考authority权威)[-ise 1.表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,"…化"2.表名词"物品,状态"]
vt. 授权；批准；允许；委任（等于authorize）
 - confirm, let, have, commission, grant

Word: pe

Word: paradise
Front: paradise
[ˈpærədaɪs] (四六雅 6816/5567 -2)
Vocabulary: paradise
(once / 1657 pages)
n
In some religions, paradise is considered the ultimate destination, but in general, it's any place that is ideal and free from worry. Eden, Shangri-la, or even the corner nail salon — each might represent paradise to someone.
Paradise comes from the Greek paradeisos meaning "park, paradise, Garden of Eden." The Garden of Eden was a paradise free from all worries until Eve ate the apple that broke the dream. Often when you see advertisements for tourism in the Caribbean, a sense of paradise is evoked by the beautiful images and carefree descriptions.
WORD FAMILY
paradise: paradisal, paradises, paradisiac, paradisiacal+/paradisiac: paradisiacally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Richard finds paradise, but he and his fellow travellers are locked in a constant battle to keep it to themselves.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
The day after their arrival, the tourists wake up in a small paradise in the middle of Western Sahara.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
He recalls being struck not only by Earth’s incredible beauty—“We are living in a paradise”—but also by its fragility.
The New Yorker(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 天堂; 伊甸园; 乐园; 极乐
分布：天堂(100%)
→来自拉丁语paradisus,来自希腊语paradeisos,伊甸园，天堂，花园，来自para-,在旁，在周围，-deisos,建造，修建，来自dheigh,建造，词源同dough,figure.即修建的花园，最早用于指圣经中所描述的伊甸园，引申词义天堂，天国等。
n.天堂,乐园,伊甸园Having checked the parameters of the apparatus, the paralysed parasite went to the paradise by parachute.检查过仪器的参数后,瘫痪的寄生虫乘降落伞到天堂去了.
US ['per-] noun countable usually singular uncountable
■a place or condition of great happiness where everything is exactly as you would like it to be 天堂，乐园
• a tropical paradise 一处热带天堂
• His idea of paradise is to spend the day lying on the beach. 他心目中的天堂生活就是整天躺在沙滩上休闲。
• This mall is a shopper's paradise. 这个大商场是购物者的天堂。
Paradise
■Heaven 天堂，天国
• They believe they'll go to Paradise after they die. 他们相信自己死后会上天堂。
■the garden of Eden (= the place where Adam and Eve lived, in the Bible story) 伊甸园
sky, heaven, paradise
这组词都有“天”的意思，其区别是：
sky: 普通用词，指人们头顶上的天空，一般属于笼罩地球的空气层。较少用于指天国或天堂。
heaven: 作“天空”解时，常用复数，文学用词；作“天堂”解时，多用大写形式，采用单数。
paradise: 与heaven同义，宗教色彩浓厚，指好人死后灵魂长存之处，口语中表示乐园或乐事，在宗教典故中，指天主教与基督教中的伊甸乐园。
n. 天堂
 - heaven, Olympus

Word: sheep
Front: sheep
[ʃi:p] (中高雅 4210/2697 -K2)
Back: n. 羊，绵羊; 胆小鬼; 易受人摆布的人; 缺乏主见或轻易盲从的人
分布：羊(63%)，绵羊(26%)，羊皮(11%)
→来自古英语 sceap,羊，绵羊，来自 West Germanic*skaepan,羊，绵羊，进一步词源不详。
n.(绵)羊;易受人摆布的人After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a farm animal with thick wool, that eats grass and is kept for its wool, skin and meat 羊，绵羊
• The farmer has several large flocks (= groups) of long-haired sheep. 这位农夫养着好几大群长毛绵羊。
• We heard sheep bleating/baaing in the field. 我们听见绵羊在田野里咩咩叫。
⇒ See also ewe;lamb;mutton;ram
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
be (like) sheep disapproving
■If a group of people are (like) sheep, they all behave in the same way or all behave as they are told, and cannot or will not act independently. 像绵羊一样，任人摆布
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
separate / sort out the sheep from the goats UK
■to make clear which people in a particular group are of a higher ability than the others 分出优劣
• The uphill stages of the race will really sort the sheep from the goats. 上坡的几个路段会真正拉开选手们的距离。
n. [畜牧] 羊，绵羊；胆小鬼
 - jumbuck, mutton

Word: lottery
Front: lottery
[ˈlɒtəri] (研托雅宝 6027/10483 -1)
Vocabulary: lottery
(once / 1537 pages)
n
A lottery is a contest where players buy tickets and have a random (and low) chance of winning. Finding true love and getting hit by lightning are often said to be as likely as winning the lottery.
A lottery can be a state-run contest promising big bucks to the lucky winners, or a lottery can also be any contest where the winners are selected at random. For example, some schools choose students by using a lottery system. Regardless of the type of lottery, a lottery works where there is great demand for something and only a limited number of winners.
WORD FAMILY
lottery: lotteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
MGM is expected to submit its compliance information to regulators by Jan. 26, the next meeting of the Maryland Lottery and Gaming Commission.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And unless there’s some seismic improvement, Miami’s NBA draft lottery odds might look pretty good as well.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Luck is loud and clear when a person wins millions in a lottery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 彩票; 碰运气的事
分布：彩票(100%)
→来自lot,抽签，抓阄，引申词义彩票。
n.抽彩;碰运气的事,难于算计的事Marriage is a lottery.婚姻全靠缘份.
【记】lot多，看过体育彩票抽奖的一定能记住这个单词，有很多lot球的抽奖方法－抽彩给奖法
US ['lɑ:.tˌɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a game, often organized by the state or a charity in order to make money, in which tickets with numbers are sold to people who then have a chance of winning a prize if their number is chosen 抽彩，抽奖
only singular disapproving
■something that depends only on luck and is not fair 运气，碰运气的事
• Education in England is something of a lottery. 在英格兰接受教育有点像碰运气。
n. 彩票；碰运气的事，难算计的事；抽彩给奖法
 - sweepstake, scratchcard

Word: cede
Front: cede
[si:d] (宝 12221/15941 -1)
Vocabulary: cede
(once / 235 pages)
v
To cede is to give up or surrender land, position, or authority. "She reluctantly ceded the coveted position as the baby of the family to her brother when he was born. She would not, however, cede her bedroom to him."
Cede is a word often used in discussing diplomatic issues. It is more commonly used in reference to actual physical things, like geographic areas or objects, but can also be used in reference to attitudes or opinions. "The rebels ceded territory after the siege failed." "Dad tried but finally ceded control and let me have my own Facebook account."
WORD FAMILY
cede: ceded, cedes, ceding, cession, recede +/ cession: cessions/ recede: receded, recedes, receding, recession / recession: recessional, recessions/recessional: recessionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final days are Obama’s last chance to define his presidency before he loses the bully pulpit and cedes his legacy to historians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first half, Oakland managed three first downs, ceded 255 yards — a ghastly 7.7 per play — and committed nine penalties.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Deng Xiaoping, his successor who launched China’s economic liberalization, developed rules for sharing and ceding power.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 让给，割让; 放弃
时态：ceded, ceding, cedes
分布：放弃(90%)，割让(领土(5%)，权利)(5%)
→来自sed, 走，离开，放弃。词源同accede, cession.
割让,放弃(cede走→走开→割让)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
【记】读：死敌。死敌之间打仗，一方输了，赢得胜利的一方肯定要对方割让土地。
【参】cession（n 割让，转让；cede的名词）
【反】possess（vt 占有；拥有）
[si:d] formal
verb transitive
■to give something such as ownership to someone else, especially unwillingly or because forced to do so （尤指不情愿地或被迫）割让，让予，放弃
• Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium War. 鸦片战争后香港被割让给英国。
vt. 放弃；割让（领土）
 - desert, yield, quit

Word: afflict
Front: afflict
[əˈflɪkt] (六托雅宝 9633/11138)
Vocabulary: afflict
(once / 258 pages)
v
To afflict is to cause suffering, pain, or misery. It’s often associated with medical conditions. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is most likely to afflict someone who spends many hours every day typing on our computers.
We get afflict from the Latin word affligere, meaning “to strike down,” which is an old fashioned way of saying to get sick, or to have a condition of some kind. You could argue that chronic indecision was the main problem to afflict Hamlet, or that saying "um," "like," and "you know" are speech tics that afflict teens.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
afflict / inflict
Both afflict and inflict cause pain, but afflict means to cause suffering or unhappiness, something a disease does, but inflict means to force pain or suffering, like if you smack someone upside the head.
If something afflicts you, it hurts. Cancer, death, arthritis, or even bad skin can afflict you. Afflict is often, but not always, followed by the preposition with:
It's also quite likely that he was afflicted with an eating disorder. (Slate)
He has never publicly revealed what type of cancer afflicted him. (New York Times)
In the proud tradition of genuine watchdog journalism, Khalil Bendib's work aims to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable. (Brunei Times)
Inflict is meaner. It's more aggressive — it actively hurts and causes problems. A self-inflicted wound is when you hurt yourself. Inflict is often, but not always, followed by on:
Some participants in the debate said the rule could unintentionally inflict economic harm on Africans. (Washington Post)
Five other men accused of taking part in the fight were convicted of hooliganism and inflicting light bodily injury. (Seattle Times)
Most injuries are self-inflicted; they're not necessarily inflicted by others. (New York Times)
The difference between the two is whether the emphasis is on the one suffering or the one causing the suffering. Afflict emphasizes who is doing the suffering. Inflict emphasizes the person or thing causing the suffering. Try this: I am afflicted with something terrible, so I inflict injuries upon others.
WORD FAMILY
afflict: afflicted, afflicting, affliction, afflictive, afflicts+/ afflicted: afflictedest, afflictedly/ affliction: afflictions/afflictive: afflictively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Afflicted with bipolar disorder, she educated the public about the condition as if she were on a mission.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
And we see only futility and cruelty in the countless lives shortened by disease or disaster, or afflicted by poverty or conflict.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Whatever happened to comforting the afflicted and afflicting the comfortable?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 使受痛苦; 折磨; 使苦恼
时态：afflicted, afflicting, afflicts
分布：折磨(82%)，使苦恼(18%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。词根flict, 击打，见conflict, 冲突。
使苦恼;折磨(af一再+filct→一再打击→折磨)[flict=strike,表示"打击"]
verb transitive
■If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it 使痛苦；使苦恼；折磨
• It is an illness which afflicts women more than men. 患这种疾病的女性多于男性。
• a country afflicted by civil war 饱受内战蹂躏的国家
vt. 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
 - harry, worry, trouble, tear, devil

Word: dispense
Front: dispense
[dɪˈspens] (六托宝 8334/6379 -1)
Vocabulary: dispense
(once / 220 pages)
1v 2v
To dispense means to give out or distribute something. A school nurse can dispense students' medication and we all can dispense advice.
The word dispense comes from the Old French word dispenser, meaning "give out." You can dispense anything from hand sanitizer to dating advice. When dispense is paired with with it means "get rid of it" or "skip." If you dispense with traditional Thanksgiving dishes, you might instead celebrate with pizza, pancakes, tacos — anything but turkey and all the fixings.
WORD FAMILY
dispense: dispensable, dispensary, dispensation, dispensed, dispenser, dispenses, dispensing+/ dispensable: dispensability, dispensableness, indispensable / dispensary: dispensaries/ dispensation: dispensations/dispenser: dispensers/indispensability: indispensabilities/ indispensable: indispensability, indispensableness, indispensably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mistakes ranged from sloppy record-keeping to the dispensing of incorrect drugs.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
One law enacted Wednesday allows pharmacists to dispense, without a prescription, opioid antagonists.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The demand is unlikely to revive any time soon as India struggles to dispense enough new notes, industry officials say.
Reuters(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 分配，分给; 实施，施行; 免除，豁免; 配（药）
vi. 特许，豁免
时态：dispensed, dispensing, dispenses
分布：免除(40%)，分配(32%)，分发(28%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-pens, 悬挂，称量，词源同pendulum, pound. 即称量，分发。
分配(dis+pense花费→分开花费→分配(财富等))[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
分配,分送(dis分开+pense→分开花费→分配,分送[财物])[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
【记】dis分开，pense（n 包装费用）－分开费用－分配
verb transitive
■to give out things, especially products, services or amounts of money, to people 分发；提供，供应
• There is a vending machine on the platform that dispenses snacks. 月台上有一个出售零食的自动售货机。
■to prepare and give out medicine 配（药），开（药）
• UK a dispensing chemist 药剂师
[dɪ'spents] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dispense with sth/sb
■to get rid of something or someone or stop using them because you do not need them 免除；废止；省去；不再使用
• They've had to dispense with a lot of luxuries since Mike lost his job. 由于麦克丢了工作，他们不得不与奢侈生活告别。
vt. 分配，分发；免除；执行
 - perform, implement, portion, discharge, part
vi. 免除，豁免
 - get free of, exempt from

Word: arouse
Front: arouse
[əˈraʊz] (研四六托雅宝 7151/4546 -2)
Vocabulary: arouse
(once / 221 pages)
v
Although the verb arouse basically means "to wake up," it is usually not accomplished with an alarm clock. A patriotic song might arouse your love of country, and a new idea might arouse your imagination.
The word comes from an Old French word meaning "stir up, awaken," and anything that arouses your mind or heart can awaken something in you; for example, the prospect of an exciting experience may arouse your sense of adventure. Arouse can also be used with negative feelings. A sneaky look might arouse your suspicion, or rejection might arouse a sense of bitterness. However, usually, arouse carries with it a sense of excitement, of bringing something to life.
WORD FAMILY
arouse: arousal, aroused, arouser, arouses, arousing+/arousal: arousals/ aroused: arousedly/arouser: arousers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each image was paired with a message asking her to recognize the fear and anxiety that her father’s victory has aroused.
The New Yorker(Nov 30, 2016)
“We’ll be as persuasive as possible in what we say about it, hoping to reach and arouse as many people as possible,” he said.
Seattle Times(Nov 29, 2016)
If anything arouses your suspicion, call your credit card companies to confirm your account security.
New York Times(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 引起; 唤醒; 激起性欲; 使行动起来
时态：aroused, arousing, arouses
分布：唤醒(49%)，激起(35%)，叫醒(12%)，睡醒(4%)
→古英语前缀a-, 来自uz, 向上，向外，词源同out. 单词rouse, 唤醒。
vt.唤醒,叫醒;唤起,激起The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
【记】由arise（v 升起）变化而来
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to cause someone to have a particular feeling 引起；唤起；激起
• It's a subject which has aroused a lot of interest. 这个话题引起了很多人的兴趣。
• Our suspicions were first aroused when we heard a muffled scream. 我们听到一声闷声尖叫，就开始起了疑心。
⇒ See also rouse
■to cause someone to feel sexual excitement 激起（某人）的性欲
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
waken, rouse, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒、醒来”的意思，其区别是：
waken: 书面用词，常用于被动态和引申意义。
rouse: 较正式用词，用主动语态时，强调弄醒别人的努力，用被动语态时，指轻而易举地醒过来。可用于引申意义。
wake: 普通常用词，指真正的醒来。即可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。
arouse: 除表示一般的唤醒外，多作引申用。
awake: 正式用词，常指觉醒、警惕的状态，也多用于比喻。
vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励
 - encourage, attract, cause, produce, occasion
vi. 激发；醒来；发奋
 - make someone tick, wake up

Word: incoming
Front: incoming
[ˈɪnkʌmɪŋ] (雅 6757/8431 -1)
Back: adj. 进来的，回来的; 即将就任的; 增殖的; （居民等）移来的
n. 进来，到来; 收入
分布：进来(66%)，新任的(23%)，正来临的(11%)
adjective [before noun]
■arriving at or coming towards a place 正来临的；进来的；正到达的
• incoming mail/telephone calls 寄来的邮件／打进来的电话
• an incoming flight 进港航班
■soon to start something such as a job because recently chosen or elected 新当选的；新任的
• the incoming government 新任政府
• What are the biggest problems faced by the incoming president? 新任总统面临的最大问题是甚么？
• US Incoming freshmen (= students in the first year at college) start a week before everyone else. 大学一年级新生比其他学生早一周开学。
adj. [计] 引入的，入射的；增殖的
 - incident, proliferative
n. 进来；来到；收入
 - coming, proceeds, receipt, earning

Word: mormon

Word: hollow
Front: hollow
[ˈhɒləʊ] (研四六托 7413/7023 -K2)
Vocabulary: hollow
(once / 171 pages)
adjnv
If something is hollow, it is empty on the inside. A chocolate Easter bunny looks like so much chocolate until you realize that it is hollow and quickly eaten.
The idea of emptiness is apparent in the other uses for hollow too. A valley between mountains is called a hollow and if you're really thin, you may have hollow cheeks. Things like words and promises are hollow if the person uttering them does not intend to keep them. And a hollow victory is not very satisfying, as it means that you have reached your goal, but lost something more important along the way.
WORD FAMILY
hollow: hollowed, hollower, hollowest, hollowing, hollowly, hollowness, hollows+/hollowness: hollownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the beefs with “Captain Fantastic” is that it promotes an all-or-nothing extremism that rings hollow.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
The supernatural drama “Sleepy Hollow” scares up a fourth season.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She dismissed them as harsh judgments and hollow words from people she did not trust.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 空的; 空洞的; 虚伪的; 空腹的
n. 洞，坑; 山谷
vt. & vi. 挖空（某物），变空; 挖出（孔、洞）
adv. 完全，彻底
时态：hollowed, hollowing, hollows
分布：空的(35%)，洞(28%)，空洞的(12%)，山谷(9%)，挖空(5%)，凹陷的(3%)，虚伪的(3%)，窟窿(2%)，形成空洞(1%)，完全地(1%)，彻底(1%)
→来自古英语holh,空洞，洞，穴，词源同hole.引申词义空洞的，虚伪的。
a.空的,中空的;空洞的,空虚的v.挖空,凿空The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US ['hɑ:.loʊ] adjective
EMPTY 空的
 ADVANCED
■having a hole or empty space inside 空的，空心的
• a hollow tube 空心管子
• Hollow blocks are used because they are lighter. 使用空心砖是因为它们更轻。
• a hollow log 空心的原木
hollow cheeks/eyes
■If someone has hollow cheeks or eyes, their cheeks curve in or their eyes look deep in their head because they are old, tired, or ill. 凹陷的脸颊／眼窝
UK ['hɒl.əʊ] US ['hɑ:.loʊ] adjective
NOT SINCERE 虚伪的
■(of situations, feelings or words) without value; not true or sincere （局面、情感或言语）无价值的，空洞的，虚伪的
• It was something of a hollow victory - she won the case but lost all her savings in legal fees. 这是一个毫无价值的胜利——她赢了诉讼，却也为此花光了所有积蓄。
• Even sex had become a hollow pleasure. 甚至连性都变得无聊乏味，失去了原有的乐趣。
• Will their good intentions become realities or are they just hollow promises? 他们的美好愿望会变成现实吗？或者只是空口诺言？
UK ['hɒl.əʊ] US ['hɑ:.loʊ] adjective
SOUND 声音
■(of sound) as if made by hitting an empty container （声音）空洞的，低沉的
• a hollow sound 低沉的声音
• This tree trunk sounds hollow. 这棵树的树干敲起来声音空洞。
UK ['hɒl.əʊ] US ['hɑ:.loʊ] adjective
ring/sound hollow
■If something someone says rings hollow, it does not sound true or sincere. 显得虚假；听起来不诚恳
UK ['hɒl.əʊ] US ['hɑ:.loʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hollow sth out
■to make an empty space inside something 把…挖空；使变空
• Sand carried by the wind has hollowed out the base of the cliff. 风挟带的沙子将悬崖的底部掏空了。
UK ['hɒl.əʊ] US ['hɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
■a hole or empty space in something, or a low area in a surface 坑；洞
• The dog found a hollow in the ground to hide in from the wind. 那只狗在地上发现了一个可以钻进去避风的洞。
■(also Hollow) US
■a valley 山谷
• We used to go for long walks in the hollow. 我们以前常去山谷远足。
• Sleepy Hollow 睡谷
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
adj. 空的；中空的，空腹的；凹的；虚伪的
 - empty, artificial, false, bare, vacant
n. 洞；山谷；窟窿
 - hole, cavity
vi. 形成空洞
 - cavitate
adv. 彻底地；无用地
 - thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully, tight

Word: donate
Front: donate
[dəʊˈneɪt] (研六托雅宝 4095/5660 -2)
Vocabulary: donate
(once / 436 pages)
v
To donate means to give something — money, goods, or time — to some cause, such as a charity. The word has a more altruistic meaning than does simply "giving"; it suggests that you don't expect anything in return for the contribution.
The verb donate has always meant "to give," all the way back to the Latin verb donāre, "to give as a gift." Trace it back even further, to the ancient Indo-European roots, and you still have that same feeling to the word — "a gift." But it's more than a gift — it's a gift with the intention of helping. As an African proverb says, "If everybody in town donates one thread, the poor man has a shirt."
WORD FAMILY
donate: donated, donates, donating, donation +/ donation: donations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He donated half the prize money to the radical African-American movement, the Black Panthers.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A little over a month ago, Braxton told his parents he wanted to donate Legos to the other children at Nationwide.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And someone donated a second splashpad to the city’s children.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （尤指向慈善机构）捐赠; 献（血）; 捐（血）; 捐献（器官）
n. 捐赠; 捐献
时态：donated, donating, donates
分布：捐赠(60%)，捐献(40%)
→来自do, 给予，词源同data, dowry. 引申义捐赠。
捐赠(don+ate→给出去)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
vt.损赠(金钱等);赠予He has donated his library to our school.他把自己的藏书捐给我们学校了.
US ['doʊ.neɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give money or goods to help a person or organization 捐赠，捐助，捐献
• An anonymous businesswoman donated one million dollars to the charity. 一位女商人匿名向该慈善机构捐赠了100万美元。
• Please donate generously. 请您慷慨解囊。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to allow some of your blood or a part of your body to be used for medical purposes 献（血）；捐献（器官）
• The appeal for people to donate blood was very successful. 这个献血号召非常有效。
vt. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - make a contribution to, endow
vi. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - give, make a contribution to
n. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - contribution, endowment, subscription

Word: incompetent
Front: incompetent
[ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt] (托宝 9777/9501 -1)
Vocabulary: incompetent
(once / 1170 pages)
adjn
If you are incompetent, you are not able to complete a task, like if you only ever made peanut butter and jelly sandwiches — you would be incompetent in the kitchen of a fancy French restaurant.
Someone who is not very good at getting a job done is incompetent. An incompetent salesperson can't sell anything. A learned professor may be quite incompetent when it comes to controlling a room full of rowdy pre-schoolers. Legally speaking, you can be declared incompetent if you do not have necessary qualifications, like being certified or licensed to do a certain job, like cut hair or fix cars.
WORD FAMILY
incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents+/ competence: competences/ competency: competencies/ competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent / incompetence: incompetences/incompetency: incompetencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Twitter, Douthat wrote, “I’d rather risk defeat at my enemies’ hands than turn my own cause over to a incompetent tyrant.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Then Matthews, uncharacteristically, falls silent, because full attention must be paid to Firth and his adorably incompetent proposal.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
In June a judge declared Betwell was incompetent and ordered him to undergo treatment.
Washington Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 无能力的; 不胜任的; 不适当的
n. 无能者; 不胜任者
分布：不称职的(69%)，无能力的(19%)，不能胜任的(8%)，没有能力的人(4%)
无能的(in无+competent有能力的)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
【记】competent（adj 有能力的；胜任的）
US [-'kɑ:m.pə.tˌənt] adjective
■not having the ability or skill to do something as it should be done 无能力的；不胜任的
• an incompetent teacher/doctor 不称职的教师／医生
• He has described the government as corrupt and incompetent. 他形容政府是腐败无能的。
UK [ɪn'kɒm.pɪ.tənt] US [-'kɑ:m.pə.tˌənt] noun countable
■someone who does not have the ability or skill to do something as it should be done 无能力的人；不胜任的人，不称职的人
• The country's being governed by a bunch of incompetents. 这个国家目前由一群无能之辈统治着。
insufficient, inefficient, incompetent, ineffective
insufficient: 不充分的
inefficient: 效率低的
incompetent: 不胜任的
ineffective: 无效果的
adj. 无能力的，不胜任的；不合适的；不适当的；无力的
 - unable, weak, unhappy, inadequate, wrong

Word: preacher
Front: preacher
[ˈpri:tʃə(r)] (5732/7852 -1)
Vocabulary: preacher
(once / 290 pages)
n
A preacher is a Christian religious leader. On Sundays, preachers deliver sermons in churches.
While it's possible to preach, or proclaim publicly, about non-religious topics, you're most likely to find the word preacher describing an evangelist Christian minister or pastor. There are also informal street preachers who preach the gospel to people who walk by. Preacher comes from the Latin word praedicatorem, "public praiser," or "proclaimer."
WORD FAMILY
preacher: preachers+/ preach: preached, preacher, preaches, preaching, preachment/preaching: preachings/preachment: preachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s called the prosperity gospel, a term for the argument used by some preachers that donating to them will personally enrich their audience.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Preacher’s families are often blown about the country, tossing God’s Word to the common-people, and receiving a free month of HBO with each new city.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
It will be the first time preachers who spread the prosperity gospel will be included in the ceremony.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 传道者; 牧师
分布：牧师(81%)，传道者(15%)，讲道者(4%)
→来自preach,传道，布道，-er,人。
【记】源于：preach（v 鼓吹；布道）p＝priest，reach：牧师到达－布道
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
■a person, usually a priest, who gives a religious speech 传道士，牧师
n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者
 - minister, priest

Word: aggression
Front: aggression
[əˈgreʃn] (高六托宝 4521/4772 -2)
Vocabulary: aggression
(once / 1100 pages)
n
Aggression is hostile, purposely unfriendly behavior that can sometimes be violent. A motorist who shows aggression for another may follow too closely, honk the horn, or otherwise try to intimidate.
When someone deliberately tries to make another person feel intimidated or threatened, it's an act of aggression. Forceful, unfriendly behavior towards others is one example of aggression, and one country's hostile action toward another is also a kind of aggression. It's been used since the 1600s to mean "an unprovoked attack," from the Latin root word aggressionem, "attack," and in 1912 aggression was first used to mean generally "hostile behavior."
WORD FAMILY
aggression: aggressions, nonaggression+/aggress: aggressed, aggresses, aggressing, aggression, aggressive, aggressor/ aggressive: aggressively, aggressiveness, nonaggressive, unaggressive/aggressor: aggressors/unaggressive: unaggressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“However, terrorists don't share moral values. Our common duty is to combat terrorists' aggression,” Putin said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
"Our shared duty is to decisively rebuff terrorist aggression," he said.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“However, terrorists don’t share moral values. Our common duty is to combat terrorists’ aggression,” Putin said.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 侵略，侵略行为; 攻击，进攻
分布：侵略(75%)，侵犯(13%)，进攻(8%)，侵害(4%)
→前缀ag-同ad-, 向，往。词根gress, 进入，见grade. 进入他国领土。
侵略,进攻(ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
【记】ag＝ad朝前，gress走，ion名词后缀－超前走－侵略
【参】egress（n 出口）；progress（n /v 进步）；transgress（v 违背）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■spoken or physical behaviour which is threatening or involves harm to someone or something 侵略；侵犯；攻击；挑衅
• Some types of dog are bred for aggression. 某些品种的狗是养来起攻击作用的。
• an act of aggression 攻击行为
■forceful playing in sport that is intended to win points （体育比赛中的）进攻
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 侵略；进攻； [心理] 侵犯；侵害
 - violence, invasion, infringement

Word: nicholas
Front: nicholas
[ˈnikələs] (-/3138)
Back: n. 尼古拉斯(m.)
分布：名词(100%)

Word: hop
Front: hop
[hɒp] (研六雅 5647/7840 -2)
Vocabulary: hop
(once / 401 pages)
1vn 2n
To hop is to bounce or jump, either on one foot or both feet. Bunnies hop. People hop. And, sometimes, people do a dance called the "Bunny Hop." No joke.
If you lose a shoe in a rainstorm, you might hop along on one foot until you find it again. You can also hop into and out of things, or up to or down from a height: "Hop in the car, let's go!" Something that's "a hop, skip, and a jump" from where you are is extremely close, a short trip. The Old English root of hop is hoppian, "to spring, leap, or dance."
WORD FAMILY
hop: hopped, hopper, hopping, hops+/ hopper: hoppers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did you hop in the shower, check your email or grab a doughnut?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
I hopped a flight and drove to the Navajo Nation.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He hopped through the back of the end zone and did a little dance in front of the Ohio State section.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 跳上[下]; 单足蹦跳; 齐足（或双足）跳行; 摘葎草花
vt. 跃过; 登上（飞机、汽车、火车等）; 在…跳来跳去; 加啤酒花于
n. 跳舞; 蹦跳; （棒球等的）弹跳; （非正式）舞会
vt. & vi. 换来换去，不断更换
时态：hopped, hopping, hops
分布：跳跃(76%)，单脚跳(24%)
→来自古英语hoppian,跳，弹，跳舞，来自Proto-Germanic*huppona,跳，来自keub,弯，转，词源同hoop,cubit,cooper.
v.人单足跳;跳上(车等)n.蹦跳;短程飞行A number of sparrows were hopping about.有一群麻雀到处跳跃着.
US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to jump on one foot or to move about in this way 单脚跳
• I tried to hop on my good foot while holding onto Jim. 我抓住吉姆，并用我那只好脚努力向前跳。
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to go somewhere quickly or to get into or out of a vehicle quickly 快速去（某地）；快速跳上（或跳下）（车辆）
• We hopped over to Bruges for the weekend. 我们飞速赶到布鲁日去度周末。
• I hopped on the bus at the traffic lights. 我在红绿灯处匆匆跳上公共汽车。
intransitive
■If a small animal, bird or insect hops, it moves by jumping on all or two of its feet at the same time （鸟、兽或昆虫）蹦跳
• The rabbit/bird hopped across the grass. 兔子／鸟蹦跳着穿过草地。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
hop it UK old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to go away 走开
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
hopping mad old-fashioned
■very angry 暴怒
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
JUMP 跳跃
countable
■a short jump by a person on one foot, or by a small animal, bird or insect on all or two of its feet at the same time 单足短距离跳跃；（小动物、鸟或昆虫的）齐足（或双足）短距离跳跃
• With his feet tied together he could only move in little hops. 他双脚被捆在一起，只能小步跳。
be a short hop informal
■to be a short journey or distance, especially in an aircraft 短程旅行（尤指搭飞机）
• London to Edinburgh is just a short hop by plane. 搭飞机的话，从伦敦到爱丁堡只是很短的一程。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
PLANT 植物
hops
[plural]
■the dried fruits of a climbing plant which are used to give a bitter flavour to beer 啤酒花
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
catch sb on the hop UK informal
■to do something when someone is not ready for it and is not able to deal with it 使（某人）措手不及
• I'm afraid you've caught me on the hop - I wasn't expecting you till next week. 恐怕你让我有点措手不及——我以为你下周才会来。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
■relating to hops 啤酒花的
• a hop plant 啤酒花植株
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vt. [计] [通信] 跳跃；跳过
 - jump, clear
n. [计] [通信] 跳跃；舞会；短途旅行
 - jump, ball, dance, spring
vi. [计] [通信] 跳跃；单脚跳；作短途旅行
 - jump, dance

Word: sect
Front: sect
[sekt] (托宝 10216/10158 -1)
Vocabulary: sect
(once / 270 pages)
n
A sect is a religious group that exists inside of a larger religion. Think of it as a section of a particular religion.
Although objectively speaking a sect is merely a subdivision of a larger religious group, the word often carries with it the feeling of a part of a religion that has broken away. It often has a negative connotation in English because it implies that the group departed from what was standard to believe something different or odd. If you are comparing two sects you might talk about their sectarian differences.
WORD FAMILY
sect: intersect, sectarian, sectarist, sects+/ intersect: intersected, intersecting, intersection, intersects/intersecting: nonintersecting/ intersection: intersections/ sectarian: nonsectarian, sectarianism, sectarians, unsectarian/sectarianism: sectarianisms/sectarist: sectarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Britain’s vote to leave the EU was the grand finale of a 25-year campaign by a lonely sect of true believers.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Warda, the human rights activist, said militants from any sect that attacked civilians in the name of religion were "no better than Islamic State".
Reuters(Dec 25, 2016)
The Assad regime, which represents the minority Alawite sect, is unlikely ever to reestablish control over all of Syria, even with Russian and Iranian help.
Washington Post(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 宗派，教派; 学派，党派
分布：教派(71%)，宗派(29%)
→来自拉丁语 secta,宗派，组织，方式，原则，来自 sectus,追随的，过去分词格于 sequi,追随， 跟随，词源同 sequence,pursue.词义受另一个拉丁语 secar（e 分开）影响，词源同 section,segment.
[sekt] usually disapproving
noun countable
■a religious group which has developed from a larger religion and is considered to have extreme or unusual beliefs or customs （宗教的）派别，宗派
• When he was sixteen he ran away from home and joined a religious sect. 他16岁时离家出走，加入了一个宗教派别。

Word: revamp
Front: revamp
[ˌri:ˈvæmp] (13133/19515 -1)
Vocabulary: revamp
(once / 3906 pages)
v
If you revamp something, you renovate or remake it. You'll have to revamp your vacation plans if the hotel where you were planning to stay has closed for repairs and renovations.
The vamp of a shoe or boot is the front part that covers the top of the foot. If that part of your shoe needed repair or replacement, then you would have to revamp it. From this sense, we get the more common meaning of revamp — to restore or fix up. Your favorite hotel might be trying to revamp its image, to reinvent its reputation as a family resort.
WORD FAMILY
revamp: revamped, revamping, revamps
USAGE EXAMPLES
It committed to spending $12 billion on airport construction and revamping this year alone.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The software giant recently revamped its Dynamics software for web delivery.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Its failure to be nominated for an Academy Award caused such an outcry that the process for nominating Oscar-worthy documentaries was eventually revamped.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 将（某物）更新，翻新; 修补，修改; 修理
n. 改进; 换新鞋面
时态：revamped, revamping, revamps
分布：改造(56%)，修补(32%)，改组(7%)，改建(5%)
→re-,再，重新，vamp,鞋面。比喻用法。
[ˌri:'væmp] informal
verb transitive
■to change or arrange something again, in order to improve it 修改；改进
• We revamped all the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before. 我们对管理制度作了彻底改进，但是经营业绩并不比从前好。
vt. 修补；翻新；修改
 - modify, piece up
n. 改进；换新鞋面
 - improvement, reforming, enrichment

Word: predator
Front: predator
[ˈpredətə(r)] (托宝 4699/4858 -1)
Vocabulary: predator
(once / 1743 pages)
n
A predator is an animal that eats other animals — or people or companies who act like they do. Lions are predators, but so are pickpockets and some giant corporations.
The word predator started out referring to insects that ate other insects, but has grown to include any animal that eats another animal. We humans like to think of ourselves as the top of the food chain, but scary movies love to disagree, like in the 1987 movie Predator, where creepy aliens try to kill and eat us. Predators don't have to kill and eat you, though; they can also just take your stuff. It's from the Latin word praedator which means "plunderer," which is more like something a pirate would do.
WORD FAMILY
predator: predators, predatory +/ predatory: predatorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Entering Monday’s action, the Predators are fifth in the Central Division and 10th in the Western Conference.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This move means he will miss Tuesday night’s game with Montreal, the team that traded him to the Predators last summer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Predators ended a five-game losing streak on the road against St. Louis.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 以掠夺为生的人; 捕食其他动物的动物，食肉动物
分布：食肉动物(72%)，掠夺者(28%)
→来自拉丁语praeda,猎物，劫掠，来自prehendere,抓住，抢劫，词源同comprehend,prey.即劫掠者，引申词义捕食者。
【记】pre前，dat打他，or人－在前面打他的人－食肉动物
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals 捕食性动物，食肉动物
• lions, wolves and other predators 狮子、狼及其他食肉动物
■disapproving
■someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them 尾随伤害他人者，尾随作案者
• a sexual predator 尾随作案的色魔
• In court, he was accused of being a merciless predator who had tricked his grandmother out of her savings. 在法庭上，他被指控是一个无情的掠夺者，骗取了祖母的积蓄。
n. [动] 捕食者；食肉动物；掠夺者
 - carnivore, reiver

Word: splash
Front: splash
[splæʃ] (研四六托雅 6696/6624 -2)
Vocabulary: splash
(once / 417 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
A splash is a tiny amount of a liquid. You might, for example, prefer your coffee with just a splash of cream.
A splash can be wet, like a splash of lemonade in your tea, or it can be bright, like a splash of yellow across the oil painting you're working on. You can also use splash as a verb, as when you splash your sunbathing brother with swimming pool water. Splash first appeared in the early 1800's as a variation on the word plash, which had the same meanings and is most likely imitative — in other words, it sounds like its meaning.
WORD FAMILY
splash: splashed, splasher, splashes, splashing, splashy+/splasher: splashers/splashing: splashings/splashy: splashier, splashiest, splashily, splashiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the Brass Monkey, he swaps his Lagunitas for seltzer with a splash of cranberry and lime.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It will include a lap pool and splash pad, and it will be fully accessible to the disabled.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 使（液体）溅起
vi. （指液体）溅落
n. （光、色等的）斑点; 溅泼声; 溅上的斑点; 溅泼的量
时态：splashed, splashing, splashes
分布：报道(27%)，溅泼的量(25%)，少许(18%)，骚动(18%)，溅污的斑点(12%)
v.溅,泼n.溅,飞溅声The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (UK informal also splosh)
■If a liquid splashes or if you splash a liquid, it falls on or hits something or someone （使）（液体）洒，溅，泼
• Water was splashing from a hole in the roof. 水从屋顶的洞里泼溅下来。
• Unfortunately some paint splashed onto the rug. 糟糕的是小地毯上溅到了一些油漆。
• She splashed her face with cold water. 她往脸上泼冷水。
• She poured a large gin and splashed soda into it from a siphon. 她倒了一大杯杜松子酒，然后从苏打水瓶里倒了些苏打水掺进去。
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (UK informal also splosh)
■to move in water so that drops of it go in all directions （在水中）溅着水花行走，拍打着水游
• The kids were splashing (about/around)in the shallow end of the swimming pool. 孩子们在游泳池的浅水区戏水。
[splæʃ] verb
SHOW 展示
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to print or show something in a very noticeable way 在显著位置刊登；显眼地展示
• Several newspapers splashed colour pictures of the Prince across their front pages. 几份报纸在头版显著位置刊登了王子的多幅彩色照片。
[splæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  splash out (sth) UK
■to spend a lot of money on buying things, especially things which are pleasant to have but which you do not need 花大笔的钱（尤指购买不需要的东西）；挥霍
• They splashed out £3000 on a holiday. 他们一次度假就花了3000英镑。
⇒ See also splurge
[splæʃ] noun countable
LIQUID 液体
■a small amount of a liquid which has fallen or been dropped 溅上的液体；洒上的液体
• There were several splashes of white paint on the carpet. 地毯上溅有几点白色的油漆。
■the noise of something hitting or moving in water 泼溅声
• We heard a splash and then saw that Toni had fallen in the river. 我们听到扑通一声，接着就看到托尼掉到了河里。
[splæʃ] noun countable
SHOW 展示
■something or someone bright or very noticeable 亮色，亮点；引人注目的人（或物）
• The little girl in her flowery dress provides the only splash of colour in the picture. 穿着花裙子的小女孩为照片增添了唯一的一抹亮色。
[splæʃ] noun countable
make a splash
■to become suddenly very successful or very well known 一飞冲天，一炮而红，一举成名
• Jodie Foster made quite a splash in the film 'Taxi Driver'. 茱蒂•福斯特因电影《计程车司机》而一举成名。
vt. 溅，泼；用...使液体飞溅
 - spatter
n. 飞溅的水；污点；卖弄
 - jaup, tainture

Word: heroic
Front: heroic
[həˈrəʊɪk] (研四六 6176/7645 -2)
Vocabulary: heroic
(once / 288 pages)
1adj 2adjn
Heroic means having the qualities of a hero, such as bravery. Maybe on your daily walk, you see a house on fire, and you run into the flames repeatedly to save the family and their pets, including the fish! That’s heroic.
Literature offers many examples of heroic characters, who by their strength or their wiles or both overcame almost impossible obstacles. In Greek mythology, Hercules was given seven seemingly impossible tasks that he completed with heroic daring, Achilles was a warrior whose accomplishments in battle were heroic, and Odysseus showed his heroic qualities as he conquered monsters and men in his journey home.
WORD FAMILY
heroic: heroically, heroicly, heroics+/ antihero: antiheroes/ hero: antihero, heroes, heroic, heroical, heroism, heros/ heroism: heroisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Achilles, Lowell seemed to find a heroic reflection of his own mental volatility.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The works are rendered in a heroic style, with chiseled facial features, muscular arms and strong blocks of color.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 有英雄气概的，英雄的，英勇的; 记叙英雄及其事迹的; 夸张的
n. 英雄诗，史诗; 英勇行为; 夸张的言行; 咬文嚼字，文诌诌
分布：英勇的(59%)，英雄的(36%)，巨大的(5%)
→hero,英雄，-ic,形容词后缀。
a.英雄的,英勇的,崇高的Their heroic exploits will go down in history.他们的英雄业绩将被载入史册.
US [-'roʊ-] adjective
■very brave or great 英勇的，英雄的
• a heroic act/deed 英勇的行为／英雄事迹
■informal
■If you make a heroic attempt or effort to do something, you try very hard to do it 花费极大力气的
• Despite Roz's heroic efforts to liven it up, the party was a disaster. 尽管罗兹费了很大力气来活跃气氛，这次派对还是很糟。
brave, bold, daring, heroic, fearless, courageous
这组词都有“勇敢的”的意思，其区别是：
brave: 含义广泛，指天生的勇敢，无所畏惧地面对困难与危险，侧重胆识与果断。
bold: 侧重指面对困难或危险时勇往直前，勇于进取的勇敢精神。
daring: 强调面临意外或危险时胆大心细，头脑冷静。褒义贬义均可用，贬义指胆大妄为。
heroic: 正式用词，多指在战争或重大危险时，为他人为事业忘我献身的英雄气概。
fearless: 语气肯定，侧重在危险时无所畏惧，毫无动摇。
courageous: 正式用词，侧重指在一切情况下都有胆量，无所畏惧，强调基于道德信念，经深思熟虑后所产生的勇敢。
adj. 英雄的；英勇的；记叙英雄及其事迹的；夸张的
 - bold, gallant
n. 史诗；英勇行为
 - epic poetry, epos

Word: commonwealth
Front: commonwealth
[ˈkɒmənwelθ] (研六雅宝 14121/3891 -2)
Vocabulary: commonwealth
(once / 457 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A commonwealth refers to any group of people organized under a single government, particularly a republic. If you live in the United States of America, you live in a commonwealth.
Comprised of the roots common, meaning "belonging to all," and wealth, meaning "happiness or riches," the word commonwealth originally referred to the government of England from 1649 to 1660. Nowadays, a commonwealth has come to mean any government in which all people involved have a say, or a loose formation of nations with a shared loyalty. It is also the official designation of a few states including, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia and some U.S. territories.
WORD FAMILY
commonwealth: commonwealths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some of the smaller organisations to receive donations include The Fell Pony Society, while larger organisations such as The Queen's Commonwealth Trust are also recipients.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The 77-year-old is suffering from “severe dementia” and will not be charged with a crime, Alexandria Commonwealth’s Attorney Bryan Porter said Wednesday.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Congress party politician was sacked from his Commonwealth role in 2011 and spent 10 months in jail before being freed on bail.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 共和国; 联邦; 团体; 协会
分布：联邦(96%)，联合体(4%)
→来自common和wealth的组合词，原指公共财富，公共福利，后用于指英联邦国家。
n.共和国,联邦,共同体The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
【记】common（adj 共同的）；wealth（n 财富）：共和国的全体国民拥有共同的财富。
US ['kɑ:.mən-] noun countable
■a country or part of a country that is governed by its people or representatives elected by its people 联邦；州；自治政区
formal
■a group of countries with the same political or economic aims （具有相同政治或经济目标的）国家联合体
n. 联邦；共和国；国民整体
 - republic, federation

Word: overstate
Front: overstate
[ˌəʊvəˈsteɪt] (宝 10668/14027 -1)
Vocabulary: overstate
(once / 5017 pages)
v
To overstate is to exaggerate or place too much importance on something. Your parents may overstate the dangers of driving on icy roads to scare you into being extra careful.
If you want your brother to help you move some furniture, you might overstate how much your back hurts. And, if you're ready for lunch but your friend is dawdling, you'll be tempted to overstate how cranky you get when you're hungry. More seriously, politicians have been known to overstate the threat of terrorism or other dangers in order to gain support for a bill or a candidate.
WORD FAMILY
overstate: overstated, overstatement, overstates, overstating+/ interstate: interstates/misstate: misstated, misstatement, misstates, misstating/misstatement: misstatements/overstatement: overstatements/ restate: restated, restatement, restates, restating/restatement: restatements/ state: interstate, intrastate, misstate, overstate, restate, stated, stateless, statement, stater, states, stating, understate /stated: statedly, unstated/ statement: statements/stater: staters/ understate: understated, understatement, understates, understating/understated: understatedly/ understatement: understatements
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is no overstating how dangerous a time the next year will be for reproductive rights.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
There is still no overstating the importance of Paterson, though.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
That followed embarrassing revelations about its accounting practices, in which it acknowledged overstating revenues at a number of its divisions, including nuclear power.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 夸大（某事）; 把…讲得过分; 夸张
时态：overstated, overstating, overstates
分布：夸张(79%)，夸大的叙述(21%)
→over-,超过，过度，state,陈述，描述。即过度描述，夸大其辞。
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb transitive
■to describe or explain something in a way that makes it seem more important or serious than it really is 把…讲得过分；夸大
• The impact of the new legislation has been greatly overstated. 新立法的影响被大大夸大了。
• The shareholders seem to think that the executive board is overstating the case for a merger. 股东们似乎认为执行董事会在合并这件事上小题大做。
Opposite understate
vt. 夸张；夸大的叙述
 - put it on, pile it on

Word: permanently
Front: permanently
['pɜ:mənəntlɪ] (四六 5676/4922 -K)
Back: adv. 永久地，长期不变地
分布：永久地(100%)
US ['pɝ:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■always and forever 总是；持久地；永久地
• Smoking is likely to damage your health permanently. 吸烟可能会永久损害你的健康。
• Michael and his family have settled permanently in the States. 麦克和他的家人在美国永久定居下来。
• I seem to be permanently broke. 我似乎永远一贫如洗。
adv. 永久地，长期不变地
 - perennially, timelessly

Word: censorship
Front: censorship
[ˈsensəʃɪp] (8665/7297)
Vocabulary: censorship
(once / 1700 pages)
n
Censorship blocks something from being read, heard, or seen. If you've ever heard the sound of bleeping when someone is speaking on television, that's censorship.
To "censor" is to review something and to choose to remove or hide parts of it that are considered unacceptable. Censorship is the name for the process or idea of keeping things like obscene word or graphic images from an audience. There is also such a thing as self-censorship, which is when you refrain from saying certain things — or possibly re-wording them — depending on who is listening.
WORD FAMILY
censorship: censorships+/ censor: censored, censorial, censoring, censorious, censors, censorship /censored: uncensored/censoring: censorings/ censorious: censoriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Claire Guthrie Gastañaga, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia, expressed concern that the ultimate goal might be some form of censorship.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
There’s no ministry of information or formal censorship apparatus, and the Internet is unrestricted.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 审查制度; 审查机构; 审察员的职权; [心]潜意识中的抑制力
分布：检查制度(100%)
【记】读：三色，ship船：走私三级和色情VCD的船需要审查机构。
US [-sɚ-] noun uncountable
■the practice of censoring books, films, etc. 审查，审查制度
• censorship of the press 新闻审查制度

Word: transitional
Front: transitional
[træn'sɪʃənl] (8414/7337)
Vocabulary: transitional
(once / 3436 pages)
adj
Sometimes people who have been laid off from their old jobs and haven’t been able to find new ones say they are in a transitional period. In other words, they are in the middle of a change.
The adjective transitional relates to things such as governments, office spaces, or aspects of one’s life that are in the process of changing. This is a temporary state, until a permanent solution is established, and the word is often used with a sense of hope. For example, when someone goes through a romantic breakup and is hoping to find someone new, she might also say she is in a transitional phase. A synonym for transitional is interim.
WORD FAMILY
transitional: transitionally+/ transit: transited, transiting, transition, transits/ transition: transitional, transitioned, transitioning, transitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving a transitional housing unit is considered escae and is punishable by three and a half to seven years in prison.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s a transitional, fragmented episode built around narrative red herrings,” Mike Hale wrote in The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Under the deal, Mr Kabila is to lead a transitional government until elections which must be held by the end of 2017.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 变迁的，过渡期的; 渐变的，转变的; 转移的; 过滤（的）
n. 过渡型单核白细胞
分布：过渡期的(40%)，过渡性的(40%)，变化的(20%)
adjective
■belonging or relating to a change, or the process of change, from one form or type to another 变迁的，过渡的（从一种形式或类型变化为另一种形式或类型，属于此变化的或与之有关的，或属于此变化过程的或与之有关的）
• a transitional government 过度政府
• Eastern Slovenia is to revert to Croatian government rule next year after a transitional period under UN administration. 在联合国管理的过度时期结束之后，东斯洛文尼亚将于明年重归克罗地亚政府管辖。
adj. [计] 变迁的； [植] 过渡期的
 - vicissitudinous

Word: duke
Front: duke
[dju:k] (六 11516/2436 -1)
Back: n. 公爵; 君主; <俚>(pl.)拳头; [植]公爵樱桃
vi. 战斗
分布：公爵(100%)
→来自deuk, 引导，领导，词源同duct, conduct. 用于指爵位。
US [du:k] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a man of very high rank in a country, or the ruler of a small independent country 公爵；小公国的君主
n. [纸] 公爵，（公国的）君主；公爵（种）樱桃
 - emperor, sovereignty

Word: downtown
Front: downtown
[ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn] (高研托雅 3116/18944 -2)
Back: n. 市中心区; （市中）商业区
adj. 商业区的，闹市区的
adv. 在商业（闹市）区; 到闹市区
分布：市中心(72%)，市中心的(22%)，市中心区(6%)
→通常认为该词来自早期纽约市的规划，在1830年的时候，纽约城区集中在曼哈顿岛南端，后来，随着经济的发展北扩，而up and down对应于地图上北和南。后来，downtown就作为市中心的代称，而uptown则作为居住区的代称。
ad.在城市的商业区n./a.城市商业区(的)Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
[ˌdaʊn'taʊn] US
adjective [before noun] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in or to the central part of a city 在市中心（的）；朝市中心（的）
• downtown Los Angeles 洛杉矶市中心
• a downtown address 市内地址
• I work downtown, but I live in the suburbs. 我在城里上班，但住在郊区。
adj. 市中心的
 - intown, inner-city
n. 市中心区
 - urban center, inner city

Word: emulate
Front: emulate
[ˈemjuleɪt] (托宝 9025/8587 -1)
Vocabulary: emulate
(once / 1143 pages)
v
When you emulate someone, you imitate them, especially with the idea of matching their success.
When someone is impressive because of their great skills, brains, strength, or accomplishments, others will emulate them. To emulate is to imitate and model yourself after someone. People emulate role models — people they want to be like. After Michael Jordan retired from the NBA, player after player tried to emulate Jordan's game and success. It's hard to be as good as someone like that, but having a hero to emulate can be helpful in many areas of life.
WORD FAMILY
emulate: emulated, emulates, emulating, emulation, emulator+/ emulation: emulations/emulator: emulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The councilman accused media outlets of incorrectly reporting his proposal, which he said emulated similar laws in Santa Monica, New York and Miami Beach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. economic and political model, mixing markets and government oversight, would be emulated.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“This year emulates probably seasons two and three for the most part,” Brownstein said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 仿真; 竞争; 努力赶上
时态：emulated, emulating, emulates
分布：效法(74%)，尽力赶上(26%)
→来自aim, 模仿，词源同imitate.
模仿;超越[emul=equal(平等)]
【记】因为late，所以要emulate
【参】emulation（n 竞争；仿效）；emulous（adj 好胜的）
['em.jʊ.leɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to copy something achieved by someone else and try to do it as well as they have 效仿，模仿；和…竞争，努力赶上
• They hope to emulate the success of other software companies. 他们希望能够效仿其他软体公司的成功先例。
• Fitzgerald is keen to emulate Martin's record of three successive world titles. 费兹杰罗渴望能像马丁那样创下连夺三次世界冠军的纪录。
vt. 仿真；模仿；尽力赶上；同…竞争
 - simulate, pattern, imitate
n. 仿真；仿效
 - simulation, stylization

Word: hierarchy
Front: hierarchy
[ˈhaɪərɑ:ki] (研六托雅宝 5206/3591 -2)
Vocabulary: hierarchy
(once / 1423 pages)
n
Hierarchy describes a system that organizes or ranks things, often according to power or importance. At school the principal is at the top of the staff hierarchy, while the seniors rule the student hierarchy.
Also known as a pecking order or power structure, a hierarchy is a formalized or simply implied understanding of who's on top or what's most important. All that sorting and ranking can be helpful if you're a business administrator, but if you find yourself arranging all the produce in your fridge according to a hierarchy of color, size, and expiration date, you might want to consider visiting a therapist.
WORD FAMILY
hierarchy: hierarchical, hierarchies+/ hierarchical: hierarchically, nonhierarchical
USAGE EXAMPLES
The advocate characterizes cognitive behavioral therapy as “an expert doing something to” a patient, whereas the movement’s approach disrupts that hierarchy.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Likewise, he wonders aloud why music “appears to leap ahead of where it should logically be in the hierarchy of needs.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The sewing of clothing depends on a hierarchy of immigrants, according to those who monitor or work in the industry.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [计]分层，层次; 等级制度; 统治集团; 天使的级别或等级
分布：等级制度(68%)，统治集团(32%)
→hier-,神圣性，僧侣，词源同hieratic,-arch,统治，管理，词源同archon,anarchy.原义为僧侣统治，神权统治，后引申词义社会层级，等级制度。
n.等级制度;统治集团,领导层The government is a hierarchy.政府是个官阶分明的统治集团.
【记】原指：希腊神话中天使的级别或等级hier神圣的，archy统治－神圣的统治－阶层；等级制度
【参】hieratic（adj 僧侣的）；hieron（n 神庙；圣地）
US ['haɪr.ɑ:r-] noun countable
■a system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance 等级制度
• Some monkeys have a very complex social hierarchy. 某些猴群有非常复杂的种群阶级。
• He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become party leader. 他的政治地位迅速提升，成了该党领袖。
■the people in the upper levels of an organization who control it 统治集团

Word: illuminate
Front: illuminate
[ɪˈlu:mɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5388/6519 -1)
Vocabulary: illuminate
(once / 321 pages)
1v 2v
To illuminate is to light up — with physical light or with an idea. A spotlight might illuminate an actor on stage, and a good chemistry teacher might illuminate students with a lesson on the atomic structure of hydrogen.
Originally, the verb illuminate referred to decorating handwritten manuscripts with bright lettering or pictures. Monks illuminated manuscripts with colors like gold, silver, bright red, and blue. Nowadays you can illuminate anything in the dark — either literally or figuratively. If you are afraid of the dark, illuminate your bedroom. In the dark when it comes to organic chemistry? Get an illuminating tutor.
WORD FAMILY
illuminate: illuminated, illuminates, illuminating, illumination +/illuminated: unilluminated/ illuminating: illuminatingly, unilluminating/ illumination: illuminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
At night it’s brightly illuminated by giant billboards and huge screens playing pop-music performances.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the light she shines on her father’s identity illuminates facets of her own.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When it completes its descent at midnight, a giant "2017" sign will illuminate and a shower of fireworks with light up the sky.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 照亮，照明; 阐明，说明; 装饰; 使灿烂
vi. 照亮
时态：illuminated, illuminating, illuminates
分布：照明(46%)，说明(45%)，阐释(9%)
→il-,进入，使，-lum,发光，照亮，词源同light,luminary.引申词义解释，说明。
照亮;使明白(il+lumin光+ate→进入光明→说明)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
照亮;阐明(il一再+lumin+ate→给予光明→照亮)[lumin=light,表示"光"]
vt.照亮,照明;用灯光装饰;说明,阐释The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
【反】obfuscate（vt 使模糊；使迷乱）
[ɪ'lu:.mɪ.neɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to light something and make it brighter 为…照明，照亮
• The streets were illuminated with strings of coloured lights. 这些街道被一串串彩灯照亮了。
■to explain and show more clearly something that is difficult to understand 阐明，解释
• an article which illuminates the issues at stake 对一些重大的问题进行阐述的文章
vt. 阐明，说明；照亮；使灿烂；用灯装饰
 - say, lamp, elucidate, clarify
vi. 照亮
 - light up, to shine

Word: roam
Front: roam
[rəʊm] (六托雅 6175/8584 -1)
Vocabulary: roam
(once / 602 pages)
v
When you wander without a plan or a specific destination, you roam. Your cat may stay close to your house when you let her outside, or she may roam around the neighborhood all day.
Dogs and kids on bikes tend to roam in packs, looking for food or fun, while a tiger in the zoo roams aimlessly around his enclosure. Book characters' eyes sometimes roam, too, or glance over a scene without stopping: "Her eyes roam across the group, but there are no familiar faces." Experts have tried connecting roam to "pilgrimages to Rome," but there seems to be no relation between roam and Rome.
WORD FAMILY
roam: roamed, roamer, roaming, roams+/roamer: roamers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even better, Project Fi offers unlimited messaging and no roaming data charges in over 135 countries.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its former customers now roam the aisles of Walmart and Target, or fill their carts virtually.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
There was no place like home for Jeff Carter and the Kings to roam free.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 漫游; 漫步
n. 漫步，漫游
时态：roamed, roaming, roams
分布：漫游(72%)，闲逛(14%)，徜徉(14%)
→来自中古英语 ramen,漫游，来自 Proto-Germanic*raimona,漫游，来自 rei,移动，流动， 词源同 ramble.
US [roʊm] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to move about or travel, especially without a clear idea of what you are going to do 闲逛（于）；漫步（于）；漫游（于）
• After the pubs close, gangs of youths roam the city streets. 酒馆关门后，成群结伙的年轻人在城里街道上游荡。
• She roamed around America for a year, working in bars and restaurants. 她花了一年的时间在美国各地游历，一路在酒吧和饭店里打工。
wander, stroll, roam, ramble
这组词都有“徘徊、漫游”的意思，其区别是：
wander: 指无目的地到处徘徊或闲荡。
stroll: 常指无明确目的他悠闲而缓慢地漫游。
roam: 常指在广阔地方以自得其乐的愉快心情作无固定目标的漫游。
ramble: 一般指走走停停，心情愉快，步履轻松。
vi. 漫游，漫步；流浪
 - range, knock about/around
vt. 在…漫步，漫游；在…流浪
 - range, go on a tour
n. 漫步，漫游；流浪
 - travel, bummel

Word: ordination
Front: ordination
[ˌɔ:dɪˈneɪʃn] (15209/12864)
Vocabulary: ordination
(once / 3401 pages)
1n 2n
What an inauguration is to a president, an ordination is to a religious authority. It's the ceremony of bestowing a person with a position of religious authority — as when someone becomes a priest, minister, or shaman.
The noun ordination comes from the Latin word ordinare, meaning “put in order.” Becoming a religious leader usually requires training in a seminary followed by an ordination. On the other hand, the ordination of a monarch is a ceremony in which a King’s or Queen’s divine right to rule the country, which was historically considered a birth right, is asserted and initiated without any seminary courses required.
WORD FAMILY
ordination: ordinations+/foreordain: foreordained, foreordaining, foreordains, foreordination/ ordain: foreordain, ordained, ordainer, ordaining, ordains, ordinance, ordination, preordain / ordained: ordainedly/ordainer: ordainers/ ordinance: ordinances/ preordain: preordained, preordaining, preordains, preordination
USAGE EXAMPLES
But China has long insisted on controlling ordinations, arguing that anything else amounts to interference in its internal affairs.
Seattle Times(Nov 26, 2016)
In the days leading to his official ordination on Jan. 17, he asked for one favor: “Please pray for me.”
Los Angeles Times(Nov 23, 2016)
According to reporters who were on the plane, Francis responded, “On the ordination of women in the Catholic Church, the last word is clear.”
New York Times(Nov 01, 2016)
Back: n. [宗]圣职授任; 任命; 分类，排成等级
分布：任命(72%)，神职授任(28%)
→来自ordain,授予圣职，授予圣秩，-ation,名词后缀。
US [ˌɔ:r.dən'eɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
■the act or ceremony of making someone a priest or other religious leader 授予圣职；授圣职礼；派立礼
n. [生物] 分类；任命；神职授任；排成等级
 - classification, category, appointment, breakdown

Word: marketplace
Front: marketplace
[ˈmɑ:kɪtpleɪs] (4490/10395 -1)
Back: n. 市场，集市; 商业界
分布：市场(99%)，集会场所(1%)
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
PLACE 地方
■a small outside area in a town where there is a market 集市，市集
• I'll meet you in the marketplace next to the fountain. 我在喷泉旁的市集和你会面。
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt.pleɪs] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
BUSINESS CONDITIONS 市场形势
■a set of trading conditions or the business environment 市场机制；市场形势
• To remain competitive the company has to be able to adapt to the changing marketplace. 为保持竞争力，公司必须能够适应不断变化的市场形势。
• It's essential that we maintain our position in the marketplace (= keep our share of business activity). 我们必须保持自己的市场地位。
n. 市场；商场；市集
 - exchanges, plaza, fair

Word: severely
Front: severely
[sə'vɪrlɪ] (四六 4850/3818 -K)
Back: adv. 严格地; 严重地; 严厉地; 严肃地
分布：严厉地(38%)，严格地(23%)，严重地(23%)，严肃地(11%)，朴实地(5%)
US [-'vɪr-] adverb
VERY SERIOUSLY 非常严重地
 IMPROVER
■very seriously 严重地
• Their daughter was severely injured in a car accident. 他们的女儿在一次车祸中受了重伤。
• severely disabled/handicapped 严重残疾
• Job opportunities are severely limited/restricted at the moment. 目前工作机会非常短缺。
UK [sɪ'vɪə.li] US [-'vɪr-] adverb
NOT KINDLY 不和善地
■not kindly or sympathetically 严厉地
• I was severely reprimanded by my boss. 我被老板狠狠地斥责了一顿。
• "I will not allow that kind of behaviour in my class, " the teacher said severely. “我不会允许在我班上出现这种行为，”老师厉声说道。
UK [sɪ'vɪə.li] US [-'vɪr-] adverb
PLAINLY 朴素地
■completely plainly 简洁地
• She dresses very severely. 她穿着非常朴素。
adv. 严重地；严格地，严厉地；纯朴地
 - strictly, seriously, badly

Word: stint
Front: stint
[stɪnt] (宝 8331/13898 -1)
Vocabulary: stint
(once / 1251 pages)
1vn 2n
The noun stint means a set amount of time in which you do something — often work of some sort. "She served a stint in the army, followed by a stint in an office setting, before settling on a career as a lounge singer."
Unlike a project or vocation, a stint can refer to the stretch of time spent doing a particular job. You apply for a job, but you refer to your past stint in the Peace Corps. As a verb, stint means to be sparing or frugal, or restrict in a stingy manner ("to skimp"). "The school board chose to make cuts at the administrative level, rather than stint on the children's education."
WORD FAMILY
stint: stinted, stinting, stints+/stinted: unstinted/stinting: stintingly, unstinting/unstinted: unstintedly/unstinting: unstintingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin says the final stages of his three-week stint in a secret jail were among the hardest, even though he sensed his release was imminent.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mexican police finally are able to track him down during his four-week stint as a guest judge on “America’s Got Talent.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s possible Bradley’s short stint did some good, perhaps laying the groundwork for the next American coach and assuring a softer landing for his successor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 定额，定量; 限额，限量; 节约; [鸟]滨鹬
v. 限制，节省; 吝惜; <古>停止
时态：stinted, stinting, stints
分布：节省(48%)，限制(23%)，节约(13%)，定额的工作(10%)，滨鹬(6%)
→来自古英语 styntan,使钝化，使缩短，来自 Proto-Germanic*stuntijanan,砍短，变钝，来自
【记】源于：stingy（adj 吝啬小气的）读：死盯他－死死的盯住他的钱包－吝惜，节省（自己的钱）
【反】lavish（v 浪费；adj 浪费的）
noun countable
■a fixed or limited period of time spent doing a particular job or activity 工作期限；（从事某项活动的）规定期限
• He has just finished a stint of compulsory military service. 他刚刚服完义务兵役。
• Perhaps her most productive period was her five-year stint as a foreign correspondent in New York. 也许她创作上最多产的时期就是她在纽约担任驻外记者的那五年。
[stɪnt] verb intransitive or transitive [usually in negatives]
■to provide, take or use only a small amount of something 限量提供；吝惜；节省
• The bride's parents did not stint on the champagne - there was plenty for everyone. 新娘的父母对香槟一点也不小气——足够让每个人喝。
• Don't stint yourself - take another slice of cake. 别吝惜肚子——再来块蛋糕。
⇒ See also unstinting
n. 节约；定额，定量
 - economy, saving, quota, norm
vt. 节省；限制
 - block, qualify
vi. 紧缩，节省
 - save, tuck in

Word: lump
Front: lump
[lʌmp] (研四六托雅宝 6139/4302 -K2)
Vocabulary: lump
(once / 474 pages)
1nv 2n
If it's hard to determine its shape and otherwise looks like a big blob of something, it's probably safe to call it a lump.
Jabba the Hut looks like a disgusting lump. So does the growing mound on your noggin where you walked into the glass door. And if you've been lumped together with a bad bunch, you might have been grouped with people indiscriminately. But all lumps aren't bad. Little old ladies put lumps of sugar into their tea. And that choked up feeling you get during a sappy movie? That's just a lump in your throat.
WORD FAMILY
lump: lumped, lumper, lumping, lumpish, lumps, lumpy +/lumper: lumpers/lumpish: lumpishly/ lumpy: lumpier, lumpiest, lumpily
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am in a shower when I find a lump in my left breast, and I am stunned.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Cue tingles down spines, lumps in throats and tears in eyes all round.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 块，团; 肿块; 许多，大量; 笨拙的人
vi. 结成块; 成团; 笨重地行走
vt. 使成团，使成块; 使团结在一起; 把…混在一起
adj. 成团的，成块的
adv. 很，非常
时态：lumped, lumping, lumps
分布：块(80%)，团(10%)，瘤(4%)，归并(2%)，使成块(2%)，形成团状(1%)，笨重的人(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，大块物体落地声音。比较bump,clump,dump,pump.
n.团,块,笨人v.(使)成团,(使)成块The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
【记】象lamp一样的lump
noun countable
PIECE 块
 ADVANCED
■a piece of a solid substance, usually with no particular shape （通常指无固定形状的）块，团
• a lump of coal 一块煤
• a sugar lump 糖块
• You don't want lumps in the sauce. 谁都不希望调料汁中出现结块。
■informal
■a separate large amount （单独的）大量
• I'll be getting the insurance money in two lumps. 我将获得的保险金有两大部分。
[lʌmp] noun countable
IN THE BODY 身内
■a hard swelling found in or on the body, especially because of illness or injury （尤指因疾病或伤害而出现的）肿块
• She found a lump in her breast. 她在胸部发现了一个肿块。
[lʌmp] noun countable
PERSON 人 informal
■a heavy, awkward, stupid person 笨重的人，愚蠢的大块头
• Come on, you great lump, get up from in front of that television and do some work. 快起来，大笨猪，别看电视了，做点工作。
[lʌmp] noun countable
bring a lump to your throat
■to give you a tight feeling in your throat because you want to cry 哽咽
• It was quite a moving speech - it almost brought a lump to my throat. 那个演讲很动人——几乎让我哽咽了。
[lʌmp] noun countable
take your lumps US old-fashioned informal
■to be criticised or beaten as a punishment （作为惩罚）挨批评，挨打
[lʌmp] verb informal
lump it
■to accept a situation or decision although you do not like it 无奈地接受，不得不接受
• The decision has been made, so if Tom doesn't like it, he can lump it. 已经决定了，所以即使汤姆不愿意，他也只能接受了。
[lʌmp] verb informal
  Phrasal Verbs  lump sb/sth together
■to put different groups together and think about them or deal with them in the same way 把…混到一块，把…合拼在一起
• All the children are lumped together in one class, regardless of their ability. 不管资质如何，所有孩子都被合拼到一个班。
n. 块，块状； [医] 肿块；瘤；很多；笨人
 - piece, block, tumor, mass, node
vt. 混在一起；使成块状；忍耐；笨重地移动
 - tough, resist
adj. 成团的；总共的
 - gross, volumed
adv. 很；非常
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, too, highly, far

Word: thug
Front: thug
[θʌg] (8101/12235 -1)
Vocabulary: thug
(once / 3329 pages)
n
A thug is a bad guy or a bully, especially a violent one. A thug might break into someone's house, push its owners around, and steal their TV.
It's hard to reason with thugs, since they'd rather intimidate and physically hurt people than talk. A playground bully is one kind of thug, and an armed robber is an even more dangerous one. The noun thug may have its oldest roots in the Sanskrit word sthaga-s, "cunning or fraudulent," and it's definitely related to the Marathi and Hindi thag, "cheat or swindler." The earliest use of thug, from 1810, was "member of a murdering gang of robbers in India."
WORD FAMILY
thug: thuggery, thugs+/thuggery: thuggeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wearing thick winter coats, gloves and hats, they carried signs calling Trump a “fascist thug” and “Putin’s Poodle.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Many are accompanied by a photograph of a black man holding a cellphone and a handgun — a purported “anti-Trump thug.”
Seattle Times(Dec 18, 2016)
The fake news story at newsworldpaper.com labeled him a “thug” and included other falsehoods.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 暴徒，恶棍，凶手; 刺客
分布：暴徒(74%)，刺客(21%)，凶残的罪犯(5%)
→来自印度语 thag,小偷，骗子，引申词义罪犯，恶棍。
noun countable
■a man who acts violently, especially to commit a crime 恶棍；暴徒；罪犯
• Some thugs smashed his windows. 几个恶棍打碎了他的窗户。
n. 暴徒；恶棍；刺客
 - tough, mobbist

Word: eyed
Front: eyed
[aɪd] (23878/32774)
Back: adj. 有眼的
分布：名词(100%)
v. 看；注视；考虑（eye的过去分词）
 - focused, stared

Word: sting
Front: sting
[stɪŋ] (研四六托雅宝 8139/8803 -K2)
Vocabulary: sting
(once / 464 pages)
vn
Sting most commonly refers to the wound inflicted by a bee or hornet, or to a kind of burning pain, like the brief sting when your doctor gives you a vaccine. A nasty remark can also sting.
"Float like a butterfly. Sting like a bee!" was Muhammad Ali's famous taunt to other fighters. But insects and boxers aren't the only ones who can sting. When someone says something that's both mean and true, it can sting. Such things are often referred to as stinging remarks. But if you're thinking crime, then a sting is a con-job that takes planning to pull off. When the cops spend months creating a fake crime-ring in order to catch criminals in the act, it's referred to a "sting operation."
WORD FAMILY
sting: stinged, stinger, stinging, stingless, stings+/stinger: stingers/stinging: stingingly, stingings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some people experience dryness, stinging, itching and burning.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That only worsened the sting of the game’s final two minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 叮，螫; 刺痛; 精神上刺痛; 刺激
vi. 感到剧痛; 刺，叮
n. 螫伤处; （某些昆虫的）毒刺; （身体或心灵的）剧痛; （警察为抓捕罪犯而设的）圈套
时态：stung, stinging, stings
分布：刺(54%)，刺痛(25%)，叮(15%)，讽刺(4%)，使苦恼(1%)，欺诈(1%)
→来自古英语 stingan,刺，插，戳，叮，来自 Proto-Germanic*stingan,刺，插，来自 stengh, 鼻音化自*stegh,刺，插，词源同 stake,stick,instinct.引申诸相关词义。
刺n.刺针[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
v./n.刺,刺痛,剧痛;刺,叮In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
verb (stung, stung)
HURT 刺痛
intransitive or transitive
■If an insect, plant or animal stings, it produces a small but painful injury, usually with a poison, by brushing against the skin or making a very small hole under the skin （昆虫、植物或动物）叮，刺，蜇
• Do all types of bee sting? 所有种类的蜜蜂都蜇人吗？
• I got stung by a wasp yesterday. 我昨天被黄蜂蜇了。
• I didn't see the nettles until I was stung by them. 我被荨麻刺到后才看到它们。
intransitive or transitive
■to cause sharp but usually temporary pain 引起刺痛，引起灼痛
• The soap/smoke/sweat stung my eyes. 肥皂／烟雾／汗水刺痛了我的双眼。
• This type of disinfectant doesn't sting, even if you put it on a fresh cut. 这种消毒药水即使涂在新伤口上也不会有灼痛感。
intransitive or transitive
■If someone's unkind remarks sting you, they make you feel upset and annoyed （伤害人的话）刺痛，使苦恼
• He was stung by her criticisms. 他被她的批评指责刺伤了。
• She knew he was right, but his words still stung. 她知道他是对的，但他的话仍旧伤害了她。
• She managed to give a stinging reply (= an angry answer intended to upset) , before slamming down the phone. 她甩出一句尖刻的回答，然后啪的一声挂断电话。
[stɪŋ] verb (stung, stung)
CHARGE 索价
transitive informal
■to charge someone a surprisingly large amount of money for something 向…索要惊人高价；敲诈
• The bank stung me for £50 in charges when I went overdrawn. 银行在我透支时敲诈了我50英镑。
[stɪŋ] noun
HURT 刺痛
countable or only singular
■a sudden burning pain in your eyes, on your skin, etc., or the ability to cause such pain （眼睛、皮肤等的）灼痛，刺痛；蜇
• She had several bee stings. 她被蜜蜂蜇了几下。
• the sting of salt in a wound 伤口上撒盐引起的灼痛
• Some types of jellyfish have a powerful sting. 某些种类的水母蜇人很痛。
only singular
■the feeling of being upset by something 痛苦；刺痛，刺伤；刺激
• the sting of defeat 失败的痛苦
countable UK (US stinger)
■a pointed part of an insect, plant or animal that goes through a person's or animal's skin and leaves behind poison （昆虫或动物的）刺，蜇刺，蜇针；（植物的）刺毛
[stɪŋ] noun
GETTING STH 偷窃
countable mainly US slang
■a clever and complicated act of stealing 精心设计的偷窃行为
• A bank employee was involved in the sting in which $5 million was stolen. 一名银行雇员卷入一宗精心策划的盗窃案，涉案金额达500万美元。
countable mainly US slang
■a police action to catch criminals in which the police pretend to be criminals （警方为抓捕罪犯的）卧底（行动）
• a sting operation 卧底行动
[stɪŋ] noun
have a sting in the/its tail UK
■If something, such as a story or joke, has a sting in the/its tail, it has a surprising or unpleasant part which only becomes clear at the end. （故事、笑话等）结局出人意料，结尾倒人胃口
[stɪŋ] noun
take the sting out of sth
■If something takes the sting out of an unpleasant situation, it makes it less unpleasant 减少…的不快
• The new policy of shorter working hours will serve to take the sting out of the pay cut. 缩短工时的新政策有助于减少薪酬所带来的不快。
n. 刺痛；讽刺，刺激；刺毛
 - stimulus, smart, incentive, excitement, hit
vt. 刺；驱使；使…苦恼；使…疼痛
 - stick, pink
vi. 刺痛；被刺痛；感到剧痛
 - smart, bite

Word: manual
Front: manual
[ˈmænjuəl] (研四六托雅 4937/4380 -2)
Vocabulary: manual
(once / 591 pages)
adjn
Something manual is operated by human hands. Before Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, picking cotton was a manual job. Nowadays, farmers might need to read a manual to know how to operate a cotton gin.
The word manual comes from Latin root words meaning "of the hand," and the adjective form of the word still maintains that meaning — "by hand or of the hands." The adjective definition is also extended a bit to mean something done by hand and not machine, and the implication is usually that it is physical work. As a noun, manual means "an instruction booklet or handbook."
WORD FAMILY
manual: bimanual, manually, manuals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s page one of the showbiz manual but he put both in.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 用手的; 手制的，手工的; [法]占有的; 体力的
n. 手册; 指南; [乐]键盘; [军]刀枪操练
分布：手册(80%)，指南(8%)，手工的(6%)，键盘(3%)，体力的(3%)
→来自拉丁语manus,手，来自man,手，词源同manure,manufacture.即手制造的，手工的，后引申词义手册等。
手工的n。手册(man手+ual)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
a.手的,手工做的,体力的n.手册,指南The manufacturer manually manufactured many machines for the manufactory.制造商为工厂手工制造了很多机器.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■done with the hands 用手做的；手工的
• the manual sorting of letters 人工分拣信件
• She tried to cure the pain in my knee by putting manual pressure on the joint. 她尝试用手按压我的膝关节来治疗我的膝痛。
 ADVANCED
■describes a machine that is operated with the hands rather than by electricity or a motor （机器）用手操作的，手动的
• He still works on an old manual typewriter. 他还在用一台老式手动打字机。
 ADVANCED
■involving physical work rather than mental work 体力的
• unskilled manual labour 无需技能的体力劳动
• 750 manual workers will lose their jobs as a result of company cutbacks. 750名体力劳动者将因公司裁员而失业。
• Computer-controlled robots are taking over manual jobs in many industries. 在许多行业中，体力工作正逐步由电脑控制的机器人代劳。
['mæn.ju.əl] noun countable
■a book which gives you practical instructions on how to do something or how to use something, such as a machine 使用手册；说明书；指南
• a DIY manual “自己动手做”指南
• The computer comes with a 600-page instruction manual. 电脑附有一本600页的操作指南。
adj. 手工的；体力的
 - handmade, mechanic
n. 手册，指南
 - guide, handbook, notebook

Word: umbrella
Front: umbrella
[ʌmˈbrelə] (中高 5664/5549 -K2)
Vocabulary: umbrella
(once / 613 pages)
nadj
An umbrella is the gizmo used to protect yourself from rain or sun. An umbrella can also be something that groups similar things, like an umbrella organization that protects and serves many smaller organizations.
An umbrella is that lightweight, collapsible cover that’s handy on a rainy day. People also use umbrellas to protect themselves from the sun. Since an umbrella covers people and things, umbrella is also a metaphor for something that brings unity. An umbrella agency brings together other smaller and related agencies. An umbrella term can be applied to many concepts. To bring things together in this way is to umbrella, as in “The merger umbrellas several companies.”
WORD FAMILY
umbrella: umbrellalike, umbrellas
USAGE EXAMPLES
These dream lives tend to fall under two umbrellas.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Black bass are fair on football jigs, umbrella rigs and lipless crankbaits.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
It’s the neighborhood’s plaza, a traffic circle furnished with crayon-color folding chairs and umbrellas, tables.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 雨伞; 〈比喻〉保护物; [军]空中掩护幕; 总括
分布：伞(72%)，雨伞(27%)，庇护(1%)
→来自拉丁语umbra,阴影，影子，词源同adumbrate, umbrage,-ella, 小词后缀。用来指遮阳伞或雨伞。
伞(umbr+ella小东西→带来影子的小东西)[umbr=shadow表示"影子"]
n.伞Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
noun countable
DEVICE 器具
 ADVANCED
■a device for protection against the rain which consists of a stick with a folding frame covered in material at one end and usually a handle at the other, or a similar, often larger, device used for protection against the sun 伞；雨伞；阳伞
• I felt a few spots of rain so I put my umbrella up. 我感到有几滴雨点，于是便撑起了雨伞。
• I left another umbrella on the bus yesterday. 我昨天又把一把伞落在公车上了。
• a folding umbrella 折叠伞
[ʌm'brel.ə] noun countable
GROUP 群体
■something which includes or represents a group or range of similar things 综合体；总体
• Mr. Hughes's agency is one of 980 community agencies under the umbrella of the National Community Action Foundation (NCAF) in Washington, D.C. 休斯先生的办事处是全国社区行动基金会辖下的980个社区办事处中的一个，该基金会总部设在华盛顿特区。
• Donations should be sent to the Disaster Emergency Committee, an umbrella organization for UK-based aid agencies. 捐助应送到赈灾委员会——该委员会是设在英国的各个援助机构的一个综合机构。
• Existentialism was really an umbrella term to lump together the works of several philosophers and writers. 存在主义实际上是一个把几位哲学家和作家的作品归并在一起的总称。
n. 雨伞；保护伞；庇护；伞形结构
 - shadow, bumbershoot

Word: dwarf
Front: dwarf
[dwɔ:f] (研六托雅宝 6855/6218 -2)
Vocabulary: dwarf
(once / 488 pages)
nv
An unusually short, small person is sometimes called a dwarf. There are many different genetic medical conditions that can cause a person to be classified as a little person or a dwarf.
Some people are offended by dwarf, preferring to be called "little people," "LP," or "people of short stature." The general condition that leads to delayed growth is called "dwarfism." The noun dwarf is also used for an unusually small animal or plant, or as a verb meaning "make something seem very small," as when a new apartment building dwarfs the surrounding houses. The Old English root dweorg referred to a tiny creature from German mythology.
WORD FAMILY
dwarf: dwarfed, dwarfing, dwarfish, dwarfism, dwarfs, dwarves+/dwarfish: dwarfishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps no subject better captures the spirit of Mr. Pettibon’s drawings than that of surfers dwarfed by towering waves.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Big Bash attendances dwarfed those in the Australia-West Indies Test series.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
In this story, Moriarty formulates an elaborate jewel heist requiring — the ingenious fiend! — “six dwarfs, a bald man with a stoop, and an airship.”
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 侏儒，矮子; 矮小的动物（植物）; [天]矮星
vt. （使）显得矮小; 使（发育，智能等）受阻碍; 使相形见绌
vi. 变矮小
adj. 矮小的
时态：dwarfed, dwarfing, dwarfs
分布：侏儒(64%)，矮子(25%)，变小(6%)，使矮小(5%)
→可能来自dhwer, 伤害，欺骗。
n.矮子,侏儒,矮小的动植物vt.使...矮小The new building dwarfs all the other ones.那栋新建筑物使所有其他建筑物显得小了些.
【源】北欧神话中善于做金属小工艺品的矮神Dwarf（德奥夫）
US [dwɔ:rf] noun countable (plural dwarfs or dwarves)
■in stories for children, a creature like a little man with magical powers （儿童故事里有魔法的）小矮人
• Snow White and the Seven Dwarves 《白雪公主和七个小矮人》
■often offensive
■a person who is much smaller than the usual size 矮子，侏儒
UK [dwɔ:f] US [dwɔ:rf] adjective [before noun]
■very small 极小的，矮小的
• You can grow dwarf conifers in pots on the patio. 你可以在阳台上种些矮小的针叶树盆栽。
UK [dwɔ:f] US [dwɔ:rf] verb transitive
■If one thing dwarfs another, it makes it seem small by comparison 使…相形见绌；使…显得矮小
• The new skyscraper will dwarf all those near it. 新建的摩天大楼跟周围的建筑相比鹤立鸡群。
• This new crisis may well dwarf most that have gone before. 这场新的危机可能比以往的大多数危机都严重得多。
n. 侏儒， [内科] 矮子
 - homuncle, mannikin
adj. [生物] 矮小的
 - scrubby, runty

Word: convey
Front: convey
[kənˈveɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 3756/3682 -2)
Vocabulary: convey
(once / 141 pages)
v
When you convey something, you carry or deliver it. Little Red Riding Hood conveyed a basket of muffins to her grandmother. Your sad smile might convey more about your feelings than words ever could.
You can also convey a message or information, which means that you communicate it to someone directly or indirectly through your words or actions. In law, the word convey means to transfer or pass property to someone. This verb is from Middle English conveyen, from Old French conveier, ultimately from the Latin prefix com- "together" plus via "way."
WORD FAMILY
convey: conveyable, conveyance, conveyed, conveyer, conveying, conveyor, conveys+/ conveyance: conveyancer, conveyances, conveyancing/conveyancer: conveyancers/conveyancing: conveyancings/conveyer: conveyers/conveying: conveyings/conveyor: conveyors
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Organ donation and transplantation is truly a team effort, and our 2017 float conveys that beautifully."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Light and shadow are deftly conveyed, as are the folds of voluminous costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
What I admired most was Baker’s ability to convey a sense of Beckett’s own writing without imitating it.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 传达，传递; 运送，输送; [法]让与，转让（财产等）; 表达
时态：conveyed, conveying, conveys
分布：传达(59%)，表达(37%)，运输(3%)，转移(1%)
→con-, 强调。-vey, 路，移动，词源同via, way.
运输;转达(con共同+vey→共同用路→运输0[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
v.运送,搬运,转运;传达,传播The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
【参】convoy（v /n 护送，护航）
verb transitive
COMMUNICATE 传达
 ADVANCED
■to express a thought, feeling or idea so that it is understood by other people 表达，传达（思想、感情或想法）
• His poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion. 他的诗歌表达了献身宗教的强烈感情。
• If you see James, do convey my apologies (to him). 要是你见到詹姆斯，一定要转达我（对他）的歉意。
• [+ question word] I tried to convey in my speech how grateful we all were for his help. 在发言中，我竭力地表达我们大家对他所给予帮助的感激之情。
• You don't want to convey the impression that we're not interested. 你不想给人留下我们不感兴趣的印象吧。
[kən'veɪ] verb transitive
TAKE 带走
■to take or carry someone or something to a particular place 运送，运输
• The goods are usually conveyed by sea. 这种货物通常透过海路运输。
• Could you convey a message to Mr Merrick for me, please? 你能替我给梅里克先生传个口信吗？
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
vt. 传达；运输；让与
 - communicate, release, transport

Word: dilute
Front: dilute
[daɪˈlu:t] (研六托雅宝 9506/7662 -2)
Vocabulary: dilute
(once / 1190 pages)
vadj
When you dilute something, you make it thinner, weaker, or more watered down. If you put lots of ice cubes in your soda, the ice will melt and dilute the drink.
Think about diluting as lessening the quality but increasing the quantity. Unless you're diluting a really strong drink to make it taste better or diluting heavy paint to get a lighter shade — then the quality actually improves. Quipped President John F. Kennedy, “Public speaking is the art of diluting a two-minute idea with a two-hour vocabulary.”
WORD FAMILY
dilute: dilutant, diluted, dilutes, diluting, dilution +/dilutant: dilutants/diluted: undiluted/ dilution: dilutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many are up all year, further diluting their Christmas connotation.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The process starts by injecting an animal, often a horse, with a small amount of diluted venom from a particular snake.
Science Magazine(Dec 20, 2016)
Eight other samples were diluted with coffee granules or contained more salt than is physiologically possible in a healthy human.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: vt. 稀释，冲淡
adj. 稀释的，冲淡的
时态：diluted, diluting, dilutes
分布：稀释(71%)，冲淡(16%)，稀释的(11%)，冲淡的(2%)
→di-, 分开，散开，来自dis-变体。-lut, 流，注入，词源同lava, deluge. 即流散，稀释。
冲淡,稀释(di+lute冲洗→冲洗开→冲淡)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
冲淡;稀释(di分开+lute→冲开→冲淡)[lav,luv,lut=wash,表示"洗,冲洗"]
vt.稀释,冲淡a.稀释的,冲淡的The nurse diluted the drug with saline water.护士用生理盐水把药加以稀释.
【记】di向下，lute冲－稀释
【反】concentrate（v 浓缩）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else 稀释，冲淡
• Dilute the juice (with water) before you drink it. 果汁先（用水）稀释一下再喝。
■to reduce the strength of a feeling, action, etc. 减缓，减轻，缓冲
• These measures are designed to dilute public fears about the product's safety. 采取这些措施是为了减轻公众对该产品安全的恐慌。
[daɪ'lu:t] adjective (US usually diluted)
■made weaker by diluting 经过稀释的，低浓度的
• dilute hydrochloric acid 经过稀释的盐酸
diffuse, dilute, disperse, dissolve
diffuse: 使扩散（气体或热量等的扩散或弥漫）
dilute: 稀释，减少事物的强度，浓度，纯度
disperse: 扩散，消散
dissolve: 溶解，固体溶解于水中
adj. 稀释的；淡的
 - watery, attenuant
vt. 稀释；冲淡；削弱
 - break, deliquate
vi. 变稀薄；变淡
 - thin

Word: thinker
Front: thinker
[ˈθɪŋkə(r)] (6405/8906 -1)
Vocabulary: thinker
(once / 780 pages)
n
A thinker is just what it sounds like — a person who does a lot of thinking. If you're a thinker, it may take you a while to make an important decision.
You can use the noun thinker when you talk about a smart, scholarly person who's known for being an intellectual, or to describe someone who contemplates every choice at great length. Serious students are thinkers, and so are little kids who mull things over carefully, such as deciding which kind of doughnut to choose. Perhaps the most famous thinker is Auguste Rodin's bronze statue "The Thinker," which shows a man sitting, chin in hand, deep in thought.
WORD FAMILY
thinker: thinkers+/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought/ think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought /thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought/ thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kiffin also showed Sports Illustrated a personality assessment that profiled him as a conceptual thinker.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This book is interesting because it offers a chance to witness this influential thinker grapple with more offbeat questions.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Jay Rosen, a leading media thinker, sees big trouble ahead.
Washington Post(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 思想家; 思考者
分布：思考者(55%)，思想者(45%)
→think,思考，想象，-er,人。
US [-kɚ] noun countable
■someone who considers important subjects or produces new ideas 思想家
• a political/religious thinker 政治／宗教思想家
• He was known for being an original thinker. 他以思想独特而闻名。
n. 思想家；思想者
 - ideologist

Word: spite
Front: spite
[spaɪt] (研四六宝 4179/14563 -K3)
Vocabulary: spite
(once / 82 pages)
nv
When your sister told you that you looked terrible in your new tube top, she may have been saying it out of spite, or in a deliberately mean or offensive way.
The noun spite means "a desire to offend." The word spite can also take the form of a verb, when it's used like this: "He only became a vegetarian to spite his cattle rancher father." Either way, spite implies a grudge, a desire to offend or hurt the feelings of someone by actions or words.
WORD FAMILY
spite: spited, spiteful, spites, spiting+/despiteful: despitefully/ spiteful: despiteful, spitefully, spitefulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In spite of its proximity to Hollywood, it is not exactly star-studded.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prison also offered unique ways for a little girl to spite her mother.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: n. 恶意; 怨恨; 恶事
vt. 向…表示恶意; 欺负; 刁难; 泄愤
时态：spited, spiting, spites
分布：恶意(39%)，怨恨(36%)，刁难(17%)，惹怒(4%)，冒犯(4%)
→缩写自 despite,怨恨，憎恨。
n.恶意;怨恨I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
【记】我对你有spite就会bite你。Spit（v 吐吐沫）使你spite
noun
DESPITE 不管
in spite of sth
 ADVANCED
■(used before one fact that makes another fact surprising) despite 尽管；不顾，不管
• In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday's match. 尽管里卡多有伤在身，星期六的比赛他仍然会出场。
in spite of yourself
■used when you do something which you do not intend to do and which you are trying not to do 不由自主地
• She started to laugh, in spite of herself. 她不由自主地笑了起来。
[spaɪt] noun
HURT 伤害
uncountable
■a feeling of anger towards someone that makes a person want to annoy, upset or hurt them, especially in a small way 恶意；怨恨
• He's the sort of man who would let down the tyres on your car just out of/from spite. 他是那种会为了泄愤而让你车胎泄气的人。
[spaɪt] verb transitive
■to intentionally annoy, upset or hurt someone 刁难；存心使苦恼；故意伤害
• I almost think he died without making a will just to spite his family. 连我都有些认为他死前不立遗嘱就是存心要为难他的家人。
n. 不顾；恶意；怨恨
 - regardless of, hatred
vt. 刁难；使恼怒
 - make a difficulty, exasperate

Word: reshuffle
Front: reshuffle
[ˌri:ˈʃʌfl] (宝 25088/9347 -1)
Back: n. 改组（尤指政治组织）; 重新洗牌
vt. & vi. 改组; 重新洗牌; 重作安排
时态：reshuffled, reshuffling, reshuffles
分布：改组(68%)，重新洗牌(17%)，重新安排(15%)
→re-,再，重新，shuffle,洗牌，安排。
【记】re再，shuffle（v 洗牌）－改组
noun countable /ˈriːˌʃʌf.lֽ/
■when the positions of people or things within a particular group are changed 改组；岗位调整；重新安排
• They expect a Cabinet reshuffle in the summer. 他们预期在夏天进行内阁改组。
• a government/management reshuffle 政府／管理层改组
verb transitive /ˌriːˈʃʌf.lֽ/
■to change the positions of people or things within a particular group 改组；岗位调整；重新安排
• to reshuffle the deck/cards 重新洗牌
• The prime minister is expected to reshuffle his ministerial team next month. 首相预计会在下月对其部长班子进行重组。
vt. 重新洗牌；改组；重作安排
 - recompose
n. 重新洗牌；改组
 - restructuring, reorganization

Word: feat
Front: feat
[fi:t] (研托雅宝 7177/8546 -2)
Vocabulary: feat
(once / 506 pages)
n
A feat is an exemplary, even bold achievement, often an act of great courage or skill. Getting your cat to wear a leash was quite a feat.
The noun feat developed from the Latin facere, meaning "make do." Today, it gets applied to a deed that's noble or out of the ordinary. Have you ever accomplished amazing feats in your dreams, like flying? If so, I hope you didn't wake up on the roof. Maybe you perform feats of daring in your everyday life, if you're a firefighter or a tightrope walker. If you're afraid of heights, just taking the glass elevator counts as a courageous feat!
WORD FAMILY
feat: feats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Matthews accomplishing the feat might be more impressive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He did not achieve the feat this season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Harden’s feat was especially notable because of the high point total.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 功绩，伟业; 技艺表演; 卓绝的手艺，技术，本领; 武艺
adj. 合适的; 灵巧的; 漂亮的，整洁的
分布：功绩(49%)，技艺(38%)，技艺表演(13%)
→来自法语。来自词根fac, 做，词源同do, fact.即做出来的业绩，功绩。
功绩,事业(feat=fact做大事→功绩)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.功绩,伟业,技艺The Chinese people have performed great historic feats.中国人民立下了伟大的历史功绩.
【记】f＝fly，eat－fly到美国再eat GRE考2400的庆功宴，因为2400也不一定能去美国！－功绩fly到阿富汗把本拉登eat了－功绩
noun countable
■something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, bravery, etc. to achieve it 技艺；功绩；业绩；英勇事迹
• The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering. 艾菲尔铁塔是工程技术上的一大非凡杰作。
• She's performed remarkable feats of organization for the office. 她为办事处所做的组织工作成绩斐然。
[fi:t] noun countable
be no mean feat informal
■to be a great achievement 是了不起的成就
• Getting the job finished in under a week was no mean feat. 一周内就把这项任务完成了，真了不起。
n. 功绩，壮举；技艺表演
 - merit, exploit
adj. 合适的；灵巧的
 - becoming, shaped, applicable, likely, possible

Word: trickle
Front: trickle
[ˈtrɪkl] (托雅宝 8863/10055 -1)
Vocabulary: trickle
(once / 949 pages)
vn
To trickle is to weakly flow out of something, like a faucet. A trickle is like a drip.
There are a lot of ways water can flow, but one type of slow dripping is called trickling. If your shower is only releasing a trickle of water, you're not going to get much of a shower. If it's raining — but only a trickle — you might not need an umbrella. A slightly leaky roof is trickling. A trickle is the opposite of a downpour or flood. Trickling can also be called dribbling.
WORD FAMILY
trickle: trickled, trickles, trickling
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some of the country’s more expensive markets, the slowdown at the top end is showing signs of trickling down to more average-priced apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
As his grand year trickles to its final hours, James isn’t looking too far ahead.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Such increasingly common dismissals of spiritual existence trickle into popular thought and even into everyday language.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 滴; 细细地流; 使淌下; 慢慢地移动
n. 滴; 涓流; 细流; 稀稀疏疏缓慢来往的东西
时态：trickled, trickling, trickles
分布：细流(71%)，滴流(23%)，徐徐地流(3%)，慢慢移动(3%)
→可能缩写（或变体）自中古英语 striken,流，特指流泪，词源同 strike,击，打。-le,表反复。 后引申词义滴，淌，细流，涓流等。
【记】象声词
【反】spate（n 大水）
verb intransitive
LIQUID 液体
trickle down/from/out of, etc.
■If liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly and without force in a thin line 从…向下滴（或淌）
• Blood trickled out of the corner of his mouth. 血从他的嘴角滴了下来。
• Oil was trickling from a tiny hole in the tank. 油正从油罐上的一个小孔往下滴。
['trɪk.l] verb intransitive
SMALL NUMBER 少量
trickle in/out/back, etc.
■to arrive or move somewhere slowly and gradually, in small numbers 缓慢而零星地进入／离开／返回等
• Gradually people trickled back into the theatre for the second half. 渐渐地，人们开始三三两两地回到剧院看下半场。
['trɪk.l] noun
SMALL NUMBER 少量
only singular
■a very small number of people or things arriving or leaving somewhere 三三两两，零星
• We usually only get a trickle of customers in the shop in the mornings. 早上我们店里通常只有零星顾客。
['trɪk.l] noun
LIQUID 液体
countable
■a small amount of liquid which is flowing slowly in a thin line 从…向下滴（或淌）
• A trickle of melted butter made its way down his chin. 一滴融化了的奶油顺着他的下巴向下滑。
vi. 滴；细细地流；慢慢地移动
 - creep
n. 滴，淌；细流
 - drop, gutta

Word: absolutely
Front: absolutely
[ˈæbsəlu:tli] (四托 1149/1619 -K4)
Vocabulary: absolutely
(once / 113 pages)
adv
When something is absolute, it's total and complete. When something is absolutely the case, it's going to be that way — no ifs, ands, or buts.
When you want to be certain that there is no doubt about what you mean, then you say that it's absolutely that way. For example, there is absolutely nothing you can do that will make George Clooney invite you to his house on Lake Como. The moon is absolutely not made of green cheese. When I said that I would absolutely not go to that wedding, I wasn't kidding, and I didn't go. Absolutely can also be an interjection, a statement of emotion, as in, "Am I sure I'm up to it? Absolutely!"
WORD FAMILY
absolute: absolutely, absoluteness, absolutes, absolutism +/ absolutism: absolutisms, absolutist, absolutistic/ absolutist: absolutists/absolutistic: absolutistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Her energy and her drive are something we were absolutely looking for to complement the existing management here,” Harvey said of Fischer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I absolutely refuse to live my life being defined only by my job.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“But if we think Trump will create bad conditions and that’ll be enough for Democrats to win, we are absolutely wrong.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 绝对地; 完全地; 毫无疑问地; [语]独立地，分离地
分布：完全地(62%)，绝对地(38%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 完全地；绝对地
• I believed/trusted him absolutely. 我绝对相信／信任他。
• You must be absolutely silent or the birds won't appear. 你必须绝对安静，不然鸟儿就不会飞出来。
• We've achieved absolutely nothing today. 我们今天真是一事无成。
 ESSENTIAL
■used for adding force to a strong adjective which is not usually used with 'very', or to a verb expressing strong emotion （用在通常不和 very 连用的形容词前或表示强烈感情的动词前，以加强语气）确实地，绝对地，极其
• It's absolutely impossible to work with all this noise. 噪音这么大，根本没法工作。
• The food was absolutely disgusting/delicious. 这食物实在是难以下咽／美味无比。
• I absolutely loathe/adore jazz. 我对爵士乐讨厌得要死／喜欢得要命。
 ADVANCED
■used as a strong way of saying 'yes' （表示强烈赞同） 一点不错，完全对
• "It was an excellent film, though." "Absolutely!" “不过这部电影棒极了。”“完全同意！”
absolutely not
■used as a strong way of saying 'no' （表示强烈反对）当然不，绝对不行
• "Are you too tired to continue?" "Absolutely not!" “你是不是太累了，无法继续下去了？”“当然不是！”
[ˌæb.sə'lu:t.li] ['--ˌ--] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  absolutelyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'te', just add 'ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'absolutly' or 'absolutelly', write absolutely.
adv. 绝对地；完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: timber
Front: timber
[ˈtɪmbə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4896/2972 -2)
Vocabulary: timber
(once / 241 pages)
1n 2n
Timber! That's the call of warning you hear before a tree falls. That's because those lumberjacks are going to use the tree to make timber, otherwise known as "lumber" or the wood used for construction.
Timber can actually be the trees used to make or build something, or the wood that comes from those trees, which you could also call "lumber." You might think that when a pirate yells "shiver me timbers!" he's referring to his wooden peg leg. But the timbers he's talking about are actually the boards and planks used to build the frame of a ship.
WORD FAMILY
timber: timbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s the way they do things at Starker Forests, the Philomath timber company founded by Oregon Agricultural College forestry professor T.J.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The resulting panels are lighter and less energy-intensive than concrete and steel and much faster to assemble on-site than regular timber, proponents say.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Cross Timbers State Park: The hike along the half-mile Post Oak Trail begins at 2 p.m.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 木材，木料; （用于建筑或制作物品的）树木; 用材林，林场; 素质
vt. 用木料支撑; 备以木材
分布：木材(88%)，木料(12%)
→来自古英语 timber,房屋，建筑物，来自 Proto-Germanic*timran,建筑物，来自 deme,建造， 修建，来自 dom,屋子，住所，词源同 dome,domicile.后引申词义建筑材料，树木，木材， 木料等。
n.木材,木料We must safeguard forest timber.我们必须保护森林.
【记】源于：lumber（n 木材）
【区】timbre（n 音色；音质）
US [-bɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■trees that are grown so that the wood from them can be used for building 林木；树木
• a timber forest 材用林
• These trees are being grown for timber. 这些树是供材用而栽种的。
 ADVANCED uncountable UK (US lumber)
■wood used for building 木材
• a timber merchant 木材商
 ADVANCED countable
■a long piece of wood used for building, especially houses and ships 木料
• roof timbers 房檩
• a timber-framed building 木结构房屋
UK ['tɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] exclamation
■shouted when a tree which has been cut is about to fall （在被伐树木倒下前喊的）倒啦
timber, wood, lumber, log
这组词都有“木材”的意思，其区别是：
timber: 指经过匠人初步加要的备用木材，多用于英国英语。
wood: 最普通用词，含义广，除表示“木材，木”外，还可用复数形式表示森林。
lumber: 指伐下后未经削磨的木材，现多用于美国英语中。
log: 指原木或圆木。
n. [木] 木材；木料
 - wood, tree

Word: premise
Front: premise
['premɪs] (研六托雅宝 4556/2136 -2)
Vocabulary: premise
(once / 548 pages)
nv
A premise is what forms the basis of a theory or a plot. When you called 911 on the guy in your back yard, it was on the premise that he was a thief and not the meter-reader.
In logic, the premise is the basic statement upon whose truth an argument is based. Criticize alternative theories by demonstrating their false premises. In a more general sense, it's a basic assertion. On the premise that people are generally good, you keep your doors unlocked. Premise is also used more loosely for the starting point for a plot. A movie's premise could be that two people trapped on a desert island will inevitably fall in love.
WORD FAMILY
premise: premised, premises, premising
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That citizens get a say in government is premised on the fact that we’re paying for it - so what happens if we’re not?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police sealed off the premises and didn’t allow the media near the club.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 前提; [复数]房屋; [复数][合同、契约用语]上述各点; （逻辑学中的）大[小]前提
vt. 预述（条件等）; 提出…为前提; 假设; 作出前提
时态：premised, premising, premises
分布：前提(93%)，假设(6%)，预述(1%)
→来自古法语premisse,来自拉丁语premissa,前提，假设，在前面的论断，来自pre-,在前，早于，-miss,送出，提出，词源同mission,emit.在法律文件中意为前面陈述之事，描述物，通常指土地或房屋，因而引申该词义。
前提(pre预先＋mise→预先送出→前提)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.前提,房屋连地基v.提论,预述,假定Keep off the premises.禁止进入院内.
noun countable /ˈprem.ɪs/
■an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based （作为先决条件的）假定，前提
• [+ that] They had started with the premise that all men are created equal. 他们是从人人生而平等此一前提出发的。
• The research project is based on the premise stated earlier. 这项研究计划是基于早先提出的假设之上的。
verb transitive /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs] formal
■to base a theory, argument, etc. on an idea, thought, or belief 假定…为先决条件，作为…的前提
• He premised his argument on several incorrect assumptions. 他把自己的论证建立在了几个错误的假设之上。
vt. 引出，预先提出；作为…的前提
 - educe, draw forth
n. 前提；上述各项；房屋连地基
 - precondition

Word: flesh
Front: flesh
[fleʃ] (高研四雅 3209/3036 -K2)
Vocabulary: flesh
(once / 115 pages)
1nv 2n
Flesh is the part of a body that's made of muscles and fat. If you grab the flesh of your little brother's arm to keep him from running into the street, you're holding the soft part of his arm.
We often use the word flesh to talk about the tissues of an animal's body — in other words, the fat and muscle that most humans consider to be food, or meat. But you'll also hear people say "flesh and bone" or "flesh and blood" when they're describing the physical parts of a human. The Old English root is flæsc, "flesh or meat."
WORD FAMILY
flesh: flesh-colored, fleshed, fleshes, fleshing, fleshy+/fleshy: fleshier, fleshiest, fleshily, fleshiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the skin burns before the flesh is tender, lower the flame slightly.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
"From this time he began to lose flesh and sink gradually, his breathing more and more difficult," the notes continued.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
He said he’s tested the box himself “dozens of times,” even putting a tomato inside the box one time to simulate flesh.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 肉; 肉体; 果肉; 皮肤
v. 用肉喂养; 长胖
时态：fleshed, fleshing, fleshes
分布：肉(80%)，肉体(15%)，充实(2%)，人类(2%)，变胖(1%)
→可能来自pleik, 撕，剥，词源同flay. 即剥皮，肉体。比较carnal, corium.
n.肉,肌肉The fresh flesh on the mesh refreshed the dog.网格上的新鲜肉使狗恢复了体力.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the soft part of the body of a person or animal which is between the skin and the bones, or the soft inside part of a fruit or vegetable （人或动物的）肉；果肉；蔬菜的可食部分
• The thorn went deep into the flesh of my hand. 刺深深扎进了我的手。
• The flesh of the fruit is white. 这种水果的果肉是白色的。
• Vegetarians don't eat animal flesh (= meat). 素食者不吃肉。
the flesh only singular literary
■the physical body and not the mind or the soul 肉体
• This left him plenty of time to indulge in the pleasures of the flesh (= physical pleasures, such as sex or eating). 这使他有了充足的时间沉溺于肉体的欢愉中。
⇒ See also fleshpot
[fleʃ] noun
be (only) flesh and blood
■to have normal human limits, needs, etc 只是血肉之躯，只是凡人
• Of course I find pretty young women attractive - I'm only flesh and blood. 我当然觉得年轻漂亮的女人很有吸引力——我只是个凡人。
[fleʃ] noun
be sb's own flesh and blood
■to be someone's relation 是（某人）的亲人
• I couldn't send him away - he's my own flesh and blood. 我不能把他送走——他是我的亲人。
[fleʃ] noun
in the flesh
■in real life, and not on TV, in a film, in a picture, etc 当面；活生生地
• I've seen her perform on television, but never in the flesh. 我见过她在电视上表演，但从来没见过本人。
[fleʃ] noun
make your flesh crawl/creep
■to make someone very worried or frightened 使非常担忧；使非常害怕；使起鸡皮疙瘩
• I don't mind spiders but worms make my flesh crawl. 我不怕蜘蛛，但是虫子让我浑身起鸡皮疙瘩。
[fleʃ] noun
put flesh on (the bones of) sth
■to add more details to a plan, idea, argument, etc. to make it better or more complete 充实；加细节于
[fleʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flesh sth out
■to add more details or information to something 以细节（或资讯）充实
• These plans need to be fleshed out with some more figures. 这些计划需要更多的数位元加以充实。
flesh, meat
这组词都有“肉”的意思，其区别是：
flesh: 主要指人体或动物身上的肌肉组织，是从生理角度着眼的。也指动物的肉食。
meat: 是肉类的总称，指食用的肉，但不包括鱼类的肉。
n. [食品] [组织] 肉；肉体
 - meat, clay
vi. 长胖
 - fat up

Word: flush
Front: flush
[flʌʃ] (研四六托雅宝 5935/5416 -2)
Vocabulary: flush
(once / 171 pages)
1vn 2vn 3adjvadv 4adjn 5n 6adv
When you empty something out with a liquid, you flush it. You might also be flush with cash, meaning you have a lot of it. Just don't flush that cash down the toilet!
Your face can flush, and the sky can flush at sunset when it glows with shades of pink. You can also use flush as an adjective to mean "lined up" or "level," like when you hang a medicine cabinet in your bathroom, making sure it's flush against the wall. Yet another meaning of a flush is a peak or boom — a professional poker player might describe her period of winning game after game as a flush.
WORD FAMILY
flush: flushed, flushes, flushing, flushingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s the quintessential American mall, once flush with people, now scraping along as national retailers shudder.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Put away the mobile devices and flush the illicit drugs down the drain.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
After her arrival, they began flushing the wound with a saline solution and treating it with antibiotic ointments, but the lesion wouldn’t heal.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vi. 脸红; 呈红色; 奔流; 冲刷
adj. 满面红光的; 富足的，丰富的; 盈满的，没过的; 水平的，同高的
n. 奔流，涌出; 脸红或发亮; 发热; 强烈情感的冲动
vt. 发红或发亮; 使兴奋或得意; （以水）冲刷，冲洗; 冲掉，除掉
时态：flushed, flushing, flushes
分布：冲洗(72%)，脸红(17%)，发红(9%)，将某人赶出(2%)
→拟声词，模仿冲洗奔流的声音，词义与flash出现重合。由流出引申词义水平，同高。同花顺义来自拉丁语fluere, 流动，流畅，词源同fluent.
奔流,冲洗(flu+sh表动词→流动→冲洗→;参考：dash猛冲)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
n.脸红v.发红;奔流a.洋溢的;富裕的;齐平的The river is flush with rain.那条河因雨而泛滥.
【记】flu冲，sh：自己想！
【参】blush（v/n 脸红）
verb
BECOME RED 变红
intransitive
■When you flush, you become red in the face, especially as a result of strong emotions, heat or alcohol 发红；脸红
• She flushed with pleasure as she accepted the prize. 她领奖时高兴得红光满面。
• The champagne had caused his face to flush. 香槟使他脸色发红。
[flʌʃ] verb
TOILET 洗手间
intransitive or transitive
■If you flush a toilet, or if a toilet flushes, its contents empty and it fills with water again 冲洗（抽水马桶）
• My children never flush the loo/toilet after them. 我的孩子们用过马桶后从来不冲。
• I can't get the toilet to flush. 我无法让马桶冲水。
flush sth down the toilet
■to get rid of something by putting it in the toilet and operating the toilet 从马桶冲走
• I tend to flush old medicines down the toilet. 我往往用马桶冲走过期药品。
[flʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flush sb/sth out
■to force a person or animal to leave a place where they are hiding 把（人或动物）从隐蔽处驱赶出来
• Planes bombed the guerrilla positions yesterday in an attempt to flush out snipers from underground tunnels. 飞机昨天轰炸了游击队的驻地，试图把狙击手从地下坑道中逼出来。
• We used a dog to flush the rabbits out. 我们用一条狗把那些野兔赶出来。
[flʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flush sb out
■to do something in order to discover people who have been dishonest 使（不诚实的人）暴露出来
• By cross-checking claims, we will flush out the fraudsters. 透过反复核对索赔请求，我们会把欺诈者揪出来的。
[flʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flush sth out
■to remove something using a sudden flow of water （用水流）清除，冲洗
• Drink a lot of water to flush the toxins out of your system. 大量饮水来清除体内的毒素。
[flʌʃ] adjective
LEVEL 水准的
■at the same level as another surface （与另一平面）齐平的
• I want the light fittings to be flush with the ceiling. 我想让灯具配件与天花板齐平。
[flʌʃ] adjective
RICH 富有的
[after verb] informal
■having a lot of money 有钱的，富有的
• I've just been paid so I'm feeling flush. 我刚领了薪金，所以感觉挺有钱的。
[flʌʃ] noun
RED COLOUR 红色
countable
■a red colour that appears on your face or other skin because you are embarrassed, hot, etc. 脸红、皮肤发红（因尴尬、发热等原因）
• A faint pink flush coloured her cheeks. 她的双颊泛出淡淡的红晕。
⇒ See also hot flush
[flʌʃ] noun
SUDDEN FEELING 一阵感觉
a flush of anger/excitement/pleasure, etc.
■a sudden strong feeling of anger, excitement, pleasure, etc. 一阵愤怒／激动／高兴
[flʌʃ] noun
TOILET 厕所
countable
■when the contents of a toilet empties and it fills with water 冲厕所
■the handle or button which you push to make a toilet empty and fill with water 马桶的冲水把手、按钮
• He pressed the flush with his hand. 他用手按下了冲水按钮。
[flʌʃ] noun
CARD GAMES 纸牌游戏
countable
■a number of playing cards held by one player which are all from the same suit 同花的一手牌
flush, blush
这组词都有“脸红”的意思，其区别是：
flush: 强调因愤怒、高兴、羞愧、发烧或酗酒等引起的脸红。
blush: 侧重因羞愧或尴尬而突然脸红。
n. 激动，洋溢；面红；萌芽；旺盛；奔流
 - seed, warmth, excitation, agitation
vt. 使齐平；发红，使发亮；用水冲洗；使激动
 - heat, electrify
vi. 发红，脸红；奔涌；被冲洗
 - blush
adj. 大量的；齐平的；丰足的，洋溢的；挥霍的
 - massive, extensive, substantial, macro, much

Word: blockbuster
Front: blockbuster
[ˈblɒkbʌstə(r)] (8986/16586 -1)
Vocabulary: blockbuster
(once / 3605 pages)
1n 2n
A blockbuster is a Hollywood movie that's made with a large budget and big stars. A true blockbuster is extremely popular and brings in a lot of money.
Typically, a blockbuster is a fabulous summer movie that audiences line up to see the first weekend it's released. You can also call a successful play or a new, popular video game a blockbuster. Less, often, a huge bomb is a blockbuster — this is the word's original, 1940s meaning, from the fact that such a bomb could destroy an entire city block. The entertainment meaning, from the 1950s, began as theater slang.
WORD FAMILY
blockbuster: blockbusters
USAGE EXAMPLES
A companion book to the blockbuster Broadway musical.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Meanwhile, it’s still early, but most of the critically praised awards films aren’t exactly proving to be blockbuster hits, either.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
What about other characters in the blockbuster franchise?
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 重磅炸弹，了不起的人或事; 大片; 风靡一时的事物
分布：大片(60%)，轰动(30%)，巨型炸弹(10%)
→block，大块。buster, 炸开，来自burst, 爆裂，字母r脱落。
US ['blɑ:kˌbʌs.tɚ] informal
noun countable
■a book or film that is very successful, especially because it is exciting （尤指因内容精彩而）非常成功的书（或影片）
• a blockbuster movie /novel 卖座钜片／风靡一时的小说
n. 轰动；巨型炸弹；一鸣惊人者
 - sensation, stir

Word: reckoning
Front: reckoning
[ˈrekənɪŋ] (13987/13794 -1)
Vocabulary: reckoning
(once / 848 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A reckoning is a calculation or number you estimate. You might say, "By my reckoning, there are now seventeen kids in the bouncy house, which might be a few too many."
The act of counting or tallying can be called a reckoning, and so can a person's opinion on something. You could describe an ancient astronomer's reckoning that the Earth was at the center of the universe or your own reckoning that guests should never stay more than three days. The Old English gerecenian is the root of reckoning, to count, recount, or relate.
WORD FAMILY
reckoning: misreckoning, overreckoning, reckonings, underreckoning+/misreckoning: misreckonings/ reckon: reckoned, reckoner, reckoning, reckons/reckoner: reckoners
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there will need to be a reckoning.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
By his reckoning, it’s impossible to say yet which songs from the past 25 years will endure.
Washington Post(Oct 19, 2016)
Tyler’s new job involves a little bit of everything, by his own reckoning, with an aim at supporting staff.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 计算; 账目; 船只位置的推算; （尤指体育运动）属于可能胜出者行列之内
v. <正>计算( reckon的现在分词); 猜想; 考虑; <非正>思忖
分布：计算(61%)，账单(18%)，算帐(18%)，动词reckon的现在分词.(3%)
noun countable or uncountable
■a calculation which you make 计算
• By my reckoning, we should arrive in ten minutes. 我算了一下，再过10分钟我们就该到了。
n. [数] 计算；清算；算帐
 - calculation, computation, valuation, count
v. [数] 计算；认为；指望（reckon的ing形式）
 - computing, calculating, relying, feeling, figuring

Word: colourful
Front: colourful
[ˈkʌləfl] (33859/5311 -2)
Back: adj. 颜色鲜艳的; 丰富多彩的，引人入胜的; 蔚; 彩色缤纷
分布：多色的(100%)
US [-ɚ-] adjective
APPEARANCE 外观
■having bright colours or a lot of different colours 色彩鲜艳的；艳丽的；五颜六色的
• a colourful painting 色彩艳丽的油画
• colourful costumes 五颜六色的服装
UK (ALSO US colorful) UK ['kʌl.ə.fəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
INTERESTING 有趣的
■interesting and exciting 丰富多彩的；有声有色的
• a colourful character 有趣的人物
• The town, of course, has a very colourful history/past. 当然，这座城镇具有丰富多彩的历史。
• The old city around the cathedral is the most colourful part of town. 环绕大教堂的旧城区是该城最饶有趣味的地方。
adj. 鲜艳的；生动的；富色彩的；富有趣味的
 - vivid, telling, live

Word: devil
Front: devil
[ˈdevl] (研四六 4907/3542 -2)
Vocabulary: devil
(once / 155 pages)
1nv 2v
A devil is profoundly bad spirit, being, or monster. Your religious uncle might blame all bad behavior on the influence of the devil.
In Christianity, the devil (which is sometimes capitalized), is the essence of evil, also known as Satan. The word is also used to mean a very hateful or cruel human: "He must be a devil, to hurt a kitten like that," or sometimes a mischievous trickster: "What a little devil she is, always playing practical jokes." When you devil someone, you annoy or bother them: "We loved to devil the cranky old man next door."
WORD FAMILY
devil: deviled, deviling, devilise, devilish, devilize, devilled, devilling, devilment, devilry, devils, deviltry, diabolic +/ devilish: devilishly/devilment: devilments/devilry: devilries/deviltry: deviltries/ diabolic: diabolical, diabolically, diabolise, diabolize/diabolise: diabolised, diabolising/diabolize: diabolized, diabolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But the devil is always in the details.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He faces a devil’s choice between slogging through another season at the outdated Qualcomm Stadium or becoming the second team in Los Angeles.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
“I think the worst was Hitler. And I kept thinking ‘I don't want to play the devil this time.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 魔鬼; 家伙; 淘气鬼; 冒失鬼
vt. 虐待，折磨; （用扯碎机）扯碎; （替作家，律师等）做助手; 抹辣味料烤制或煎煮
时态：devilled, devilling, devils
分布：魔鬼(88%)，家伙(6%)，淘气鬼(2%)，困扰(1%)，坏人(1%)，添加辣味调料(1%)，棘手的事(1%)
→来自拉丁语diabolus, 穿过，诽谤，攻击，词源同diabolic.来自dia-，穿过，-ball, 投掷，词源同ballistic, kill. 后用于指魔鬼。devil ’s advocate 故意唱反调的人
n.魔鬼It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
noun
EVIL BEING 魔鬼
 ADVANCED countable
■an evil being, often represented in human form but with a tail and horns 魔鬼，恶魔，妖魔
the devil only singular (often the Devil)
■a powerful evil force and the enemy of God in Christianity and Judaism （基督教和犹太教中与上帝为敌的）魔鬼，撒旦
['dev.əl] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■someone, especially a child, who behaves badly 坏蛋，淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼（尤指孩子）
• Those little/young devils broke my window. 那些小淘气鬼打破了我的窗户。
countable informal humorous
■a person who enjoys doing things people might disapprove of 鬼东西，死鬼
• "I'm going to wear a short black skirt and thigh-length boots." "Ooh, you devil!" “我打算穿一条黑色短裙和及膝长靴。”“噢，你这个作死鬼！”
• Have another slice of cake - go on, be a devil! 再吃一件蛋糕——吃吧，豁出去了！
countable informal
■used with an adjective to describe someone and express your opinion about something that has happened to them （与形容词连用表示对某人的看法）人，家伙
• I hear you've got a new car, you lucky devil! 我听说你得了一辆新车，你这个走运的家伙！
• He's been ill for weeks, poor devil. 他已病了好几个星期了，可怜的家伙。
['dev.əl] noun
be between the devil and the deep blue sea
■to have two choices but both of them are equally unpleasant or not convenient 进退维谷，左右为难
['dev.əl] noun
The devil finds work for idle hands. saying
■said to show that you believe people who have nothing to do are more likely to get into trouble or commit a crime 无事之徒易犯事
['dev.əl] noun
the devil to pay old-fashioned
■a lot of trouble, difficulty, punishment, anger, etc. 严重后果、困难、惩罚、别人的愤怒等
• If he catches you going through his drawers there'll be the devil to pay! 如果他发现你翻他的抽屉，你会有大麻烦的。
['dev.əl] noun
the devil's own
■extremely difficult or bad 极为困难的；极坏的
• We had the devil's own job/time finding the place! 我们找这个地方可费了不少功夫／时间！
['dev.əl] noun
(to) give the devil his due
■said when you admit that someone you do not like or admire does have particular good qualities 平心而论，说句公道话
• I don't like the man but - give the devil his due - he works incredibly hard. 我不喜欢那个人，可是平心而论，他工作起来真是特别卖力。
['dev.əl] noun
go to the devil old-fashioned
■something you say to someone annoying or bad to tell them to go away forever 去死吧，见鬼去吧
['dev.əl] noun
speak/talk of the devil
■something you say when the person you were talking about appears unexpectedly 说到某人，某人就到
• Did you hear what happened to Anna yesterday - oh, speak of the devil, here she is. 你听说安娜昨天出的那件事了吗——噢，说曹操，曹操就到了。
['dev.əl] noun
the/a devil of a sth old-fashioned
■an extremely difficult or serious type of something 极为困难的；极其严重的
• a devil of a mess/problem 极为混乱的局面／极其严重的问题
• We had the devil of a job/time trying to find this place! 我们找这个地方可费了不少周折／时间！
['dev.əl] noun
what/where/how/why the devil old-fashioned informal
■used to give emphasis to a question （用于强调问题）到底，究竟
• What the devil are you doing? 你到底在做甚么？
• Where the devil have you been? 你究竟去了哪里？
n. 魔鬼；撒旦；家伙；恶棍
 - apple, customer, egg, fellow, guy
vt. 折磨
 - harry, worry, trouble, tear, torture

Word: sigh
Front: sigh
[saɪ] (高研四六托雅 3349/3085 -3)
Vocabulary: sigh
(once / 86 pages)
vn
The sound that you make when you exhale loudly to show frustration, boredom, or relief is called a sigh. No matter how much you sigh during your family's annual car trip to the Grand Canyon, your dad won't drive any faster.
Something that sounds like a human sigh is also called a sigh. The breeze might sigh in the still night air, or a screen door might sigh closed. The word sigh comes from the Old English word of the same meaning, sican, which was probably imitative, echoing the sound of a sigh.
WORD FAMILY
sigh: sighed, sighing, sighs
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“When we finally got the diagnosis, it was like a sigh of relief,” Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If the person at the other end asked to leave a message, I would sigh heavily, like a useless personal assistant.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 叹气; 悲叹，悲鸣
vt. 叹气地说
n. 叹气，叹气声
时态：sighed, sighing, sighs
分布：叹息(72%)，叹气(26%)，惋惜(2%)
n.叹息,叹息声v.叹息,叹气The sightseer speaks highly of the highway with sigh.观光者叹息着盛赞这条公路.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to breathe out slowly and noisily, expressing tiredness, sadness, pleasure, etc. 叹息，叹气
• She sighed deeply and sat down. 她深叹一口气，坐了下来。
• [+ speech] "I wish he was here, " she sighed (= she said with a sigh). “我希望他在这里，”她叹息道。
■If the wind sighs, it makes a long, soft sound as it moves through trees （风穿过树林时）发出呜咽声
• I lay on my back, listening to the sound of the wind sighing in the trees. 我仰躺着，听着风穿过树林发出的呜咽声。
[saɪ] noun countable
■a slow noisy breath 叹息，叹气
• He leaned back in his seat with a sigh. 他向后靠在座位上长出了一口气。
• "Ah, you're here, " she said and heaved/let out/gave a sigh of relief. “啊，你在这里，”她说道，如释重负地松了口气。
vi. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire
n. 叹息，叹气
 - suspiration
vt. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire

Word: paralyse
Front: paralyse
[ˈpærəlaɪz] (六雅 -/9462 -1)
Back: vt. 使瘫痪[麻痹]; 使不能正常活动; [电]关闭
时态：paralysed, paralysing, paralyses
分布：瘫痪(61%)，麻痹(25%)，无力(7%)，不能正常活动(7%)
→para-,在旁，在周围，-lys,松，松开，词源同analyse,lose.比喻用法。
US ['per-] verb transitive
■to cause a person, animal or part of the body to lose the ability to move or feel 使麻痹，使瘫痪
• The drug paralyses the nerves so that there is no feeling or movement in the legs. 这种药物会麻痹神经，使腿部失去知觉或不能活动。
■to cause a person, group or organization to stop working or acting normally 使丧失活动力；使不能正常运作；使陷入瘫痪
• A sudden snowstorm paralysed the city. 突然来袭的暴风雪使该城陷入瘫痪。

Word: inflationary
Front: inflationary
[ɪnˈfleɪʃənri] (15697/10692 -1)
Back: adj. 通货膨胀的; 通货膨胀倾向的; 通货膨胀引起的
分布：通货膨胀的(100%)
US [-er.i] adjective
■causing price increases and inflation （引起）通货膨胀的
• inflationary policies/pressures/trends 通货膨胀政策／压力／趋势

Word: stabilise
Front: stabilise
['stæbɪlaɪz] (-/11908)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）稳定，（使）稳固
时态：stabilised, stabilising, stabilises
分布：名词(100%)

Word: moot
Front: moot
[mu:t] (16127/14627 -1)
Vocabulary: moot
(once / 4484 pages)
adjvn
When a point is moot, it's too trivial to think about. If your basketball team loses by 40 points, the bad call by the official in the first quarter is moot: it isn't important.
Though moot can mean to debate endlessly without any clear decision or to think about something carefully, it most often describes ideas and arguments that don't really matter. If your plane is crashing, whether or not your socks match is a moot point. When someone accuses you of making a moot point, he's basically saying, "Come on! Let's talk about what's important." As with so many things, people don't always agree on what's moot and what's not.
WORD FAMILY
moot: mooted, mooting, moots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps it’s time to inform Ms. Weingarten and her entrenched American Federation of Teachers that the Constitution is moot on destroying public neighborhood schoolhouses.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The 2-point conversion attempt was a disaster, but it wound up being moot.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
The 2-point conversion attempt was a disaster, but it wound up being moot.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 大会; 辩论会; 假设案件
adj. 未决议的; 无实际意义的; 有讨论余地的
vt. 提出…供讨论; 提出（问题）; （在假设法庭上）实习辩论
时态：mooted, mooting, moots
分布：未决议的(23%)，大会(21%)，辩论会(21%)，讨论会(15%)，使成为无实用性的东西(10%)，抽象论的(10%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*motan,集会，会面，词源同meet.引申词义大会，讨论会。后作为法学院学生俚语用以指模拟辩论，模拟开庭，并引申讽刺词义无实际意义的。
verb transitive formal
■to suggest something for discussion 提出…供讨论
• The idea was first mooted as long ago as the 1840s. 早在19世纪40年代，这个观点就首次被提出进行讨论了。
• His name was mooted as a possible successor. 作为可能的接班人，他的名字被提出讨论。
[mu:t] adjective
DISCUSSION 讨论
■often discussed or argued about and having no definite answer 有讨论余地的；未决的
• It's a moot point whether building more roads reduces traffic congestion. 修筑新路是否可以减少交通堵塞是个争论未决的问题。
[mu:t] adjective
LEGAL CASE 案例 mainly US legal
■having no practical use or meaning 无实际意义的
• The district attorney said if McVeigh was given the death penalty and his conviction was upheld on appeal, the state prosecution would become moot. 地方检查官称，如果麦克维被判死刑而且上诉后维持原判，那么提出州诉讼就没有意义了。
[mu:t] noun countable specialized
■a trial or discussion dealing with an imaginary legal case, performed by students as part of their legal training but in exactly the same way as a real one （法学院学生的）模拟审判，模拟案件讨论
• a moot court 模拟法庭
n. 大会；辩论会；假设案件
 - convention, debate

Word: philanthropy
Front: philanthropy
[fɪˈlænθrəpi] (六 13533/22538)
Vocabulary: philanthropy
(once / 658 pages)
n
If you donate money to a charity or volunteer to help people in need, you can call your good deeds philanthropy.
Philanthropy is made up of two parts — Greek phil "loving" and anthrop "mankind." It refers to the desire to help people or the actual deeds a person does to benefit mankind. Philanthropy most often refers to the large amounts of money the wealthy donate to a cause such as world hunger or an organization such as a museum. A private organization that promotes the welfare of people can also be called a philanthropy.
WORD FAMILY
philanthropy: philanthropic, philanthropies, philanthropist +/ philanthropic: philanthropically/ philanthropist: philanthropists
USAGE EXAMPLES
With Swades, the Screwvalas are once again at the forefront of a movement, this time in corporate social responsibility and philanthropy.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Stone, now 31, works with Summit on event planning and dealing with corporate philanthropy campaigns.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Trump’s donations to his foundation are also small, by the standards of billionaires’ philanthropy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 博爱; 慈善活动，慈善事业
分布：慈善事业(87%)，慈善机构(6%)，善心(4%)，博爱主义(3%)
→phil-,爱，-anthrop,人，人类，android,anthropology.即关爱人的行为，引申词义慈善。
博爱,慈善(phil+anthropy人→爱人,博爱)[phil,philo=love,表示"爱"]
N-UNCOUNT
慈善；捐助
Philanthropy is the giving of money to people who need it, without wanting anything in return.
例：...a retired banker well known for his philanthropy.以乐善好施著称的退休银行家
n. 博爱，慈善；慈善事业
 - charity, caritas

Word: chocolate
Front: chocolate
[ˈtʃɒklət] (中高研四雅 2636/3142 -K3)
Vocabulary: chocolate
(once / 607 pages)
1n 2n
Chocolate needs little introduction or definition — it is world famous as a candy, dessert ingredient, hot drink, holiday gift, flavor, and common craving.
Roasted cacao beans make chocolate. If you say, "I want chocolate," this usually means a candy bar or piece of chocolate, though chocolate cake, chocolate ice cream, and chocolate shakes all have chocolate as an ingredient. If someone tells you, "My living room is chocolate," don't get too excited — it means the walls are painted the same rich brown as the delicious treat.
WORD FAMILY
chocolate: chocolate-colored, chocolates
USAGE EXAMPLES
If one needs to change 15 things, does one eat 15 pieces of chocolate?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“Just smell the page; they got that color by dunking it in chocolate, something like that.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“It’s chocolate, it’s mint, it’s all the delicious together,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 巧克力; 巧克力糖; 巧克力色
adj. （含有）巧克力的; 巧克力色的
分布：巧克力(89%)，巧克力的(5%)，巧克力糖(3%)，巧克力色(2%)，巧克力色的(1%)
→来自南美土著语，词源有争议。一说来自cacahuatl, caca即cacao(可可豆)，atl, 水。另一说来自xocolatl, 苦水，xococ, 苦的，atl, 水。
n.巧克力(糖),赭色The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
US ['tʃɑ:k-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a sweet, usually brown, food made from cacao seeds, that is usually sold in a block, or a small sweet made from this 巧克力；巧克力糖
• a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力
• chocolate biscuits/mousse 巧克力饼干／慕斯
• milk/dark/white chocolate 牛奶／黑／白巧克力
• I took her a box of chocolates. 我给她带了一盒巧克力糖。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable UK also for * hot chocolate
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a dark brown colour 巧克力色，深褐色

Word: whereby
Front: whereby
[weəˈbaɪ] (六雅 8497/3568 -2)
Back: adv. 通过…; 借以; 与…一致
分布：凭借(100%)
US [wer-] adverb conjunction
■by which way or method 由此，从而；藉以
• They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a period. 他们已经制订了这样一个计划，允许在一段时间内分期付款。
• We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other. 我们需要设计一套办法，人们能够藉以互相保持联络。
■not standard
■in which, or with which 在…的情况下；处于…的位置
• It's put me in a position whereby I can't afford to take a job. 这使我到了一种连工作也做不了的地步。

Word: ration
Front: ration
[ˈræʃn] (托宝 11504/8465 -1)
Vocabulary: ration
(once / 636 pages)
nv
When you ration your supplies, you dole them out a little at a time. A ration is also a wartime military meal, or the portion of food that someone is allowed in times of scarcity.
A ration is the fixed portion of food or other goods allowed to each person in times of shortages. In the military, a soldier’s meal is called a ration, especially if it’s portable. As a verb, to ration something is to allow each person to have only a specific amount. During times of war many things have been rationed: gas, rubber, luxury items, and food. If you are diabetic you need to strictly ration your sugar intake.
WORD FAMILY
ration: rationing, rations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Food rationing grew so severe that Venezuelans spent all day waiting in lines.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
She helped feed Jews and get them ration cards.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Despite severe food shortages, they scrounged up extra ration cards and provisions.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 定量; 配给量; 口粮; 合理的量，正常量
vt. 限量供应，配给供应; 给与…一天口粮; 供给（兵士）伙食，限定（粮食等）
时态：rationed, rationing, rations
分布：配给(42%)，定量(36%)，定额(21%)，限量供应(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rationem,思考，计算，部分，其主格形式为 ratio.引申词义定量，配给。
定量(计算出来的量)[ral=calculate,表示"计算"]
【记】源于：ratio（n 比；比率），按比例配给粮食。
noun countable
■a limited amount of something which one person is allowed to have, especially when there is not much of it available （尤指在分配物短缺时的）配给量，定量配给
• During the war, no one was allowed more than their ration of food, clothing and fuel. 战争期间，所有人得到的食物、衣服和燃料都不得超过其配给量。
rations [plural]
■the total amount of food that is given to someone to be eaten during a particular activity and in a particular period of time, especially an amount given to soldiers when they are fighting （尤指发给作战士兵的）口粮配给，口粮定量
■an amount of something that you would expect to have 合理的量；正常量；认为应该得到的量
• We've had more than our ration of problems recently. 最近我们遇到的问题很多，超出我们的能力范围了。
['ræʃ.ən] verb transitive
■to limit the amount of a particular thing that someone is allowed to have 对…实行配给；定量供应；限定…的量
• Do you remember when petrol was rationed to five gallons a week? 你还记得以前每周配给五加仑汽油的时候吗？
• My children would watch television all day long, but I ration it. 要不是我加以限制，孩子们会整天整天地看电视。
['ræʃ.ən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ration sth out
■to divide something between a group of people so that each person gets a small amount 把（有限的东西）分给；均分（少量的东西）
• Ann rationed out the cake between the children. 安把蛋糕平分给孩子们。
vt. 配给； [经管] 定量供应
 - admeasure, allowance
n. 定量；口粮；配给量
 - quantification, definite quantity

Word: exert
Front: exert
[ɪgˈzɜ:t] (研四六托雅宝 6115/5057 -2)
Vocabulary: exert
(once / 168 pages)
v
Exert basically means to put forth effort to do something. For example, when you exert yourself in a workout, you can really feel the burn in your muscles.
The Latin verb exserere — with its derivative form exsertus, which is the source of our word — means to "put forth." That's where exert gets its meaning of physical force — consider that when you try hard at something, you put forth effort to do it, you push yourself. But exert can refer to other ways you "push": you exert your influence to convince others to think your way; when one nation exerts its power on another; and gravity exerts its force on us, holding us down on earth.
WORD FAMILY
exert: exerted, exerting, exertion, exerts, overexert+/ exertion: exertions/overexert: overexerted, overexerting, overexertion, overexerts/overexertion: overexertions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Splitting the difference, Jamison suggests that his mania and his imagination were welded into great art by the discipline he exerted between his manic episodes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A state Superior Court judge on Friday temporarily blocked a law that would end the control governors exert over statewide and county election boards.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But Jones exerted gravitational pull on the game from the Maryland post all night.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 发挥; 运用; 使受（影响等）; 用（力）
时态：exerted, exerting, exerts
分布：施加(76%)，运用(24%)
→ex-, 向外。-sert, 连接，词源同series, insert. 即断开，推出，词义进一步扩大为行使，竭力。
v.尽(力),施加(压力等),努力He exerted himself to win the game.他竭力想在游戏中获胜.
【记】ex出，ert加入－加入到活动中出力
【参】inert（adj 惰性的；迟钝的）；exertion（n 尽力；发挥；运用）
US [-'zɝ:t] verb
USE 使用
transitive
■to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen 运用；行使（权威、权力等）；施加（影响等）
• If you were to exert your influence they might change their decision. 如果你可以施加你的影响，他们或者会改变决定。
• Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid. 一些老板向员工施加巨大的压力迫使他们无薪加班。
UK [ɪg'zɜ:t] US [-'zɝ:t] verb
MAKE AN EFFORT 努力
exert yourself
[R]
■to make a mental or physical effort 用力；尽力；努力
• I was too tired to exert myself. 我太累了，心有余而力不足。
vt. 运用，发挥；施以影响
 - handle, to put to use

Word: motorway
Front: motorway
[ˈməʊtəweɪ] (六 30553/4559 -2)
Back: n. 高速公路; 汽车道; 快车道
分布：名词(100%)
→比喻用法。
US ['moʊ.tˌɚ-] noun countable UK (US freeway)
 IMPROVER
■a wide road built for fast moving traffic travelling long distances 高速公路
• Because of the bad weather, motorway (driving) conditions are expected to be hazardous tonight. 由于天气恶劣，预计今晚在高速公路驾车会很危险。
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [公路] 高速公路，汽车高速公路
 - expressway, freeway

Word: grandfather
Front: grandfather
[ˈgrænfɑ:ðə(r)] (中四六 2950/4184 -K2)
Vocabulary: grandfather
(once / 212 pages)
n
Your grandfather is the father of one of your parents. If your grandfather is quite old and has dozens of grandchildren, it might be hard for him to remember your birthday every year.
Everyone has two biological grandfathers, whether they've had the chance to know them or not. In some families, grandmothers and grandfathers are involved in raising and caring for their grandchildren, while in others a grandfather may have died or live very far away. Informally, a grandfather can also be someone who started or invented something: "Blues musician Robert Johnson was the grandfather of rock and roll."
WORD FAMILY
grandfather: grandfathers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a subway system like you’ve never seen before. It’s not your grandfather’s subway.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
One cherished heirloom in her studio is a mahogany desk that her grandfather fashioned in the 1950s.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Strawberry played despite learning of his maternal grandfather’s death earlier Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （外）祖父; 始祖
vt. 新规定限制; 不受新条例
分布：使…不受新法律制约(100%)
US [-ðɚ] (informal grandpa) (grandad)
noun [C or]
 ESSENTIAL
■the father of a person's mother or father （外）祖父
n. 祖父；始祖
 - ancestor, primogenitor

Word: handsome
Front: handsome
[ˈhænsəm] (中高研四六雅 3838/4033 -2)
Vocabulary: handsome
(once / 94 pages)
adj
If your father is described as handsome, it means he is good-looking, attractive in a classically masculine way. If your mother is also called handsome, it means while she's striking, if not exactly pretty.
Handsome is always a compliment, an admiring way of describing someone, although it's sometimes used as a way to describe a woman who's not conventionally attractive but is still interesting-looking. You can use it to describe an object as well as a person, in which case you are most likely talking about something that's really well-made, or of an obviously high quality, like a particularly handsome oak dining-room table. Occasionally, people talk about a handsome amount of money or a handsome number of votes; this is a generally admiring way of describing almost anything.
WORD FAMILY
handsome: handsomely, handsomeness, handsomer, handsomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are sweaters and snacks, a handsome Australian neighbor, and a couch.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dressed in a T-shirt and knee-length shorts, he was lean, athletic and as handsome as a model.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
On her desk is a framed photograph of Jesse: he’s a handsome man, formally dressed, with a resemblance to the poet TS Eliot.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 英俊的，健美的; 美观的; 大方的; 数量大的
级别：handsomer, handsomest
分布：英俊的(81%)，可观的(17%)，灵巧的(1%)，慷慨大方的(1%)
→来自hand的引申义，即手边的，方便的，-some,形容词后缀。后来引申灵巧的，体贴的，大方的，慷慨的等多种词义，但主要用于形容男子潇洒的，英俊的，实质上即暖男。
a.漂亮的,英俊的;慷慨的,数量可观的The handy left-hander left a handsome handkerchief on the handle of the handbag.手巧的左撇子把一方漂亮手帕留在手提包的提手上.
adjective
ATTRACTIVE 吸引人的
 ADVANCED
■describes a man who is physically attractive in a traditional, male way （男子）英俊的，漂亮的
• She's dreaming she'll be whisked off her feet by a tall, dark handsome stranger. 她梦想自己被一位高大黝黑的英俊陌生男子迷得神魂颠倒。
■describes a woman who is attractive but in a strong way （女子）健美的
• a handsome woman in her fifties 一位五十多岁的健美女子
['hæn.səm] adjective
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
[before noun]
■large in amount 大量的，数量可观的
• They made a handsome profit on their house. 他们利用自己的房子赚了一大笔钱。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
beautiful, handsome, pretty, good-looking
beautiful: 貌美动人，气质高雅；
handsome: 体态健美端庄；
pretty: 活泼可爱；
good-looking: 一般性“好看”
adj. （男子）英俊的；可观的；大方的，慷慨的；健美而端庄的
 - generous, liberal

Word: swamp
Front: swamp
[swɒmp] (研四六托雅宝 6335/9459 -2)
Vocabulary: swamp
(once / 361 pages)
nv
A swamp is an area that floods every year because the land is low. Watch out for alligators if you visit Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana, the largest swamp in the United States.
Anyone who has spent time in a busy restaurant kitchen has heard harried chefs cry, "I'm in the weeds!" Such people are in a different kind of swamp — the challenging environment in which too many things need to be done in too short a time. Another way of saying this is, "I'm swamped." Here swamp is a verb that describes being stuck in a seemingly endless situation — you feel like you're stuck in the squishy mud of a real swamp.
WORD FAMILY
swamp: swamped, swamping, swamps, swampy
USAGE EXAMPLES
After the remodeling and expansion, the shop became “swamped” with customers, they recalled.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then expenditures began swamping revenues in 2014, and by the end of 2015, all of the foundation’s assets were depleted.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
How easily we fall into the trap of seeing female writers as either iconoclastically breaking free from gender roles, or damagingly swamped by them.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 沼泽（地）; 湿地
vt. 淹没; 使沉没; 使陷入困难; 忙得不可开交
vi. 淹没，沉没
时态：swamped, swamping, swamps
分布：沼泽(78%)，淹没(9%)，湿地(8%)，困境(4%)，使陷于困境(1%)
→混 合 词 ， 来 自 中 古 英 语 swam, 沼 泽 ， 和 中 古 英 语 sompe, 沼 泽 ， 最 终 都 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sumpaz,沼泽，泥沼，词源同 sump.引申比喻义陷入沼泽，淹没，疲于应付等。
n.沼泽;湿地vt.浸没;使...应接不暇The tramp from the tram swamped the ham hamburger with shampoo.来自有轨电车的流浪者用洗发水淹没火腿汉堡.
【记】s死，wa＝water，mp：死在water里面－沼泽
US [swɑ:mp] noun countable or uncountable
■(an area of) very wet soft land 沼泽地；湿地
• an alligator-infested swamp 鳄鱼成群的沼泽地
• The Everglades are an area of swamp in southern Florida. 佛罗里达大湿地是佛罗里达州南部的一片沼泽地区。
UK [swɒmp] US [swɑ:mp] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover a place or thing with a large amount of water 淹没，浸没
• High tides have swamped the coast. 高涨的潮水淹没了海岸。
• The boat was swamped by an enormous wave. 小船被巨浪吞没了。
UK [swɒmp] US [swɑ:mp] verb
TOO MUCH/BIG 太多／太大
transitive often passive
■If something swamps a person, system or place, they receive more of it than they can easily deal with 充斥，席卷，使应接不暇
• Foreign cars have swamped the UK market. 外国车席卷整个英国市场。
• I'm swamped with work at the moment. 我现在忙得不可开交。
• Don't let feelings of depression swamp you. 不要被沮丧的情绪击倒。
transitive informal
■If clothes swamp you, they are much too big for you. （衣服）太大而不适合
n. [地理] 沼泽；湿地
 - wetland, cienaga
vt. 使陷于沼泽；使沉没；使陷入困境
 - embog
vi. 下沉；陷入沼泽；陷入困境；不知所措（过去式swamped，过去分词swamped，现在分词swamping，第三人称单数swamps，名词swampiness，形容词swampy）
 - sunk

Word: contradiction
Front: contradiction
[ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn] (研四六雅 5451/4353 -2)
Vocabulary: contradiction
(once / 589 pages)
n
A contradiction is a situation or ideas in opposition to one another. Declaring publicly that you are an environmentalist but never remembering to take out the recycling is an example of a contradiction.
A "contradiction in terms" is a common phrase used to describe a statement that contains opposing ideas. Examples of a contradiction in terms include, "the gentle torturer," "the towering midget," or "a snowy summer's day." A person can also express a contradiction, like the person who professes atheism, yet goes to church every Sunday.
WORD FAMILY
contradiction: contradictions, self-contradiction+/ contradict: contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictory, contradicts/contradictoriness: contradictorinesses/ contradictory: contradictories, contradictorily, contradictoriness, self-contradictory
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
During the election, many critics of Trump saw a contradiction in his strong support among working-class Americans.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In her prep, Bening worried about Dorthea’s contradictions and paradoxes, but realized in time that that’s “where the gold is.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矛盾; 否认，反驳
分布：矛盾(93%)，反驳(3%)，否认(3%)，不一致(1%)
n.反驳,否认;矛盾,不一致The dictator predicted the contradiction in the dictionary.独裁者预言了字典中的矛盾.
US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
■when something is the complete opposite of something else or very different from something else, so that one of them must be wrong 矛盾
• You say that you're good friends and yet you don't trust him. Isn't that a bit of a contradiction? 你说你们是好朋友，可你又不信任他。那不是有点矛盾吗？
a contradiction in terms
■a combination of words which is nonsense because some of the words suggest the opposite of some of the others 用词自相矛盾的话
• Many people think that an honest politician is a contradiction in terms. 许多人认为“诚实的政客”在用词上自相矛盾。
n. [数] 矛盾；否认；反驳
 - conflict, discrepancy

Word: sacking
Front: sacking
[ˈsækɪŋ] (29907/14778 -1)
Back: n. 口袋布，制袋子用的粗麻布，帆布（等于sackcloth）; 厚纸袋，塑料袋
vt. 解雇(sack的ing形式)，装进，获得; 把…装入袋子
分布：麻袋布(80%)，动词sack的现在分词形式.(20%)
noun countable
■an act of stopping employing someone 解聘，解雇
• Mr Ali said the sackings would save the company about $40 million a year. 阿里先生说，裁员每年将为公司节省约4000万美元。
⇒ See also sackcloth
v. 解雇（sack的ing形式）；装进；获得
 - getting, buying

Word: dinosaur
Front: dinosaur
[ˈdaɪnəsɔ:(r)] (高托 5326/7298 -2)
Vocabulary: dinosaur
(once / 3608 pages)
n
If you've ever seen Jurassic Park, you know that dinosaurs were large reptilian creatures that walked the earth during the Mesozoic era that ran from 245 million to 68 million years ago and included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
The ancient Greeks had no knowledge of dinosaurs that we know of, but they unknowingly contributed to the word dinosaur. It was cobbled together in 1841 by British scientist Sir Richard Own, using the words deinos, meaning "terrible" and sauros meaning "lizard." All are gone—at least in their original form, although it is thought they simply evolved into other, present-day animals. The word dinosaur is often used for someone who is old-fashioned or unable to adapt to modern times.
WORD FAMILY
dinosaur: dinosaurs
USAGE EXAMPLES
All true, but those that were non-avian dinosaurs, as they are now called, were not all beak and tweet.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I speculated that they might exist in the embryos of dinosaurs as well,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
The UK's most famous dinosaur is set to be "flat-packed" ahead of its nationwide tour.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [生]恐龙; 守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西
分布：恐龙(100%)
→dino-, 恐怖的，词源同dire. -saur，蜥蜴，用于指恐龙。
US [-sɔ:r] noun countable
■a type of reptile which stopped existing about 60,000,000 years ago. There were many different types of dinosaur, some of which were extremely large. 恐龙
■an old-fashioned person or thing that people no longer consider to be useful 老古董（指过时的人或物）
• This typewriter's a bit of a dinosaur, isn't it? 这种打字机有点过时了，是吗？

Word: applaud
Front: applaud
[əˈplɔ:d] (高研六托雅宝 5722/7585 -2)
Vocabulary: applaud
(once / 615 pages)
v
To applaud is to show approval, encouragement, or appreciation. You can applaud by clapping your hands at a performance, or you can applaud with just your mouth, as when you tell someone "I applaud your decision to start exercising."
The verb applaud goes back to the Latin verb applaudere, "to clap," and it came into English use in the 15th century. Part of the word applaud is laud, which means "praise," and laud is close in spelling to loud. When you applaud, you give loud praise by clapping you hands together. If you really like what someone is doing and want to pat them on the back for it or show encouragement, you might just say "I applaud your efforts."
WORD FAMILY
applaud: applaudable, applauded, applauder, applauding, applauds+/applauder: applauders
USAGE EXAMPLES
She applauds trans activists for adopting the idea that “gender is fluid and on a spectrum.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He added that the award would be mailed to Byrd’s family, and Jets players applauded the announcement.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As the curtain rings down on 2016, let’s applaud some highlights of this year’s Seattle theater scene.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 鼓掌欢迎，欢呼; 称赞，赞许; 赞成，同意
vi. 夸赞，鼓掌
时态：applauded, applauding, applauds
分布：鼓掌(66%)，称赞(21%)，赞成(8%)，拍手喝彩(5%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根 plaud, 鼓掌，拟声词，见explode，爆炸。
拍手喝彩(ap+pland)[plaud=clap hands表示"鼓掌"]
vt.鼓掌欢迎;赞同vi.鼓掌欢迎,欢呼The audience applauded.听众鼓掌.
【记】ap一再，plaud鼓掌－鼓掌赞许参：applause（n 鼓掌欢迎）
US [-'plɑ:d] verb
CLAP 拍手
intransitive or transitive
■to show enjoyment or approval of something such as a performance or speech by clapping the hands repeatedly to make a noise 鼓掌
• You should have heard the audience applaud - the noise was fantastic. 你真应该听听观众的掌声——那才叫掌声雷动。
• She was applauded for a full five minutes after her speech. 她演讲结束后，掌声持续了整整五分钟。
UK [ə'plɔ:d] US [-'plɑ:d] verb
PRAISE 称赞
transitive formal
■to say that you admire and agree with a person's action or decision 赞许，称赞；赞成
• We applaud the family's decision to remain silent over the issue. 我们非常赞赏这一家人对此事保持沉默的决定。
praise, applaud, commend, compliment
这些动词均有“赞扬、表扬、称赞”之意。
praise: 普通用词，指用语言或其它方式表示夸奖、赞扬。
applaud: 指出色的表演或高尚的行为等得到同声赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
commend: 正式用词，指对具体功绩或成就等表示称赞或嘉奖。
compliment: 侧重客气和礼貌，有时含恭维之意。
applaud, clap, praise, commend
applaud: v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
 • The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.   老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap: v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
 • clap sb.   为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
praise: v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
 • A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.   一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
 • Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.   坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
commend: v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
 • The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.   老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
vt. 赞同；称赞；向…喝采
 - go along with, be favorable to
vi. 喝彩；鼓掌欢迎
 - cheer for, give it up

Word: grower
Front: grower
[ˈgrəʊə(r)] (5968/10518 -2)
Back: n. 种植者，栽培者; 以某种方式生长的植物
分布：栽培者(69%)，生长物(31%)
US ['groʊ.ɚ] noun countable
■a person who grows large amounts of a particular plant or crop in order to sell them （特定植物或农作物的）种植者
■a plant that grows in a particular way （以特定方式生长的）植物
• The new varieties of wheat are good growers even in poor soil. 这些新型小麦品种即使在贫瘠的土壤中也能良好生长。
n. 栽培者；生长物
 - cultivator, raiser

Word: arch
Front: arch
[ɑ:tʃ] (高研六托雅宝 6326/4771 -2)
Vocabulary: arch
(once / 163 pages)
1nv 2adj
An arch is a shape that resembles an upside down "U." You may find this shape in a carefully tweezed eyebrow or in the famous golden pair that make you hunger for a Big Mac.
In architecture, an arch is an opening that is often found supporting the weight of a something above it — like a bridge or a wall. In downtown St. Louis, you can visit the Gateway Arch — a freestanding catenary arch that is 630 feet tall and 630 feet wide. As a verb, arch means to make an arch-like shape. "She stretched her back by arching it into a backbend." As an adjective, arch can describe something mischievous or sly: "He teased his friend with an arch comment about his shyness around girls."
WORD FAMILY
arch: arched, archer, arches, archest, arching, archly, archness, overarch+/ archer: archers, archery / archery: archeries/ archness: archnesses/overarch: overarched, overarches, overarching
USAGE EXAMPLES
The headline-grabbing arch conservative from Spartanburg County faced a trio of opponents in his primary battle to win a third term in the Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So he and Houmam Saad, his Syrian colleague, spent four days flying a drone with a robot camera over the crumbled arches and temples.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Over the course of one-and-a-half-hours, the Moon's shadow will trace an arching path from Oregon in the west diagonally downwards towards South Carolina.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 弓形; 拱门; 拱形物; 足弓，齿弓
vt. （使）弯成拱形; 用拱连接; 向后弯
vi. 拱起; 成为弓形
adj. 主要的; 首要的; 调皮的; 淘气的
时态：arched, arching, arches
分布：拱(84%)，拱门(9%)，主要的(2%)，拱起(2%)，调皮的(1%)，成拱形(1%)，拱状物(1%)
→同arc, 弧。
拱形[arc(h)=bow,表示"弓"]
n.拱门,桥拱洞v.拱起,(使)变成弓形The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
US [ɑ:rtʃ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a structure consisting of a curved top on two supports, which holds the weight of something above it 拱；拱形结构；拱门（或窗、顶、洞等）
• In many churches the side aisles are separated from the central aisle by a row of arches. 很多教堂中，侧廊与主廊之间都有一排拱门相隔。
• Passing through the arch, you enter an open courtyard. 穿过拱门，你就到了天井中。
⇒ See also archway
 ADVANCED
■something that has the shape of this structure, often used for decoration （常用作装饰的）拱形，拱形物
■the raised curve on the bottom of your foot 足弓，足背
• She's got very high arches. 她足弓很高。
UK [ɑ:tʃ] US [ɑ:rtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make the shape of an arch （使）拱起；（使）成拱形
• Trees arch over the river. 两岸的树木在河面上交织成拱形。
• Her eyebrows arched in contempt. 她蔑视地挑起双眉。
• She watched the cat arch its back. 她看着猫弓起背。
UK [ɑ:tʃ] US [ɑ:rtʃ] adjective
■describes behaviour that is not serious and suggests you are behaving this way intentionally for the effect that it will have 淘气的；调皮的
• an arch tone of voice 调皮的口吻
n. 弓形，拱形；拱门
 - lune
adj. 主要的
 - primary, major, central, main, leading
vi. 拱起；成为弓形
 - hog

Word: infant
Front: infant
[ˈɪnfənt] (研四六托雅宝 3037/2948 -2)
Vocabulary: infant
(once / 171 pages)
n
An infant is a baby. When you were an infant, you weren't able to walk, talk, or feed yourself (but you had a pretty mean burp).
Infant is most often used for a very young human, but you can also use it to talk about animal babies. People are considered infants from the moment of birth until approximately one year old, an age when many babies are starting to walk and talk. At this point, they're commonly called toddlers instead of infants. The Latin root is infantem, which as a noun means "babe in arms," and as an adjective "unable to speak."
WORD FAMILY
infant: infancy, infants+/ infancy: infancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
They all think it’s appropriate for young children to hold, pass around, and carry around infants, and I am adamantly opposed to this.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They all think it’s appropriate for young children to hold, pass around and carry around infants, and I am adamantly opposed to this.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 婴儿，幼儿; 未成年人; 初学者，生手
adj. 婴儿的，幼儿的; 幼稚的，幼小的; 初期的; 未成年的
分布：婴儿(70%)，幼儿(16%)，婴儿的(11%)，幼稚的(2%)，初期的(1%)
→in-,不，非，-fan,说话，词源同phone,fame.即不能说话的，引申词义婴儿。
n.婴儿,幼儿To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun
YOUNG CHILD 婴儿
 ADVANCED countable
■a baby or a very young child 婴儿
• a newborn infant 新生儿
['ɪn.fənt] noun
SCHOOL 学校
countable UK
■a student at an infant school 幼儿学校的学生
• Jenny is a top-year infant now. 珍妮现在是一所幼儿学校的大班生。
the infants [plural] UK
■ infant school 幼儿学校
• Andrew's still in the infants. 安德鲁还在上幼儿学校。
['ɪn.fənt] adjective UK
■related to or connected with the first stage of school in the UK, for children aged 4 to 7 years 学前班的，幼儿的
• an infant teacher/class 幼儿教师／学前班
⇒ See also junior school
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人
 - baby, minor
adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的
 - earlier, young, baby, minor, tender

Word: homosexual
Front: homosexual
[ˌhəʊməˈsekʃuəl] (6791/7222 -3)
Vocabulary: homosexual
(once / 1530 pages)
nadj
Homosexual is a noun and adjective. Either way, it has to do with people who are attracted to members of the same sex.
Homosexuals are attracted to people of their own sex in romantic and sexual ways. A lesbian is specifically a homosexual woman, and the word gay applies to men and women who are homosexual, though more often men. Homosexual people have faced a lot of prejudice, just like women, African-Americans, and other groups. But society is working to support homosexual people as equal citizens with equal rights.
WORD FAMILY
homosexual: homosexualism, homosexuality, homosexually, homosexuals+/homosexuality: homosexualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late imperial China, “rabbit” became a derogatory term for homosexual.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
He persecuted homosexuals, dissidents, critical writers and journalists.
Washington Post(Nov 28, 2016)
Many people are familiar with the term homophobia – dislike of or prejudice against people who are homosexual.
Salon(Nov 27, 2016)
Back: n. 同性恋者
adj. 同性恋的
分布：同性恋(86%)，同性恋的(14%)
→homo-,相同的，sex,性别。即同性别的，后来被心理学家用来指同性恋，并逐渐代替sexual inversion.值得指出的是，该词本身在过去长期不为其它心理学家所接受，认为这个杜撰出来的词没有准确传达出同性恋这一词义。
同性恋的(homo+sexual性别的)[homo-表示"同类的"]
US [ˌhoʊ.moʊ'sek.ʃu.əl] noun countable
■a person, especially a man, who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex and not to people of the opposite sex （尤指男性）同性恋者
n. [心理] 同性恋者
 - gay
adj. [生物] [心理] 同性恋的
 - faggy, Lesbo

Word: modernisation

Word: rot
Front: rot
[rɒt] (高研四六托雅 9603/9578 -2)
Vocabulary: rot
(once / 679 pages)
1vn 2n
To rot is to decompose, or break down into smaller parts. When old food at the back of your refrigerator rots, you should throw it away.
Sometimes you can tell when something is beginning to rot because it smells bad. But the process that occurs when things rot is a natural one that you can see all around you as you walk through the woods or along the beach. Living organisms have to rot after they die, to make room for more organisms.
WORD FAMILY
rot: rots, rotted, rotting+/ rotted: rottedest, rottedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Addiction is like termite rot, eating at the foundation of a community.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Rotting food is a problem even as 90 percent of Venezuelans say they can’t afford enough to eat.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It seems to work well even in places with a lot of natural sugar sources, like flowers and rotting fruit.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 腐烂，腐朽
vt. & vi. （使）腐烂，（使）腐朽
时态：rotted, rotting, rots
分布：腐烂(89%)，消瘦(4%)，胡话(3%)，腐蚀(2%)，使 ... 枯朽(1%)，败坏(1%)
→来自古英语 rotian,腐烂，来自 Proto-Germanic*rutona,腐烂，可能进一步来自 red,撕，咬， 词源同 rodent,rat.
v.(使)腐烂,(使)腐败,腐朽The food rotted.食品腐烂了.
US [rɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (-tt-)
 ADVANCED
■to (cause to) decay （使）腐败；（使）腐烂；（使）腐朽
• The fruit had been left to rot on the trees. 水果无人采摘，就烂在树上。
• Rain has got in and rotted (away) the woodwork. 雨水漏了进来，使屋中的木建部分都朽烂了。
• the smell of rotting fruit 烂水果的味道
UK [rɒt] US [rɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (-tt-)
rot in jail/prison, etc.
■to stay in prison/etc. for a very long time 长期坐牢，饱受牢狱之苦，在监牢中逐渐憔悴
• Ruben Carter was left to rot in jail for most of his life. 鲁宾．卡特的大半生都是在牢狱中度过的。
UK [rɒt] US [rɑ:t] noun uncountable
■decay 腐败；腐烂；腐朽
• Rot has got into the furniture. 家俱开始朽坏。
■old-fashioned informal
■nonsense 废话；愚蠢的话
• "Don't talk rot!" “别说废话！”
UK [rɒt] US [rɑ:t] noun uncountable
the rot sets in informal
■(of a situation) to begin to go wrong （情况）开始恶化，变糟
• The rot set in when his parents divorced and he started taking drugs. 他的父母离婚了，他又开始吸毒，自此后他的生活就开始变得一团糟。
UK [rɒt] US [rɑ:t] noun uncountable
stop the rot
■to take action against something bad, before it spreads and becomes worse 制止事态的恶化
• We must try to stop the rot before the whole school is corrupted. 我们一定要在整个学校都被毁掉之前采取行动。
rot, decompose, decay
这组词都有“烂、腐烂”的意思，其区别是：
rot: 指蔬菜水果或肉类的分解、腐烂。
decompose: 侧重指动物或植物类物体由于内部组织的分解而导致的腐烂过程。
decay: 通常指由良好或完美的状态自然而缓慢地变坏或完全变坏腐烂，或部分地毁坏。
n. [植保] 腐烂；腐败；腐坏
 - corruption, decomposition
vi. [植保] 腐烂；腐败；堕落
 - fall into decay, blet
vt. [植保] 使腐烂； [木] 使腐朽；使堕落
 - corrupt, eat out
int. （表示厌恶、蔑视、烦恼等）胡说；糟了
 - rats, fiddlesticks

Word: patchy
Front: patchy
[ˈpætʃi] (20935/11114 -1)
Vocabulary: patchy
(once / 17615 pages)
adj
If you describe something as patchy, you mean it's uneven or irregular, like your patchy front lawn with brown spots scattered among the green tufts of grass.
Patchy things can appear spotty or mottled in color, or feel rough and bumpy to the touch. If your dog gets fleas and scratches too much, his fur might be patchy. And, if the sky is speckled with clouds, it also looks patchy. You can also call something that's inconsistent patchy: "Your math homework is patchy — some days you do it all, and others you only answer one or two questions."
WORD FAMILY
patchy: patchier, patchily, patchiness+/ patch: patched, patches, patching, patchy /patching: patchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The National Weather Service warns of patchy dense fog Monday afternoon in the area.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Yet the bloc’s control of the Schengen borders remains patchy.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Though the tree may look as if it suffers from a bad sunburn, the patchy, peeling bark actually works in its favor.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 不调和的; 拼凑成的; 有补丁的; 脾气别扭的
级别：patchier, patchiest
分布：斑驳的(44%)，不完整的(38%)，拼凑的(9%)，质量不一致的(9%)
→来自patch,补丁。即打补丁的，零散的。
adjective
■only existing or happening in some parts 散落的，分布不均的，局部地区的
• The varnish is a bit patchy on this table. 这张桌子上的清漆有点不均匀。
• Southeast England will start with some patchy rain/patchy cloud at first. 英格兰东南部开始会局部降雨／局部多云。
■sometimes good and sometimes bad 时好时坏的
• Matthew found the service extremely patchy. 马修觉得服务时而极好，时而极差。
adj. 不调和的；拼凑成的；有补丁的
 - disharmonious, inharmonic

Word: privileged
Front: privileged
[ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd] (6533/5547 -2)
Vocabulary: privileged
(once / 993 pages)
adj
When you're privileged, you enjoy some special right or advantage that most people don't have. You could be privileged to live in a lighthouse and have a spectacular view of the bay.
People can be privileged in many different ways, but it always means that they're getting some unusual deal that others probably envy. You can be privileged because you have plenty of money and get to travel the world, or you can be privileged to know interesting people who inspire you. Another meaning of privileged is private or exclusive, as in privileged information that's only available to a few people.
WORD FAMILY
privileged: underprivileged +/ privilege: privileged, privileges, privileging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wendy Garden, the curator of last year’s art exhibition On the Beach, wrote that beaches occupied “a privileged place in the national psyche”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But a burning question remains: was the fire an accident, or did this privileged group fall victim to an arson attack?
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
There’s an impulse on viewers’ parts to dismiss the star’s struggle—these people live, after all, privileged lives.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 享有特权的; 特许的，专用的; 秘密的，保密的; 幸运的
分布：有特权的(66%)，特许的(34%)
adjective
■having a privilege 享有特权的；特许的
• As an ambassador, she enjoys a very privileged status. 作为大使，她享有特权地位。
• [+ to infinitive] I have been privileged to work with the pioneers of silicon technology. 我有幸和硅工业技术的先驱者一起工作。
specialized
■describes information that is secret and does not have to be given even in a court of law （资讯）特许保密的

Word: format
Front: format
[ˈfɔ:mæt] (高研托雅 3730/3080 -2)
Vocabulary: format
(once / 1215 pages)
1nv 2nv
In saving a new electronic document, you must choose a format, for instance PDF, Word doc, or XML, which dictates how the information is to be organized, displayed, and manipulated.
To format information is to arrange it according to preexisting parameters. Electronic files require a format or, more commonly, a "file type," so computers will know how to open, read, and change them. Entertainment media are delivered in such varied formats as VHS, CD, DVD, MP3, and MOV. In the world of AM/FM radio, format is the type of music a station plays, such as top-40, urban, dance, or country.
WORD FAMILY
format: formats, formatted, formatting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Basketball coaches are still bristling about the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association’s new state tournament format.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The format is similar to one used in Colorado.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As always, the format is a multiple-choice questionnaire.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （出版物的）版式; [自]（数据安排的）形式; 电视节目的总安排（或计划）
vt. 使格式化; 安排…的格局; 设计…的版面
vi. 设计一个版式
时态：formatted, formatting, formats
分布：版式(40%)，设计(26%)，安排(22%)，使格式化(12%)
→来自form, 模式。
n.(出版物的)开本,版式,格式vt.设计;安排
US ['fɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a pattern, plan or arrangement 模式；计划；安排
• The meeting will have the usual format - introductory session, group work and then a time for reporting back. 这次会议将采取常规模式——情况介绍，分组讨论，然后是反馈汇报。
■specialized
■the way in which information is arranged and stored on a computer （电脑资讯的）格式
UK ['fɔ:.mæt] US ['fɔ:r-] verb transitive (-tt-)
■to organize or arrange text, especially on a computer, according to a chosen pattern （尤指在电脑上）安排…的版式
■to prepare a computer disk for use with a particular type of computer 将（电脑磁片）格式化

Word: entail
Front: entail
[ɪnˈteɪl] (研六托雅宝 6162/4558 -1)
Vocabulary: entail
(once / 1065 pages)
1v 2vn
Entail means what something involves. "The job entailed us standing in the snow for hours dressed as giant, human hot dogs. It entailed far too much humiliation to justify the $3.55 an hour we were paid."
The word entail is connected to the idea of preconditions. If you want something, you better figure out what it entails. If we want to see the movie at 9 o'clock, that will entail us waiting in the lobby another hour. If we want to stay out of trouble with our moms, that will entail us calling them and letting them know we're going to be later than we said.
WORD FAMILY
entail: entailed, entailing, entailment, entails+/ entailment: entailments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Almost every career trajectory entails a complex sequence of steps, each of which depends on those preceding it,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This often entails changing our lifestyle, thoughts, and emotions in order to regain control.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Trump said Mr. Greenblatt’s role will entail “assisting on international negotiations of all types, and trade deals around the world.”
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要; 限定继承
时态：entailed, entailing, entails
分布：带来(60%)，限定继承(20%)，限定继承权(15%)，使必需(5%)
→en-, 进入，使。-tail, 砍，切，词源同retail, tailor. 来自法律用语，切下来的一块，留给后人继承的遗产，特指继承者继承的不能转让的房产或庄园，其继承权利受到一定的限制。引申义使必要。
使承担,把...遗传给(en使+tail→把剪下的东西给别人)[tail=cut,表示"剪,割"]
vt.使承担;需要;把(疾病等)遗传给;限定The job entails precision.这个工作需要精确性.
[ɪn'teɪl] formal
verb transitive
■to make something necessary, or to involve something 使必要；牵涉
• Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk. 这样的钜额投资必然会有一定的风险。
• [+ -ing verb] Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money. 修屋顶免不了要花好多钱。
vt. 必需，使承担；限定继承
 - charge, inflict on

Word: turnaround
Front: turnaround
[ˈtɜ:nəraʊnd] (8299/19869 -1)
Back: n. 车辆调头处; （思想，立场的）转变; （飞机等）卸货、加油、服务、重新装货所需时间; 转身，转向
分布：好转(54%)，周转时间(29%)，转身(12%)，回车场(5%)
US ['tɝ:n-] noun
TIME TAKEN 使用时间
uncountable (UK usually turnround)
■the amount of time taken for something to happen after a vehicle, an instruction or an order for goods arrives at a place （车辆的）终点装卸时间；周转时间；处理时间
• We'll have to improve the turnround - 3 days is too long. 我们必须缩短周转时间——三天时间太长。
• Turnround time for the information is some four days and the average cost £12. 资讯周转期是四天左右，平均费用是12英镑。
⇒ See also turn around at turn
UK ['tɜ:n.ə.raʊnd] US ['tɝ:n-] noun
BIG CHANGE 重大的改变
only singular (UK also turnround)
■when a business, plan or system suddenly becomes successful （突然）好转，改观，改善
• The chairman, Tony Bramall, was responsible for the turnaround in the company's fortunes. 公司命运的转变归功于董事长托尼‧布拉莫尔。
only singular (UK also turnround)
■any change from one thing to its opposite 根本性的变化，彻底的改变
• What a turnaround - at halftime they were losing 3-0, but in the end they won 4-3. 真是一个大逆转——中场休息时，他们还以0比3落后，可最后却以4比3胜出。
n. 转变；转向；突然好转； [公路] 回车道
 - transition, obversion

Word: unravel
Front: unravel
[ʌnˈrævl] (托雅宝 8661/9469 -1)
Vocabulary: unravel
(once / 1706 pages)
v
However tempting, don't pull that straggly thread hanging from your sleeve. You'll just unravel, or totally undo, your hand-knitted sweater.
Something that's unraveled has been completely undone, whether it's a spool of thread, some knotty shoelaces, or your mental state after a long and frustrating day. You can also unravel a mystery by picking it apart, untangling the details or just following the trail of clues like a line of string.
WORD FAMILY
unravel: unraveled, unraveler, unraveling, unravelled, unraveller, unravelling, unravels+/ ravel: raveled, raveling, ravelled, ravelling, ravels, unravel /raveling: ravelings/ravelling: ravellings/unraveler: unravelers/unraveller: unravellers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the parched beige hilltops fill with red-tiled homes, decades of international efforts to achieve a two-state solution are unraveling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They are starting to unravel the reasons bariatric surgery allows most people to lose significant amounts of weight when dieting so often fails.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
It will be fun watching it all unravel — particularly the single 10-mile-long hair strand.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 解开; 阐明; 拆散
vi. 被解开; 被拆散
时态：unravelled, unravelling, unravels
分布：解开(70%)，解释(18%)，阐明(12%)
→un-, 使相反，ravel, 纠缠。
解开;拆散(un+ravel纠缠)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
【记】un不，ravel（v 纠缠）：解开
[ʌn'ræv.əl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
CLOTH 布
   intransitive or transitive
■If a piece of woollen or woven cloth, a knot, or a mass of thread unravels, it separates into a single thread, and if you unravel it, you separate it into a single thread （把布、结或线团）解开；拆散
• You'd better mend that hole before the whole sweater starts to unravel. 你最好把那个洞补上，免得整件毛衣脱线。
• I had to unravel one of the sleeves because I realised I'd knitted it too small. 我不得不拆掉一只袖子，因为我发现它织得太小了。
[ʌn'ræv.əl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
SUBJECT 事情或问题
   intransitive or transitive
■If you unravel a mysterious, unknown or complicated subject, you make it known or understood, and if it unravels, it becomes known or understood 揭开，弄清，阐明（谜团或复杂问题）；被澄清；被解决
• We've got a long way to go before we unravel the secrets of genetics. 在揭开遗传学之谜前，我们还有很长的路要走。
[ʌn'ræv.əl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
DESTROY 破坏
   intransitive transitive usually passive
■If a process or achievement that was slow and complicated unravels or is unravelled, it is destroyed 破坏（成就等）
• As talks between the leaders broke down, several months of careful diplomacy were unravelled. 由于领导人之间的会谈破裂，几个月精心策划的外交努力付诸东流。
vt. 解开；阐明；解决；拆散
 - decide, settle, illustrate
vi. 解决；散开
 - settle, work out, figure out

Word: meagre
Front: meagre
[ˈmi:gə(r)] (雅 38175/9500 -1)
Back: adj. 瘦的; 贫弱的; 思想贫乏的; 土地不毛的
分布：贫乏的(41%)，瘦的(37%)，不足的(22%)
US [-gɚ] adjective
■(of amounts or numbers) very small or not enough （数量）很少的，不足的
• a meagre salary 微薄的薪水
• The prisoners existed on a meagre diet. 那些囚犯靠少得可怜的食物维持生存。
adj. 瘦的；贫弱的；贫乏的
 - poor, thin, spare, lean

Word: proprietary
Front: proprietary
[prəˈpraɪətri] (宝 9835/8231 -1)
Vocabulary: proprietary
(once / 1945 pages)
1adj 2n
If you own something, especially something of value, then you have proprietary rights. The word is most often used in relation to new inventions or patents.
Proprietary refers to property: things that are owned by individuals or businesses. People talk about proprietary drugs, proprietary software, and other things that can only be made and sold by those who discovered or created them. A proprietary claim is usually protected by trademark or copyright. When you say you have a proprietary right to something you're saying to everyone else: "Hands off! This is mine." Years ago, owners of small mom-and-pop stores were known as proprietors.
WORD FAMILY
proprietary: nonproprietary, proprietaries, proprietarily+/ proprietor: proprietary, proprietors, proprietorship/proprietorship: proprietorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Founded in 1768 before publicly funded libraries existed, the "proprietary subscription library" is believed to be the oldest of its kind in the UK.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Western trade groups said China may use the security reviews to discriminate against foreign companies and force them to transfer proprietary technology.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
The company’s research is aided by proprietary software called Riff, which generates feeds based on niche viral keywords.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 专有的，专利的; 所有（人）的; （商品）专卖的
n. 所有权，所有物; 所有人; 专卖药品; 独家制造（及销售）的产品
分布：所有权(53%)，专利的(23%)，所有权的(14%)，所有人(10%)
→来自proper,自己的，私人的，-ary,形容词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
【记】源于：property（n 财产）
US [-ter.i] adjective [before noun]
■relating to ownership, or relating to or like an owner 所有（人）的，业主的
• I just assumed he owned the place - he had a proprietary air about him. 我理所当然以为这个地方是他的——他有一副主人的架势。
■describes goods which are made and sent out by a particular company whose name is on the product 专有的；专卖的
• proprietary medicines 专利药品
n. [法] 所有权；所有人
 - ownership, holder
adj. [法] 所有的；专利的；私人拥有的
 - any, having, patent

Word: grocery
Front: grocery
[ˈgrəʊsəri] (四六 3301/9714 -K)
Back: n. 食品杂货店; 食品杂货业
分布：杂货店(99%)，杂货的(1%)
US ['groʊ.sɚ-] noun
SHOP 商店
countable (UK also grocery shop) (US also grocery store) old-fashioned
■a grocer's 杂货店
UK ['grəʊ.sər.i] US ['groʊ.sɚ-] noun
FOOD 食物
groceries
[plural]
■the food that you buy in a grocer's shop or supermarket 食品杂货

Word: catastrophic
Front: catastrophic
[ˌkætə'strɒfɪk] (7567/9726 -1)
Vocabulary: catastrophic
(once / 4072 pages)
adj
Something catastrophic is very harmful or disastrous. When the stock market crashes, it’s a catastrophic event for investors.
This is a strong word for terrible, harmful, devastating things. Tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis are catastrophic weather events. A depression is catastrophic for the economy. In sports, if the star player is injured, that's catastrophic for the team. If a parent dies, that's catastrophic for a family. Scientists worry that climate change will have a catastrophic effect on the planet. Catastrophic events are severe and horrific. Stubbing your toe isn’t catastrophic: losing your leg in an accident is.
WORD FAMILY
catastrophic: catastrophically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The results of this permissive parenting are catastrophic.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
It warned that armed groups on all sides were preparing for “an even more catastrophic escalation of violence.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Later, the labs investigated whether nuclear war might cause dangerous climatic effects, such as catastrophic ozone depletion or “nuclear winter.”
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 灾难的; 惨重的，悲惨结局的
分布：灾难性的(88%)，灾难的(12%)
ADJ-GRADED
灾难性的;引起重大灾难的
Something that is catastrophic involves or causes a sudden terrible disaster.
例：A tidal wave caused by the earthquake hit the coast causing catastrophic damage...地震引起的海啸袭击了沿海地区，导致灾难性的破坏。
例：The water shortage in this country is potentially catastrophic...这个国家的水资源匮乏可能会带来灾难性的后果。
ADJ-GRADED
糟糕的;不成功的
If you describe something as catastrophic, you mean that it is very bad or unsuccessful.
例：...another catastrophic attempt to arrest control from a rival Christian militia...为从敌对的基督教民兵组织手中夺得控制权而遭遇的再次惨败
例：His mother's untimely death had a catastrophic effect on him.他妈妈的过早离世对他具有灾难性的影响。
adj. 灾难的；悲惨的
 - miserable, calamitous

Word: belated
Front: belated
[bɪˈleɪtɪd] (宝 17806/14120 -1)
Vocabulary: belated
(once / 1770 pages)
adj
Something belated comes after the fact. If you are late to deliver a birthday greeting, then make it a "happy belated birthday" card.
Belated Christmas gifts come after December 25. Belated birthday greetings are still sweet, but a belated New Year's Eve party? Sort of pointless. Belated can refer to less effective actions when used in more significant settings — consider "a belated push to secure tax breaks for the working poor" or "a belated apology for indiscretions committed during the senator's scandalous college years."
WORD FAMILY
belated: belatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also foretold the recent, somewhat belated feminist turn in the “Star Wars” cycle itself.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
These days a dollar buys 3.4 reais, but no one in Brazil or in other emerging markets with devalued currencies is declaring a belated victory.
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
It’s more a kind of belated thank you note for a few projects that kept faith with architecture’s ideals and the city’s better self.
New York Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 来得很迟的; 来得很晚的; 过时的; 陈旧的
分布：迟来的(100%)
【记】be表状态，late晚－晚的状态－事做得太晚的
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
■coming later than expected 迟来的
• a belated apology 迟来的道歉
• They did make a belated attempt to reduce the noise. 他们确实为减少噪音而努力，只不过行动稍为迟了。
• Belated birthday greetings! 迟来的生日祝福！
adj. 迟来的；误期的
 - lated

Word: brewer
Front: brewer
[ˈbru:ə(r)] (16737/8263 -1)
Back: n. 啤酒制造者; 阴谋家
分布：啤酒酿造者(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person or company that makes beer 啤酒酿造者，啤酒酿造公司
n. 啤酒制造者；阴谋家
 - caballer, schemer

Word: boon
Front: boon
[bu:n] (托宝 11451/11528 -1)
Vocabulary: boon
(once / 853 pages)
1n 2adj
Boon means something beneficial to a specific person, entity, or cause. "Getting called out of school on the day of the test was a boon for Sam, as he hadn't remembered to study."
Boon derives from the Old Norse bón, a request for a favor. Think of boon as a favor that no one has necessarily asked for, something extra. "We'd just spent our last dollar on a cup of coffee so it was a real boon to find a ten dollar bill lying on the sidewalk." Boon can also be an adjective for someone friendly and welcoming, as in "a boon companion."
WORD FAMILY
boon: boons
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Big Ten’s reluctance to move toward the spread was a boon for its Rose Bowl foes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Likewise, the dollar remains king of the world's currencies, a boon for American purchasing power.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The presidential primaries, the general election and Donald J. Trump’s victory proved to be a huge boon for the networks.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 恩惠; 福利
adj. 快乐的; <古>慷慨的
分布：恩惠(84%)，合得来的(10%)，所感激的事(6%)
→词源同bonus.
恩惠[bon=good(好)]
【记】1）从moon月亮上得到boon恩惠－嫦娥2）bon好，boon特别好－恩惠
【反】misfortune（n 灾祸，不幸）
noun countable usually singular
■something that is very helpful and improves the quality of life 提高生活素质的东西，有用之物
• Guide dogs are a great boon to the partially sighted. 导盲犬对视力有障碍的人来说是非常有用的。
n. 恩惠；福利；利益
 - behalf, welfare, sake, benefit, grace
adj. 愉快的；慷慨的
 - good, bright, generous, handsome, fragrant

Word: comic
Front: comic
[ˈkɒmɪk] (研托雅宝 5277/6002 -2)
Back: adj. 喜剧的; 滑稽的，好笑的; 连环画的
n. 连环漫画; 喜剧演员; 滑稽人物; 滑稽新闻
分布：喜剧演员(40%)，滑稽的(24%)，喜剧的(18%)，有趣的(13%)，连环图画(5%)
→来自comedy, 喜悦。
好笑的(由喜剧而来)[com=banquet,表示"宴会"]
a.喜剧的,滑稽的n.连环漫画杂志;喜剧演员I like the comics on the newspaper.我喜欢报纸上的漫画画页.
US ['kɑ:.mɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■making you want to laugh; funny 滑稽的，好笑的；有趣的
• a comic actor/performance 滑稽演员／表演
UK ['kɒm.ɪk] US ['kɑ:.mɪk] noun countable
MAGAZINE 杂志 (US also comic book)
■a magazine, especially for children, which contains a set of stories told in pictures with a small amount of writing （尤指以儿童为对象的）连环画杂志，漫画杂志
UK ['kɒm.ɪk] US ['kɑ:.mɪk] noun countable
PERSON 人
■someone who entertains people by telling jokes 逗笑的人；喜剧演员，滑稽演员
comic, witty, funny, humorous
这组词都有“使人高兴的，令人发笑的”的意思，其区别是：
comic: 指像喜剧一样滑稽可笑。
witty: 强调机智而饶有风趣。
funny: 非正式用词，通常侧重因古怪、奇特或不合适宜的举动等引起的发笑。
humorous: 指富有幽默感、诙谐、引人发笑的。
adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的
 - colorful, funny
n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物
 - funny, stripcartoon

Word: rover
Front: rover
['rəʊvə(r)] (10395/4875)
Back: n. 流浪者，漫游者
分布：漫游者(42%)，月球车(32%)，流浪者(21%)，远距离箭靶(5%)
→来自 rove,漫游，-er,人。rover 海盗，劫匪
n. 漫游者；流浪者；漂泊者
 - roamer, wanderer

Word: lonely
Front: lonely
[ˈləʊnli] (中高研四六 4002/3842 -K3)
Vocabulary: lonely
(once / 139 pages)
adj
There are a few definitions of lonely but they all share the same qualities: solitude, the absence of human company, and not a lot of exciting stuff going on.
If being alone makes you sad, that’s one definition of lonely: the depressing feeling you get when no one else is around. Being alone doesn’t have to be a bummer, and sometimes lonely simply means preferring to be by yourself, like the lonely poet who takes long walks in the woods. Mars is a lonely planet because no life can survive there, and on a cross country trip you’ll drive down many long and lonely roads.
WORD FAMILY
lonely: lonelier, loneliest, lonelily, loneliness +/ loneliness: lonelinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
People are either concealed in shadow or seen at some distance, as lonely silhouettes in a big, uncaring land.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Britain’s vote to leave the EU was the grand finale of a 25-year campaign by a lonely sect of true believers.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
It’s a lonely experience in the dressing room.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 孤独的，孤单的; 寂寞的; 荒凉的，幽静的; 在孤单中度过的
级别：lonelier, loneliest
分布：荒凉的(100%)
a.孤独的,寂寞的;荒凉的,人迹稀少的Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
US ['loʊn-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■unhappy because you are not with other people 孤独的，寂寞的
• She gets lonely now that all the kids have left home. 现在孩子们都离开了家，她感到有些孤独。
• the lonely life of a farmer 农夫寂寞的生活
 IMPROVER
■A lonely place is a long way from where people live 孤独的，孤零零的，远离人群的
• a lonely stretch of Arizona highway 亚利桑那一段荒凉的公路
UK ['ləʊn.li] US ['loʊn-] adjective
lonely hearts (also lonely hearts club/column, etc.)
■a place or section of a magazine etc. for people who would like to make new friends or meet a sexual partner 知音俱乐部；（杂志的）交友专栏
lonely, laone, desolate, lone, solitary
这些形容词均有“孤单的，寂寞的”之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
solitary, desolate, lone, alone, lonely
这组词都有“孤单的，寂寞的”的意思，其区别是：
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
only, lonely, alone
only: 与alone均可表“只有”，但alone须置于被修饰词之后，only往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
lonely: 表“孤独”，“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone: 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；
solitary, desolate, lonely, alone, lonesome
solitary: 独居的，独自的
desolate: 指某地无人烟的，荒凉的
lonely: 偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞” lonely和solitary可用以形容很少有人到的偏僻地方。
alone: 和solitary都用以形容一人或一事物与他人或他事物相分离，二者形容的人可能是其本人愿意如此，这两个词并无不愉快的含义。
lonesome: 孤独的 lonely和lonesome指并非本人愿意如此，含有不愉快之意。
adj. 寂寞的；偏僻的
 - remote, doleful

Word: facto
Front: facto
['fæktəʊ] None
Back: n. 事实上，实际上
分布：事实上的(94%)，=in fact(4%)，in deed.(2%)
adj. 事实上的，实际上的
 - virtual, defacto

Word: theirs
Front: theirs
[ðeəz] (中高 5421/5531 -K)
Back: pron. 他们的; 他的或她的
分布：它)们的(50%)，他(她(50%)
→来自 their,他们的，-s,所有格后缀。该词为双重所有格形式。
pron.[they的物主代词]他(她,它)们的Our team was victorious over theirs [in the contest].我队战胜了他队 [赢得比赛]
US [ðerz] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■of or belonging to them 他们的，她们的，它们的（所有物）
• I think she's a relation of theirs. 我想她是他们的亲戚。

Word: vocal
Front: vocal
[ˈvəʊkl] (研六托 4488/7011 -2)
Back: adj. 声音的，嗓音的; 由嗓音发出或产生的; 有声音的，能发出声音或语言的; 畅所欲言的
n. 元音; [音乐]声乐作品
分布：声音的(39%)，声乐作品(21%)，元音(12%)，声乐的(12%)，直言不讳的(11%)，口头的(5%)
声音的[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
a.声音的;有声的;歌唱的n.元音;声乐作品The vocation advocate found the word "vocal" and "reciprocal" not in the vocabulary.职业倡导者发现"嗓音的"和"交互的"两词不在词汇表中.
【记】voc声音，al：发声的
【参】vocalist（n 声乐家）
US ['voʊ-] adjective
OF THE VOICE 嗓音的
 ADVANCED
■relating to or produced by the voice, either in singing or speaking 嗓音的；发声的
• a piece of vocal music 一部声乐作品
• The six principal roles in this opera have an average vocal range of two octaves. 这出歌剧里六个主要角色的平均音域覆盖两个八度。
UK ['vəʊ.kəl] US ['voʊ-] adjective
OFTEN HEARD 常听到的
■often expressing opinions and complaints in speech 喜欢畅所欲言的；直言不讳的
• He had always been a very vocal critic of the president. 他一直都直言不讳地批评总统。
• During these years, suffrage demands by women became increasingly vocal. 近些年，女性要求获得投票权的呼声越来越高。
UK ['vəʊ.kəl] US ['voʊ-] noun countable usually plural
■the singing in a piece of popular music （流行音乐中的）演唱部分
• The vocals are shared by two members of the band. 演唱部分由乐队中的两名成员共同完成。
• Is that Tamsin Palmer on vocals (= singing) ? 唱歌的人是塔姆辛．帕尔默吗？
adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的
 - audio, sonic
n. 声乐作品；元音
 - vowel

Word: victoria
Front: victoria
[vikˈtɔ:riə] (-/2945)
Back: n. 四轮折篷马车
分布：名词(100%)

Word: astronomer
Front: astronomer
[əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] (高托 3744/10779 -2)
Vocabulary: astronomer
(once / 914 pages)
n
A scientist who studies the objects in the sky, including planets, galaxies, black holes, and stars, is called an astronomer.
These days, the terms astronomer and astrophysicist are used interchangeably, to talk about any physicist who specializes in celestial bodies and the forces that affect them. Astronomers use telescopes and cameras to observe the stars and other objects in the sky, and they often use complicated math to make predictions and solve puzzles about their movements and locations. The Greek root, astronomia, literally means "star arrangement."
WORD FAMILY
astronomer: astronomers+/astronomic: astronomically/ astronomy: astronomer, astronomic, astronomical, astronomies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jan. 5 — “A Brief History of Dutch Astronomy,” a talk by astronomer Peter Teuben, at the University of Maryland at College Park’s observatory, 8 p.m.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
To settle the matter, they commissioned a survey and hired two Englishmen, Charles Mason, an astronomer, and Jeremiah Dixon, a surveyor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“This generation of detectors should be the last,” said astronomer Stacy McGaugh at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 天文学者，天文学家
分布：天文学家(100%)
US [-'strɑ:.nə.mɚ] noun countable
■someone who studies astronomy 天文学家
n. [天] 天文学家
 - stargazer

Word: disillusion
Front: disillusion
[ˌdɪsɪˈlu:ʒn] (六托宝 15275/13687 -1)
Vocabulary: disillusion
(once / 1667 pages)
nv
To disillusion is to make someone realize their belief isn't true. If your cousin believes that the Tooth Fairy will come in the night, take her tooth and sprinkle her with fairy dust. It would be too cruel to disillusion her.
When you disillusion someone, you take away a false belief, or an illusion. Your parents' divorce might disillusion your romantic ideas of marriage, and a political candidate you supported enthusiastically could disillusion if she doesn't follow through on her promises. The disappointment you feel as a result of being disillusioned is also called disillusion, like the disillusion that results when your older sister tells you the truth about the Easter Bunny.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
disillusion / dissolution
To disillusion someone is to rid her of an illusion, like lifting up the curtain to show that the wizard is just a man. Dissolution, on the other hand, is when everything falls apart. Both are disappointing.
The verb disillusion needs an object, as in you have to disillusion someone. Toto accidently disillusions Dorothy of her belief in the magical wizard. (The word is more common as an adjective, as in poor disillusioned Dorothy.) It's also a noun, when it's a feeling of disillusion, a loss of enchantment. Here are two examples:
He has raised expectations so high that whatever he does as PM is bound to disillusion some.  (Ottawa Sun)
My disillusion was growing and I was relieved when they laid me off with a generous severance. (New Internationalist Magazine)
Dissolution, always a noun, is like disintegration. There could be the dissolution of a marriage, band, political party — and if you're Edgar Allan Poe — human body. In "Masque of the Red Death," Poe describes the symptoms of the Red Death: "There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution." Yikes. Most examples of dissolution aren't as exciting:
The singer's wife had filed for dissolution of marriage in September last year, according to San Diego Superior Court documents. (BBC)
Until its dissolution in January 1994, the Christian Democratic Party dominated, furnishing all but three postwar prime ministers. (New York Times)
Although the words sound alike, the difference is after the "dis" (meaning "not"): disillusion is not an illusion, and dissolution is not a solid solution, it breaks up like paper in water.
WORD FAMILY
disillusion: disillusioned, disillusioning, disillusionment, disillusions+/disillusioning: disillusioningly/ disillusionment: disillusionments/ illusion: disillusion, illusional, illusionary, illusionist, illusions, illusory / illusionist: illusionists/ illusory: illusorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Guterres, privately growing disillusioned with internal party politics, turned increasingly to his interest in international diplomacy.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The prospect of such disillusion and internecine squabbling may console liberals who fear a White House tinged with racism and quasi-fascism.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
"When you spoke to people you realised the depth of their disillusion with many things, of which the EU is just one."
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 使不再抱幻想，使理想破灭; 给…泼冷水; 使醒悟
n. 觉醒，幻灭
时态：disillusioned, disillusioning, disillusions
分布：幻灭(51%)，使幻想破灭(25%)，给…泼冷水(12%)，觉醒(12%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。illusion, 幻想。
verb transitive
■to disappoint someone by telling them the unpleasant truth about something or someone that they had a good opinion of, or respected 使幻想破灭；使清醒，使觉悟
• I hate to/I'm sorry to disillusion you, but pregnancy is not always wonderful - I was sick every day for six months. 我不想打破你的美梦，但是怀孕并非总是美妙的事——我当时有六个月的时间天天都恶心。
vt. 使醒悟；使不再抱幻想
 - undeceive
n. 幻灭；醒悟
 - disenchantment, evanescence

Word: bicker
Front: bicker
[ˈbɪkə(r)] (托宝 15140/12974 -1)
Vocabulary: bicker
(once / 2649 pages)
vn
When you bicker, you argue in a petty way, like two kids squabbling in the backseat on a long car trip, or politicians taking cheap shots at each other but avoiding discussion of important issues.
It's impossible to bicker in a dignified way, as the word always suggests pettiness and an unpleasant experience for anyone within earshot. If, for instance, you've listened for years to your ill-tempered aunt from Boise bicker with your uncle from Dubuque over how the Thanksgiving turkey should be carved, you might want to book a trip to Tierra del Fuego and avoid the holiday altogether.
WORD FAMILY
bicker: bickered, bickering, bickers+/bickering: bickerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He bickered vociferously among family but was reserved among strangers.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Throughout it all, while Americans became disillusioned by the bickering in Washington, Obama’s economy slowly crept back.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
The two bicker over flag design and dissatisfying tech, before launching in to some satisfyingly objective Brexit talk.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vi. 争吵; 口角; （水等）作潺潺声; 闪烁
n. 争吵，小的口角; （水的）潺潺声
时态：bickered, bickering, bickers
分布：斗嘴(42%)，口角(31%)，潺潺流水声(9%)，闪烁(9%)，发出潺潺声(9%)
→bick, 同peck, 啄。-er, 表反复。
【记】读：必渴。必然会渴－因为发生口角肯定会渴－太浪费吐沫。
US [-ɚ] disapproving
verb intransitive
■to argue about things which are not important （为小事）争吵，口角，斗嘴
• Will you two stop bickering! 你们两个不要吵了！
• They're always bickering with each other about/over their personal problems. 他们总是为个人问题而争吵。
n. 吵嘴；口角；（水的）潺潺声
 - logomachy

Word: ancestor
Front: ancestor
[ˈænsestə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 4137/4793 -2)
Vocabulary: ancestor
(once / 225 pages)
n
An ancestor came before. Your grandmother's grandmother and any relative before her is one of your ancestors.
Ante-, a common Latin prefix, means "before." Cedere is Latin for "to go." So, an ancestor is someone who has gone before us. Evolutionary biologists have advanced the theory that all life on earth descends from a common ancestor. Ancestor can also mean "prototype" or "forerunner." The abacus is a distant ancestor of today's supercomputers.
WORD FAMILY
ancestor: ancestors, ancestral +/ ancestral: ancestrally
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s the other group, the theropods—which includes Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor—that are the closer cousins and ancestors of birds.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Sure enough, we discover that our ancestors crafted one of the hapless bear’s bones into a flute, one of the oldest artifacts of human ingenuity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Their common ancestor was John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of King Edward III and father of Henry IV.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 祖先，祖宗; 被继承人; 原型; （动物的）原种，先祖
分布：祖先(94%)，祖宗(5%)，原种(1%)
→来自拉丁语anticessor。 词根anti, 在前。词根cess, 走。
祖先;祖宗(an=ante+cest=cess+or→走在前面的人→祖先)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.祖宗,祖先;原型,先驱During the festival the investor investigated his ancestor.节日期间投资者调查了他的祖宗.
【反】scion（n 幼芽；子孙）
US [-tɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person related to you who lived a long time ago 祖先，祖宗
• There were portraits of his ancestors on the walls of the room. 房间墙壁上挂着他祖先的画像。
Compare descendant a plant, animal or object that is related to one existing at a later point in time （动植物）原种；（物体）原型
• This wooden instrument is the ancestor of the modern metal flute. 这种木制乐器是现在金属长笛的雏形。
n. 始祖， [生物] 祖先；被继承人
 - father, root, grandfather

Word: heap
Front: heap
[hi:p] (高研四六雅 7087/5596 -2)
Vocabulary: heap
(once / 163 pages)
1nv 2n
A great big pile of something is a heap. Your sloppy brother might keep all of his clothes in a heap on his bedroom floor.
A heap can be a literal mound of things — a heap of money in your piggy bank, or a heap of wet towels beside the pool — or it can be a figurative pile. For example, you might worry that if you're caught eating your roommate's pizza you'll be in a heap of trouble. Heap is also a verb, as when you heap compliments on your best friend. Since 1924 heap has also meant "junky old car."
WORD FAMILY
heap: heaped, heaping, heaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
The canoe was heaped with valuable trade goods: copper, flint, weapons, textiles, and beer.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Shelves and floor space are shrouded in heaps of soft yarn and fuzzy pompoms.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Bags of clothing are heaped on the floor, and the windows are sealed with aluminum tape for warmth.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 堆，堆积; <口>许多，大量; <俚>破车
vt. 扔成一堆; 完全填满，灌满; 大量或奢侈的赠予
时态：heaped, heaping, heaps
分布：堆(95%)，许多(3%)，使成堆(1%)，装满(1%)
→可能来自古英语heah,高的，词源同high.由高引申词义堆积，大块。
n.(一)堆,大量,许多v.(up)堆,堆起The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an untidy pile or mass of things （凌乱的）一堆
• a heap of clothes/rubbish 一堆衣服／垃圾
[hi:p] noun countable
the bottom of the heap
■People who are at the bottom of the heap are poor and unsuccessful and have the lowest position in society. 社会的最底层
[hi:p] noun countable
collapse/fall in a heap
■to fall down heavily and lie on the ground without moving 倒下瘫成一团
• The woman staggered and collapsed in a heap. 那个女人踉跄倒地，蜷曲成一团。
[hi:p] noun countable
a (whole) heap of sth informal
■a lot of something 大量的…
• I've got a whole heap of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。
[hi:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition
■to put things into a large untidy pile 堆积；使成堆
• He heaped more food onto his plate. 他在他的盘子里堆了更多的食物。
[hi:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  heap sth on sb
■to give someone a lot of praise/criticism, etc 对（某人）大加（赞扬、批评等）
• He deals well with all the criticism heaped on him. 对于针对他的一大堆批评，他应对得很好。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
n. 堆；许多；累积
 - lots of, pile, accumulation, sea, hundred
vt. 堆；堆积
 - bank up, stack up

Word: monarch
Front: monarch
[ˈmɒnək] (研六托宝 8640/5743 -2)
Vocabulary: monarch
(once / 150 pages)
1n 2n
If you think the Queen of England is just the coolest thing ever, then you like monarchs: hereditary rulers of countries usually known as King or Queen.
You might think your Principal rules with absolute power, but that's not really true: there's a school board and an administration and he can't really control everything. But a monarch can. Monarch comes from the Greek mono, "one," and archon, "ruler." Many modern monarchies actually have parliaments and constitutions, leaving the monarch more symbolic than powerful. A monarch is also a particularly royal looking butterfly with orange wings and black and white spots.
WORD FAMILY
monarch: monarchal, monarches, monarchical, monarchs, monarchy +/monarchic: monarchically/monarchism: monarchist/monarchist: monarchists/ monarchy: monarchic, monarchies, monarchism
USAGE EXAMPLES
The monarch, who became king in 2004, is largely respected by the public and seen as being above politics.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, an anonymous letter by a nephew of the monarch was published online, calling on his uncles to remove their brother, King Salman.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
James said that the underdrawing suggests that the artist added wrinkles and creases to the monarch’s face without actually seeing her.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 君主，帝王; 最高统治者; [动]黑脉金斑蝶
分布：君主(71%)，帝王(22%)，统治者(6%)，君王斑点蝶(1%)
→mon-,单个的，-arch,统治，管理，词源同anarchy.即单人统治，引申词义君主，帝王。
君主,独裁者(mon+arch统治者→一个统治者)[mono-表示"单个,一个"]
n.帝王,君主,最高统治者The monstrous monarch monopolied monarchy.可怕的君主垄断了君主国.
US ['mɑ:.nɚk] noun countable
■a king or queen 君主；国王；皇帝；女王；女皇
• a hereditary monarch 世袭的国王
• Britain's head of state is a constitutional monarch (= only has very limited powers). 英国的国家元首是君主立宪的女王。
n. 君主，帝王；最高统治者
 - emperor, sovereignty

Word: supervisory
Front: supervisory
[ˌsju:pə'vaɪzərɪ] (14057/10412 -1)
Back: adj. 监督的; 管理的
分布：管理的(79%)，监控的(21%)
ADJ
管理的;监督的;指导的
Supervisory means involved in supervising people, activities, or places.
例：Most supervisory boards meet only twice a year.大多数监事会一年只开两次会议。
例：...staff with a minor supervisory role.辅助监督工作的职员
adj. 监督的
 - surveillant

Word: understandably
Front: understandably
[ˌʌndəˈstændəbli] (10243/8434)
Back: adv. 可理解地
分布：可理解地(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
（行为、情绪等）可以理解的，正常的，合情理的
If you describe someone's behaviour or feelings as understandable, you think that they have reacted to a situation in a natural way or in the way you would expect.
例：His unhappiness was understandable.他不高兴是可以理解的。
ADJ-GRADED
（论述、理论等）容易理解的
If you say that something such as a statement or theory is understandable, you mean that people can easily understand it.
例：Roger Neuberg writes in a simple and understandable way.罗杰·纽伯格的文章简明易懂。

Word: transit
Vocabulary: transit
(once / 310 pages)
1nv 2nv
Transit means “journey,” and saying you’re "in transit" means you’re on your way somewhere. Before we had cell phones, one of the upsides of being in transit was that no one could get in touch with you.
Transit may be familiar to you from the phrase mass transit. While it sometimes seems like “mass transit” is synonymous with “unreliable, crowded and inefficient,” the phrase just means "public transportation." The first instance of transit being used in this sense was in the 19th century, and people have been complaining ever since. Transit is related to the word transition, which refers to a change from one state or condition to another.
WORD FAMILY
transit: transited, transiting, transition, transits+/ transition: transitional, transitioned, transitioning, transitions/ transitional: transitionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Transit police say they don’t suspect foul play was involved.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That calls for 50 percent commuting by car, 25 percent by transit, 18 percent by cycling and 7 percent by walking.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Transit: Metro’s Gold Line opens downtown L.A. to Pasadena at 3 a.m.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: deport
Front: deport
[dɪˈpɔ:t] (托宝 10824/12472 -2)
Vocabulary: deport
(once / 950 pages)
1v 2v
To deport is to kick someone out of a country. Deporting is also to deliver a person to the authorities of another country. Although you might like to deport your little brother from your room, it’s something governments do.
Governments have the power to deport. When you're deported, you get thrown out of a country, often because you were there illegally. This type of deporting is similar to exiling. Another form of deporting is even harsher: sometimes a person is not only tossed out of one country, but handed over to the government of another country. This is also called being extradited, and it usually happens to people wanted for a crime in the second country.
WORD FAMILY
deport: deportation, deported, deportee, deporting, deportment, deports+/ deportation: deportations/deportee: deportees/ deportment: deportments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The movie opens on a rough conversation in Mussa’s elementary-school classroom, where he sits in silence as Israeli children discuss whether migrants should be deported.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Attempts by Italy to deport him after his release failed for bureaucratic reasons.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
More than twice as many migrants departed the country voluntarily this year than were deported.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 行为，举动; 把…驱逐出境
时态：deported, deporting, deports
分布：驱逐出境(87%)，持...举止(13%)
→de-, 向下，离开。port, 港口。即使离港。
移送,放逐;举止(de去掉+port→拿出来→放逐)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
【记】de去掉，port拿，运一运出去一驱逐de离开，port港口－使老外从港口离开－驱逐
US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
■to force someone to leave a country, especially someone who has no legal right to be there or who has broken the law 把…驱逐出境，把…遣送出境
• Thousands of illegal immigrants are caught and deported every year. 每年都有数千名非法移民被捕并被驱逐出境。
• The refugees were deported back to their country of origin. 那些难民被遣返回国了。
vt. 驱逐出境；举止；放逐
 - bear oneself, banish

Word: weed
Front: weed
[wi:d] (高研四六托雅宝 4545/6003 -2)
Back: n. 杂草; 大麻; 废物; 烟草
vt. 给…除杂草; 除（草）; 消除
vi. 除草
时态：weeded, weeding, weeds
分布：杂草(56%)，除草(23%)，野草(9%)，清除(5%)，淘汰(5%)，丧服(1%)，衣服(1%)
→词源不详。
n.杂草,野草v.除草,锄草I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■any wild plant which grows in an unwanted place, especially in a garden or field where it prevents the cultivated plants from growing freely 杂草；野草
uncountable old-fashioned slang * cannabis
uncountable UK old-fashioned informal * tobacco
[wi:d] noun
PERSON 人
countable UK informal disapproving
■someone who is thin and physically weak or who is weak in character 瘦弱的人；懦弱的人
• He looks like a real weed in those shorts. 他穿着那条短裤看起来真的很瘦弱。
[wi:d] verb intransitive or transitive
■to remove wild plants from a place where they are not wanted 除草；为…除杂草
• I've been weeding (the vegetable garden). 我一直在（菜园子里）除草。
[wi:d] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weed sth/sb out
■to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group 清除；剔除；淘汰
• The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest of applicants. 第一轮面试实际上只是要淘汰那些实力最弱的申请者。
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
vt. 除草；铲除
 - shovel
n. [植] 杂草，野草；菸草
 - fireweed, ruderal

Word: parliamentarian
Front: parliamentarian
[ˌpɑ:ləmənˈteəriən] (21097/15568 -1)
Back: n. 议事法规专家，国会议员; 议会雄辩家; 〈英〉国会议员; [英史]十七世纪内战时期反抗查理一世的议会党人
adj. 议会（派）的
分布：国会议员(90%)，资深议员(10%)
US [ˌpɑ:r.lə.men'ter.i-] noun countable
■a member of a parliament, especially one who is respected for his or her experience and skill 议会议员；（尤指）资深议员
US
■someone who is an expert on the rules and methods used by a group that makes laws or decisions 议会法规专家
n. 国会议员，熟练而又有经验的议员
 - congressman, member of congress
adj. 议会的
 - congressional, legislatorial

Word: plough
Front: plough
[plaʊ] (研四六雅宝 28832/6912 -2)
Back: n. 耕作，耕地; 犁; [天]北斗七星; 〈英俚〉（主考人评定）不及格
vt. & vi. 用犁耕田; 开路; 破浪前进; 投（资）
时态：ploughed, ploughing, ploughs
分布：犁(74%)，耕地(17%)，耕犁(4%)，用犁耕田(4%)，铲雪机(1%)
→来自古英语plog,犁，犁过的土地，来自Proto-Germanic*plogaz,犁，可能来自plek,弯， 转，词源同ply,complicate.
n.(plow)犁,耕地,犁过的地v.犁,费力地前进The land ploughs hard after the drought.大旱之后土地难耕.
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] noun countable
■a large farming tool with blades which digs the earth in fields so that seeds can be planted 犁
⇒ See also snowplough
under the plough formal
■describes land on which crops are grown （土地）用于耕种的
• These fields have been under the plough for centuries. 这些田地已耕种了好几个世纪了。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to dig land with a plough 耕，犁
• Farmers start ploughing in the spring. 春天农民开始耕种。
• We're going to plough the top field next week. 我们下周要耕种山顶上的那块地。
• Large areas of grazing land have been ploughed up to grow wheat. 大片的牧场被开垦出来种小麦。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plough sth back/in
■to dig the roots and other remaining parts of a crop into the earth to make the soil more healthy 把（植物的根等）犁入土中作肥料；犁埋
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plough sth back
■to spend the money that a business has earned on improving that business 把（利润）再投资
• All the profits are being ploughed back into the company. 所有的利润都用来对该公司进行再投资。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plough into sth/sb
■If a vehicle ploughs into something or someone, it hits the object or person with great force （车辆）撞上
• Many people were injured when the train came off the rails and ploughed into the bank. 当火车冲出铁轨撞上斜坡时，很多人受了伤。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plough sth into sth informal
■to invest (= give money hoping to get more back) money in a business, especially to help make it successful or to make more money 把（资金）投入
• They ploughed all their savings into their daughter's business. 他们将所有的积蓄都投到了女儿的生意里。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plough on
■to continue doing something although it is difficult or boring 继续进行，坚持做（艰难或乏味的事）；苦撑
• He could see that she didn't like what he was saying, but he ploughed on (= continued talking) regardless. 他看得出来她不愿听他讲话，但他并不介意仍继续说着。
• It would be a mistake to plough on with this scheme - it'll never work. 继续这项计划是一个错误——它根本行不通。
UK (ALSO US plow) [plaʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plough through sth informal
■to go through a substance or an area of something with difficulty 费力通过；奋力穿过
• We ploughed through the mud. 我们费力地穿过泥泞的地方。
■to finish reading, eating or dealing with something with difficulty 费劲地读完（或吃完、做完）
• I've got an enormous pile of papers to plough through. 我有成堆的文件要看。
• You'll never manage to plough through all that food. 你不可能把那些东西全都吃了。
vt. [农机] 犁；耕
 - till, plow
vi. 用犁耕田；开路
 - open circuit, clear the way for
n. [农机] 犁；耕地（等于plow）
 - cultivated land, arable land

Word: partially
Front: partially
[ˈpɑ:ʃəli] (四六托 4379/4723 -2)
Vocabulary: partially
(once / 487 pages)
adv
Partially means part way, not complete. If you’ve partially completed a test when the bell rings, you better work faster to finish up next time!
A part is a portion of something, not the whole thing. Similarly, the word partially refers to a part of something only. A partially brick house is not all brick. Anything that is partially true is only true to some degree, like if you tell someone you’re in a band, but really you just carry the guitars. This word means about the same as partly, and the opposite word would be wholly or entirely.
WORD FAMILY
partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officers and fire crews worked to remove the occupants by partially overturning the vehicle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The reserve deputy program was shuttered and partially revived earlier this year.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 部分地; <古>偏袒地，偏爱地; 一部分
分布：部分地(59%)，不公平地(41%)
US ['pɑ:r-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■not completely 不完全地
• The meat was only partially cooked. 这块肉没有完全煮熟。
adv. 部分地；偏袒地
 - half

Word: rift
Front: rift
[rɪft] (托宝 10462/8766 -1)
Vocabulary: rift
(once / 2047 pages)
n
Rift sounds like rip, and it's helpful to think of it that way. When there is a rift in a political party over a particular policy, it is like a rip or tear in the fabric of the group.
Rift has a slightly different sense than break. A group can have a rift without having fully broken apart. A rift can heal, though a break is permanent. A rift can arise between sisters over whose turn it is to do dishes; it can quickly heal when parents promise an ice cream trip when the dishes are done. The Earth's crust has rifts, where it's splitting apart, like in East Africa.
WORD FAMILY
rift: rifts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The most bruising presidential election in modern history lifted the curtain on the nation’s deep family rift — just in time for Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
However, the Afghan government rejected the group’s demands — an indication of the depth of the rift between the two sides in Afghanistan’s protracted conflict.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 裂缝，裂口; 不和
vt. 使断裂; 使分开
vi. 裂开
分布：裂口(48%)，裂开(26%)，割开(9%)，渗入(9%)，切口(4%)，隙缝(4%)
→来自北欧某语言，比较挪威语 rift,裂缝，来自 Proto-Germanic*rifana,刮，抢，来自 rei, 撕，砍，抓，词源同 rive,rifle.引申词义分裂，分歧。
【记】两个人拿着rifle对打，因为他们之间有rift
【反】reconciliation（n 和解；顺从）
noun countable
■a large crack in the ground or in rock 裂缝；裂口；断裂
• The stream had cut a deep rift in the rock. 溪流在岩石上冲刷出一条很深的沟。
■a serious disagreement which separates two people who have been friends and stops their friendship continuing （人际关系的）裂痕；分歧，不和
• The marriage caused a rift between the brothers and they didn't speak to each other for ten years. 这桩婚姻致使兄弟之间的关系出现裂痕，彼此十年都没有说话。
n. [木] 裂缝；不和；裂口
 - crack, split
vt. [地质] 使断裂；使分开
 - separate, unhinge
vi. 裂开
 - gap, seam, spring off

Word: correctly
Front: correctly
[kə'rektlɪ] (六 4364/3624 -K)
Vocabulary: correctly
(once / 649 pages)
adv
To do something correctly is to to it accurately: to do it right. A correctly spelled word is spelled right.
When something is correct, it is right or accurate. The correct answer to a math problem is the right answer, so if you answered a math problem right, you answered it correctly. A correctly used semi-colon will make English teachers happy. If you quote a movie correctly, you get the quote exactly right. If you follow the traffic laws correctly, the police won't bother you.
WORD FAMILY
correct: correctable, corrected, correctedly, correcting, correctingly, correction, corrective, correctly, correctness, corrects, incorrect +/correctable: uncorrectable/corrected: uncorrected/ correction: correctional, corrections/correctional: correctionally/corrective: correctively, correctives/correctness: correctnesses/ incorrect: incorrectly, incorrectness/incorrectness: incorrectnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president-elect correctly reported crime numbers published by the Chicago Police Department on Sunday, but the figures were not record-setting.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
You read that correctly: It’s not a ban on plastic bags — it’s a ban on banning plastic bags.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If they’re not fed, changed, or held correctly, it’s recorded.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 正确地，得体地; 实事求是
分布：正确地(64%)，恰当地(36%)
ADJ
准确无误的;正确的
If something is correct, it is in accordance with the facts and has no mistakes.
例：The correct answers can be found at the bottom of page 8...正确答案在第8页末尾。
例：The following information was correct at time of going to press...下列信息在付印时准确无误。
ADJ
(说法或想法)对的，正确的
If someone is correct, what they have said or thought is true.
例：You are absolutely correct. The leaves are from a bay tree...你说得很对，这是月桂树的叶子。
例：If Casey is correct, the total cost of the cleanup would come to $110 billion.如果凯西是对的，清理的总花费将达1,100亿美元。
ADJ
恰当的;合适的
The correct thing or method is the thing or method that is required or is most suitable in a particular situation.
例：The use of the correct materials was crucial...使用恰当的材料至关重要。
例：White was in no doubt the referee made the correct decision.怀特确信裁判作出了公正的判罚。
ADJ
(行为)被人认可的，赞许的
If you say that someone is correct in doing something, you approve of their action.
例：You are perfectly correct in trying to steer your mother towards increased independence...你试图让自己的母亲变得越来越独立，这样做很正确。
例：I think the president was correct to reject the offer.我认为总统拒绝这一提议是正确的。
VERB
纠正(问题);改正，修正(错误)
If you correct a problem, mistake, or fault, you do something which puts it right.
例：He may need surgery to correct the problem...要解决这个问题，他可能需要做外科手术。
例：He has criticised the government for inefficiency and delays in correcting past mistakes.他批评政府在纠正过去的错误问题上效率低下，并且拖拖拉拉。
VERB
纠正;指出…的错误
If you correct someone, you say something which you think is more accurate or appropriate than what they have just said.
例：'Actually, that isn't what happened,' George corrects me...“实际上，并不是那样，”乔治纠正我。
例：I must correct him on a minor point.我必须纠正他的一处小错误。
VERB
批改，修改(文章等)
When someone corrects a piece of writing, they look at it and mark the mistakes in it.
例：It took an extraordinary effort to focus on preparing his classes or correcting his students' work.备课和批改学生的作业花费了他很多精力。
ADJ-GRADED
(行为)符合社会公认标准的，得体的
If a person or their behaviour is correct, their behaviour is in accordance with social or other rules.
例：I think English men are very polite and very correct...我认为英国人很有礼貌，举止非常得体。
例：We were rather surprised by their sporting and correct behaviour.他们富有体育精神而且举止得体，让我们感到相当惊讶。
CONVENTION
若是我说错了就请指出
You say 'correct me if I'm wrong' to indicate that you are not entirely sure that what you are about to say is true.
例：As I recall, but correct me if I'm wrong, it was in a car park in Carmarthen.如果我没记错的话，那是在卡马森的一个停车场内。
adv. 正确地；得体地
 - properly, exactly, right

Word: labourer
Front: labourer
[ˈleɪbərə(r)] (高 32892/5556 -1)
Back: n. （尤指户外的）体力劳动者，劳工，工人
分布：劳动者(55%)，工人(45%)
US [-bɚ.ɚ] noun countable
■a person who does unskilled physical work, especially outside （尤指在户外的）体力劳动者，劳工，工人
• a farm labourer 农场工人
worker, labourer, workman
这组词都有“工人，劳动者”的意思，其区别是：
worker: 最常用词，泛指一切从事体力或脑力劳动以谋生的人。
labourer: 多指体力劳动者，尤指无专长或专门技能的工人。
workman: 指雇佣工作，尤指有特种技能的工人。
n. 劳动者； [劳经] 劳工
 - worker, toiler

Word: oh
Front: oh
[əʊ] (高 411/120 -K5)
Back: int. （表示恐惧、惊讶、疑虑等）噢; 啊; 哎呀; 冠于人名前，起呼语作用
分布：哦(96%)，啊呀(4%)
US [oʊ] exclamation
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express different emotions, such as surprise, disappointment and pleasure, often as a reaction to something someone has said （表示惊讶、失望和高兴等情绪）噢，哎，唉，啊
• "He's been married three times." "Oh, really? I didn't know that!" “他结过三次婚。”“噢，真的吗？我不知道这回事！”
• "I'm afraid I can't come to the party." " Oh, that's a shame." “我恐怕不能参加聚会。”“唉，那太遗憾了。”
• Is that for me? Oh, you're so kind! 那是给我的吗？啊，你真是太好了！
• "I'm sorry I forgot to ring you." "Oh, don't worry." “对不起，我忘了给你打电话。”“哦，不要紧。”
 ESSENTIAL
■introduces an idea that you have just thought of, or something that you have just remembered （表示刚刚想到或记起）噢，哦
• Oh, I've just thought of a problem. 噢，我刚想起一个问题。
• Oh, and don't forget to lock the back door. 哦，别忘了锁后门。
 ESSENTIAL
■used with other expressions of disappointment, sadness, anger, etc （与其他表示失望、难过、生气、烦恼等的词连用）啊，唉，哎呀
• Oh dear, what a mess! 噢，天啊，真是乱七八糟！
• Oh hell, I've left my umbrella behind! 唉，见鬼，我遗下了雨伞。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] noun countable (also o)
■sometimes used in writing for the number zero （数字）零
• My phone number is five, double oh, seven, six, six. 我的电话号码是500766。
int. 哦；哎呀（表示惊讶或恐惧等）
 - my, dear

Word: intact
Front: intact
[ɪnˈtækt] (研六托雅宝 4626/4953 -2)
Vocabulary: intact
(once / 1134 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something is intact it's still in one piece. If you'd like your sand castle to remain intact, I suggest you build it away from the water.
The Latin word intactus means “untouched,” but today something is intact if it's whole, if it hasn't fallen apart. After a long day at work, you might feel lucky to be intact. Your letter to the post office states that you would prefer your packages to arrive intact from now on.
WORD FAMILY
intact: intactness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The line remained intact Monday at practice with all three carrying streaks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many Chinese believe the body is sacred and should be buried intact in a show of respect to their ancestors.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的; 原封不动的; 完好无缺; 完好无损
分布：原封不动的(57%)，完好无缺的(29%)，未经触碰的(14%)
→in-,不，非，-tact,接触，词源同tact,contact.即没有接触的，引申词义完整的。
未触动的;完整的(in没有+tact)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
a.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的The transactor thinks activating the atomic interaction in the intact reactor is practicable.办理人认为激活未受影响的反应堆内原子的相互作用是种可行的.
【记】in不，tact接触－未接触过的
【参】contact（n /v 联系；接触）；tactile（adj 触觉的；接触的）
【反】riven（adj 被撕裂的）
adjective
■complete and in the original state 完整无缺的；未经触动的
• The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact. 教堂在轰炸中被毁，但神坛却完好无损。
■not damaged 未受损伤的
• It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact. 经历这样的丑闻难保你的名声不受损害。
adj. 完整的；原封不动的；未受损伤的
 - whole, complete, integrated, full

Word: decrease
Front: decrease
[dɪˈkri:s] (高研四六托雅 3370/4237 -K2)
Vocabulary: decrease
(once / 538 pages)
nv
Decrease means to lower or go down. If you are driving above the speed limit, you should decrease your speed or risk getting a ticket. Students always want teachers to decrease the amount of homework.
The opposite of decrease is increase, which means to raise. In science, you often are measuring increases and decreases. Is there a decrease in the time it takes water to boil when you begin with water as a liquid rather than water in its ice-cube form?
WORD FAMILY
decrease: decreased, decreases, decreasing+/decreasing: decreasingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was decreased through use of a positive behavioral plan, designed by a competent psychologist and monitored with data collection.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Ganim noted, however, more than half of Bridgeport’s residential taxpayers saw a decrease in their taxes.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Scientists say that for the first time in years, more elephants are being killed than born, with the population steadily decreasing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 减少，减小; 减少量
vi. &vt. 减少，减小
时态：decreased, decreasing, decreases
分布：减少(47%)，降低(40%)，减小(13%)
→de-, 向下。-cre, 创造，增加，词源同create, crescent.
减少(de向下+crease增长→向下增加→减少)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
n.减少,减小;减少量v.减少,变少,降低After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
US [ˈdiː.kriːs]
 IMPROVER
■to become less, or to make something become less （使）减少，（使）下降，（使）降低
• Our share of the market has decreased sharply this year. 今年我们的市场份额急剧下降。
• We have decreased our involvement in children's books. 我们减少了在儿童读物方面的投入。
Opposite increase
noun countable or uncountable /ˈdiː.kriːs/
 IMPROVER
■a reduction 减少；下降；降低
• There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors. 访客数量逐渐减少。
• I haven't noticed much decrease in interest. 我并未发现人们的兴趣有大幅下降的趋势。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈdiː.kriːs/
  Common Learner Errors  decrease When you are talking about the thing that has decreased, the most usual preposition to use after decrease is in. Don't say 'a decrease of something', say a decrease in something : There has been a 2% decrease in the rate of unemployment. When decrease is followed by an amount, the correct preposition is of : There has been a decrease of 2%.
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
n. 减少，减小；减少量
 - reduction, loss
vi. 减少，减小
 - to cut down, fall off
vt. 减少，减小
 - shorten, weaken

Word: overvalue
Front: overvalue
[ˌəʊvəˈvælju:] (22948/35625 -1)
Back: vt. 对…估价过高，高估; 对…看得过重
时态：overvalued, overvaluing, overvalues
分布：过分重视(72%)，对 ... 估价过高(28%)
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb transitive
■to put too high a value on something 对…估价过高；高估；对…评价过高；过于重视
• The company is overvalued on the stock market. 在股票市场上那个公司的价值被高估了。

Word: uneasy
Front: uneasy
[ʌnˈi:zi] (研四六雅 6528/5589 -2)
Vocabulary: uneasy
(once / 191 pages)
adj
Uneasy describes an uncomfortable feeling. You might feel socially uneasy when dining with your girlfriend's parents if they don't like you very much. Your stomach may also feel uneasy at that same dinner and gurgle in an embarrassing way.
The adjective uneasy has many shades of meaning, most involving mild discomfort. It can refer to a lack of a sense of security. If McDonald's and Burger King team up to develop a new sandwich, that would be an uneasy alliance, because neither side would fully trust the other. Uneasy can also describe causing someone to feel anxious or nervous. If you see someone staring at you mumbling, "That's him, that's the one," you might feel uneasy.
WORD FAMILY
uneasy: uneasily, uneasiness+/easiness: easinesses/ easy: easied, easier, easiest, easily, easiness, easyly, uneasy /uneasiness: uneasinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Moreover, the record’s generally uneasy vibe seems even more relevant post-election.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Bruce Beresford’s remarkable adaptation of Brian Moore’s novel Black Robe depicts an uneasy alliance between early colonists and the Algonquian people.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
The status quo in the meantime is an uneasy coexistence with no obvious resolution in the near term.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 心神不安的; 不稳定的; 不舒服的
分布：不舒服的(89%)，不自在的 心神不安的 不稳定的(11%)
a.不安的,焦虑的She felt uneasy when the children did not come home.孩子们没有回家,她感到不安.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■If you are uneasy, you are slightly worried or uncomfortable about a particular situation 不安的，焦虑的，担心的
• I feel a bit uneasy about asking her to do me such a big favour. 请她帮我这么大的忙，我有点忐忑不安。
 ADVANCED
■describes a situation or condition that makes people slightly worried, often because it may not continue successfully （局势或情况）不稳定的，紧张的，令人不安的
• Who can predict how long this uneasy peace between the two countries will last? 谁能预言两国之间勉强维持的和平能持续多久？
• She has a rather uneasy relationship with her mother-in-law. 她和婆婆的关系相当紧张。
uneasy, impatient, nervous, restless
这组词都有“焦躁的，紧张的”的意思，其区别是：
uneasy: 通常指因焦虑、疑惑或危险而产生的不安。
impatient: 指在心情或情绪上不能克制某种刺激或不适，或缺乏某种容忍与谅解而表现出焦急不安。
nervous: 普通用词，常指内心的紧张心态或生来就容易激动的性格。
restless: 多指经常的、毫无目的行动或活动，也常指思想上的焦躁不安。
adj. 不舒服的；心神不安的；不稳定的
 - uncomfortable, unstable

Word: inspection
Front: inspection
[ɪnˈspekʃn] (四六托雅宝 3588/3194)
Vocabulary: inspection
(once / 433 pages)
n
Every year, your car must get an inspection by an authorized mechanic who verifies that it is not a hazard on the road or harmful to the environment. An inspection is an official examination.
Inspection can also mean "a close look at." If you discover a bug in your back yard, it might require a careful inspection to figure out what kind of insect it is. An idea might sound good, but on closer inspection, you find that it won't work. Think of inspection as someone looking closely at something to determine a set of facts.
WORD FAMILY
inspection: inspections+/ inspect: inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspector, inspects/ inspector: inspectors, inspectorship/inspectorship: inspectorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
A state inspection of the prison conducted in October classified it as “terrible.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Before opening for business, the hospital will be subject to inspection and licensing by the state Health Department.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They returned often to ensure those exterior nuisances were corrected and, if not, levied liens against owners to collect inspection fees.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 检查; 检验; 视察; 检阅
分布：检查(84%)，视察(16%)
→来自inspect,检查，巡视。
视察;认真看(inspect+ion)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
【记】inspect（vt 检查；视察）根：spect看
【参】retrospect（n 回顾）；introspect（v 反省）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you look at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and legal 检查；视察
• Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered. 她的护照看似合法，但仔细检查，发现做过手脚。
• She arrived to carry out/make a health and safety inspection of the building. 她来对大楼进行安全卫生检查。
n. 视察，检查
 - examination, checking, monitoring

Word: goodwill
Front: goodwill
[ˌgʊdˈwɪl] (宝 8768/6487 -2)
Vocabulary: goodwill
(once / 1766 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun goodwill just the way it sounds, to describe friendliness or helpfulness. Giving your subway seat to an elderly man is a gesture of goodwill.
Goodwill can also be spelled as two separate words, good will, but either way it joins good, from the Old English word for "virtuous," god, and will, in Old English willa, or "wish." So when you wish someone well — when you feel friendly or compassionate — you have goodwill toward that person.
WORD FAMILY
goodwill: goodwills
USAGE EXAMPLES
I think about this when I hear songs of peace and goodwill and wonder how one honors these ideals now.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Belarus is marking the season of goodwill by sending Santa Claus a tax bill, it's reported.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
“Merry Christmas” is an expression of goodwill, not a litmus test for determining who does, or does not, support a Christian religion.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 友好，亲善; 好感，青睐; （企业的）信誉，声誉; 商誉
分布：善意(38%)，商誉(34%)，友好(19%)，信誉(8%)，亲切(1%)
【反】rancor（n 深仇；怨恨）；spleen（n 坏脾气）
noun uncountable
■friendly and helpful feelings 善意，友善，友好，亲善
• The school has to rely on the goodwill of the parents to help it raise money. 这所学校要依赖学生家长们的声誉来帮助筹款。
• Releasing the hostages has been seen as a gesture of goodwill/a goodwill gesture. 释放人质被视为表示友好的姿态。
n. [贸易] 商誉；友好；好意
 - kindness, amity

Word: cardinal
Front: cardinal
[ˈkɑ:dɪnl] (研托雅宝 15572/7343 -2)
Vocabulary: cardinal
(once / 188 pages)
1n 2adj 3adjn 4n 5n
In Catholicism, a cardinal is a high-ranking bishop. In math, you use cardinal numbers to count. A cardinal rule is one that is central and should not be broken.
Okay, that's a lot of definitions. How exactly are they related? In all cases, cardinal means central or essential. It's a cardinal principle that you use it to describe words of behavior like rule or sin. In the Church, cardinals form the central governing body, and in math the cardinal numbers (one, two, three) are the numbers you learn and use first.
WORD FAMILY
cardinal: cardinality, cardinally, cardinals, cardinalship+/cardinalship: cardinalships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Good sense says the New England Patriots did not need to sign receiver Michael Floyd when the Cardinals released him a few weeks ago.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Floyd was acquired last month after the Cardinals released him following a DUI arrest in Arizona.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Stanford: The Cardinal is struggling to defend the perimeter and the dribble drive.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 基数; 红衣主教; 大红色，深红色; 女式斗篷
adj. 基本的，最重要的; 大红色的，深红色的
分布：基数(47%)，红衣主教(21%)，主要的(13%)，深红色的(8%)，北美红雀(6%)，鲜红色(5%)
→来自拉丁词cardo, 铰链，枢纽，来自PIE *sker, 转，旋，词源同ring,curve. 常与其另一个记义心脏相混淆。
n.(天主教的)红衣主教a.首要的,基本的This is a matter of cardinal importance.这是非常重要的事.
【源】原指：红衣主教（高级宗教官员，级别仅低于教皇），引申为重要的意思。
【记】card心脏－是人体最重要的器官
【参】cardiologist（n 心脏病专家）
【反】minor（adj 次要的）
US ['kɑ:r-] noun countable
PRIEST 神职人员
■a priest of very high rank in the Roman Catholic Church （罗马天主教会的）枢机主教，红衣主教
• Cardinals elect and advise the Pope. 枢机主教推选教宗并担当教宗的顾问。
UK ['kɑ:.dɪ.nəl] US ['kɑ:r-] noun countable
NUMBER 数字 (also cardinal number)
■a number which represents amount, such as 1, 2, 3, rather than order, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd 基数 Compare ordinal (number)
UK ['kɑ:.dɪ.nəl] US ['kɑ:r-] noun countable
BIRD 鸟
■a North American bird, the male of which has bright red feathers 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟有鲜红色的羽毛）
UK ['kɑ:.dɪ.nəl] US ['kɑ:r-] adjective [before noun]
■of great importance; main 极重要的；基本的；主要的
• a cardinal rule/error/sin 基本规则／根本错误／严重过失
adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的
 - primary, elementary, major, fundamental, basic
n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色
 - conclavist, red hat

Word: lip
Front: lip
[lɪp] (高研四六托 1582/1452 -K3)
Vocabulary: lip
(once / 46 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Your lips are the external, fleshy part of your mouth. You have a top lip and a bottom lip. Lips are what make kissing possible.
Lips are useful when it comes to speaking, eating, and kissing. If you say that something is "on everyone's lips," you mean that it's the topic everyone seems to be talking about lately. If an angry teacher says, "Don't give me any lip!" he means "Don't be a smart mouth," or "Don't be impertinent." When you manage to keep a "stiff upper lip," you stay brave even when things get difficult.
WORD FAMILY
lip: lipless, liplike, lipping, lips, overlip, underlip+/lipless: liplessly/underlip: underlips
USAGE EXAMPLES
By the time he walked over, Quinlan’s lips were once again a healthy pink.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She added: "Any allegations that she planned to lip sync are just adding insult to injury."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
I use it on my cuticles, not my lips.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 嘴唇; （杯，壶等的）口，边缘; 〈俚〉无理的回答; 〈美〉律师
adj. 唇的; 口头上的; 唇音的
vt. 用嘴唇接触; 接吻; 〈俚〉轻轻地说，唱; 把高尔夫球打到穴边而未进去
分布：嘴唇(88%)，接吻(4%)，说话(4%)，拍打(2%)，唇状物(2%)
→来自leb,舔，拟声词，词源同labia,labial.
n.嘴唇With his lips the sly fly clipped the slippery slipper that eclipsed his sight.狡猾的苍蝇用嘴唇夹住遮挡他视线的滑拖鞋.
noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the two soft, red edges of the mouth 唇，嘴唇
• She kissed me on the lips. 她吻了我的嘴唇。
• He licked his lips. 他舔了舔嘴唇。
[lɪp] noun
EDGE 边缘
countable
■a part of an edge of a container that is shaped to allow liquid to be poured easily from the container （容器的）嘴，豁口
[lɪp] noun
SPEECH 话语
uncountable informal
■when someone argues in a rude way or in a way that shows little respect 失礼的话，唐突的言语
• That's enough of your lip, young lady! 请尊重些，小姐！
[lɪp] noun
my lips are sealed
■said when you are promising to keep a secret 我会守口如瓶的。
• "Oh and please don't tell him you saw me here." "Don't worry. My lips are sealed." “哦，请别告诉他你在这里见过我。”“放心吧，我会守口如瓶的。”
[lɪp] noun
on everyone's lips
■being talked about by a lot of people 广为谈论的，议论纷纷的
• The question now on everyone's lips is "Will the Prime Minister resign?" 目前大家议论纷纷的话题是：首相会辞职吗？
n. 嘴唇；边缘
 - margin, suburb

Word: arroyo
Front: arroyo
[ə'rɔɪəʊ] (宝 19883/-)
Vocabulary: arroyo
(once / 4645 pages)
n
Ever see a dried out stream or brook that sometimes, after a good rain, is racing with water? That's an arroyo, or a creek that dries out and fills with water depending on the time of year and weather.
The Arroyo Seco in Southern California is an example of a well-known arroyo. Its name, which translates from Spanish to mean "dry stream" is an apt way to describe what an arroyo is — dry at times, and flowing at others. An arroyo can be natural or man-made. The Los Angeles River, for example, is an arroyo that runs along a concrete channel and helps distribute fresh water to the city.
WORD FAMILY
arroyo: arroyos
USAGE EXAMPLES
A barren landscape with lots of sand, some brush, a few arroyos and a whole lot of nothing else.
Washington Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Arroyo and Bonnie Kramer, as an impressionable Jack and his beleaguered mother, offer up an endearing portrait of a folkloric child and parent at loggerheads.
Washington Post(Dec 11, 2016)
Arroyo said he hopes the movement helps highlight the talent already in the neighborhood and helps foster new ideas.
Washington Times(Dec 04, 2016)
Back: n. （美洲沙漠中的）旱谷，干涸沟壑
分布：小河(50%)，干涸的河道(25%)，峡谷(25%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. -royo, 同词根rug, 皱，见corrugated, 起皱的。指矿道，山谷。
【记】读：好肉呦。我说，你这人儿背词儿咋就那么肉呢！意思就是你背词儿太慢了。如果一条河的流速肉到一定的程度，我们就叫它小溪，如果肉到断流的程度，我们就叫它旱谷或干涸的沟壑。
n. 小河；河谷；干涸沟壑
 - riverlet, streamlet

Word: creator
Front: creator
[kriˈeɪtə(r)] (5086/7103 -2)
Vocabulary: creator
(once / 1467 pages)
n
A person who invents, produces, or makes things is called a creator. If you are an author, you are the creator of the characters in your books.
The noun creator is from the Latin word creare, which means "to make or bring forth." When it is spelled with an upper-case c, Creator refers to God, and when spelled with a lowercase c, it is anyone who invents or makes something. If you are the creator of these fabulous cupcakes, I'm going to need the recipe. The creator of the latest toy craze is in town and you can hear him speak about the history of toys from the yoyo to modern gaming systems.
WORD FAMILY
creator: creators+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the waning years of the Depression, the school was a job creator and bright spot in the metro Kansas City area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It would be hard to overplay how big a year it’s been for Lin-Manuel Miranda, the creator of Broadway’s Hamilton.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Rather than recreate the props of “At the Hawk’s Well,” Mr. Starling riffs on its creators and their colleagues in wartime Dublin, Paris and Tokyo.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 创造者，创作者
分布：创造者(86%)，上帝(14%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who has invented something 创造者；创建者；创作者
• He's the creator of a successful cartoon series. 他成功地塑造了一系列卡通人物。
• Who was the creator of the miniskirt? 迷你裙的发明者是谁？
n. 创造者；创建者
 - coiner, inventor

Word: capitol
Front: capitol
['kæpɪtl] (13070/21065)
Vocabulary: capitol
(once / 10544 pages)
n
When you march on the state capitol to protest a bill before the legislature, you are assembling outside a building that houses the state government.
Use the noun capitol when you're talking about the building where a legislature assembles to govern a state or region. In the United States, each state has an individual capitol building, and the federal government has one too — although when you mention "the Capitol" in Washington, D.C., it is capitalized. Speaking of which, be careful not to confuse capitol with its homophone, capital. Capitol comes from the Latin Capitolium, a famous ancient Roman temple.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
capital / capitol
Aha! A capital is a stash of money or the government headquarters of a state. Oh, a capitol is a building.
A state's capital is the primary city and usually the seat of the state government. The most important city is the capital city. The capital of New York is Albany, for example. Washington DC is the nation's capital:
Park Police found an abandoned vehicle, with an assault rifle inside it, near a bridge leading out of the nation's capital to Virginia. (New York Times)
Capital is also a financial word referring to, in a nutshell, the money a person or business has, not including debts. But wait, there's more! A capital letter starts a sentence or a proper noun, like the capital V for Virginia. It's also a crime that carries with it the severest penalty (life in prison or execution):
Wilson is the 19th death row inmate to commit suicide since California reinstated capital punishment in 1978, according to the Department of Corrections. (Reuters)
If you want to sound like a British spy, use capital to mean excellent, first rate, or really important:
In the realm of amateur fruit growing, on the other hand — a realm now daily widening — dwarf fruit trees are of capital importance. (F.A. Waugh)
A capitol (with an o) is a building that houses a government's legislative branch. When capitol is capitalized (ahem), it refers to the Capitol Building in Washington, DC, that is home to US Senators and Representatives. It's located on — where else? — Capitol Hill.
Remember that capitol with an o refers to a certain type of building that usually has a dome, then you'll know that in all other cases you want capital with an a.
WORD FAMILY
capitol: capitols
USAGE EXAMPLES
She died at the scene, which is about three blocks east of the capitol.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Later, we walked six blocks back to Cuba’s towering capitol building.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
But protests at state capitols hinted at a tumultuous inauguration and first 100 days in office.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: （美国）国会大厦
分布：美国国会大厦(100%)
→来自拉丁词Capitolium, 古罗马主神Jupiter神庙。美国国会大厦以此为名，象征着古罗马的共和精神。最终来自词根cap, 头。
US [-tˌəl] noun
the Capitol
■the building in which the US Congress meets （美国）国会大厦
countable usually singular
■a building in which a US state government meets （美国各州的）州议会大厦
• the Oklahoma State Capitol 奥克拉荷马州议会大厦

Word: possession
Front: possession
[pəˈzeʃn] (高研四六托雅 3593/2337 -K2)
Vocabulary: possession
(once / 68 pages)
1n 2n
A possession is something that belongs to you. If you've got a special rubber ducky, that’s one of your possessions, and it may even be your prized possession.
Possession is all about control: if you have possession of something, you own it, or have your hands on it. If your house keys are in your possession, you know where they are. In soccer being in possession means having control of the ball; in hockey, it’s having your stick on the puck. A possession can also be a territory controlled by another government, as Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States.
WORD FAMILY
possession: possessions, self-possession+/dispossess: dispossessed, dispossesses, dispossessing, dispossession/dispossession: dispossessions/ possess: dispossess, possessed, possesses, possessing, possession, possessive, possessor, prepossess, repossess/ possessed: possessedly, self-possessed/ possessive: possessively, possessiveness, possessives/possessor: possessors/prepossess: prepossessed, prepossesses, prepossessing, prepossession /prepossessing: prepossessingly, unprepossessing / prepossession: prepossessions/repossess: repossessed, repossesses, repossessing, repossession/repossession: repossessions/ unprepossessing: unprepossessingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite that, Matthews finished at almost 50 percent puck possession.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The red card switched the flow of possession.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A Detroit penalty for too many men on the field extended Green Bay's next possession.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 有，所有，拥有; 领地; 财产，所有权，占有物，所有物; 持有违禁物
分布：拥有(49%)，所有(28%)，财产(21%)，殖民地(2%)
→来自possess,拥有，所有。
拥有,占有(possess拥有,pos能+sess坐...能坐在上面...拥有)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.持有,拥有;所有权;所有物;(pl.)财产,财富The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
【记】源于：possess（v 占有；拥有）；
【参】possessed（adj 着魔的；疯狂的）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you have or own something 拥有，占有；具有
• The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness. 拥有大量金钱并不能保证一定会幸福。
• formal I have in my possession a letter which may be of interest to you. 我有一封信，也许你会感兴趣。
• formal He was found in possession of explosives. 他被发现私藏爆炸物。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that you own or that you are carrying with you at any time 所有物，个人物品；财产
• Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the aircraft. 下飞机时请记得携带好所有个人物品。
countable usually plural
■the countries that are ruled by another country 殖民地，托管地；属地
• a former overseas possession 前海外领地
get/take possession of sth legal
■to start to use and control a building or piece of land, whether you own it or not 占有，拥有
• We've already bought the house but we won't take possession of it until May. 我们已买下这栋房子，但直到五月份才能搬进去。
n. 拥有；财产；领地；自制；着迷
 - estate, property, treasure, worth

Word: vain
Front: vain
[veɪn] (高研四六雅宝 10144/9731 -2)
Vocabulary: vain
(once / 60 pages)
adj
If you spend all day admiring yourself in reflective surfaces — mirrors, pools of water, the backs of spoons — people may think you are conceited or vain.
If, to your horror, you have searched everywhere for a reflective surface but can't find one, you have made a fruitless or vain search for a mirror. Vain is from Latin vanus "empty," and in English it originally meant "lacking value or effect, futile"; we still say "a vain attempt" using that sense, and the phrase "in vain" means "without success." Normally, though, vain means "conceited, too proud of oneself." Carly Simon's line "You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you" is an excellent illustration of this use.
WORD FAMILY
vain: vainer, vainest, vainly, vanity +/ vanity: vanities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Luckily, all those terrible holidays weren’t in vain, at least some saw the lighter side:
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
For decades, she tried in vain to enlist others in her preservation efforts.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
There his friends waited anxiously and in vain for him to return.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 徒劳的; 自负的; 无结果的; 无用的
级别：vainer, vainest
分布：徒劳的(49%)，虚荣的(28%)，自负的(18%)，无效的(5%)
→来自拉丁语vanus,空的，虚无的，来自wa-no,分开的，遗弃的，词源同vacate,want,wane.
a.徒劳的,徒然的;自负的,爱虚荣的The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
【记】va＝vac空，in：徒劳的
【参】vainglorious（adj 虚荣的）；vanity（n 空虚）
adjective
NOT SUCCESSFUL 不成功的
■unsuccessful or useless; of no value 徒劳的；枉然的；无用的
• The doctors gave him more powerful drugs in the vain hope that he might recover. 医生们给他服用了更多强效药，希望他能康复过来，却是徒然。
• formal It was vain to pretend to himself that he was not disappointed. 他没办法欺骗自己说不觉得失望。
in vain
■unsuccessfully or uselessly 徒劳地；枉然地；无用地
• I tried in vain to start a conversation. 我极力想挑起话头，但没有成功。
• All the police's efforts to find him were in vain. 警方竭力想要找到他，但所有努力终是徒劳。
[veɪn] adjective
SELFISH 自私的
■too interested in your own appearance or achievements 虚荣的；自负的
• He was very vain about his hair and his clothes. 他很虚荣，在发型和衣着方面非常讲究。
haughty, arrogant, vain, proud
这组词都有“骄傲的，傲慢的”的意思，其区别是：
haughty: 较正式用词，多用于贬义。指对身份或地位比自己低的人采取冷淡、轻视或鄙互的态度。
arrogant: 用于贬义，指过高估计自己，以致骄傲自大或傲慢无礼，目中无人。
vain: 指一个对自己的外表或对自己留给别的印象太过分地关注，以致自命不凡，自鸣得意。
proud: 含义广，普通用词。褒义指自豪和荣耀以及强烈的自尊；贬义则指傲慢，自以为是或自鸣得意。
adj. 徒劳的；虚荣的；空虚的
 - empty, blank