Title: TheEconomist_4K-6K (part 2)

Word: lens
Front: lens
[lenz] (研四六托雅 3544/7125 -3)
Vocabulary: lens
(once / 2817 pages)
n
A lens is a curved transparent device that bends light, like the lens of eyeglasses or a contact lens you’ll need if the natural lens in your eye needs help. Cameras have a lens, too. Smile!
In an eye, the lens — which is behind the iris — helps focus light on the retina so you can see. It's a lot like the lens in a telescope or camera, which also focuses light and helps form images. You can also use the word lens as a metaphor for how you see things. If you look at sports through the lens of medicine, you might study injuries to players. All these lenses help you see or perceive things.
WORD FAMILY
lens
USAGE EXAMPLES
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I always think it’s odd if anybody equates the depiction of a city via an artistic lens with the actual city,” Brownstein said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A wide-angle zoom lens would be perfect there.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 透镜，镜头; 眼睛中的水晶体; 隐形眼镜; 汽车的灯玻璃
分布：镜头(55%)，透镜(32%)，镜片(11%)，给…摄影(1%)，给…拍照(1%)
→来自拉丁文lens,豆荚，词源同lentil.因镜片如同两面凸出的豆荚而得名。
n.透镜,镜头I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
noun countable
GLASS 玻璃
■a curved piece of glass, plastic or other transparent material used in cameras, glasses and scientific equipment, which makes objects seem closer, larger, smaller, etc 镜片，镜头，透镜
• a camera with a zoom lens 变焦（镜头）照相机
■* contact lens
[lenz] noun countable
EYE 眼睛
■the part of the eye behind the pupil (= the black hole at the front of the eye) that helps you to see clearly by focusing (= collecting) light onto the retina （眼球的）晶状体
n. [摄] 镜头； [光] 透镜； [解剖] 晶状体
 - cryst

Word: indirect
Front: indirect
[ˌɪndəˈrekt] (四六 6433/4235 -K2)
Vocabulary: indirect
(once / 463 pages)
adj
Something indirect is not hitting the target exactly. Indirect sunlight doesn't shine right on you — it reflects off a window or is muted by a shade.
If direct makes you think of a straight line, then indirect looks like a crooked one — there are turns and stops along the way. People who are sneaky might get what they want through indirect means, like going behind people's backs. If you go to school using side streets and back roads, that's an indirect path. Anything indirect is not taking the quickest or shortest route, but sometimes being indirect gets the job done.
WORD FAMILY
indirect: indirectly, indirectness+/ direct: directed, directest, directing, directive, directly, directness, director, directs, indirect, misdirect, redirect /directed: self-directed, undirected/ directive: directively, directiveness, directives, directivity/ director: directors, directorship/directorship: directorships/misdirect: misdirected, misdirecting, misdirection, misdirects/misdirection: misdirections/ redirect: redirected, redirecting, redirects
USAGE EXAMPLES
I happened to hear your discussion on your radio show about using magnesium for cramps that are an indirect result of certain medications.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Instead, Breeland thumbs together a string of indirect tweets an hour after the loss to the Carolina Panthers.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Provide your flamingo flower with bright indirect light for best growth.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 间接的; 不直截了当的; 闪烁其词的; 不坦率的
分布：间接的(73%)，迂回的(13%)，不坦率的(9%)，次要的(5%)
→in-,不，非，direct,直接的。
adjective
NOT OBVIOUS 不明显的
■happening in addition to an intended result, often in a way that is complicated or not obvious 间接的
• The benefits from pure research are often indirect. 纯理论研究带来的益处常常是间接的。
• Indirect effects of the fighting include disease and food shortages. 战争的间接后果包括疾病肆虐及食物短缺。
■avoiding clearly mentioning or saying something 旁敲侧击的
• indirect criticism 旁敲侧击的批评
[ˌɪn.daɪ'rekt] adjective
NOT STRAIGHT 不直的
■not following a straight line, or not directly or simply connected 迂回的，曲折的
• to take an indirect route/flight 走迂回路线／乘非直航航班
adj. [试验] 间接的；迂回的；非直截了当的
 - circular, consequential

Word: rigorous
Front: rigorous
[ˈrɪgərəs] (研六托雅 6606/7073 -2)
Vocabulary: rigorous
(once / 1040 pages)
adj
If you are rigorous when you do something, you do it extremely carefully and precisely. A rigorous inspection of your tax records has revealed the government owes you money. Congratulations!
The Latin root for rigorous is rigor, meaning “stiffness.” This might remind you or rigor mortis, the stiffening of a body after death, as often seen on cop shows. This is a good, if creepy, way of remembering the meaning of rigorous: rigorous people are stiff and unbending about the standards of their work. This requires being alive, of course.
WORD FAMILY
rigorous: rigorously, rigorousness, rigourousness+/ rigor: rigorous, rigors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some death penalty opponents hope that Mr. Roof’s defiance will prompt the appellate courts to adopt a more rigorous standard for capital defendants.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Listening to classical music is a very rigorous task and requires a lot of focus.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Like the film’s title character, the artist, Tyrus Wong, weathered irrevocable separation from his mother, incarceration, isolation and rigorous interrogation — all as a child.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 严密的; 缜密的; 严格的; 枯燥的
分布：严格的(85%)，严峻的(7%)，严厉的(7%)，细致的(1%)
→来自 rigor,严格，严厉，严谨。
严厉的(rigor严格)[-ous表形容词,通常放在一个完整的单词后,表示"…的"]
a.严格的,严厉的,严酷的,严密的,严谨的The soldier's training was very rigorous.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
CAREFUL 缜密的 approving
■careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it is correct or safe 严密的，缜密的；严谨的
• rigorous testing/checking/methods 精确的测试／严格的检查／严谨的方法
UK ['rɪg.ər.əs] US [-ɚ-] adjective
STRICT 严格的
■severe or strict 严格的，严厉的
• the rigorous controls governing the sale of shares 管制股权出售的严格约束
rigid, rigorous, strict
这组词都有“刻板的，严格的”的意思，其区别是：
rigid: 指没有灵活性、机动性。
rigorous: 侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。
strict: 指在行为规则上要求严格。
adj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的
 - strict, rigid, precise, severe, tight

Word: shower
Front: shower
[ˈʃaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 3204/3712 -K2)
Back: n. 阵雨; 淋浴; 淋浴器; 一大批
vi. 下阵雨; 似阵雨般降落; 洒落; 纷纷降落
vt. 大量地给予; 抛洒，使纷纷降落
时态：showered, showering, showers
分布：淋浴(72%)，阵雨(21%)，送礼会(6%)，倾注(1%)
→来自古英语 scur,阵风，阵雪，暴风雪，来自 Proto-Germanic*skuro,风暴，暴风雪，来自 skewer,北方，冷风，词源同拉丁语 caurus,东方风。拼写比较 tower,turret.引申词义淋浴， 沐浴。
n.阵雨;沐浴;(一)阵/大批v.下阵雨,倾注The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [ʃaʊr] noun
WASHING DEVICE 洗浴设备
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device which releases drops of water through a lot of very small holes and which you stand under to wash your whole body 淋浴器
• The shower is broken - you'll have to have a bath. 淋浴器坏了——你得用浴缸洗澡了。
• Many British homes have a shower attachment fixed to the bath taps. 英国的许多家庭都在浴缸龙头上安装了淋浴器。
• a shower curtain/cap 浴帘／浴帽
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a wash using such a device 淋浴
• Have I got time to (UK)have/(US)take a shower before we go out? 我们出去之前我还有时间冲个澡吗?
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a place, usually in a bathroom, where a shower is situated 淋浴间，淋浴室
• He's in the shower at the moment. Would you like him to phone you back? 他现在正在冲澡。请他回电话给你好吗?
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
RAIN 雨
 ADVANCED countable
■a short period of rain or snow 阵雨；阵雪
• showers of rain, hail and sleet 一阵阵的雨、冰雹和雨夹雪
• You're soaked! Did you get caught in the shower? 你都湿透了！你遇上那场雨了吗?
• There will be thundery/wintry showers over many parts of the country. 全国大部分地区将有雷阵雨／寒冷的阵雨。
• Snow showers are expected at the end of the week. 周末将有阵雪。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
MASS 大量
a shower of sth
■a lot of small objects or drops of liquid coming through the air 一大批，一连串（从天而降的小颗粒物或液滴）
• There was a bang and a shower of sparks. 一声巨响，闪过一片火花。
• The pipe burst, sending out a shower of water. 管道爆裂了，喷出一阵水花。
■a large amount of something 大量的
• She received a shower of praise from her colleagues. 她的同事都向她说了一大堆赞美的话。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
PARTY 派对
countable US
■a party held for a woman just before she gets married or gives birth to a child, when she is given presents for her future home or baby （为即将结婚或分娩的妇女举行的）送礼会
• I bought the cutest baby clothes to take to Jacey's baby shower. 我买了最漂亮的婴儿服去参加杰西孩子的送礼会。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
take / need a cold shower humorous
■an expression used when someone needs to calm themselves when something has made them feel sexually excited 洗个冷水澡（一种措辞，当某人因某事而性兴奋时需要冷静下来）
• Did you see the dress she was wearing? I think I'd better go and take a cold shower! 你看到她穿的裙子吗？我最好回家冲个冷水澡。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
FALL 落下
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to fall down or come out in a shower 像阵雨般降落或抛洒
• I heard a massive explosion, and seconds later fragments of glass were showering (= falling) down on us. 我听到了巨大的爆炸声，几秒钟后，玻璃碎片纷纷散落在我们身上。
• She shook the bottle violently and showered us with champagne. 她用力晃动酒瓶，向我们喷洒香槟。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
WASH 洗浴
intransitive
■to take a shower 冲澡
• I shower every morning. 我每天早上都要冲个澡。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shower sb with sth (also shower sth on sb)
■to give someone a lot of presents or praise 大量给予（某人）（礼物或赞美）
• She only sees her niece occasionally, so she showers her with presents when she does. 她只能偶尔见到自己的侄女，因此见面时，她都送给她很多礼物。
• His boss showered him with praise. 他的老板对他大加赞赏。
n. 淋浴；（倾泻般出现的）一阵，一大批； [气象] 阵雨
 - blast, flood
vi. 淋浴； [气象] 下阵雨
 - have a bath

Word: satisfaction
Front: satisfaction
[ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn] (高研四六托雅 2779/2683 -K2)
Vocabulary: satisfaction
(once / 118 pages)
n
Satisfaction is the act of fulfilling a need, desire, or appetite, or the feeling gained from such fulfillment.
Satisfaction means you’ve had enough — in a good way. When a product says "Satisfaction guaranteed" it means you’ll like it or they'll give you your money back. A good meal provides satisfaction of your hunger. When you graduate from school or get a good job, you have a feeling of satisfaction. This term once meant an act of atonement assigned by a priest to make up for a sin. When something is explained well, it was explained to your satisfaction.
WORD FAMILY
satisfaction: satisfactions, self-satisfaction+/ dissatisfaction: dissatisfactions/dissatisfactory: dissatisfactorily/ dissatisfied: dissatisfiedly/ dissatisfy: dissatisfaction, dissatisfactory, dissatisfied, dissatisfies, dissatisfying/ satisfactory: satisfactorily, satisfactoriness, unsatisfactory/satisfiable: unsatisfiable/ satisfied: satisfiedest, satisfiedly, self-satisfied, unsatisfied/satisfier: satisfiers/ satisfy: dissatisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfiable, satisfied, satisfier, satisfies, satisfying/satisfying: satisfyingly, unsatisfying/unsatisfactory: unsatisfactorily, unsatisfactoriness/unsatisfiable: unsatisfiably/unsatisfying: unsatisfyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She befriended her fellow thespians and always looked beyond herself for meaning and satisfaction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s very hard for us ever to get the satisfaction of MacArthur and the emperor meeting, and a war being officially over,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rich Little said it’s all worth it when customers close their eyes and emit little sounds of satisfaction when savoring their treats.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 满足，满意，舒服; 妥善处理; （债务的）清偿; （伤害的）赔偿
分布：满意(92%)，赔偿(4%)，乐事(2%)，妥善处理(1%)，确信(1%)
满足(satisfy的名词)[sati,satis,satur=enough,fulloffood,表示"足够,饱足"]
满足(satisfy满足)[-faction表名词"达到的状态",由-fy转化而来]
n.满足,满意;乐事,愉快He smiled in satisfaction when he won the race.他赢得赛跑后满意地笑了.
US [ˌsætˌ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a pleasant feeling which you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you have done something you wanted to do 满足，满意
• She looked at the finished painting with satisfaction. 她满意地看着完成的画作。
• She derived/obtained great satisfaction from/out of helping other people. 她帮助别人，从中获得无比的满足。
• For me, job satisfaction is more important than the money. 对我来说，从工作中得到的满足比钱更重要。
• She had the satisfaction of knowing that she'd done everything she could. 知道自己已经尽力了，她就没甚么遗憾了。
 ADVANCED uncountable formal
■when your complaint or problem is dealt with in a way you consider acceptable （对投诉或问题的）妥善处理；赔偿，补偿
• You've sold me a faulty product and I demand satisfaction (= you must return my money or give me a new product). 你卖给我的是劣质产品，我要求得到理赔。
uncountable
■ fulfilment (= achievement) of a need or wish （对需求或欲望的）满足
• the satisfaction of one's sexual desires 性欲的满足
to sb's satisfaction
■in a way that a particular person can believe or accept 使（某人）确信；使（某人）接受
• The boy explained to the satisfaction of the court why he had lied. 法庭听信了男孩关于为何撒谎的解释。
■in a way that a particular person feels pleased or satisfied with 令（某人）满意；使（某人）满足
• He won't get paid until he completes the job to my satisfaction. 直到工作成果令我满意，他才能得到报酬。
n. 满意，满足；赔偿；乐事；赎罪
 - content, fill, satisfied with, Lays

Word: seventh
Front: seventh
[ˈsevnθ] (中高 4110/4271 -4)
Back: n. 第七（个）; 七分之一; [乐]七度音程
adj. 第七的; 七分之一的
adv. 居第七位地
分布：第七(95%)，七分之一(5%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■7th written as a word 第七（的）
• It's the seventh (of May) today. 今天是（5月）7日。
• Our team was/came seventh. 我们队得了第七名。
['sev.əntθ] ordinal number
be in seventh heaven informal humorous
■to be extremely happy 极为快乐
• Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven. 他们结婚后极其幸福。
['sev.əntθ] noun countable
■one of seven equal parts of something 七分之一

Word: villain
Front: villain
[ˈvɪlən] (7948/8549 -1)
Vocabulary: villain
(once / 361 pages)
n
A villain is a bad person — real or made up. In books, movies, current events, or history, the villain is the character who does mean, evil things on purpose.
Today a villain is a wicked person, whether in fact or fiction. In the 1300s, villain described a low-born rustic. It came from the Medieval Latin word villanus, or farmhand. Just why a word would evolve from meaning farmer into evildoer is a little mysterious, although it probably has to do with farmers not being chivalrous, like the knights who were so admired in those days.
WORD FAMILY
villain: villainess, villainous, villains+/villainess: villainesses/ villainous: villainously, villainousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But what looked like a potentially game-winning subsequent drive for Washington ended on Cousins’s second interception, with Rodgers-Cromartie playing the villain again.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He’s a very unctuous, oily, truly horrific villain who the audience will enjoy despising.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Those villains remain racism, greed, lack of a decent education and misuse of political power.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物; 罪犯; 恶棍; 淘气鬼，顽童
分布：恶棍(64%)，坏人(19%)，反派角色(15%)，淘气鬼(2%)
→来自villa,村庄，农场。其原义为村民，词义贬义化为恶棍，无赖。
坏蛋,恶棍(vill[=vil]+ain人卑劣的人→坏人)[vil=base,表示"卑劣"]
恶棍(vill[=vile]+ain)[-ain表名词"…人"]
noun
countable
■a bad person who harms other people or breaks the law 流氓；恶棍
• Some people believe that Richard III did not murder his nephews and was not the villain he is generally thought to have been. 有些人认为理查三世没有谋杀自己的侄子们，而且也不是通常人们认为的恶棍。
• He's either a hero or a villain, depending on your point of view. 他要么是英雄，要么是恶棍，这取决于你如何看了。
countable UK informal
■a criminal 罪犯
• Bert's just a small-time villain. 伯特只是个小流氓。
countable
■a character in a book, play, film, etc. who harms other people 反面人物；反派角色
• He made his reputation as an actor playing villains. 他靠演反派角色而出了名。
countable usually singular informal
■something or someone considered harmful or dangerous 首要危险；祸首
• We've always been told that cholesterol, in foods like eggs, was a major cause of heart disease but, actually, saturated fat is the worst villain. 我们一直被告知鸡蛋等食物中所含的胆固醇是导致心脏病的主要原因，可实际上饱和脂肪才是罪魁祸首。
['vɪl.ən] noun
villain of the piece informal
■The villain of the piece is someone or something which is seen as being the cause of trouble on a particular occasion. 首恶；祸首
• When the minister was forced to resign, the press was generally seen as the villain of the piece. 那位部长被迫辞职，人们普遍认为新闻界是罪魁祸首。
n. 坏人，恶棍；戏剧、小说中的反派角色；顽童；罪犯
 - tough, bad guy

Word: censor
Front: censor
[ˈsensə(r)] (六托雅宝 10997/18562 -1)
Vocabulary: censor
(once / 647 pages)
1nv 2n
A censor takes out things that are objectionable or inappropriate, like the censors at the TV networks bleeping out all the bad words in a show.
To put it simply, a censor judges. Originating in the 1530’s, a censor was originally a Roman magistrate who took censuses and oversaw public morals. Censors today are hired by TV stations, publishers and the government to examine books, films and other material and strip out or flag all the amoral, offensive or otherwise bad stuff. Thankfully, in the U.S. free speech usually wins out over censorship.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
censor / censure
A censor hides information. A censure is harsh criticism. They're both judgments and they both stink.
Foul language, nudity, and revolutionary ideas are often censored, or hidden, by some gang who's in charge, such as a government, the FCC, or your parents when they kick you out of the room for the best part of the movie. Censor can act as a verb or a noun:
But Iran routinely censors the Internet using sophisticated filtering technology. (Wall Street Journal)
The catalog reproduces a news photograph of "beach censors" arresting women in such offending garb. (New York Times)
Censure is a strong dislike. When you strongly disapprove of something, usually in an official capacity, you are censuring that something, like when the student council censures your idea to have a pool party in December. Here are more examples:
"They're tired of being censured or criticized," Dr. McKenna said. (Time)
While Maud, still smarting inwardly from her father's recent sharp censure, had not dared to brave Mr. Warren's certain anger by doing so. (Laura Dent Crane)
They sound alike but not the same: censor sounds like senser and censure sounds like senshure. Remember: to be censored is to be stopped from saying something; to be censured is to be reprimanded after you've said it.
WORD FAMILY
censor: censored, censorial, censoring, censorious, censors, censorship +/censored: uncensored/censoring: censorings/ censorious: censoriously/ censorship: censorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
His government imprisoned democratic critics and censored the press.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
To be censored and blocked rightfully naming the rise of fascism is a form of fascism itself and corporate collaboration.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The one concession will be that the game will be broadcast with a five-second delay — just enough time to censor any colorful language.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 监察官，检查员; （牛津大学等的）学监; [心理]潜意识压抑力; [心]抑制性潜意识
vt. 审查，检查; 审查（书刊等）; 检查（信件等）; 删改
时态：censored, censoring, censors
分布：检查(54%)，检查员(32%)，监察官(14%)
→来自census，审查。
审查员(cens+or→判断之人→审查员)[cens=judge表示"判断"]
【记】原指：古罗马监察官负责人口调查、监察人民行为和社会风尚读：三色－三级和色情的简称－要审查一下读：三思－审查需要三思而后行
US [-sɚ] noun countable
■a person whose job is to read books, watch films, etc. in order to remove anything offensive from them, or who reads private letters, especially sent during war or from prison, to remove parts considered unsuitable （书籍、电影等的）审查员，审查官；（尤指战时或监狱中私人书信的）检查员
UK ['sent.sər] US [-sɚ] verb transitive
■to remove anything offensive from books, films, etc., or to remove parts considered unsuitable from private letters, especially sent during war or from a prison 审查（对书、电影等进行删改，以筛除当中冒犯粗劣的内容，也指对战时或监狱中所写的私人书信的检查，删除其中不当的部分）
• The book was heavily censored when first published. 这本书首次出版时经过了严格的审查。
vt. 审查，检查
 - examine, review, inspect
n. 检查员； [心理] 潜意识压抑力；信件检查员
 - supervisor, inspector

Word: syndrome
Front: syndrome
[ˈsɪndrəʊm] (研宝 4281/4741 -2)
Vocabulary: syndrome
(once / 3470 pages)
n
When you and your friends hang out together, you call it a party. When symptoms of an illness hang out together, they call it a syndrome. If you receive an invitation, politely decline.
Syndrome comes from a Greek word that combines the root “to run” (dramein) with the prefix “together” (sun-). When many or all of the symptoms for a disease “run together,” that's a syndrome. You can also use syndrome in a figurative way to describe a type or pattern of behavior. If you have the “I'll do it tomorrow” syndrome, you put off doing a lot of things. At least you got around to reading about syndrome today.
WORD FAMILY
syndrome: syndromes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a small randomized controlled trial lasting eight weeks, 12 patients with restless leg syndrome seemed to see improvements in symptoms and quality of life.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eventually I stopped seeing Down’s syndrome and realised that Seb was simply my son.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Broken-heart syndrome is when a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, cause arteries to seize, limiting blood flow to the heart.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 综合征; 综合症状; 典型表现
分布：综合症(81%)，症候群(19%)
→syn-,一起，-drom,跑，词源同 dromedary,hippodrome.引申比喻义综合症状，症候群等。
综合症状(syn+drome跑→跑到一起→综合症)[sym-,syn-表示"共同,相同"]
综合症,症状群(syn综合+drom+e→[各种病]跑到一起)[drom=run,表示"跑"]
n.综合病征;并存特性This word possesses a syndrome of meanings.这个词有多种含义.
【记】syn＝same，drome一次流出－一次流出相同症状－综合症状syn＝same；drome＝drone（n 雄蜂；v 嗡嗡作声）－同样的症状嗡嗡的过来－综合症状
US [-droʊm] noun
countable
■a combination of medical problems that commonly go together, which might show the existence of a particular disease or mental condition 并发症，症候群，综合症状
⇒ See also Down's syndrome
uncountable
■used in the names of various illnesses （用于多种病名中）症候群
• irritable bowel syndrome 肠躁症
countable
■a type of negative behaviour or mental state that is typical of a person in a particular situation （特定情形下人的）典型负面特征，典型负面表现
• It's a classic case of the bored-housewife syndrome - she's got nothing to do all day except drink and go shopping. 这是百无聊赖的家庭主妇的典型特征——整天除了喝酒、购物，就没有甚么事情可做了。

Word: curriculum
Front: curriculum
[kəˈrɪkjələm] (高研六托雅宝 2077/1694 -2)
Vocabulary: curriculum
(once / 1833 pages)
n
A curriculum is a set of courses designed to give expertise, like the shoemaking curriculum at Shoe U: Advanced Cutting, Hammering, and Stitching; History of the Heel; and A Cultural History of Walking.
Curriculum comes from the Latin word for "running course," or "career," but when we talk about curriculum it's always about school. If you go to a school with a Liberal Arts curriculum, you'll get an education in the humanities with some science, but if you go to a technical school with a hard-core astrophysics curriculum, you probably won't have to take any courses on poetry.
WORD FAMILY
curriculum: curricula, curricular, curriculums+/curricular: curricularly, extracurricular
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The curriculum will also include some vocational skills.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The reason for his visit, he said, was to discuss “multicultural issues”, including “bullying, supporting teachers, modernising curriculums and violence in Chicago”.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 全部课程，课程
分布：课程(98%)，全部课程(2%)
→来自current, 流动的，流通的。
课程(表)(curr+iculum表名词→学员跑来跑去的[依据]→课表)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.(pl.curricula)课程,(学校等的)全部课程The currency curriculum made the excursionist incur loss of time and money.货币课程使短途旅游者招致时间和钱的损失.
【记】curr跑，iculum表名词－学员跑来跑去的依据－全部课程
[kə'rɪk.jʊ.ləm] (plural curricula or curriculums)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc. 课程
• the school curriculum 学校课程
⇒ See also the national curriculum

Word: creativity
Front: creativity
[ˌkri:eɪ'tɪvətɪ] (4268/6722)
Vocabulary: creativity
(once / 3254 pages)
n
Creativity is the ability to transcend the ordinary. It's the critical thinking skill that allows you to "think outside the box" to come up with original solutions to problems.
We often think of creativity as limited to the arts, but it is a necessary element in all areas of life. Without creativity we would not have the mathematical theories that presented us with fractals, or the technological imagination that could foresee people walking on the moon. It was creativity that harnessed lightning into electricity and later used that electricity to send messages through wires. Without creativity, we probably would never have invented the wheel or domesticated fire!
WORD FAMILY
creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I really like the creativity that we use to modify them,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The celebration includes the recognition of the seven Kwanzaa principles of unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 创造性，创造力，创作能力
分布：创造(62%)，创造力(38%)
创造力(create创造)[-ivity表名词,由-ive+ity组成,"有…能力或特性"]
ADJ-GRADED
(尤指在艺术方面)有创造力的，有想象力的
A creative person has the ability to invent and develop original ideas, especially in the arts.
例：Like so many creative people he was never satisfied.像许多富于创造力的人一样，他从不满足。
例：...her obvious creative talents.她显而易见的创作才能
ADJ
创造(性)的;创作的
Creative activities involve the inventing and making of new kinds of things.
例：...creative writing...创造性写作
例：...creative arts...创作型艺术
ADJ-GRADED
创新的;富有创意的
If you use something in a creative way, you use it in a new way that produces interesting and unusual results.
例：...his creative use of words.他对词语的创造性运用
N-COUNT
(尤指广告)创意人员，创作者
A creative is someone whose job is to be creative, especially someone who creates advertisements.
例：Along with scores of other advertising creatives, he will be taking part in an exhibition at the Saatchi gallery.他将和许多广告创意人员一起参加在萨奇画廊举行的画展。
n. 创造力；创造性
 - creative power, originality

Word: mathematics
Front: mathematics
[ˌmæθəˈmætɪks] (中四六托雅 4257/3593 -K2)
Vocabulary: mathematics
(once / 341 pages)
n
Mathematics is the long word for "math," or the science of numbers and shapes and what they mean. Most people need mathematics everyday to count and measure.
Mathematics is technically a plural noun — geometry, algebra, calculus: all of these are mathematics — but usually it is treated as singular. That's why a person says, mathematics is my favorite subjects, not mathematics are my favorite subject. The word mathematics comes from the Greek word manthanein, meaning "to learn."
WORD FAMILY
mathematics: mathematical, mathematician +/mathematical: mathematically/ mathematician: mathematicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
All four of her children later gained doctorates in mathematics or the natural sciences.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Models are opinions embedded in mathematics,” she writes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
All four of their children received doctorates in science or mathematics.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 数学; 〈诗〉同“ripen”; 算学
分布：数学(100%)
→来自拉丁语mathematica(复数)，数学，来自希腊语mathema,科学，知识，数学知识，来自manthanein,学习，来自mendh,学习，可能最终来自men,思想，思考，词源同mind,mania.
US [-'mætˌ-] noun uncountable (UK informal maths) (US informal math) formal
 IMPROVER
■the study of numbers, shapes and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them 数学
⇒ See also algebra;arithmetic;geometry
n. [数] 数学；数学运算
 - arith

Word: distortion
Front: distortion
[dɪ'stɔ:ʃn] (六托 7511/6168)
Vocabulary: distortion
(once / 3082 pages)
n
A distortion is a change, twist, or exaggeration that makes something appear different from the way it really is. You can distort an image, a thought, or even an idea. To say that I never take out the garbage is a distortion of the facts.
The heat from the highway creates a distortion in the way objects in the distance appear: They wiggle and dance. The heat creates a wavy distortion in the air that shakes up the image of the things beyond it. Things are the way they are: to change them is to distort them or to create a distortion. Some guitar players prefer distortion: they plug their instrument into amps and pedals that twist and stretch the sound so much that you might not even recognize its source as a guitar.
WORD FAMILY
distortion: distortionist, distortions+/ distort: distortable, distorted, distorting, distortion, distorts/ distorted: distortedly, undistorted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sarepta was barely allowed to defend itself at the meeting, which allowed agency distortions to appear as fact.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Mrs Merkel also denounced "distortions" that were leading people to believe that the EU and even parliamentary democracy were no longer working.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
When we’re being criticized by someone who wants an apology, we automatically listen for the inaccuracies, distortions and exaggerations that will inevitably be there.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 扭曲，变形; 失真，畸变; [心理学] 扭转
分布：变形(54%)，扭曲(39%)，曲解(7%)
歪曲(distort+ion)[tort=twist表示"扭曲"]
N-VAR
歪曲;曲解
Distortion is the changing of something into something that is not true or not acceptable.
例：I think it would be a gross distortion of reality to say that they were motivated by self-interest...我认为说他们是受自身利益的驱使是对事实的严重歪曲。
例：He later accused reporters of wilful distortion and bias.他后来指责记者有意歪曲事实并带有偏见。
N-VAR
失真;变形
Distortion is the changing of the appearance or sound of something in a way that makes it seem strange or unclear.
例：Audio signals can be transmitted along cables without distortion.声音信号可以通过电缆传送而不失真。
n. [力] 变形； [物] 失真；扭曲；曲解
 - deformation, transformation

Word: foresee
Front: foresee
[fɔ:ˈsi:] (高研六托雅 7614/6364 -2)
Vocabulary: foresee
(once / 315 pages)
v
When you foresee something, you predict or realistically envision it happening. Did you foresee your team winning the playoffs, or were you surprised?
Think of foresee as “to see before.” Prophets in literature are able to foresee events that come to pass; in Greek mythology Tiresias is known for his ability to foresee the future. But foresee is not always linked to a supernatural sense. Regular people can foresee events by imagining them taking place — and sometimes we use this as a way of prevention. If you foresee yourself failing geometry if you don’t study more, you will probably hit the books.
WORD FAMILY
foresee: foresaw, foreseeable, foreseed, foreseeing, foreseen, foresees+/ foreseeable: foreseeably, unforeseeable/foreseen: unforeseen /oversee: oversaw, overseed, overseeing, overseen, overseer, oversees/overseer: overseers/ see: foresee, oversee, seeable, seeing, seen, seer, sees/seeable: unseeable/seeing: seeingly, seeings, unseeing/seen: unseen, unseeyn/ seer: seers/unforeseeable: unforeseeably/unseeing: unseeingly/unseen: unseens
USAGE EXAMPLES
And if that’s the case, the future may not be as dark as Mr. Cohen foresees.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tyson’s former promoter, Don King, foresaw warning signs before the Douglas bout that shed Tyson of his invincible aura.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Those experts don’t foresee change, either, as moral disapproval, political battles and an economic recession combine to stall national action.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 预知，预见; 有先见之明
时态：foresaw, foreseen, foreseeing, foresees
分布：预见(78%)，预知(22%)
v.预见,预知I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
【记】fore前，see看－提前看见－预见
US [fɚ-] (foreseeing, foresaw, foreseen)
verb transitive
■to know about something before it happens 预见；预知；预料
• I don't foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget. 只要我们不超出预算，我看不出会有甚么困难。
foretell, forecast, predict, foresee
这组词都有“预言，预示，预告”的意思，其区别是：
foretell: 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。
forecast: 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。
predict: 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。
foresee: 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。
vt. 预见；预知
 - predict, think ahead

Word: prestige
Front: prestige
[preˈsti:ʒ] (研六托雅宝 6691/5659 -2)
Vocabulary: prestige
(once / 730 pages)
n
People, cars, schools, clubs, banks––all can be said to have prestige. Star in a blockbuster movie? Your prestige level just shot up. Get caught shoplifting? A prestige killer.
When something has prestige it is said to be prestigious. Often this is applied to colleges––"After earning straight As and lettering in three Varsity sports, Vivian had her choice among prestigious universities." To remember this word think about pres- — people or things with prestige often are covered by the press.
WORD FAMILY
prestige: prestiges, prestigious +/ prestigious: prestigiously, prestigiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Most owe their power, prestige and wealth to their position in the party-state.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But he said it would be “politically unwise and damaging to the prestige of the court.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The scoreboards of prestige were ostensibly built to guide those conversations, but their ulterior motive is to end them.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 威信，威望，声望; 声誉; （财势的）显赫; 信望
分布：声望(52%)，威望(45%)，有威信的(2%)，名贵的(1%)
→来自法语prestige,欺骗，骗术，幻术，变戏法，来自拉丁语praestigium,幻术，变戏法，来自（异化自）praestringere,使眼花缭乱，使眩晕，来自prae,在前面，stringere,拉，拉绳子，捆绑，词源同string.该词原用于形容法国皇帝拿破仑像个街头玩变戏法的，含贬义和讽刺意味，后随着越来越多的人崇拜拿破仑，词义由贬义转褒义，而原词义则不再使用。
n.声望,威望,威信The old universities of Oxford and Cambridge still have a lot of prestige.历史悠久的牛津大学和剑桥大学仍然享有很高的声望.
【记】pre前，sti＝stand，ge哥：在前面站着的哥哥－有威信的感觉
noun uncountable
■respect and admiration given to someone or something, usually because of a reputation for high quality, success or social influence 威信，声望，威望
• The company has gained international prestige. 该公司赢得了国际声誉。
• Many people are attracted by the prestige of working for a top company. 在一家一流公司工作令人羡慕，很多人因此被吸引了。
[pres'ti:dʒ] adjective [before noun]
■causing admiration because connected with being rich or powerful 有威望的，有威信的，受尊重的
• a prestige address/car/job/label 有威望的演说／名牌汽车／体面的工作／著名品牌
n. 威望，声望；声誉
 - reputation, credit

Word: prescribe
Front: prescribe
[prɪˈskraɪb] (研四六托雅宝 5375/4738 -2)
Vocabulary: prescribe
(once / 287 pages)
v
To prescribe is make orders or give directions for something to be done. These days, the word is mainly used by doctors who prescribe medications to take.
Doctors do a lot of prescribing: they prescribe drugs, rest, exercise, and getting rid of bad habits like smoking. When a doctor prescribes something, he or she is saying, "You need to do this. You should do it." That's the most common use of prescribe, but it pops up anywhere someone is advising or ordering someone to do something. All laws and rules prescribe things — they tell you what to do.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
prescribe / proscribe
Warning! These similar sounding words have very different meanings. To prescribe is to recommend and to proscribe is to forbid. One little letter makes a big difference.
Prescribe is the more common word, and it's often used at the doctor's office. When a doctor jots down a prescription, she prescribes a drug to heal the patient. To prescribe also means to recommend something in an official way. Here are some examples of the word used correctly:
"If physicians want to help their patients, they need to prescribe affordable versions of accepted medical interventions." (Forbes)
"We are not centralist to the point where we prescribe what they spend on player wages, transfer fees." (Washington Times)
Leave proscribe to the pros. Proscribe is a rare and more formal word, meaning to forbid something or to demand a stop to it. It's often used in the phrase "a proscribed organization," such as a terrorist group that an official has demanded an end to. Here are some other examples:
"In contrast, laws in some European nations proscribe and even criminalize various forms of 'hate speech.'" (Reuters)
"The Constitution proscribes government discrimination on the basis of race, and state-provided education is no exception." (Washington Post)
If you're tempted to get them mixed up, think of the "e" in "prescribe for me," and the "o" in "Oh no, don't for proscribe."
WORD FAMILY
prescribe: prescribed, prescribes, prescribing, prescription, prescriptive +/ prescription: nonprescription, prescriptions/ prescriptive: prescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 指定，规定; 指定，规定
vi. 建立规定，法律或指示; 开处方，给医嘱
时态：prescribed, prescribing, prescribes
分布：开处方(100%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-scribe,写，词源同describe.引申诸相关词义。
开药方;命令(pre预先+scribe→预先写好药量)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
v.指示,规定;处(方),开(药)My doctor prescribes aspirin for every complaint.我的医生对每一种病都开阿斯匹林.
verb
GIVE MEDICINE 开药
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■(of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone should have （医生）开（药），为…开（药），嘱咐（疗法）
• The drug is often prescribed for ulcers. 这种药通常是开来治疗溃疡的。
• [+ two objects] I've been prescribed painkillers. 医生给我开了些止痛药。
[prɪ'skraɪb] verb
GIVE RULE 规定
transitive formal
■to tell someone what they must have or do; to give something as a rule 规定，指定
• Penalties for not paying taxes are prescribed by law. 法律上规定了不缴税的惩罚措施。
• [+ that] The law prescribes that all children must go to school. 法律规定所有孩子必须上学。
• [+ question word] Grammatical rules prescribe how words may be used together. 文法规则对单词如何搭配使用作出了规定。
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
vi. 规定；开药方
 - to stipulate, to formulate
vt. 规定；开处方
 - define, regulate, state, rule

Word: solely
Front: solely
[ˈsəʊlli] (四六托 4671/3992)
Vocabulary: solely
(once / 456 pages)
adv
Solely is another word for "only" or "entirely": Your new puppy is solely your responsibility — you have to feed it, walk it, and take care of it all by yourself.
Solely comes from the Latin sola, the feminine form of "alone," and if you know other Romance languages, you'll recognize it in, for instance, Italian solo, or Spanish solamente and French seulement. In English, a solo is a song you sing alone.
WORD FAMILY
sole: resole, soled, soleless, solely, soling+/resole: resoled, resoles, resoling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Additionally, this somewhat unscientific calculation is assuming white parents solely buy white dolls for their children.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps you read that and nodded, “Done! Next!” solely based on a general disdain for reality television.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Local example: The image of urban areas and crime promoted during 2016, mostly but not solely by Donald Trump, was that cities are hellholes.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 唯一地; 仅仅; 独一无二地; 纯粹
分布：单独地(50%)，独自地(25%)，完全(25%)
US ['soʊl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■only and not involving anyone or anything else 唯一地，单独地，仅有地
• I bought it solely for that purpose. 我仅仅是为那个目的才买的。
• It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident. 发生这起事故似乎不能只责怪他。
• The product's success cannot be attributable solely to the ads. 该产品的成功不能只归因于广告宣传。
adv. 单独地，唯一地
 - alone, exclusively, individually

Word: discriminate
Front: discriminate
[dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt] (研托雅宝 6782/6572 -1)
Vocabulary: discriminate
(once / 353 pages)
adjv
When you discriminate between two things, you can tell the difference between them and can tell them apart.
The ability to discriminate between similar objects is important. For example, if you want to be a good root farmer, it helps if you can discriminate between a turnip and a parsnip. However, some people take it too far and discriminate against other people, treating them differently based on their physical characteristics or abilities. To be able to discriminate between a turnip and a radish is good, but to discriminate against people is not.
WORD FAMILY
discriminate: discriminable, discriminated, discriminately, discriminates, discriminating, discriminatingly, discrimination, discriminative, discriminator, discriminatory, indiscriminate +/ discriminating: indiscriminating, undiscriminating/ discrimination: discriminations, non-discrimination/discriminative: discriminatively/discriminator: discriminators/discriminatory: discriminatorily/ indiscriminate: indiscriminately, indiscriminatingly/undiscriminating: undiscriminatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Until the barrier of transportation is cleared for all students, the school voucher system is not equitable, as it discriminates against those without transportation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The report concluded that seeing passengers’ photos and names may contribute to drivers’ ability to discriminate based on race and gender.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I always thought liberals were all encompassing and conservatives discriminating. This restaurant is an example of reverse discrimination or hypocritical discrimination.”
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 歧视; 区别; 辨出
时态：discriminated, discriminating, discriminates
分布：区分(44%)，辨别(27%)，区别对待(25%)，差别对待(4%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-crim, 区分，词源同crime, crisis. 即区分开，区别对待，歧视。
辨别;歧视(dis+crimin分辨→ate→分辩开)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
v.区别,辨别;(against)有差别地对待,歧视You should not discriminate against any race.你不该歧视任何种族.
【记】crimin＝crime（n 罪行）－区别对待有罪的人－辨别，歧视
【参】incriminate（vt 控告…有罪）
【反】confound（vt 使混淆；挫败）
verb
TREAT DIFFERENTLY 区别对待
intransitive
■to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex, etc. 歧视；区别对待
• She felt she had been discriminated against because of her age. 她认为自己受到了年龄歧视。
• In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to discriminate in favour of women for three years. 为了增加女性代表的人数，选拔委员会决定在三年内特别礼遇妇女。
[dɪ'skrɪm.ɪ.neɪt] verb
SEE A DIFFERENCE 区分
intransitive + adverb or preposition formal
■to be able to see the difference between two things or people 区分，区别；分辨，辨别
• Police dogs can discriminate between the different smells. 警犬能辨别各种不同的气味。
discriminate, discern, distinguish
这组词都有“区别、辨别”的意思，其区别是：
discriminate: 语气强，指从十分相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。
discern: 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察力，不一定有能分辨关系密切的各项事物的含义。
distinguish: 普通用词，指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。
vt. 歧视；区别；辨别
 - tell from, distinguish from
vi. 歧视；区别；辨别
 - tell from, distinguish from

Word: fraught
Front: fraught
[frɔ:t] (托雅宝 11710/11090 -1)
Vocabulary: fraught
(once / 1679 pages)
adj
Fraught means filled with something — often something bad. Your Thanksgiving was fraught with awkward moments when your family saw your blue hair, and it only got worse when you told them you'd quit law school to join the circus.
Fraught is related to the word freight, and comes from the Middle English fraughten, meaning "to load with cargo." Think of a cargo ship loaded up with freight for a journey — it's full of supplies, just like Thanksgiving was filled with — or fraught with — awkward moments. Fraught can also describe a situation filled with distress. If relations between two countries are fraught, they are not getting along with each other.
WORD FAMILY
fraught
USAGE EXAMPLES
Designating all or part of the line a hiking trail is fraught with problems because much of it is on private land.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There she is, looking fraught but drawing her gun for battle.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Pitch-perfect performances put a fraught personal slant on gentrification in the 21st century.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 充满的，满载的; 担心的，忧虑的
n. 货物，装载物
vt. 装货于
分布：充满的(40%)，忧虑的(30%)，伴随的(20%)，忧伤的(10%)
→来自freight的拼写变体，原指船只装满货物的，满载的。后来该词用于心理学术语，指心里面装满担子的，忧虑的。
【记】源于：freight（n 货物vt 装货；使充满）
【反】idyll（n 田园生活：自由自在的经历）－experience fraught with tension（充满紧张的经历）
US [frɑ:t] adjective
FULL OF 充满…的
fraught with
■full of unpleasant things such as problems or dangers 充满（问题、危险等令人不快之物）的
• The negotiations have been fraught with difficulties/problems right from the start. 谈判从一开始就困难／问题重重。
• From beginning to end, the airlift was fraught with risks. 那次空运自始至终都危机四伏。
UK [frɔ:t] US [frɑ:t] adjective
ANXIOUS 担忧的
■causing or having extreme worry or anxiety 令人极度忧虑的；十分担心的
• This is one of the most fraught weekends of the year for the security forces. 这是一年中最令安全部队紧张不安的周末之一。
• The atmosphere in the office is rather fraught. 办公室里弥漫着一种极度紧张焦虑的气氛。
adj. 担心的，忧虑的；充满…的
 - worried, afraid, packed

Word: rife
Front: rife
[raɪf] (宝 14019/13754 -1)
Vocabulary: rife
(once / 2715 pages)
adj
Use the adjective rife to mean "full of" or "widespread," especially when you're talking about something negative. If the lifeguard says the water is rife with jellyfish, you're not going to want to swim in it.
Not to be confused with the word ripe (“fully developed”), rife means “abundant” or “prevalent.” Rife can follow the word it’s describing, as in “corruption was rife during his administration.” More commonly, however, rife comes before the word it modifies, accompanied by the preposition with, as in “the class was rife with yawns” or “her story was rife with inconsistencies.”
WORD FAMILY
rife: rifely, rifer, rifest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local and foreign non-governmental organisations say corruption is rife in Egypt.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Consumers balked at ads rife with racist, sexist and violent undertones, including a billboard of a female character being strangled.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
In Indonesia, for example, competition is rife, with strong local players such as online marketplace Tokopedia.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 流行的; 普遍的; 盛传的; 越来越普及的
分布：流行的(60%)，盛传的(24%)，非常多的(16%)
→来自古英语 rife,大量的，普通的，盛行的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rif,可能来自 rei,撕，扯， 砍，词源同 river,rift.通常用于形容坏事的盛行。
【记】life是rife的
【反】sparse（adj 稀少的；稀疏的）
[raɪf] formal
adjective [after verb]
■If something unpleasant is rife, it is very common or frequent （指不良事物）盛行的；流行的；普遍的
• Dysentery and malaria are rife in the refugee camps. 痢疾和疟疾在难民营肆虐。
rife with sth
■full of something unpleasant 充满；充斥
• The office was rife with rumours. 办公室里谣言层出不穷。
adj. 普遍的；流行的；盛传的
 - widespread, popular, universal, fashionable, going

Word: nickname
Front: nickname
[ˈnɪkneɪm] (研六托 6090/8467 -2)
Vocabulary: nickname
(once / 906 pages)
nv
Your special, fond name for your cousin is a nickname. If his name is Steven, his nickname might be Steve — or it might very well be "Stinky" or "Junior."
Nicknames can be shortened forms of first names or surnames; affectionate pet names; or names that tease or ridicule their recipient. If your name is David, but your friends call you "Dave," that's your nickname. If your sweetheart calls you "Honey," that's also a nickname. And if your coworkers call you "Skinny," there's your third nickname. Before the fifteenth century, the word was ekename, "an additional name," from the Old English eaca, "an increase."
WORD FAMILY
nickname: nicknamed, nicknames, nicknaming
USAGE EXAMPLES
Revis’s effectiveness was encapsulated by his nickname, Revis Island, which referred to his ability to guard receivers one on one.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Similarly in Senegal, a child who is named after a grandfather tends to bear the grandfather's nickname as well.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
His nickname at court was "the white ermine" - explaining the animal's presence in her arms.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 绰号; 诨名; 昵称
vt. 给…起绰号; 用诨名[爱称]称呼; 叫错名字
时态：nicknamed, nicknaming, nicknames
分布：昵称(60%)，绰号(39%)，给 ... 取绰号(1%)
→错分裂词，来自an eke name,额外的名字，eke,增加，词源同augment.
n.绰号,浑名vt.给...起绰号The tickler pricked a tick on the nickname Nickel.挠痒者在绰号"镍币"上刺了个勾号.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an informal name for someone or something, especially a name which you are called by your friends or family, usually based on your proper name or your character 外号；绰号；诨名
• We always use the nickname Beth for our daughter Elizabeth. 我们总是把女儿伊利莎白匿称为“贝丝”。
• "Darwin" was the nickname he was given at high school, because of his interest in science. 他上高中的时候外号叫“达尔文”，因为他对科学很感兴趣。
n. 绰号；昵称
 - sobriquet, agname

Word: stockpile
Front: stockpile
[ˈstɒkpaɪl] (13559/22437 -1)
Vocabulary: stockpile
(once / 3750 pages)
nv
A stockpile is a large amount of something that you save for later. If you're worried about running out of your favorite flavor of bubble gum, you might decide to keep a stockpile of it.
If you hear the word stockpile on the news, it's probably referring to weapons which are accumulated and saved by a country that might need to use them some day in the future. You can use stockpile to describe the actual cache of weapons and also as a verb, to describe the act of storing them. The word was originally a mining term that literally described a pile of ore. During World War II, stockpile became a more general term.
WORD FAMILY
stockpile: stockpiled, stockpiles, stockpiling
USAGE EXAMPLES
To avoid a stockpile of holiday cards, “save only those that are meaningful and special,” Tova Weinstock, a professional organizer in Brooklyn, said.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Trade in ivory was banned internationally in 1989, but a loophole allowed southern African countries to hold occasional legal sales of their ivory stockpiles.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Oil fell for the first time in nine sessions in New York after a government report showed U.S. crude stockpiles increased for a second week.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （原料，食品等的）储备，准备急用的备用原料或物资，贮存; 资源，富源，矿藏量; （为战争准备的）核武器
vt. 大量贮备
时态：stockpiled, stockpiling, stockpiles
分布：储备(73%)，储存(17%)，积蓄(8%)，贮藏堆(2%)
→stock,储存，库存，pile,堆积，堆放。
US ['stɑ:k-] noun countable
■a large amount of food, goods or weapons which are kept ready for future use 储备物；囤积物
• They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months. 他们的武器和弹药储备足够支撑好几个月。
UK ['stɒk.paɪl] US ['stɑ:k-] verb transitive
■to store a large supply of something for future use （大量）储备，贮存；囤积
• The rebels have been stockpiling weapons. 叛乱分子一直在储备武器。
n. 库存；积蓄
 - amassment, lay away
vt. 贮存；储蓄
 - squirrel away, save up
vi. 积累；储备物资
 - pile up, get together

Word: collectively
Front: collectively
[kə'lektɪvlɪ] (7534/8745)
Back: adv. 全体地，共同地
分布：共同地(51%)，集体地(33%)，总体地(16%)
adverb
■as a group 集体地；全体地，共同地
• She has a staff of four who collectively earn almost $200 000. 她有四名员工，创造收入近20万美元。
adv. 共同地，全体地
 - jointly, corporately

Word: synthetic
Front: synthetic
[sɪnˈθetɪk] (研四六托雅 6824/6608 -1)
Vocabulary: synthetic
(once / 1987 pages)
1nadj 2adj
Something made of artificial material, not natural items, can be described as synthetic. Some football stadiums have synthetic grass, and a leisure suit from the 1970s might be made of synthetic fabric.
The adjective synthetic usually describes things created by chemical synthesis (synthetic compound, synthetic drug, synthetic material), but it sometimes describes an emotion that is feigned or not genuine. A person who exudes only synthetic friendliness probably isn't someone you want to hang out with, for example.
WORD FAMILY
synthetic: nonsynthetic, semisynthetic, synthetically, synthetics, synthetism
USAGE EXAMPLES
The answer isn’t hard to understand: Synthetic dyes are quicker and easier to use and they produce more colors.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Fentanyl, a synthetic, cheap opioid 50 times as powerful as heroin, helped fuel the crisis this year.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
One recipient of the email was the Engineering Biology Research Consortium, a nonprofit dedicated to fostering and advancing synthetic biology research.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 合成的; 人造的; 摹拟的，虚构的; [语]综合的
n. 合成物; 合成纤维; 合成剂
分布：合成的(43%)，人造的(20%)，合成物(13%)，综合的(12%)，虚伪的(7%)，人工制品(5%)
→synthesis,综合，合成，-etic,形容词后缀。引申词义人造的，人工合成的。
综合的(syn共同+thet+ic放→放一起)[thesis,thet=setting,表示"放置"]
a.合成的,人造的;综合的In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
US [-'θe-] adjective
■describes products that are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product 合成的，人造的
• synthetic fibres 人造纤维
■disapproving
■false or artificial 假的，造作的
• She criticized the synthetic charm of television presenters. 她批评电视节目主持人矫揉造作。
synthetic, false, artificial, man-made
这组词都有“人造的，非自然的”的意思，其区别是：
synthetic: 与artificial近义，但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。
false: 指因缺失而补上的替代物，有时也指伪装的。
artificial: 指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西，侧重真伪对比。
man-made: 指完全用人工制造，不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。
adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的
 - comprehensive, integrated, artificial, general
n. 合成物
 - composition

Word: breast
Front: breast
[brest] (高研四六 1652/2793 -K3)
Back: n. 乳房，乳腺; 胸脯，胸部; 心窝，胸怀
vt. 升高，攀登; 坚毅地面对，与…搏斗; 挺胸迎…而上
时态：breasted, breasting, breasts
分布：乳房(82%)，胸脯(18%)
→来自PIE *bhreus, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同brisket, 胸肉。
n.胸膛,乳房On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
noun
WOMAN 女性
 IMPROVER countable
■either of the two soft, rounded parts of a woman's chest that produce milk after she has a baby 乳房
• When a woman becomes pregnant her breasts tend to grow larger. 女性怀孕后，乳房会增大。
• breast cancer 乳癌
• Do you think she's had breast implants ? 你觉得她做过隆胸手术吗？
[brest] noun
BIRD 鸟
countable or uncountable
■the front part of a bird's body （鸟的）前胸，胸部
• A robin is easy to identify because of its red breast. 知更鸟因其胸脯是红色的很容易辨认。
countable or uncountable
■the meat from the front part of the body of a bird or other animal 鸡胸肉；（动物的）胸肉
• I had a cold chicken breast and salad for lunch. 我午饭吃的是冷鸡胸肉和沙拉。
• breast of turkey/lamb/veal 火鸡／羔羊／小牛的前胸肉
[brest] noun
CLOTHING 服装
countable
■the part of a piece of clothing that covers a person's chest 上衣前部
• He put a silk hanky in his breast pocket (= a pocket on the top front part of a shirt or coat). 他将一条丝绸手帕放入上衣口袋。
[brest] noun
CHEST 胸部
countable literary
■a person's chest （人的）胸部，胸膛
• The dagger entered his breast. 匕首插入了他的胸膛。
countable literary
■the centre of a person's feelings 心窝，胸怀
• A feeling of love surged in his breast. 他心中涌起一阵爱意。
breast, bosom, chest
这组词都有“胸，胸部”的意思，其区别是：
breast: 指人或动物的胸部或胸部的前面，也指男人或女人的乳房。
bosom: 文学用词，与breast同义，特指女性的乳房，也可用作比喻。
chest: 指胸膛，即肋骨所包围的部分。
n. [解剖] 乳房，胸部；胸怀；心情
 - chest, uber
vt. 以胸对着；与…搏斗
 - be at grips with

Word: technocrat
Front: technocrat
[ˈteknəkræt] (宝 20361/26612 -1)
Back: n. 技术专家，专家政治论者，技术统治论者
分布：技术专家政治论者(60%)，技术人员(40%)
→techn-,技术，科技，-crat,统治者，管理者，词源同 democrat.
【记】techno技术，crat统治

Word: sculpture
Front: sculpture
[ˈskʌlptʃə(r)] (高研六托雅 3427/3734 -2)
Vocabulary: sculpture
(once / 388 pages)
nv
Sculpture is a type of artwork that's two- or three-dimensional, so you can see it from different sides. You can make sculpture from clay, marble, wood, and even mashed potatoes, though the potato kind might not make it into an art museum.
From the Latin sculpere "to carve," sculpture often is carved out of a block of wood, stone, or other material. Statues and outdoor artworks are one type of sculpture, and they are freestanding — you can walk around them, under them, or even over them. Other types are carved into walls, with the figures or objects sticking out from a flat surface. Artists called sculptors use soft materials, metal, and even ice and common objects like cars and cans to make sculpture.
WORD FAMILY
sculpture: sculptural, sculptured, sculpturer, sculptures, sculpturesque, sculpturing+/ sculpt: sculpted, sculpting, sculptor, sculpts, sculpture /sculptor: sculptors/sculptural: sculpturally/ sculpturesque: sculpturesquely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In Cuba, I did sculpture which was figurative.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Bayer Bee Care Center in Germany includes menacing sculptures of the little pest.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tippet Rise Art Center is, in short, the world’s largest sculpture park—but it’s also a concert hall, a working ranch, and a wilderness.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 雕刻（术），塑像; 雕刻品; 刻纹
vt. 雕塑; 以雕刻装饰; 侵蚀
vi. 雕刻
时态：sculptured, sculpturing, sculptures
分布：雕塑(71%)，雕刻(26%)，刻蚀(2%)，当雕刻师(1%)
→sculpt-,雕刻，雕塑，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义雕像，雕塑品。
n.雕刻(术),雕塑(术);雕刻作品He sent her an ivory sculpture as a birthday present.他送给她一件牙雕工艺品作为生日礼物.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material such as wood, clay, metal or stone, or an object made in this way 雕塑；雕刻；塑像；雕塑品；雕刻品
• Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school. 汤姆在当地艺术学校教雕塑。
• The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people and animals. 博物馆里陈列着几个实物大小的人和动物雕塑。
n. [建] 雕塑； [轻] 雕刻；刻蚀
 - carving, incision
vt. [建] 雕塑； [轻] 雕刻；刻蚀
 - grave, engrave

Word: nail
Front: nail
[neɪl] (高研四六托 3556/3556 -K2)
Vocabulary: nail
(once / 254 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v 6v 7v
A nail is the pointed piece of metal that you pound with a hammer when you're building something. When you go to a nail salon, however, don't bring a pack of nails; bring your toes and fingers instead!
When construction workers pound nails into wood, they nail them. Another kind of nail is the one at the end of each of your fingers and toes. In addition to hitting a nail, the verb version of nail also means "to arrest," "to succeed easily," and "to hit." Nail polish is what you use to color the nails on your hands (or feet), and when you "hit the nail on the head," you get the exact right answer.
WORD FAMILY
nail: nailed, nailer, nailing, nails+/nailer: nailers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The stories elicited pushback from the industry, leading to legislative actions, including rules to require ventilation at all New York state nail salons.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She spoke no English, but found a job at a nail salon run by a Portuguese woman.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Nail’s attorney, Brad Engberg, says his client is “factually and legally innocent of any wrongdoing.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钉子; 指甲，趾甲; 钉状物; 纳尔
vt. 钉住; 抓住; 使固定; 揭露
时态：nailed, nailing, nails
分布：钉(48%)，钉子(33%)，指甲(15%)，抓住(2%)，使固定(1%)，爪(1%)
→来自nogh,指甲，爪子，词源同unguent,onyx.引申词义钉子。拼写比较rule,regulate.
n.指甲,爪;钉v.将...钉牢,钉住The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun countable
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED
■a small thin piece of metal with one pointed end and one flat end which you hit into something with a hammer, especially in order to fasten or join it to something else 钉，钉子
• a three-inch nail 三英寸长的钉子
• I stepped on a nail sticking out of the floorboards. 我踩到了地板上凸出来的一颗钉子。
• Hammer a nail into the wall and we'll hang the mirror from it. 在墙上钉个钉子，我们要把镜子挂在上面。
[neɪl] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■a thin hard area that covers the upper side of the end of each finger and each toe 指甲；趾甲
• Stop biting your nails! 别再咬指甲了！
• nail clippers 指甲刀
• a nail file 指甲锉
[neɪl] noun countable
another/the final nail in the coffin
■an event which causes the failure of something that had already started to fail 导致失败的事件，致命打击，催命符
• Each successive revelation of incompetence is another nail in the chairman's coffin. 接二连三地显露出不称职，是导致董事长下台的一道道催命符。
• That report drove the final nail in the company's coffin. 那份报告为公司敲响了丧钟。
[neɪl] noun countable
hard/tough as nails
■not feeling or showing any emotions such as sympathy, fear or worry 冷酷无情的，铁石心肠的
[neɪl] verb
FASTEN 钉牢
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something with nails 用钉子钉，将…钉牢
• She had nailed a small shelf to the door. 她在门上钉了一个小架子。
• A notice had been nailed up on the wall. 墙上钉了一张告示。
• The lid of the coffin had been nailed down. 棺材盖被钉死了。
[neɪl] verb
CATCH 抓获
transitive slang
■to catch someone, especially when they are doing something wrong, or to make it clear that they are guilty （尤指当场）抓获，逮住；证明…有罪，揭发
• The police had been trying to nail those guys for months. 数月来，警方一直想抓住那帮家伙。
[neɪl] verb
nail your colours to the mast UK
■to make it obvious what your opinions or plans are 明确表态；表明意图
[neɪl] verb
nail a lie UK old-fashioned informal
■to prove that something really is a lie 拆穿谎言
[neɪl] verb
nailing jelly to the wall
■trying to give exact details for something that it is not possible to know about exactly 试图提供无从知晓的细节；白费力气
• Writing the history of this period is like nailing jelly to the wall. 试图写下这时期的历史纯属白费力气。
[neɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  nail sb down informal
■to make someone give you exact details or a firm decision about something 使（某人）准确说出细节；迫使（某人）作出决定
• They nailed him down to a specific time and place. 他们迫使他确定了时间和地点。
[neɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] nail sth down
DECISION informal
■If you nail down an arrangement or decision, you fix and agree to the details of it 达成（协议）；最终确定（或决定）
• After a five-hour meeting, we finally nailed down a deal. 开会五小时后，我们最终达成了一项协议。
UNDERSTAND US informal
■to understand something completely, or to describe something correctly 完全理解；正确描述
• We haven't been able to nail down the cause of the fire yet. 我们仍未弄清火灾的起因。
vt. 钉；使固定；揭露
 - reveal, fix, disclose
n. [解剖] 指甲； [五金] 钉子
 - clou

Word: entrant
Front: entrant
[ˈentrənt] (14110/8105 -1)
Vocabulary: entrant
(once / 9307 pages)
n
An entrant is someone who signs up to compete or participate in something. A person who enters a country is also an entrant, like an American who crosses the border into Canada.
If there are millions of entrants in a lottery, your chances of winning aren't great — but if you're one of only five entrants in your school's raffle, you just might go home with a new bike or a trip to Cleveland. A beginner at some job or activity is also an entrant, like an entrant into the field of microbiology. This meaning is the oldest, dating from the seventeenth century.
WORD FAMILY
entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant+/ enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter/entering: enterings/ entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entry: entries, reentry/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each of the entrants agreed to raise at least $100 for the Maine Special Olympics.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In sixth position is another international entrant in Beau Geste.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
“Last Christmas” is one of the premier entrants in the new Yuletide canon.
Time(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 参加者，新加入的; 参加竞赛者; 新生，新工作者
分布：新成员(56%)，新就业者(44%)
→来自enter, 进入。
noun countable
■a person who becomes a member of a group or organization 新成员；新会员；新职员
• new entrants to the school/company 学校新生／公司新职员
■a person who takes part in a competition or an examination 参赛者；考生
• All entrants complete two three-hour papers. 所有的考生都要完成两场历时三小时的笔试。
n. 进入者；新会员；参加竞赛者；新工作者
 - new member

Word: undervalue
Front: undervalue
[ˌʌndəˈvælju:] (17921/14849 -1)
Back: vt. 估价过低; 轻看
时态：undervalued, undervaluing, undervalues
分布：看轻(64%)，低估价值(36%)
低估;轻视(under下面+aluce→在原有价值下面→低估)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
US [-dɚ-] verb transitive
■to consider someone or something as less valuable or important than they really are 低估；轻视；对…认识不足
• The company had undervalued the building by £20 000. 公司把这幢大楼低估了两万英镑。
• He felt undervalued and underpaid. 他觉得自己未受到应有的重视，报酬也过低。
vt. 低估...之价值；看轻
 - make no account of

Word: weave
Front: weave
[wi:v] (研四六托雅 4893/5272 -2)
Vocabulary: weave
(once / 320 pages)
nv
Weaving involves lacing strips of fabric, string, or some other material together to make something. You can weave wool to make a rug, or weave the details of a story together to make a great book.
While weave originally only meant to make cloth by interlacing material, it later came to also mean more generally “combine into a whole.” Think of a spider and how it weaves its web, or of how some songs expertly weave in unexpected elements, like the sound of a siren or the waves crashing. You can also use weave to describe a swaying motion, like that of a car darting through traffic when it’s trying to move ahead.
WORD FAMILY
weave: interweave, inweave, unweave, weaved, weaver, weaves, weaving, wove+/interweave: interweaved, interweaves, interweaving, interwove/inweave: inweaves, inweaving, inwove, inwoven/unweave: unweaves, unweaving/ weaver: weavers/weaving: weavings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In Bennett’s classroom, as with others who use it, specific language and games weave their way into everyday activities that reinforce good behavior among students.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Again, the handcuff gesture weaves its way through; again bodies fall, and other dancers run to them, to let them down gently.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 编，织; 迂回行进; 穿行（以避开障碍）
vt. 编排; （把…）编成
vi. 纺织，织布
n. 织物; 织法，编法; 编织式样
时态：wove, woven, weaving, weaves
分布：编织(58%)，织法(17%)，编法(9%)，编造(8%)，组合(5%)，迂回前进(3%)
→来自webh,转，编织，词源同web,weft.
v.编(织)n.编织法,编织式样The weaver will leave for the heavy heaven.那位纺织工将要到阴沉的天国里去.
verb
MAKE 织
intransitive or transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved)
■to make cloth by repeatedly crossing a single thread through two sets of long threads on a loom (= special frame) （在织布机上）织，编，编织
• This type of wool is woven into fabric which will make jackets. 这种羊毛被织成衣料，用来做外套。
transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved)
■to twist long objects together, or to make something by doing this 编，编织；编制，编成
• We were shown how to roughly weave ferns and grass together to make a temporary shelter. 有人给我们示范了如何将蕨类植物和草简单地编起来，搭成临时的栖身之所。
• It takes great skill to weave a basket from/out of rushes. 用灯心草编篮子需要很高技巧。
transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved) literary
■to form something from several different things or to combine several different things, in a complicated or skilled way （透过糅合不同的事物）编写，编造
• The biography is woven from the many accounts which exist of things she did. 该传记是根据大量现存对她的事迹的记载编写而成的。
[wi:v] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (weaved, weaved)
■to go or make a path by moving quickly and changing direction often, especially to avoid hitting things （尤指为避开障碍）迂回行进，穿行
• To escape from police officers the thief weaved through/between/in and out of stationary traffic on a bicycle. 为了逃脱员警的追赶，那个小偷骑着脚踏车在静止的车流中迂回穿行。
[wi:v] verb
get weaving UK old-fashioned informal
■If you tell someone to get weaving, you either want them to start something or to hurry what they are doing 开始行动；赶快
• We'd better get weaving - we've got a lot to do today. 我们最好加快速度——今天还有很多事要做呢。
[wi:v] noun countable usually singular
■the way in which cloth has been woven, for example with the threads pulled firmly together, or the pattern produced by this process 织法；编织式样
• a tight weave 密实的织法
• a striped/traditional weave 条纹／传统编织式样
weave, knit
这组词都有“编织”的意思，其区别是：
weave: 指用机器或手工编织物品。
knit: 指用织钟把毛线等编织成衣物等。
vt. [纺] 编织；编排；使迂回前进
 - pleach, complect
n. 织物； [纺] 织法；编织式样
 - cloth, web

Word: strikingly
Front: strikingly
['straɪkɪŋlɪ] (托 11101/11185)
Back: adv. 醒目地，引人侧目地; 斐然可观
分布：引人注目地(30%)，突出地(28%)，显著地(28%)，惊人地(14%)
ADJ-GRADED
引人注目的;异乎寻常的;显著的
Something that is striking is very noticeable or unusual.
例：The most striking feature of those statistics is the high proportion of suicides...那些统计数据最引人注目之处是其极高的自杀率。
例：He bears a striking resemblance to Lenin.他酷似列宁。
ADJ-GRADED
妩媚动人的;标致的;俊秀的
Someone who is striking is very attractive, in a noticeable way.
例：She was a striking woman with long blonde hair.她是个留着金色长发的俏女郎。
adv. 显著地；突出地，引人注目地
 - remarkably, notably, dramatically, prominently, markedly

Word: collision
Front: collision
[kəˈlɪʒn] (高研四六托雅宝 5633/6488 -2)
Vocabulary: collision
(once / 822 pages)
n
A collision is when two or more things smash together. You shouldn't give yourself a pedicure while driving because it might result in a collision, wrecking your car and spoiling your toenail polish to boot.
Collision comes from the Latin col-, "together," and lædĕre, "to hurt by striking." When a train hits a car, that's a collision. An asteroid hurtling toward earth is on a "collision course" with our planet. Collision also works for abstract conflicts that get violent or hurt your brain somehow, like the collision between two politicians during a debate, or the collision of colors in your outfit.
WORD FAMILY
collision: collisions+/ collide: collided, collider, collides, colliding, collision /collider: colliders
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Federal Aviation Administration says the collision occurred shortly after 5:30 p.m. near Aero Country Airport.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This vignette gets its bathetic comedy from the collision of two scales: the immensity of war and its mass casualties hitting against private comforts.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Spain's Catalonia region seems set on a new collision course with Madrid after a vow by its leader to hold an independence referendum in 2017.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 碰撞; 冲突; （意见，看法）的抵触; （政党等的）倾轧
分布：碰撞(79%)，冲突(21%)
→来自collide,碰撞。
n.碰撞;(利益,意见等的)冲突,抵触His bus had a collision with a truck.他开的公车与货车相撞.
noun
ACCIDENT 意外
countable or uncountable
■an accident that happens when two vehicles hit each other with force （车辆的）碰撞，相撞
• There has been a collision on the southbound stretch of the motorway. 在高速公路南向路段上发生了一宗撞车事故。
• Two drivers were killed in a head-on (= direct) collision between a car and a taxi last night. 昨晚，一辆轿车与一辆计程车迎面相撞，两名司机身亡。
• The cyclist was in collision with a bus. 那个骑脚踏车的人与一辆公车相撞。
[kə'lɪʒ.ən] noun
DIFFERENCE 冲突
countable
■a strong disagreement 冲突，抵触
• There was a collision of interests/opinions. 存在利益冲突／意见不合。
[kə'lɪʒ.ən] noun
be on a collision course
■If two or more people or groups are on a collision course, they are doing or saying things which are certain to cause a serious disagreement or fight between them 必然导致冲突；势必发生冲突
• All attempts at diplomacy have broken down and the two states now appear to be on a collision course. 所有的外交努力都失败了，现在两国发生冲突似乎在所难免。
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
n. [物] 碰撞；冲突
 - interference, conflict, war, crash, impact

Word: evaluate
Front: evaluate
[ɪˈvæljueɪt] (高研四六托雅 2339/3168 -2)
Vocabulary: evaluate
(once / 1248 pages)
v
When you evaluate something, you're making a judgment, one that most likely results from some degree of analysis.
Breaking down the nutritional pros and cons of dessert options is evaluating. Diving into a tub of Ben and Jerry's because you have a craving is not. The word evaluate was used as a mathematics term before it became part of standard usage. Thus, its wonky connotation of objectivity.
WORD FAMILY
evaluate: evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluative, evaluator, reevaluate +/ evaluation: evaluations, underevaluation/evaluator: evaluators/ reevaluate: reevaluated, reevaluating, reevaluation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brisley said the cause of the outage was still being evaluated.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As for Taylor’s future, Pegula said that was still to be evaluated.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is a good time to evaluate fresher options for efficiently serving enrollees and taxpayers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 评价; 求…的值（或数）; 对…评价; [数学、逻辑学]求…的数值
vi. 评价，估价
时态：evaluated, evaluating, evaluates
分布：评估(60%)，评价(40%)
→e-, 向外。-val, 力量，价值，词源同value, valiant.
估价,评价(e出+val+uate→出价值→估价)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
v.估价,评价;求...的值I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
verb transitive
■to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount or value of something 评估，评价；估值
• It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed. 如不能对使用的研究方法有更多了解，就无法对其结果作出评价。
• [+ question word] We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear. 我们需要对新材料的耐磨损度作出鉴定。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
vt. 评价；估价；求…的值
 - value, score, rate, prize
vi. 评价；估价
 - to assess, to appraise

Word: deforestation
Front: deforestation
[ˌdi:ˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn] (宝 13617/17188)
Vocabulary: deforestation
(once / 4291 pages)
n
Deforestation is the clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land. The first step in turning the wilderness into a shopping center is deforestation.
You can see the word forest in deforestation. The prefix de- means "remove" and the suffix -ation signals the act or state of. So deforestation is the act of removing a forest. First, the trees are chopped down, the wood shipped around the world for making products. Then the land is made smooth enough for homes, businesses, or farming. Today, in many places, laws limit the amount of deforestation.
WORD FAMILY
deforest: deforestation, deforested, deforesting+/disforest: disforestation, disforested, disforesting/ forest: deforest, disforest, forested, forester, foresting, forestry, forests, reforest/forested: unforested/forester: foresters/reforest: reforestation, reforested, reforesting
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the link between plantations and deforestation was much more stark in Malaysian Borneo, Gaveau said.
Reuters(Dec 20, 2016)
“This is a big impact on deforestation,” he said.
Reuters(Dec 16, 2016)
Roads may introduce many problems to nature, including deforestation, pollution and risks to wildlife.
BBC(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 采伐森林，森林开伐
分布：森林开伐(60%)，滥伐森林(40%)
【记】deforest（v 滥伐森林；de去掉，forest森林）
US [-ˌfɔ:r-] noun uncountable
■the cutting down of trees in a large area; the destruction of forests by people 大面积砍伐森林；人为毁林
• Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest. 滥伐森林毁掉了大面积的热带雨林。

Word: en
Front: en
[en] (-/9798)
Back: n. N字，半方
prep. <法>在，在…中
分布：作为(39%)，半方(29%)，一起(25%)，在 ... 中(7%)

Word: upwards
Front: upwards
[ˈʌpwədz] (四六 10989/4086 -K2)
Back: adv. 向上地，上升地; 在上面，向上头
分布：向上地(68%)，以上(16%)，往上(16%)
US [-wɚdz/ (US usually upward)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■towards a higher position, level or value 向上地
• She turned her face upwards to the midday sun. 她抬头面向正午的太阳。
• The cost of completion has been revised upwards again due to inflation. 由于通货膨胀，完工的费用再次调高。
Opposite downwards
adv. 向上；在上部；向上游
 - up, zenithward

Word: plaintiff
Front: plaintiff
[ˈpleɪntɪf] (托宝 4939/2277 -1)
Vocabulary: plaintiff
(once / 1441 pages)
n
In a courtroom, the plaintiff is the person or group who is accusing another person or group of some wrongdoing. If you’re the plaintiff, you are claiming that a law was broken, and you’re in court to present your case.
The plaintiff accuses, the defendant tries to prove that accusation wrong. You’ve seen this relationship on television shows about lawyers, or maybe you’ve been to court yourself. The Old French root word translates as “complain” and the Latin root is literally “beating of the breast,” or explaining your grief in a dramatic way. Plaintiff shares roots with the adjective plaintive, which describes a sorrowful sound. The plaintiff made a plaintive cry when the defendant was declared not guilty.
WORD FAMILY
plaintiff: plaintiffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The salon changed hands a fourth time after the women filed their lawsuit in 2015 and the new people in charge fired the fourth plaintiff.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Attorney David Lane, who represented the 14 plaintiffs, says the settlement was reached Thursday.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
"Plaintiff will suffer immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage" unless the infringements are stopped, according to the complaint filed in the U.S.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <律>原告
分布：原告(100%)
→来自plaint,起诉，诉讼，-iff,形容词后缀，对应-ive.后词性由形容词变为名词，引申词义原告，起诉人。
原告(plaint+iff表名词,如：tariff关税)[plaint=complain,表示"抱怨"]
【记】源于：plaintive（adj 悲哀的；哀伤的），该词源于plaint（n 抱怨）plaint，iff：抱怨的一方－原告
US [-tˌɪf] legal
noun countable
■someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court 原告，起诉人 Compare defendant
n. 原告
 - claimant, demandant

Word: cave
Front: cave
[keɪv] (高研四六雅 3562/4161 -3)
Vocabulary: cave
(once / 179 pages)
nv
A cave is hollow space underground that's big enough for a person to walk or crawl into. People who explore caves often wear battery-powered headlamps.
You might see a small cafe in the side of a cliff as you hike up a mountain, or swim into an underwater cave when you go snorkeling. In either case, a cave is a deep, carved-out chamber that opens above ground — or in the water. People who regularly explore caves are called spelunkers, or cavers. The Latin root word is cavea, "hollow."
WORD FAMILY
cave: caved, caves, caving
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He caves on judges,” he said at the time.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The caves that the cadres used as hide-outs from Japanese bombers still exist, buried into the bleak hills like black eyes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There will be extensive opportunities for public hearings and for review by the governor and attorney general, Cave said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 洞穴; 〈方〉地窖
vt. & vi. （使）塌陷，倒塌; 暗中破坏
vi. 屈服
时态：caved, caving, caves
分布：洞穴(51%)，山洞(40%)，屈服(4%)，塌落(4%)，挖空(1%)
→来自keue, 膨胀，拱，堆积，词源同accumulate, cumulative.即拱起来的小空间，后指洞穴。
洞穴[cav=hole,表示"洞"]
n.洞,穴The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large hole in the side of a hill, cliff or mountain, or one that is underground 洞穴；山洞；地洞
[keɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cave in
FALL
■If a ceiling, roof or other structure caves in, it breaks and falls into the space below 塌陷；坍塌；塌方
• Because of the explosion, the roof of the building caved in, trapping several people. 由于发生爆炸，建筑物的顶部坍塌，几个人被困在里面。
AGREE informal
■to agree to something that you were against before, after someone has persuaded you or threatened you 让步；屈服；妥协
• At first, they refused to sign the agreement, but they caved in when they heard another firm was being approached. 起先，他们不肯在协议上签字，但听说我们正跟另一家公司接洽就答应了。
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
vi. 凹陷，塌落；投降
 - yield, pit
n. [地质] 洞穴，窑洞
 - hole, grottos

Word: sunny
Front: sunny
[ˈsʌni] (中高 4866/5585 -2)
Back: adj. 和煦的：照到阳光的; 快活的，性情开朗亲切的
级别：sunnier, sunniest
分布：明媚的(40%)，晴朗的(34%)，阳光充足的(16%)，快活的(10%)
adjective
BRIGHT 明亮的
 ADVANCED
■bright because of light from the sun 阳光明媚的，阳光普照的
• We're having the party in the garden, so I'm praying it'll be sunny. 我们要在花园里举行聚会，所以我正祈祷那天会阳光明媚。
['sʌn.i] adjective
HAPPY 快乐的
■describes someone who is usually happy and relaxed and does not usually get worried or angry （人）乐观开朗的，快乐的，阳光的
• She has a very sunny disposition. 她性情非常开朗。
adj. 阳光充足的，和煦的；快活的；性情开朗的
 - vernal, jocund

Word: suspension
Front: suspension
[səˈspenʃn] (高六雅 5034/4354 -2)
Vocabulary: suspension
(once / 824 pages)
n
A suspension is a temporary stoppage. If you receive one in school, you temporarily can't attend classes and if the referee gives you one, you have to sit out for the rest of the game.
If there is a suspension of diplomatic relations with another country or a suspension of sales of a product, these things are stopped too. When you are suspended in mid-air, you are hanging above the earth unable to use your feet. Think of floating like this as another sense of suspension. In your car, the suspension system stops the bumps in the road from knocking you around. In science, suspension is when particles that should sink are made buoyant by another substance and float, like bubbles, off the bottom of a vessel.
WORD FAMILY
suspension: suspensions+/resuspend: resuspended/ suspend: resuspend, suspended, suspender, suspending, suspends, suspension /suspender: suspenders
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A 16th technical foul will result in an automatic one game suspension.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
The junior shooting guard was averaging 16 points per game before his suspension.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悬浮; 暂停; 悬架; 悬浮液
分布：暂停(38%)，悬挂(31%)，悬浮液(17%)，中止(14%)
→suspend,悬，挂，吊，-s,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义暂停，暂缓等。
中止;停学(suspend的名词)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
noun
STOP 停止
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when someone stops something happening, operating, etc. for a period of time 暂停，中止
• The suspension of fighting is to take effect at 6 am on Monday. 停战协定于周一早上六点生效。
• There have been calls for the drug's immediate suspension, following reports that it has dangerous side effects. 有报导指出，这种药物有危险的副作用后，人们呼吁立即停止使用该药。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a person is temporarily not allowed to work, go to school or take part in an activity, as a punishment （作为处罚）暂令停职，暂令停学，暂令停止活动
• The union is protesting about the suspension of a restaurant worker. 工会因一名饭店员工被停职而在进行着抗议。
• The footballer is likely to receive a three-match suspension following an incident in yesterday's game. 这位球员可能会因为昨天比赛中发生的事件而被禁赛三场。
[sə'spen.ʃən] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable
■equipment fixed to the wheels of a vehicle which reduces the uncomfortable effects of going over road surfaces that are not even 悬架，减震装置
[sə'spen.ʃən] noun
LIQUID 液体
countable
■a liquid in which small pieces of solid are contained, but not dissolved 悬浮液
• a suspension of fine cornflour in corn oil 悬浮在玉米油中的精制玉米粉
n. [化工] [化学] [物化] 悬浮；暂停；停职
 - hang, weighing

Word: farmland
Front: farmland
[ˈfɑ:mlænd] (8682/10117 -1)
Back: n. 农田，耕地
分布：农田(100%)
US ['fɑ:rm-] noun uncountable
■land that is used for or is suitable for farming 农田；耕地
n. [农] 农田
 - cropland

Word: bike
Front: bike
[baɪk] (中 2163/3241 -3)
Vocabulary: bike
(once / 950 pages)
nv
A bike is a pedal-powered two-wheeled vehicle. If you don't have time to walk to work, you might decide to ride your bike instead.
Bike is shorthand for a bicycle or a motorbike. A bike enthusiast might keep a bike rack on her car and a bike helmet in her trunk at all times. Bike is also a verb, so you could say: "I'll bike over to the movie theater — meet you there in fifteen minutes!" This word, as a nickname for bicycle, first appeared in American English in 1882. It came to mean "motorcycle" about 50 years later.
WORD FAMILY
bike: biked, bikes, biking
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was back on his bike within a few weeks, and running on a treadmill before long.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Years ago, I decided to move within walking or biking distance of my employer because I realized that Metro trains were not reliable.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 自行车; 摩托车; 电动自行车
vi. 骑自行车
na. “motorbicycle”的变体
时态：biked, biking, bikes
分布：自行车(79%)，骑自行车(13%)，脚踏车(5%)，摩托车(3%)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a bicycle 脚踏车，单车，自行车
• It would be better for the environment if more people used bikes rather than cars. 如果更多的人踏脚踏车，而不是开汽车，将会对环境更有益。
• My youngest child is learning to ride a bike. 我最小的孩子正在学骑脚踏车。
 IMPROVER informal
■a motorcycle 摩托车
[baɪk] noun countable
On yer bike! UK slang
■a rude way of telling someone to go away 走开！滚开！
• "Can you lend me some money?" "On yer bike, mate!" “你能借我一点钱吗？”“你这家伙，走开！”
[baɪk] verb
intransitive informal
■to go somewhere by bicycle 骑脚踏车去
• Should we bike to the park, or walk? 我们骑脚踏车去公园，还是走路去？
transitive
■to use a motorcycle to take something to someone 骑摩托车运送…
• We biked a copy over to Greg at the BBC. 我们骑着摩托车，给英国广播公司的葛列格送了一份文件。
n. 自行车；脚踏车
 - cycle, bicycle
vi. 骑自行车（或摩托车）
 - cycle

Word: dried
Front: dried
[draɪd] (4382/6033 -2)
Vocabulary: dried
(once / 310 pages)
adj
Something that's dried isn't wet anymore. Dried ink on a page can't be smudged.
The dried tears on your cheek are nothing but salty patches, and dried concrete on the sidewalk is completely solid — you can't leave a handprint in it. Some things are deliberately dried, with all moisture removed from them. Dried apricots and sun dried tomatoes, for example, are dehydrated so they become dense, sweet, and chewy. Dried has a Germanic root, dreug, which means "dry."
WORD FAMILY
dried: undried+/drier: driers/ dry: dried, drier, dries, driest, drily, dryed, dryer, dryest, drying, dryly, dryness, drys, semi-dry/dryer: dryers/dryness: drynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Some cases, of course, are cut and dried.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Makan’s crave-worthy pineapple, cucumber and basil salad brings on the funk with a dressing of fish sauce, dried shrimp and toasted coconut paste.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 干燥的，干缩的
v. 变干，把…弄干(dry的过去式和过去分词)
分布：弄干了的(67%)，动词dry的过去式和过去分词.(33%)
verb past simple and past participle of
■dry
[draɪd] adjective
■Dried food or plants have had all their liquid removed, especially in order to preserve them （食物或植物）晾干的，烘干的
• dried apricots/bananas/mushrooms 杏仁干／香蕉干／干蘑菇
• dried flowers 干花
adj. 干燥的；弄干了的
 - pulpless, drouthy

Word: considerably
Front: considerably
[kənˈsɪdərəbli] (托 4645/2741 -K)
Vocabulary: considerably
(once / 318 pages)
adv
Anything described with the word considerably happens substantially or in a major way. A considerably better job is a much better job.
A considerable amount of rain is a significant amount of rain: not just a little rain. So if something occurs considerably, it occurs to a great degree. A considerably bad day is a very bad day. A considerably wealthy person is an extremely wealthy person. A considerably dark sky is a dreary sky indeed. If you feel considerably worse than yesterday, you feel much worse. This word intensifies things. When you see considerably, you know something is being heightened.
WORD FAMILY
considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most conjure the show’s themes with techniques that considerably predate Thomas Edison.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In Washington, the year 2016 was warm, considerably warmer than normal.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The data show that the primary drivers of health-care spending vary considerably.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 相当，非常，颇
分布：非常地(38%)，相当地(37%)，颇(25%)
ADJ-GRADED
相当多的;相当大的
Considerable means great in amount or degree.
例：To be without Pearce would be a considerable blow...失去皮尔斯将是一个巨大的打击。
例：Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time...把这事做好要耗费我们相当多的时间。
adv. 相当地；非常地
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, reasonably, pretty

Word: banana
Front: banana
[bəˈnɑ:nə] (中高 4677/5663 -2)
Vocabulary: banana
(once / 946 pages)
n
A banana is a curved, yellow fruit with a thick skin and soft sweet flesh. If you eat a banana every day for breakfast, your roommate might nickname you "the monkey."
A banana is a tropical fruit that's quite popular all over the world. It grows in bunches on a banana tree. To "go bananas" is a slangy way of saying "go crazy" or act ridiculous, and if someone refers to the "top banana," they mean the most important person in a particular group. The origin of banana isn't certain, but it's thought that it was borrowed by the Spanish or Portuguese from an African word, probably the Wolof word banana.
WORD FAMILY
banana: bananas
USAGE EXAMPLES
I put a banana peel in the bag to get the roaches’ attention.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Those may include strawberries, bananas, blueberries, Greek yogurt, apples, kiwi or kale.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
At the Greenbelt Chapel — tucked in amid a Starbucks, a Banana Republic and an Urban Athletics outlet — Friday morning Mass began at 5 a.m.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 香蕉; 芭蕉属植物; 喜剧演员
→可能来自某非洲语。
n.香蕉In the canal, the Canadian analyzed the bananas.在运河里,那个加拿大人化验了香蕉.
US [-'næn.ə] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a long curved fruit with a yellow skin and soft, sweet white flesh inside 香蕉
• a bunch of bananas 一串香蕉
• banana milkshake 香蕉奶昔
n. [园艺] 香蕉；喜剧演员；大鹰钩鼻
 - pisang, comedian

Word: mildly
Front: mildly
[ˈmaɪldli] (8445/7572)
Back: adv. 和善地; 轻微地; 说得委婉些; 说得好听一点
分布：和善地(56%)，柔和地(22%)，谨慎地(22%)
→来自mile,轻微的。
adverb
■slightly 略微
• I was mildly surprised to see him here. 在这里看到他令我略感惊讶。
■in a gentle way 温和地
• "I think you've made a mistake," he said mildly. “我认为你犯了个错误。”他温和地说。
['maɪld.li] adverb
to put it mildly
■used for saying that something is much more extreme than your words suggest 保守地说；说得好听（或委婉）一点
• It has been a remarkable day, to put it mildly. 说得委婉一点，这是不寻常的一天。
adv. 温和地，和善地；适度地
 - gently, reasonably, friendly, soft

Word: fabric
Front: fabric
[ˈfæbrɪk] (研四六托雅宝 3059/2773 -3)
Vocabulary: fabric
(once / 558 pages)
1n 2n
Fabric is what something is made from, especially clothing. Silk is a common fabric, but you can also talk about "the fabric of society."
The most common use of fabric is for clothes: for example, denim is the fabric used to make jeans. All clothes are made of some type or combination of fabrics. The basic structure of a building or a vehicle can also be called fabric, and non-physical things can be represented as fabric too. Metaphorically, you could say honesty is part of the fabric of friendship, or love is part of the fabric of family. Fabric is always the foundation or essence of something.
WORD FAMILY
fabric: fabrics
USAGE EXAMPLES
At Jo-Ann Fabric, the sewing aisle, a beacon of immigrant industriousness, was humming.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I wanted to show that Jews were part of the fabric of life in the New World,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fabric of the series, after all, is the adventures of two weird blokes in London.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 织物; 布; 构造; （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地
分布：织物(82%)，结构(12%)，构造(6%)
→来自dhabh, 匹配，装配，词源同deft, forge. 用来指织物，结构。
织物[fabric=make,表示"制作"]
n.织物;织品;结构;构造;建筑物The usual fabric was timber.通常的建筑材料是木材.
noun
CLOTH 布
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a type of) cloth or woven material 布；织物
• dress fabric 裙装衣料
• seats upholstered in hard-wearing fabric 罩有耐磨布料的座椅
• cotton fabrics 棉织物
['fæb.rɪk] noun
STRUCTURE 结构
the fabric of sth
■the structure or parts especially of a social unit or a building （尤指社会或建筑物的）结构，构造
• the fabric of society 社会结构
• Unhappiness was woven into the natural fabric of people's lives. 苦恼忧愁原是人们日常生活的一部分。
• We must invest in the fabric of our hospitals and start rebuilding them. 我们必须对医院建筑进行投资并开始重建工作。
n. [纺] 织物；布；组织；构造；建筑物
 - cloth, organization, formation, construction, textile

Word: renewal
Front: renewal
[rɪˈnju:əl] (托雅 6501/5366)
Back: n. 重建，重生; 更新，革新; 重申; 合同的续订
分布：更新(81%)，恢复(10%)，革新(4%)，复苏(3%)，复活(2%)
N-SING
(活动或状态的)恢复，重新开始，复兴
If there is a renewal of an activity or a situation, it starts again.
例：They will discuss the possible renewal of diplomatic relations...他们将讨论恢复外交关系的可能性。
例：Is he really considering a renewal of hostilities at this stage?他真的在考虑在这个阶段恢复敌对状态吗？
N-VAR
(执照、合同等的)续签，延期
The renewal of a document such as a licence or a contract is an official increase in the period of time for which it remains valid.
例：His contract came up for renewal...他的合同该续签了。
例：The premium should be received in this office within fourteen days of the renewal date.保险费用需在14天的续约期内交到此办公室。
N-UNCOUNT
恢复;更新;再生;重建
Renewal of something lost, dead, or destroyed is the process of it growing again or being replaced.
例：...urban renewal and regeneration...城市改造和重建
例：Now it is spring, a time of renewal.现在是春天，万物重生的季节。
n. 更新，恢复；复兴；补充；革新； [图情] 续借；重申
 - recovery, innovation, update, restoration, reformation

Word: prior
Front: prior
[ˈpraɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2856/5045 -K3)
Vocabulary: prior
(once / 192 pages)
1adj 2n
Generally you should eat dinner prior to brushing your teeth. Use the adjective prior for things that exist earlier in time or that happen first in time or order.
This is a formal word that is often used in legal language. A prior claim is a person's right to something that is considered more important or valuable because it came first. If you're looking for a less formal synonym, choose the word previous. Prior is from a Latin word with the same spelling.
WORD FAMILY
prior: priority, priorly, priors, priorship+/prioritise: prioritising/ prioritize: prioritized, prioritizing/ priority: priorities, prioritise, prioritize /priorship: priorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 100 Americans would die in Afghanistan by the end of 2008, a larger number than in any other prior year.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Farah’s arrest was the result of a new policy enacted a few years prior.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 优先的; 占先的; 在…之前
n. 小修道院院长，大修道院的副院长; （隐修院）会长; [史]行政长官; 普赖尔
adv. 在前; 居先
分布：优先的(31%)，在前的(23%)，更重要的(17%)，在前(17%)，居先(12%)
→来自拉丁语prior,先前的，领先的，来自古拉丁语pri,在前，先于，来自per,向前，词源同ford,first.-or,比较级后缀。后用于小隐修院院长尊称。
a.优先的,在前的;(to)在...之前I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
EARLIER 早些的
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time 在先的，在前的；居先的
• The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. 这门课不要求先前学过西班牙语。
• They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned for that time). 因为事先另有约会，他们只好拒绝了吃饭的邀请。
prior to sth
■before a particular time or event 在…之前
• the weeks prior to her death 她死之前的几个星期
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
MORE IMPORTANT 更重要的 formal
■more important 更重要的；优先的
• Mothers with young children have a prior claim on funds. 抚育幼儿的母亲拥有优先获得补助的权利。
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] noun countable
■a man who is in charge of a priory or who is second in charge of an abbey 小修道院长；修道院副院长
previous, preceding, former, foregoing, prior
这组词都有“在前的”的意思，其区别是：
previous: 指时间上、顺序上较早的，或指正在谈论的某事的前一个。
preceding: 特指时间和地位上紧接在前。
former: 系latter的反义词，比prior更着重对比。
foregoing: 指前所述的，是following的反义词。
prior: 与previous同义，常可换用，但prior有时强调更大的重要性，对比意味强。
adj. [数] 优先的；在先的，在前的
 - preferred, underlying
adv. 在前，居先
 - before, antecedently

Word: vat
Vocabulary: vat
(once / 4187 pages)
n
A vat is a big container for holding liquids. If you're having a big party, your mom may get you to help cook a vat of spaghetti sauce to feed all your hungry relatives.
Here is an easy way to remember that vat has a short a sound: If you eat the whole vat, you'll probably get fat. Remember, though, that vats are not always food-related. People who make pottery, for example, keep vats of glazes in which they dip their vases and cups in order to color them. No matter what a vat contains, it's often heavy and hard to move.
WORD FAMILY
vat: vats, vatted, vatting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Men squat over indigo vats, dipping in T-shirt after T-shirt — some of them multiple times, to produce a darker, more intense shade.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There was a host brewing inside the milky vat in the very room where Theresa met her untimely end.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 05, 2016)
Bottles filled with tea from giant vats flash by, 900 per minute.
Seattle Times(Nov 28, 2016)

Word: shuffle
Front: shuffle
[ˈʃʌfl] (托宝 7789/7124 -2)
Vocabulary: shuffle
(once / 658 pages)
1vn 2vn
To shuffle is to drag your feet slowly along the ground as you walk. A kid might shuffle reluctantly off to his room only after being told five times that it's bedtime.
Shuffle also means to wiggle around, like if you shuffle uncomfortably in your seat while watching a five-hour movie. If you get lost in the shuffle, you’re lost in the crowd. Another way to use shuffle is to mean "mix up in a random way," as you do with a deck of cards before dealing a hand. Shuffle probably comes from the Low German word schuffeln, which means both "to walk clumsily" and "to deal dishonestly."
WORD FAMILY
shuffle: reshuffle, shuffled, shuffler, shuffles, shuffling+/reshuffle: reshuffled, reshuffles, reshuffling/reshuffling: reshufflings/shuffler: shufflers/shuffling: shufflings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The majority of the issues that shuffled off their mortal coil were some combination of uninspired, unloved, unlucky and unfortunate, and deserved their fate.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
What if it’s so mysterious that it gets lost in the peak content shuffle?
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
When you shuffle across a carpeted floor in your stockinged feet, your body is collecting or shedding electrons and building up a charge, Hazen explains.
Time(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: vt. 洗牌; 曳脚而行; 搬移; 搁置，随手放
vi. 曳脚走; 跳曳步舞; 移动; 推诿
n. 洗牌，混乱，蒙混; 拖着脚走
时态：shuffled, shuffling, shuffles
分布：洗牌(60%)，拖着脚走(13%)，推诿(11%)，搅乱(7%)，拖曳(5%)，移来移去(2%)，搪塞(2%)
→可能来自中古英语 shovelen,拖着脚走，耷拉着脚，词源同 shove,推，-le,表反复。引申词义 洗牌，比喻义打乱次序等。
【记】读：杀父！这种行为值得犹豫，所以要拖步走和支吾其词
verb
WALK 走
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to walk by pulling your feet slowly along the ground rather than lifting them 拖着脚走，曳足而行
• I love shuffling through the fallen leaves. 我喜欢在落叶上曳足而行。
• He shuffled into the kitchen, leaning on his walking stick. 他拄着手杖拖着脚走进厨房。
• Don't shuffle your feet like that! Lift them properly. 不要那样拖着脚走路！把脚抬起来。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to move your feet or bottom around, while staying in the same place, especially because you are uncomfortable, nervous or embarrassed （因不适、紧张或尴尬而）坐立不安，把脚动来动去
• The woman in front of me kept shuffling around in her seat all the way through the performance. 演出期间，我前面的那个女人在座位上不停地动来动去。
• When I asked him where he'd been, he just looked at the ground and shuffled his feet. 我问他去了甚么地方时，他只是看着地面，不停地摆动双脚。
['ʃʌf.l] verb
MOVE AROUND 来回移动
transitive
■to move similar things from one position or place to another, often to give an appearance of activity when nothing useful is being done 把…搬来搬去；把…移来移去
• She shuffled her papers nervously on her desk. 她紧张地把桌上的文件移来移去。
• Many prisoners have to be shuffled around police stations because of prison overcrowding. 因为监狱过分拥挤，许多囚犯只得在警察局之间来回移转。
['ʃʌf.l] verb
MIX CARDS 洗牌
intransitive or transitive
■to mix a set of playing cards without seeing their values before beginning a game, so that their order is not known to any of the players 洗（牌）
• It's your turn to shuffle the cards. 该你洗牌了。
['ʃʌf.l] verb
shuffle off this mortal coil humorous
■to die 牺牲生命，捐躯
• My children can't wait for me to shuffle off this mortal coil so they can get their hands on their inheritance. 我的孩子不能等到我死后再取得遗产。
['ʃʌf.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shuffle sth off literary
■to get rid of something unwanted, usually by giving it to someone else 摆脱；推开（不想要的东西，通常透过将之给予别人）
• Not until this turbulent region can shuffle off the burdens of the past will it be able to settle peacefully into the community of nations. 只有在这个动荡地区卸下其历史重担之后，它才能和平地建立一个民族共同体。
• The local authority may then try to shuffle these responsibilities off onto another authority. 然后这个当地部门可能想将这些责任推给另一个部门。
['ʃʌf.l] noun
MOVE AROUND 来回移动
countable
■when things are moved around from one position to another 变换位置；移动
• She gave her papers a quick shuffle. 她迅速地把档挪了一下位置。
countable mainly US * a reshuffle
['ʃʌf.l] noun
MIX CARDS 洗牌
countable
■when you mix a set of playing cards before giving them out 洗牌；洗纸牌
• Make sure you give the cards a good shuffle before you deal. 发牌前一定要好好洗洗牌。
['ʃʌf.l] noun
WALK 走
only singular
■when you walk by pulling your feet slowly along the ground rather than lifting them 拖着脚走，曳足而行
• He's got arthritis and walks with a shuffle. 他得了关节炎，走路时拖着脚。
v. 洗牌；推诿，推卸；拖曳，慢吞吞地走；搅乱
 - shift off
n. 洗牌，洗纸牌；混乱，蒙混；拖着脚走
 - chaos, disorder, confusion, involvement, mix

Word: revere
Front: revere
[rɪˈvɪə(r)] (托宝 10655/33943 -1)
Vocabulary: revere
(once / 167 pages)
1v 2n
Revere means that to respect someone so deeply that you almost worship them. Despite the size of the American military, the American people revere peacemakers like Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi. Rock stars are revered by throngs of devoted fans.
Revere is related to the words reverence ("to hold something in worshipful awe") and its opposite — irreverent. Reverence for the irreverent is actually possible. Howard Stern humor is often vulgar and absurdly irreverent yet his legions of fans and even some media analysts revere him and his ability to maintain a loyal audience. Revere is the perfect word when respect is not strong enough but worship seems a little too religious-sounding.
WORD FAMILY
revere: revered, reverent, reveres, revering+/ irreverence: irreverences/ irreverent: irreverence, irreverently/ reverence: reverenced, reverences, reverencing, reverential / reverent: irreverent, reverence, reverenter, reverently / reverential: reverentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a revered coach on a reservation where hoops are a cousin to religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Both offer snapshots in time for two revered musicians, and both toy with facts to upend biopic conventions.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
We discussed at length the British and Italian choral traditions – he is very knowledgeable about the English choral tradition and reveres it greatly.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 崇敬; 尊崇; 敬畏
时态：revered, revering, reveres
分布：尊敬(44%)，崇敬(29%)，敬畏(27%)
→来自拉丁语 revereri,敬畏，恐惧，尊敬，来自 re-,表强调，vereri,恐惧，尊敬，来自 were, 感知，注视，词源同 ware,aware.
尊敬[rever=awe(敬畏)]
【记】源于：Revere里维尔，保罗（1735-1818），他是美国革命英雄。在1775年4月18日，他做了一次骑马旅行以警告英军在马萨诸塞州的推进，该行动被朗非罗称颂于一首诗中，用他的名字来表示尊敬。
【反】jape at（嘲笑）；jeer（v 嘲弄）；jibe（v 嘲笑）；taunt（v 嘲弄）；profane（v 亵渎）；disparage（v 蔑视；贬损）；despise（v 轻视）
US [-'vɪr] formal
verb transitive
■to very much respect and admire someone or something 尊敬；崇敬
• Nelson Mandela is revered for his brave fight against apartheid. 纳尔逊．曼德拉与种族隔离制度进行了无畏斗争，赢得了世人的崇敬。
vt. 敬畏；尊敬；崇敬
 - honor, fear, regard, worship

Word: amateur
Front: amateur
[ˈæmətə(r)] (高研六托雅宝 5795/5030 -3)
Vocabulary: amateur
(once / 451 pages)
nadj
An amateur is a person who does something for enjoyment, not money, like an amateur who paints as a hobby but earns a living another way.
The adjective amateur often describes a pastime, like an amateur sports league that people join to get exercise and socialize together. Or it can have a negative meaning and describe something that's poorly done. If your guests leave your dinner table and stop for fast food on the way home, you may be ashamed of your amateur cooking skills. Amateur originated as a French word, meaning "lover of," not "expert."
WORD FAMILY
amateur: amateurish, amateurism, amateurly, amateurs+/ amateurish: amateurishly, amateurishness/amateurism: amateurisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
In futuring circles, paradoxically, this is the mark of an amateur.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Players were plentiful enough in the ranks for the battalion to enter five teams in amateur competition.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But as questions arise about the Iraqi military's treatment of detainees and the bodies of dead fighters, amateur images may become evidence.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 业余爱好者; 外行，生手
adj. 业余的，非职业的; 外行的
分布：业余爱好者(67%)，外行(33%)
→词根am, 爱，原指爱好，后带有贬义。
a. & n.业余(水平)的(运动员,艺术家等)Last summer the drummer became an amateur dramatist dramatically.去年夏天,鼓手戏剧性地变成了业余剧作家.
US [-tˌʃɚ] adjective
 ADVANCED
■taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job 业余爱好的，非职业的
• an amateur astronomer/boxer/historian 业余天文爱好者／拳击手／历史爱好者
• He was an amateur singer until the age of 40, when he turned professional. 40岁之前他一直是个业余歌手，之后才转为职业歌手。
Compare professional
 ADVANCED
■relating to an activity, especially a sport, where the people taking part do not receive money 业余的；（尤指）业余体育运动的
• amateur athletics 业余运动员
UK ['æm.ə.tər] US [-tˌʃɚ] noun countable
■a person who takes part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job 业余爱好者；业余运动员
• This tennis tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals. 这次网球锦标赛业余运动员和职业运动员都可以参加。
Compare professional disapproving
■someone who does not have much skill in what they do 外行；粗通（某一行）的人
• I won't be giving them any more work - they're a bunch of amateurs. 我有工作也不再给他们做了，简直就是一帮外行。
n. 爱好者；业余爱好者；外行
 - lover, fan
adj. 业余的；外行的
 - strange, leisure, lay

Word: silk
Front: silk
[sɪlk] (中高 3969/3130 -K2)
Vocabulary: silk
(once / 133 pages)
n
Silk is a very smooth, light fabric that's usually made of fibers from silkworm cocoons. Your sister might decide to wear a white dress made of silk to her wedding.
Silk is often an expensive kind of fabric from which fancy curtains and upholstery are made, as well as clothing. Things made of silk are soft and satiny, and they usually have an almost glossy sheen. The word silk has an Old English root, sioloc, from Sēres, the Greek word for people from the region in Asia where silk was first made.
WORD FAMILY
silk: silken, silklike, silks, silky +/silken: silkenly/ silky: silkier, silkiest, silkily, silkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The higher-end options — linen, silk, llama, alpaca — hang in a narrow section along the back wall.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Silk says the victim responded by joking with him with a knife.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
At night, they will be worn with black silk wrap tops, and during the day they will be worn with silver wrap tops like this:
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 丝，蚕丝; 丝绸，丝织物; （用于缝纫的）丝线; 王室法律顾问
vi. （玉米）处于长须的阶段中
adj. 丝的; 丝绸的; 丝制的
分布：丝(65%)，丝绸(29%)，丝的(3%)，丝绸衣服(2%)，丝织品(1%)
→来自古英语 sioloc,丝，丝织品，来自拉丁语 sericum,丝，来自 Sericus,丝，来自希腊语 Serikos, 丝织品，来自 Seres 国的物品，来自 Seres,古希腊时期的某东方国家，通常认为是指中国， 可能来自古汉语丝。比较 mare,母马，可能来自古汉语马。
n.丝,绸The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
noun
CLOTH 织物
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a delicate, soft type of cloth made from a thread produced by silkworms , or the thread itself 丝绸；丝线
• a silk dress 丝绸连衣裙
• a silk shirt 丝绸衬衫
silks [plural]
■the brightly coloured shirts worn by jockeys (= people who ride horses in a race) （骑手在赛马时穿的）彩色丝绸赛马服
[sɪlk] noun
LAWYER 律师
countable UK specialized
■a high-ranking lawyer in the British legal system; a QC 王室律师
[sɪlk] noun
take silk UK specialized
■to become a QC 成为王室律师
[sɪlk] noun
You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. saying
■used to mean that you can't make something good out of something that is naturally bad 劣材难成器；朽木不可雕也
n. 丝绸； [纺] 蚕丝；丝织物
 - seda
adj. 丝的；丝绸的；丝制的
 - filar, sericeous

Word: throne
Front: throne
[θrəʊn] (研四六宝 7253/4691 -2)
Vocabulary: throne
(once / 124 pages)
1nv 2n
The oversized, bejeweled chair on which a king or queen sits is called a throne.
Monarchs — kings and queens — sit on thrones on special ceremonial occasions, and so do religious figures such as bishops and popes. You can also describe the act of naming a new monarch this way: "Queen Elizabeth II of England was throned in 1952." The word throne has its root in the Greek thronos, "chair or elevated seat." In ancient Greek mythology, Zeus was said to sit on a special heavenly seat, the Dios thronous.
WORD FAMILY
throne: dethrone, enthrone, throned, thrones, throning+/dethrone: dethroned, dethronement, dethrones, dethroning/dethronement: dethronements/enthrone: enthroned, enthronement, enthrones, enthroning, enthronisation, enthronization/enthronement: enthronements
USAGE EXAMPLES
In entertainment news, “Game of Thrones” once again wins the coveted Emmy Award for Drama Series With the Most Naked People.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
With the outbreak of war in 1914 there was hysteria about "dark forces around the throne".
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Obama and his wife are also fans of cable dramas like “Boardwalk Empire,” “Game of Thrones” and “Breaking Bad.”
New York Times(Jul 02, 2016)
Back: n. 宝座; 御座; 王位; 王权
vi. 登上王座
vt. 使即王位，使登基
时态：throned, throning, thrones
分布：王位(92%)，君主(8%)
→来自希腊语 thronos,座位，王座，来自 dher,固定，稳固，词源同 firm,tree,endure.比喻用 法。
n.御座,宝座;王位,王权Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
US [θroʊn] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the special chair used by a ruler, especially a king or queen 王座；王位
the throne
 ADVANCED
■the state of being a ruler 王位；王权；君权
• Elizabeth II ascended/came to the throne (= became queen of Britain) when her father died. 伊丽莎白二世在她父亲逝世后登上王位。
• Queen Victoria was on the throne (= was queen) at that time. 那时维多利亚女王在位。
• Charles is next in line to the throne (= will become king next). 查理斯将继承王位。
n. 王座；君主；王权
 - emperor, crown, sovereignty

Word: auto
Front: auto
[ˈɔ:təʊ] (研四 3134/11945 -3)
Vocabulary: auto
(once / 423 pages)
n
An auto is a car. If you drive your auto too fast, you might get a speeding ticket.
The word auto is an informal, shortened form of automobile. You're most likely to hear the word auto when someone's talking about insurance, auto parts, or the auto industry. Automobile was originally a French word, formed from the Greek autos, or "self," and the French mobile, "moving."
WORD FAMILY
auto: autos
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a series of auto races, car shows and related events.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Expected strong December auto sales may paint two portraits of the industry.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <美>汽车
vi. 乘汽车
分布：汽车(96%)，乘汽车(2%)，自动的(2%)
n.(automobile)(口语)汽车What brand is your new auto?你的新轿车是什么牌子的?
US ['ɑ:.tˌoʊ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■relating to cars 汽车的
• auto insurance/mechanics/engineers 汽车保险／修理工人／工程师
• the auto industry/market/business 汽车工业／市场／行业
UK ['ɔ:.təʊ] US ['ɑ:.tˌoʊ] noun countable (plural autos) US old-fashioned
■a car 汽车
n. 汽车（等于automobile）；自动
 - car, motor
vi. 乘汽车
 - motor

Word: rod
Front: rod
[rɒd] (研四六托 4575/3674 -2)
Vocabulary: rod
(once / 259 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
A rod is a bar or a stick, like the curtain rods in your windows or the steel rods inside the structure of a building that help make it sturdy.
A rod can be a staff, like a walking stick, or a metal bar used in construction projects. In tarot card decks, rods are are a suit that's also known as "wands" or "batons." You fish with a rod too, a long flexible pole. Most parents today disagree with the old-fashioned saying, "Spare the rod and spoil the child," which basically means "your kid will be spoiled if you don't hit them with a stick now and then."
WORD FAMILY
rod: rodlike, rods
USAGE EXAMPLES
A motor causes the thin, upright metal rods of Mike Shaffer’s “Ocean Motion” to jiggle and sway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In the meantime, a steel rod was drilled through Brubaker’s tibia.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Rod Lucas, a deputy in Fresno County, California, was accidentally shot and killed by a fellow officer in October.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 杆，拉杆; 惩罚，体罚; （责打人用的）棍棒; 手枪
分布：杆(83%)，竿(15%)，棍棒(2%)
→来自古英语 rodd,杆，竿，棒，词源不详，可能同 rood.
n.杆,棒The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
US [rɑ:d] noun countable
■a long thin pole made of wood or metal 竿，杆，棒
• He was given a fishing rod for his birthday. 别人送给他一根钓鱼竿作为生日礼物。
• The concrete is strengthened with steel rods. 混凝土内加入钢筋变得更加牢固。
UK [rɒd] US [rɑ:d] noun countable
make a rod for your own back UK
■If you make a rod for your own back, you act in a way which creates more problems for yourself in the future 自讨苦吃；自找麻烦；惹火烧身
• By giving in to the terrorists' demands, the government will simply be making a rod for its own back. 政府要是屈从于恐怖分子的要求就只会惹火烧身。
n. 棒；惩罚；枝条；权力
 - punishment, authority, payment, bar, discipline

Word: monument
Front: monument
[ˈmɒnjumənt] (高研四六托 4066/4736 -2)
Vocabulary: monument
(once / 224 pages)
n
A monument is a statue or other sculpture meant to honor a great person, like the Lincoln Monument or Washington Monument.
You can find monuments in the downtown area of most cities. Many honor a specific person, while other are dedicated to soldiers who fought in a certain war, such as Vietnam or World War I. Cemeteries are also full of monuments, and monument can mean a type of burial vault. Whenever people create a monument, they're trying to make sure that a person or event is remembered.
WORD FAMILY
monument: monumental, monuments+/ monumental: monumentalest, monumentalise, monumentalize, monumentally/monumentalize: monumentalized, monumentalizes, monumentalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether Mr. Obama’s latest monuments will survive is also in question.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s not like preserving a building or a battlefield — there were some 300 of these monuments originally set in place, each separated by a mile.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Christy said the monument designation and restrictions on its land raise the bar on fully developing resources on the trust’s parcels.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪念碑; 遗迹; 遗址; 丰碑
分布：纪念碑(96%)，历史遗迹(3%)，不朽作品(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，提醒，记忆，词源同admonish,monitor,mind.-ment,名词后缀。引申词义纪念碑。
纪念碑(monu警告,提醒+ment→提醒的东西→纪念碑)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
n.纪念碑,纪念馆,遗迹,不朽的业绩This monument was erected in honor of the martyrs.这座纪念碑是为烈士们而建立的.
US ['mɑ:n-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a statue or building that is built to honour a special person or event 纪念碑；纪念馆
• In the square in front of the hotel stands a monument to all the people killed in the war. 在那家饭店前的广场上矗立着纪念所有战争死难者的纪念碑。
ancient/historic monument
■an old building or place which is an important part of a country's history 历史遗迹，遗址，名胜古迹
• Parts of the Berlin wall are being allowed to stand as historic monuments. 当局允许把柏林围墙的一部分保留下来，作为历史遗迹。
UK ['mɒn.jʊ.mənt] US ['mɑ:n-] noun countable
be a monument to sth
■to be an important and permanent result of an action or characteristic 是…的丰碑；是…的不朽成果
• The annual arts festival is a monument to her vision and hard work. 一年一度的艺术节展示了她的广阔视野和勤奋创作的成果。
• Protesters have called the building a monument to corporate greed. 抗议者称这座大楼是企业贪婪的永久见证。
n. 纪念碑；历史遗迹；不朽的作品
 - memorial, cenotaph

Word: galaxy
Front: galaxy
[ˈgæləksi] (研六托雅宝 3016/5864 -2)
Vocabulary: galaxy
(once / 1338 pages)
1n 2n
A galaxy is a collection of stars and planets that are held together by gravity. In a galaxy, the celestial bodies rotate around a central object.
The Earth's galaxy is known as the Milky Way. Our solar system, made up of the Sun and the planets that encircle it, is a tiny part of that galaxy. A galaxy can also refer to a gathering of a lot of sparkly people –– like celebrities or sports stars. What gravity holds this galaxy together? Usually cameras.
WORD FAMILY
galaxy: galactic, galaxies+/ galactic: galactically, intergalactic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Finding it would solve one of science’s most baffling mysteries and explain why galaxies are not ripped apart by stars flying off into deep space.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 星系; 银河系; 一群显赫的（出色的）人物
分布：星系(60%)，银河(39%)，一群杰出的人(1%)
→来自glakt, 挤奶，牛奶，词源同lactation, coffee latte. 因银河远望如同喷洒的牛奶而得名。
欢蹦 ,跳跃(用腿蹦跳)[galax=milk(乳)]
n.星系;(theGalaxy)银河(系);一群显赫的人The slim Muslim reached his climax when he found the axis of the galaxy.苗条的穆斯林在发现银河的轴线时达到了(人生的)顶点.
【记】gala＝milk牛奶，milky way＝银河系以xy结尾的只有4个单词，xy表示交织在一起，象坐标线一样，银河系也象星星交织在一起。参：neodoxy（n 新学说；新见解）；orthodoxy（adj 正统的）；heterodoxy（n 非正统；异说）
【参】galactic（adj 极大的；银河的）；galactagogue（n 催奶剂）
noun
countable
■one of the independent groups of stars in the universe 星系
countable
■a meeting of rich and famous people 一群富有的名人；众星云集
• Present tonight at the long-awaited opening of this film are a whole galaxy of stars from the acting and musical professions. 人们期待已久的电影首映礼今晚举行，一大批影星歌星前来捧场。
the Galaxy (also the Milky Way)
■the very large group of stars that contains the solar system (= the sun and all the planets, including Earth, that go round it) 银河系，银河
n. 银河； [天] 星系；银河系；一群显赫的人
 - the Milky Way

Word: speculator
Front: speculator
[ˈspekjuleɪtə(r)] (14788/12049)
Vocabulary: speculator
(once / 1639 pages)
n
A speculator is someone who takes a chance on losing a lot of money when there's a prospect of making even more money. A speculator might, for example, invest in a risky stock in the hopes she can sell it eventually at a profit.
In a way, everyone who invests in the financial market is a bit of a speculator — the possibility of losing money is always there, as is a chance (and hope) of making money. Gamblers are speculators too, hoping to win big but vulnerable to losing everything on a poker game. Less commonly, a speculator is simply someone who speculates, or guesses without enough information. The financial meaning dates from the 18th century.
WORD FAMILY
speculator: speculators+/ speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator / speculation: speculations/ speculative: speculatively, speculativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her mother, the former Edith G. Cash, a homemaker, was the daughter of a Republican land speculator.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"But the rebalancing process is still in its infancy and speculators want to position for that," he added.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
“But there’s a disconnect between the urban fabric and culture of the neighborhood and what speculators want to do,” he continued.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 投机倒把者，投机商人; 思辨者，思索者; 〈美〉垄断收买（戏票）的人
分布：投机者(88%)，投机商人(8%)，思索家(4%)
→speculate,推测，猜测，投机，-or,人。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person who buys goods, property, money, etc. in the hope of selling them at a profit 投机商，投机者
n. 投机者；思索者
 - lame duck, venturer

Word: afternoon
Front: afternoon
[ˌɑ:ftəˈnu:n] (中高 1191/1118 -K4)
Vocabulary: afternoon
(once / 58 pages)
1n 2n
The afternoon is the time of day that starts mid-day and ends in the evening. If you have an afternoon appointment, it's probably some time between 12:00 and 5:00 p.m.
It's pretty much agreed that the afternoon begins after noon, or 12:00 p.m., but when the afternoon ends and evening begins is a bit more vague. Still, if you ask a friend to meet you for coffee in the afternoon, she will know what you mean. You can even use the word afternoon as a casual greeting, short for "Good afternoon!" In Middle English, the word was aftermete, meaning "after the noon meal."
WORD FAMILY
afternoon: afternoons, midafternoon
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday afternoon, emergency workers found the remains of a third person.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 11,000 customers were without power as of Monday afternoon in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi because of the storm, utility companies reported.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 下午; 后期，后部
分布：下午(100%)
n.下午,午后A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
US [ˌæf.tɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the period which starts at about twelve o'clock or after the meal in the middle of the day and ends at about six o'clock or when the sun goes down 下午，午后
• It was a sunny afternoon. 那是一个阳光明媚的下午。
• She works three afternoons a week at the library. 她每周在图书馆工作三个下午。
• It was on a Saturday afternoon. 那是在一个星期六的下午。
• My baby usually sleeps in the afternoons. 我的宝宝通常在下午睡觉。
• Let's go to the park this afternoon. 我们今天下午去公园吧。
• I spoke to her yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午跟她说过话。
• I'll meet you tomorrow afternoon at about 3.30. 我将在明天下午三点半左右和你见面。
• She's coming round on Wednesday afternoon. 她将在周三下午到这里来。
• He's been in a bad mood all afternoon. 他整个下午心情都不好。
• She likes to have an afternoon nap. 她喜欢在下午小睡一会儿。
• We got an early-/mid-/late-afternoon flight. 我们乘坐下午一两／三四／五六点钟的飞机。
n. 午后，下午
 - post meridian, arvo

Word: surgeon
Front: surgeon
[ˈsɜ:dʒən] (高研四六托雅宝 3413/3940 -2)
Vocabulary: surgeon
(once / 275 pages)
n
A surgeon is a kind of doctor who treats his patients by using his hands, often by performing surgery. If you're comfortable slicing into a person's body to remove an appendix, then you might make a decent surgeon.
The word surgeon comes from the Greek kheirourgos, which is a fancy way of saying "done by the hand." Whereas a doctor-at-large might treat his patients by chatting with them, asking questions, and prescribing medications, a surgeon's work is much more hands-on, you might say. A surgeon specializes in cutting open the body, usually to heal his patients.
WORD FAMILY
surgeon: surgeons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Specialist surgeons flew from Hanoi to assist at the operation in Thai Nguyen Province in the north of the country.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Nebraska law prohibits surgeons from delegating to an unlicensed person.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 外科医生; [军]军医
分布：外科医生(100%)
→来自古法语 surgien,给病人做手术的人，来自 cirurgie,手术，来自拉丁语 chirurgia,手术，来 自 chiro-,手，词源同 chirography,chiropractic,-urg,工作，做工，词源同 organ,synergy.
n.外科医生At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
US ['sɝ:-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operations 外科医生
dentist, surgeon, physician, doctor
这组词都有“医生”的意思，其区别是：
dentist: 指专门从事治牙的医生。
surgeon: 指专修外科或专修人体某个部分的外科专科医生，这种医生一般需对患者进行手术治疗。
physician: 指医院的内科医生。
doctor: 普通用词，泛指各科医生，即一切有行医资格的人。
n. 外科医生
 - sawbones, chirurgeon

Word: envy
Front: envy
[ˈenvi] (高研四六雅 8491/8468 -2)
Vocabulary: envy
(once / 193 pages)
nv
Wanting what someone else has and resenting them for having it is envy. If your best friend comes to school with the silver backpack you’d had your eye on all summer, you want to be happy for her, instead you feel bitter envy.
Envy comes from the Latin word invidere, which literally means “look upon.” You know when you say something funny or smart and someone gives you the evil eye? Envy all the way. Envy can be used as a noun or as a verb: Envy (noun) is the feeling you have when you envy (verb) what someone else has.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
envy / jealousy
It's no fun to feel envy or jealousy because both make you feel inadequate. Envy is when you want what someone else has, but jealousy is when you're worried someone's trying to take what you have. If you want your neighbor's new convertible, you feel envy. If she takes your husband for a ride, you feel jealousy.
Envy requires two parties, like you and that neighbor, when you want her new car and you wish you were the one riding around with the top down. You feel envy when you want something someone else has:
Tall and lean, he is wearing blue jeans, tennis shoes, a dark blazer and red tie with hair every sports anchor would envy. (Chicago Tribune)
"There be many, Judith," said he, "who might envy you your health and good spirits." (William Black)
Jealousy requires three parties, like you, your neighbor, and your husband, when not only do you wish you had that cool car, but you're worried your husband is going to ride off into the sunset in it without you. Jealousy is exciting because it shows up in lovers' triangles and Shakespeare's plays:
In Shakespeare, Othello is doomed by jealousy, Lear by pride. (Slate)
The peasant, mad with jealousy, ended by driving an awl into his chest. (Fyodor Dostoyevsky)
Professional jealousy, tortured artist blues, Spinal Tap-ish excess and other clichés abound, but nobody seems to notice. (The Guardian)
You can feel envy about something you don't have but want, but you feel jealousy over something you already have but are afraid of losing, like that husband who's always hanging out next door.
WORD FAMILY
envy: enviable, envied, envies, envious, envying+/ enviable: enviably, unenviable/ envious: enviously, enviousness/unenviable: unenviably
USAGE EXAMPLES
His father would pick him up from school in that car, and he was the envy of all the other children.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
His father would pick him up from school in that car, and he was the envy of all the kids.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It is not just first novelists who will envy Greenwell’s achievement.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 嫉妒，妒忌; 羡慕
vi. 感到妒忌; 显示出妒忌
时态：envied, envying, envies
分布：羡慕(78%)，妒忌(22%)
→来自拉丁语invidia, 来自词根vid, 看，词源同video,visage. 词义贬义化，指不怀好意的看。
毒剂(en+vy[=vid]看到[别人]→妒忌)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v./n.羡慕,忌妒How I envy you!我好羡慕你!
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to wish that you had something that another person has 羡慕；忌妒
• I envy her ability to talk to people she's never met before. 她与人初次见面就能侃侃而谈，这真让我羡慕。
• [+ two objects] I don't envy you the job of cooking for all those people. 为所有那些人做饭，你这种工作我一点都不羡慕。
['en.vi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has 羡慕；忌妒
• I watched with envy as she set off for the airport. 看着她动身去机场，我心中好生羡慕。
Compare jealousy
be the envy of sb
■to be liked and wanted by a lot of people 是令（某人）羡慕（或嫉妒）的对象
• Her hair is the envy of the office. 她的一头秀发令同办公室的人好生羡慕。
jealousy, envy
这组词都有“妒忌”的意思，其区别是：
jealousy: 强调对别人占有的东西恼恨不满。
envy: 侧重指因别人获得了自己本想获得的东西或成就而产生妒忌。
n. 嫉妒，妒忌；羡慕
 - jealousy, green-eyed monster
vt. 嫉妒，妒忌；羡慕
 - green eyed, be jealous

Word: tanker
Front: tanker
[ˈtæŋkə(r)] (高研六 9275/8021 -2)
Back: n. 油罐车; 油轮; 一辆坦克乘员中的一名
分布：油轮(82%)，罐车(17%)，加油飞机(1%)
→来自 tank,水箱。比喻用法。
n.油船The tanker took on 200,000 barrels of crude oil.油轮装载了二十万桶原油.
US [-kɚ] noun countable
■a ship or vehicle which is built to carry liquid or gas 油船；槽车
• an oil tanker 油轮

Word: portable
Front: portable
[ˈpɔ:təbl] (高研四六托雅宝 5441/6014 -2)
Vocabulary: portable
(once / 1518 pages)
adjn
If something's portable, you can easily take it with you . You may carry your portable computer with you from class to class because it's small, light, and fits easily in your backpack.
First appearing around 1400, portable stems from the Latin word portare, meaning "to carry." Used as an adjective, portable describes something you can carry around easily. Used as a noun, it means a smaller, easy-to-carry version of something, like a computer or television. On a trip, you might take your portable so you can watch movies in the car. Before computers became popular, you might have carried around a lightweight typewriter called a portable.
WORD FAMILY
portable: portability, portables, portably, unportable
USAGE EXAMPLES
Along with the portable scale, he brings a mortar and pestle, and metal scoops for bulk spices.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the National Fire Protection Association, 40 percent of home heating fires and 84 percent of resulting deaths involve stationary or portable space heaters.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The National Park Service also says it set up portable toilets due to long bathroom lines.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 手提的; 轻便的
n. 手提式打字机
分布：轻便的(54%)，手提式的(39%)，便携的东西(7%)
→来自拉丁语portare,携带，搬运，通过，来自per,向前，通过，词源同ford,forth.
可携带的(port+able能...的)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
a.轻便的,手提(式)的,可移动的The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
【记】port拿，运，able－能拿的－轻便的
【参】portage（n 水陆联运；搬运费）；transport（v /n 运输）
US ['pɔ:r.tˌə-] adjective
■(designed to be) light and small enough to be easily carried or moved 轻便的，便携的；手提的
• a portable radio/telephone/computer 可携式收音机／行动电话／手提电脑
adj. 手提的，便携式的；轻便的
 - luggable, hand-held

Word: transplant
Front: transplant
[trænsˈplɑ:nt] (研四六托雅 5386/8061 -2)
Vocabulary: transplant
(once / 960 pages)
vn
Use the verb transplant to describe what you do when you move a cactus into a bigger container, or what a doctor does when she places a donor organ — like a kidney or lung — into the body of a patient.
When you transplant your favorite rose bush, you carefully dig it up and re-plant it in another spot in the yard, maybe one that gets more sunlight. You can also use the word as a noun to describe the act of doing such a thing: "The liver transplant was a success." The word's origin is simple: the Latin trans, or "across," plus plantare, which means "to plant."
WORD FAMILY
transplant: transplantable, transplantation, transplanted, transplanter, transplanting, transplants+/transplantation: transplantations/transplanter: transplanters/transplanting: transplantings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It's the day Whalen received a liver transplant and a second chance at life.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In the end, her life hinged on one thing - a heart transplant.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time of his son's death, Mr Scully-Sloan was also desperately ill with liver disease and awaiting a transplant.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 移植; 移种; 移民，迁移; 移植（器官、皮肤、头发等）
n. （器官、皮肤、头发等的）移植; 移植物; 移植者
vi. 迁移; 移居; 经得起移植
时态：transplanted, transplanting, transplants
分布：移植(97%)，移植物(2%)，移居(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，plant,移植，栽种。
移植(trans+plant种→转移过去→移植)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
移植,移种(trans转移+plant→移种)[Plant=plant,表示"种植"]
n./v.移植(植物;组织,器官等);迁移;The gigantic panther in pants passed the transition period of heart transplant.穿裤子的巨大黑豹度过了心脏移植的过度期.
US [-'splænt] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move something, or to be moved, from one place or person to another 移植，移栽；（使）移居
• The plants should be grown indoors until spring, when they can be transplanted outside. 这些植物应该先种在室内，到了春天就可以移栽到外面。
• Doctors transplanted a monkey's heart into a two-year old child (= removed the child's faulty heart and put a monkey's heart in its place). 医生们给一个两岁的儿童移植了猴子的心脏。
Compare implant
UK [træn'splɑ:nt] US [-'splænt] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something is transplanted, especially an operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body （尤指器官的）移植
• a liver/kidney transplant 肝脏／肾脏移植
• transplant surgery 移植手术
• He had a heart transplant (= Doctors gave him a different, healthier heart instead of his old one). 他接受过心脏移植。
 ADVANCED countable
■something, especially a new organ, that has been transplanted 移植物；（尤指）移植器官
• His body accepted/rejected the transplant. 他的身体对移植器官没有出现／出现了排斥反应。
vt. [林] 移植；迁移；使移居
 - remove, transfer of culture
n. [林] 移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者
 - implantation, engraftment
vi. [林] 移植；迁移；移居
 - remove, move

Word: mould
Front: mould
[məʊld] (研四六雅 24169/5627 -2)
Vocabulary: mould
(once / 345 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Mould is the British spelling for "mold" — the stuff you find growing on old bread or the container you use to create your jello masterpieces.
Living mould is like “mildew,” it’s a type of fungus that grows on damp or decaying matter. Mould can also mean a “caste” used to shape a hardening liquid. In this sense mould can refer to both the container and the end product that comes out of the mould. In addition, mould is used as a verb to describe the process of making a mould. When you pour plaster into a mould to make a shape, you mould that shape.
WORD FAMILY
mould: moulded, moulding, moulds, mouldy, remould+/moulding: mouldings/mouldy: mouldier, mouldiest/remould: remoulded, remoulding, remoulds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mould agreed with that assessment, and said he was confident of a production date in the 1590s.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Another meta-fictional thriller in the mould of The Ghost Writer, this one stars Eva Green as a writer who becomes involved with an obsessive admirer.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
It's just that this guy was a way more talented politician in terms of coalescing this anger… Donald Trump broke all the moulds.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 铸模; 模型; 性格; 霉
vt. 用模子做; 形成; 陶冶，训练（人格）; 用土覆盖
时态：moulded, moulding, moulds
分布：霉菌(28%)，模子(18%)，塑造(16%)，土(13%)，模压(12%)，形状(6%)，气质(5%)，长霉(2%)
→来自mold的英式拼写形式。
n.(mold)模子,铸型v.浇铸,造型,塑造They poured the hot metal into the mould.他们把熔化了的金属倒进模子里.
US [moʊld] noun
GREEN/GREY GROWTH 灰绿色成长物
uncountable
■a soft green or grey growth which develops on old food or on objects that have been left for too long in warm wet air 霉；霉菌
• There was mould on the cheese. 这块起司发霉了。
UK (ALSO US mold) UK [məʊld] US [moʊld] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■a hollow container with a particular shape into which soft or liquid substances are poured, so that when the substance becomes hard it takes the shape of the container 模子，模具；铸模
• a cake/jelly mould 蛋糕／果冻模具
UK (ALSO US mold) UK [məʊld] US [moʊld] noun
TYPE OF PERSON 人格
only singular
■If someone is from or in a mould, they have the characteristics typical of a certain type of person （人的）性格，气质，类型
• He's cast in a very different mould from his brother. 他和他弟弟的性格截然不同。
• He's a player in the Becker mould. 他是贝克那一类型的球员。
UK (ALSO US mold) UK [məʊld] US [moʊld] verb
transitive
■to make a soft substance a particular shape 用模具制作；塑造；使成形
• This plastic is going to be moulded into plates. 这里的塑胶将被制成碟子。
• The children moulded little pots out of/from (= made them by shaping) clay. 孩子用黏土制作小罐。
transitive
■to try to change or influence someone 力图改变；对…施加影响
• He kept trying to mould me into something he wanted me to be. 他总是想把我塑造成他希望的样子。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fit the body very closely 紧贴身体
• She was wearing an extremely tight costume which moulded to/round the contours of her body. 她身穿一套非常紧身的服装，身体的线条显露无遗。
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
vi. 发霉
 - go moldy
vt. 浇铸；用泥土覆盖
 - cast, typecast
n. 模具；霉
 - mildew

Word: cram
Front: cram
[kræm] (托宝 7380/7577 -1)
Vocabulary: cram
(once / 1024 pages)
1v 2v
To cram is to crowd or stuff people or things into a limited amount of space. You might be tempted to cram your mouth full of your mom's chocolate chip cookies, especially if they just came out of the oven and are still warm and gooey.
You can cram yourself with food, or cram your books onto a shelf that's not quite big enough to hold them. A writer might cram one book with dozens of characters, or you could cram homemade pancakes with blueberries. Another way to cram is to study for a test all in one session: "I haven't studied at all yet — I'll have to stay up tonight and cram." The Old English root, crammian, means "stuff something into something else."
WORD FAMILY
cram: crammed, crammer, cramming, crams+/crammer: crammers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he said he preferred over-preparation, to the point of mild tedium, over cramming.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
One drops an armful of coats on the floor, pulls a bag from his jacket and crams it full of loot.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
But thanks to the Salvation Army, the family was able to stay in a hotel room in Mitchell for two weeks crammed together.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 填满; 塞满; 死记硬背; 猛吃
vi. （为考试而）死记硬背; 狼吞虎咽地吃东西
adj. 填鸭式学的; 临时学的
n. 死记硬背; 极度拥挤; 填塞; <俚>压碎
时态：crammed, cramming, crams
分布：塞满(57%)，猛吃(22%)，仓促备考(14%)，挤成一堆的人群(7%)
→来自ger, 围，集中，词源同cramp, gregarious.
【记】联想麦当劳里的圆筒，塞满了奶油cream＝cram
[kræm] (-mm-)
verb
PUSH 推
   transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to force a lot of things into a small space, or to do many things in a short period of time 塞满；塞进；挤入；急匆匆地做（许多事）
• Eight children were crammed into the back of the car. 八个孩子被塞进了汽车的后座。
• I managed to cram three countries into a week's business trip. 我出差一周跑了三个国家。
• The room was packed and we were crammed against the door. 房间里挤得水泄不通，我们被挤靠在门边。
[kræm] (-mm-)
verb
LEARN 学习
   intransitive
■to try to learn a lot very quickly before an examination （考试前）死记硬背，突击学习
• She's cramming for her history exam. 为应付历史考试她拼命突击。
[kræm] (-mm-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cram sth down informal
■to eat a lot of something quickly 狼吞虎咽地吃下
• I just had time to cram down a few biscuits before we left. 我们离开前我只来得及狼吞虎咽地吃了几块饼干。
vt. 填满，塞满；死记硬背；猛吃
 - stuff, be packed with
n. 死记硬背；极度拥挤
 - rote memorization, rotta

Word: harmony
Front: harmony
[ˈhɑ:məni] (高研四六托雅宝 4669/4697 -2)
Vocabulary: harmony
(once / 155 pages)
1n 2n
Harmony is the sound of things that go together well — people singing in harmony are in tune with each other. Best friends should be in harmony most of the time if they want to stay best buds!
Harmony is a noun that describes an agreement, such as in feeling, sound, look, feel, or smell. It’s necessary for roommates to be able to live in harmony in a small space, or they’re in for a wake-up call. In music, harmony is a pleasing combination and progression of chords. If it makes you wince, it’s lacking harmony. Synonyms for harmony include accord, concord, cooperation, like-mindedness, and unanimity. Antonyms, on the other hand, range from clash and disagreement to discord.
WORD FAMILY
harmony: harmonic, harmonical, harmonies, harmonious, harmonise, harmonize +/disharmonious: disharmoniously/disharmonize: disharmonizing/harmonic: harmonically, harmonics, inharmonic, nonharmonic/ harmonious: disharmonious, harmoniously, harmoniousness, inharmonious, unharmonious/harmonise: harmonisation, harmonised, harmoniser, harmonises, harmonising, reharmonise/harmonization: harmonizations/ harmonize: disharmonize, harmonizable, harmonization, harmonized, harmonizer, harmonizes, harmonizing, reharmonize/harmonizer: harmonizers/inharmonious: inharmoniously, inharmoniousness/inharmoniousness: inharmoniousnesses/reharmonise: reharmonisation/reharmonize: reharmonization, reharmonized/unharmonious: unharmoniously
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the European Central Bank’s ability to create economic harmony in the eurozone is limited.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There was one of his songs, ‘Two Sleepy People,’ and I sang harmony — it was very fun.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 协调; 融洽，一致; 和谐; [音]和声
分布：和谐(78%)，协调(13%)，和声(6%)，调和(3%)
→来自希腊语harmonia,和谐，一致，和音，来自ar,连接，匹配，词源同art,articulate,-mony,名词后缀，词源同alimony.
和谐[harm=fitting(适合)]
n.协调,和谐;融洽The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
【反】imbroglio（n 杂乱的一团；纠葛；纷扰）；discord（n 不一致）
US ['hɑ:r-] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a pleasant musical sound made by different notes being played or sung at the same time （音乐中的）和声
• singing in harmony 唱和声
• It is a simple melody with complex harmonies. 这是一首和声复杂的简单旋律。
UK ['hɑ:.mə.ni] US ['hɑ:r-] noun
MATCH 相一致
uncountable
■when people are peaceful and agree with each other, or when things seem right or suitable together 协调；和谐，一致
• racial harmony (= good feelings between different races) 种族和谐
• domestic harmony (= good feelings in the family or home) 家庭和睦
• Imagine a society in which everyone lived together in (perfect) harmony. 设想一下有这样一个社会，所有人都和睦地生活在一起。
• We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment. 我们必须确保旅游业与环境和谐发展。
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. 协调；和睦；融洽；调和
 - peace, keeping

Word: minimal
Front: minimal
[ˈmɪnɪməl] (六托雅 4313/4547 -2)
Vocabulary: minimal
(once / 2301 pages)
adj
Minimal means the smallest possible, or the least — as in, "She passed the test with minimal studying." Minimal can also mean simple, as in "The apartment had a minimal decor scheme: white walls, no art, a simple black couch."
When there is "minimal supervision" at a slumber party, few grownups are present. When you spend the "minimal amount of money" on a trip, you won't be staying at the Ritz. If you grew up with minimal contact with one of your parents, you barely saw or spoke to them. If you like to keep things simple, you might call yourself a minimalist, or a believer in minimalism.
WORD FAMILY
minimal: minimalism, minimally+/ minimalism: minimalist / minimalist: minimalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, he said, the risk of moisturizing is minimal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t like the variety of the way it reacts with some people and how it’s minimal with others,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These were all small studies, involving few patients, over short periods of time, with minimal overall changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. <正式>最小的，极少的; 极小的
n. 最简单派艺术作品
分布：最小的(79%)，最低限度的(21%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-al,形容词后缀。minimal 最小的
最低限度的(minim=mini+al→最小的)[mini-表示"小"]
adjective
■very small in amount 极小的；极少的
• There were no injuries and damage to the building was minimal. 没有人受伤，建筑物的损坏也极小。
minor, negligible, minimal, marginal
这组词都有“不重要的，次要的”的意思，其区别是：
minor: 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。
negligible: 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。
minimal: 指最少、最低或最小。
marginal: 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。
adj. 最低的；最小限度的
 - lowest, bottommost

Word: exhibit
Front: exhibit
[ɪgˈzɪbɪt] (研四六托 3303/3872 -K2)
Vocabulary: exhibit
(once / 95 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
An exhibit is an item that is shown off for the public, such as a painting on display at a gallery or a historical document shown under glass at a museum.
The main thing to remember about an exhibit is that it refers to something presented formally and in a public setting. For example, if you put an action figure on a side table in your apartment and your friends come by and notice it, well, it’s just an action figure on a side table. Put that same action figure on a pedestal in a fancy gallery, arrange it just so, and voilà! It’s an exhibit. People may even look it over and discuss its meaning in hushed tones. Students of law — or people who watch a lot of TV — will know that when used in a legal context, the word exhibit can also refer to an item presented as evidence in a legal court.
WORD FAMILY
exhibit: exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitor, exhibits+/ exhibition: exhibitioner, exhibitionism, exhibitions/exhibitioner: exhibitioners/ exhibitionism: exhibitionisms, exhibitionist, exhibitionistic/ exhibitionist: exhibitionists/exhibitor: exhibitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
California: Rabb set the tone early before fouls slowed him up and showed some range with his jumper he hadn’t previously exhibited.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 陈列，展览; 呈现; 证明; [法]提交证据
vi. 公开展览某物; 展出
n. 展览，陈列; 展览品; 公开展示; [法]证据
时态：exhibited, exhibiting, exhibits
分布：展览(48%)，展示(19%)，表现(19%)，展品(9%)，陈列(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-hibit, 持，握，词源同habit, prohibit. 即把握住的展开，展览。
展览;显示(ex出+hibit→拿来→展览)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
v.展出,陈列n.展览品,陈列品I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
【记】ex出，hibit坚持－坚持拿出来－展览
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to show something publicly 展出，展览；展示
• He frequently exhibits at the art gallery. 他经常在艺廊展出作品。
• In the summer the academy will exhibit several prints which are rarely seen. 该学会将于今年夏天对外展出几幅罕见的版画作品。
• He exhibited great self-control considering her rudeness. 她那么无礼，他表现得如此克制已经很好了。
[ɪg'zɪb.ɪt] noun countable
■an object such as a painting that is shown to the public 展品；展出物；陈列品
• The museum has a fascinating collection of exhibits ranging from Iron Age pottery to Inuit clothing. 这个博物馆收藏的展品，从铁器时代的陶器，到因努伊特人的衣物，丰富多彩，令人称奇。
■legal
■a thing used as evidence (= proof that something is true) in a trial （法庭上出示的）证据，物证
• Is exhibit C the weapon which you say was used? 物证C是不是你说的所使用的武器？
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
vt. 展览；显示；提出（证据等）
 - introduce, reveal, prove, make clear, prefer
n. [贸易] 展览品；证据；展示会
 - proof, witness

Word: summon
Front: summon
[ˈsʌmən] (研六托雅宝 5691/4505 -2)
Vocabulary: summon
(once / 137 pages)
v
To summon is to formally call for the presence of someone. If, as soccer team captain, you find that your team members are an hour late for the big game, you might need to summon them — and fast.
Summon can also mean “gather up,” as one might summon one’s courage" before that big game. Summon is also occasionally used in reference to the supernatural, as when one tries to call forth a spirit or ghost. If you think the team needs additional help on the field, you might try to summon some supernatural backup.
WORD FAMILY
summon: summoned, summoning, summons +/summoning: summonings/ summons: summonsed, summonses, summonsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Brunson was elated when Turkey’s Interior Ministry summoned him on Oct.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Officers were summoned to a room at a Hampton Inn around 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Oakland Raiders slipped on their pads, donned their uniforms and summoned the fortitude to play.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 传唤，召唤; 鼓起（勇气）; 传讯（出庭）; [军]劲降，招降
时态：summoned, summoning, summons
分布：召唤(73%)，召集(26%)，振奋(1%)
→sum-,在下，-mon,警告，词源同 monitor,admonish.即给予警告，后引申词义传唤，召唤等。
(命令性)召集(sum下面+mon→从下面把人警告[命令]上来)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
v.召唤;传讯,传唤;鼓起(勇气),振作(精神)He was summoned to appear in court.他被传唤出庭.
【反】dismiss（v 解散；离开）
verb transitive
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED
■to order someone to come to or be present at a particular place, or to officially arrange a meeting of people 命令…到（某地）；传唤；召唤；召集
• General Rattigan summoned reinforcements to help resist the attack. 拉蒂根将军命令增援部队协助抵挡进攻。
• humorous I'm afraid I'll have to go - I'm being summoned by my wife. 恐怕我得走了——我妻子命令我回去。
• On July 20th, the council was summoned to hear an emergency report on its finances. 7月20日，理事会被临时召集听取有关财务问题的紧急报告。
['sʌm.ən] verb transitive
PRODUCE STRENGTH 鼓起勇气
■to increase your bravery or strength, especially with an effort （尤指努力地）鼓起（勇气），积聚（力气）
• It took me six months to summon (up) the courage to ask him out for a drink. 我花了六个月时间才鼓起勇气约他出去喝一杯。
call, send for, summon
这组词都有“召集，召唤”的意思，其区别是：
call: 非正式用词，含义广泛，指用说话或呼叫的形式召唤。
send for: 作“召唤”解时，语气较随便，暗示委派一件工作。
summon: 正式用词，指官方或正式的召集，召集者具有权力或权威性。
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. 召唤；召集；鼓起；振作
 - stir oneself, nerve oneself

Word: spree
Front: spree
[spri:] (11222/14800 -1)
Vocabulary: spree
(once / 2505 pages)
nv
If you go on a spree, you go a little wild, indulging in some activity in an unrestrained way. You might go on a cupcake spree every year on your birthday, eating as many cupcakes as you can.
Following your impulses and giving in to them — rather than resisting or limiting them — is one way to go on a spree. It can be a dancing spree, in which you dance all night long, or a shopping spree, in which you max out your credit card at the mall. The original slang meaning, and one that's still used today, is "a drinking bout," and it may be rooted in the French word esprit, "lively wit."
WORD FAMILY
spree: spreed, sprees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Miami Beach police tell local news outlets that dozens of bullets were fired during the shooting spree early Tuesday on Ocean Drive.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The company is enjoying rising sales as Chinese consumers shrug off the country’s slowing economic growth and continue their online buying spree.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The sole survivor of a family killing spree wonders: ‘Why am I the one who was left?’
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 欢闹; 狂欢; 无节制的狂热行为
vi. 狂欢; 狂饮
分布：欢闹(51%)，狂饮作乐(37%)，放纵的行为(12%)
→俚语，可能来自法语 espirt,精神，生机勃勃，词源同 spirit.引申词义玩乐，狂欢。
noun countable
■a short period of doing a particular, usually enjoyable, activity much more than is usual （常指过分的）玩乐；短暂的放纵
• I went on a drinking/shopping/spending spree on Saturday. 我星期六痛痛快快地喝了一通／疯狂采购了一番／挥霍了一番。
• Twenty people were shot dead in the city making it the worst killing spree since the riots. 20人在市内被枪杀，这是暴动以来最可怕的杀戮行为。
n. 狂欢；无节制的狂热行为；欢闹
 - revelry, orgy
vi. 狂欢；狂饮
 - have a ball, whoop up

Word: mitigate
Front: mitigate
[ˈmɪtɪgeɪt] (托雅宝 8991/11489 -1)
Vocabulary: mitigate
(once / 975 pages)
v
Choose the verb mitigate when something lessens the unpleasantness of a situation. You can mitigate your parents' anger by telling them you were late to dinner because you were helping your elderly neighbor.
The somewhat formal verb mitigate comes from the Latin roots mītis "soft" and agere "to do/act," which add up to "to soften." It is often used with words that indicate an outcome or something harmful. When you buy car insurance, you are trying to mitigate the risks involved with driving. Sunscreen is used to mitigate the effects of the sun on your skin.
WORD FAMILY
mitigate: mitigable, mitigated, mitigates, mitigating, mitigation, mitigative, mitigatory+/mitigable: unmitigable/ mitigated: unmitigated / mitigation: mitigations/unmitigable: unmitigably/ unmitigated: unmitigatedest, unmitigatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The document was intended to help companies mitigate Russian hacking and report any suspicious activity to the government.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Because evidence of mitigating factors is supposed to be reserved for the penalty phase, Judge Gergel allowed him little leeway.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
On Wednesday, the senator’s office released the responses it received from both companies, responses that largely focused on efforts already in place to mitigate discrimination.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使缓和，使减轻; 使平息
vi. 减轻，缓和下来
时态：mitigated, mitigating, mitigates
分布：减轻(81%)，缓和(19%)
→来自拉丁语mitigare,成熟，变软，温顺，来自mitis,成熟的，柔软的，-ig,做，词源同agent.引申词义减轻，缓和。
【记】miti＝mite小，gate－减轻mit麻省理工，I，gate门：MIT的大门突然向你敞开－你们现在紧张的心情就会缓和减轻。
【反】exacerbate（v 恶化；使加剧）
US ['mɪtˌ-] formal
verb transitive
■to make something less harmful, unpleasant or bad 使缓和；减轻（危害等）
• It is unclear how to mitigate the effects of tourism on the island. 人们还不清楚如何减低旅游业对这个岛屿的影响。
vt. 使缓和，使减轻
 - comfort, obtund
vi. 减轻，缓和下来
 - to alleviate, ease off

Word: sharpen
Front: sharpen
[ˈʃɑ:pən] (高四六托 8298/7542 -1)
Back: vt. & vi. 使锐利; 使敏捷; 加重; 削尖
vi. 尖锐; 变锋利
时态：sharpened, sharpening, sharpens
分布：磨快(48%)，加剧(30%)，变尖锐(11%)，使尖锐(11%)
→sharp,锋利的，-en,使。
削尖(sharp尖)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
US ['ʃɑ:r-] verb transitive
ABLE TO CUT 能切断
 ADVANCED
■to make something sharp or sharper 使变尖；使锋利
• My pencil is blunt - I'll have to sharpen it. 我的铅笔钝了——我得削一下。
• figurative The company is cutting production costs in an attempt to sharpen its competitive edge (= in order to improve how competitive it is). 这家公司正降低生产成本，以增强竞争力。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pən] US ['ʃɑ:r-] verb transitive
MAKE STRONG 加强
■to make something stronger 加强；加剧
• Recent changes have sharpened competition between the airlines. 近来的种种变化加剧了航空公司之间的竞争。
• The prison riots have sharpened the debate about how prisons should be run. 监狱暴动加剧了有关监狱该如何管理的争论。
■to improve 改善；提高
• I hope this course will help me sharpen my computer skills. 我希望这门课程能帮助我磨练电脑技能。
• I went to university to sharpen my mind. 我上大学是为了让自己的头脑更加敏锐。
• We'll need to sharpen our wits if we're going to defeat Jack's team. 要击败杰克那一队，我们需要更加聪明一些。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pən] US ['ʃɑ:r-] verb transitive
CLEAR 清楚
■to make something clearer 使清晰；使清楚
• How do you sharpen the focus on this camera? 这部相机的焦距怎么调清晰呢？
UK ['ʃɑ:.pən] US ['ʃɑ:r-] verb transitive
MUSIC 音乐
■to make something play a higher musical note 使提高音调；使提高半音
• You need to sharpen the A string on your violin. 你小提琴上的 A 弦应升半音。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pən] US ['ʃɑ:r-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sharpen (sth) up
■to perform better, or to improve the performance of something 改进；改善
• If the company doesn't sharpen up soon, it will go out of business. 如果这家公司不马上改进的话，就会歇业关门。
sharpen up your act
■to improve your behaviour or performance 改进…的行为（或表现）
• He really needs to sharpen up his act a bit, or he'll never get to university. 他确实需要改进自己的表现了，否则绝对上不了大学。
vt. 削尖；磨快；使敏捷；加重
 - aggravate, grind

Word: awareness
Front: awareness
[əˈweənəs] (托雅 2784/2404)
Vocabulary: awareness
(once / 1817 pages)
1n 2n
Awareness is the state of knowing something, such as the awareness that the sun comes up every morning.
The adjective aware gets turned into a noun when the suffix -ness is added, so awareness is the state of being aware, or having knowledge of something. Its roots are Germanic, and come from the Old English wær meaning "wary, cautious." Awareness can be something you notice, want to tell others about, or already know. You could "raise awareness" of a cause, like fighting breast cancer. Yet, your awareness of the baby sleeping next door might prevent you from having band practice in the garage. Smart move.
WORD FAMILY
awareness: awarenesses, self-awareness+/ aware: awarely, awareness, self-aware, unaware, unawares/ unaware: unawareness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it shows Taiwan’s lack of awareness about other countries and other parts of the world.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 察觉，觉悟，意识
分布：意识(77%)，认识(20%)，觉察(3%)
意识,知觉(aware+ness)[ware=watch,表示"注视"]
US [-'wer-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience 意识
• Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously. 一旦公众意识到这个问题，政客们就会严肃对待它了。
• Environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past decade. 在过去的十年间，环保意识明显增强。
n. 意识，认识；明白，知道
 - consciousness, knowledge, cognition

Word: unfold
Front: unfold
[ʌnˈfəʊld] (高研六托雅宝 4541/7574 -2)
Vocabulary: unfold
(once / 476 pages)
v
To unfold is to open or reveal, the way a small square of paper might unfold into a large map, or the way the plot of a mystery novel can unfold into a clear picture of who the killer is.
Anything that's folded or compacted unfolds as it opens up and stretches out. So a yoga teacher might curl into a tight ball and then unfold his limbs, stretching them wide. Or you might unfold a tightly sealed secret note or a gently creased letter from your grandparents. Information can unfold figuratively, too, or become more open and clear: "As the details of the crime began to unfold, the detective got ready to make an arrest."
WORD FAMILY
unfold: unfolded, unfolding, unfolds+/ enfold: enfolded, enfolding, enfolds/enfolding: enfoldings/ fold: enfold, foldable, folded, folder, folding, folds, unfold /folder: folders/folding: foldings, infolding/infolding: infoldings/unfolding: unfoldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Few South Koreans believe the chaebol are innocent victims in the unfolding case.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It would soon become apparent that he was, and as the campaign unfolded, Priebus began talking to Trump far more frequently than the other contenders.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 展开，打开
vt. 摊开; 展现，披露
vi. 逐渐显露; 开展，发展
时态：unfolded, unfolding, unfolds
分布：展开(73%)，显露(19%)，开放(8%)
vt.打开;显露;展示vi.呈现;显示;展示I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [-'foʊld] verb
OPEN 打开
transitive
■to open or spread out something that has been folded 打开；展开；摊开
• If we unfold the table we can fit eight people around it. 如果我们把折叠桌打开，就能坐下八个人了。
• He watched her expression as she unfolded the letter. 他注视着她拆信时的表情。
UK [ʌn'fəʊld] US [-'foʊld] verb
DEVELOP 发展
intransitive
■If a situation or story unfolds, it develops or becomes clear to other people （形势或故事）发展，展现，呈现，披露
• Like a lot of people, I've watched the events of the last few days unfold on TV. 和许多人一样，我在电视上看到了最近几天的事件报道。
• As the plot unfolds, you gradually realise that all your initial assumptions were wrong. 随着情节的展开，你会慢慢意识到自己最初的那些猜测都是不对的。
transitive formal
■to tell someone about something, especially a plan, and explain it in detail 详细讲述（尤指计划）
• I've arranged a lunch with him next Thursday at which I intend to unfold my proposal. 我已安排好下周四和他共进午餐，到时我打算向他详细讲述我的提议。
open, unfold
这组词都有“打开”的意思，其区别是：
open: 普通用词，指把原来关起来或盖紧的东西打开。
unfold: 主要指把原来包好、卷好或叠好的东西再打开。
vt. 打开；呈现
 - crack, assume, open up
vi. 展开；显露
 - expand, develop

Word: turner
Front: turner
['tɜːnə] (-/5082)
Back: n. 车床工，体育协会会员; 车工
分布：铁匠(30%)，车床工人(30%)，体育协会会员(20%)，体育家(10%)，锅铲(10%)
n. [机] 车工；体育协会会员
 - lathe-hand

Word: debtor
Front: debtor
[ˈdetə(r)] (托 13382/5209 -1)
Vocabulary: debtor
(once / 1173 pages)
n
A debtor is someone who owes money. If you borrow from a bank to buy a car, you are a debtor.
Most of us are debtors at some point in our lives. We borrow money to buy houses or cars, to attend college, or to tide us over when we're between jobs. Businesses and large institutions can also be debtors, and even countries are often debtors. If a developing country borrows money from a wealthier one, the borrower is a debtor. The opposite of a debtor is a creditor.
WORD FAMILY
debtor: debtors
USAGE EXAMPLES
I will probably spend the next nine years as the inmate librarian in some sort of debtor’s prison.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Its 1742 premiere in Dublin was a benefit concert for the infirm and the incarcerated in debtors prison.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Jailing people over their poverty amounts to operating illegal debtors’ prisons, Voss said.
The Guardian(Dec 06, 2016)
Back: n. 债务人; 借方; 受恩人; 罪人
分布：债务人(94%)，借方(6%)
US ['detˌ.ɚ] noun countable
■someone who owes money 借方；负债者，债务人
n. [法] 债务人； [会计] 借方
 - obligor, debitor

Word: checkpoint
Front: checkpoint
[ˈtʃekpɔɪnt] (9741/16791 -1)
Back: n. 检查站，车站的行李房
分布：检查站(100%)
noun countable
■a place where people are stopped and asked questions and vehicles are examined, especially at a border between two countries （尤指边境的）检查站；边防关卡
• Checkpoint Charlie used to be the most famous border crossing between East and West Berlin. 查理检查站以前是东西柏林之间最有名的过境处。
n. [计] 检查站，关卡
 - inspection station, toll-gate

Word: disperse
Front: disperse
[dɪˈspɜ:s] (研六托雅宝 7421/5981 -2)
Vocabulary: disperse
(once / 400 pages)
v
To make a crowd at a party disperse, you could take away the food, turn off the music and ask for volunteers to clean up. Disperse is to spread out people or things, making them move in different directions.
Imagine yourself standing on a basketball court holding a cup packed tight with marbles. If you turn it over, the marbles will disperse across the floor, moving away from you in all directions. Another word for this is scatter. Don't confuse this word with disburse, which means to distribute money. Remember that false friends disperse when you cease to disburse.
WORD FAMILY
disperse: dispersal, dispersed, disperses, dispersing, dispersion, dispersive+/ dispersal: dispersals/ dispersed: dispersedly/ dispersion: dispersions/dispersive: dispersively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The crowd dispersed and arriving police found the man dead from a gunshot wound just outside the recreation building.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The “whatnots” are dispersed throughout the shop and include silverware, ceramics, clothing, books and trinkets.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The mercury got a boost from a record-challenging El Niño event, a cyclical warming of the tropical Pacific, which dispersed heat around the globe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）分散，（使）散开; 散播，传布（如知识）; 使（光）色散; 使粒子分散
adj. 分散的
时态：dispersed, dispersing, disperses
分布：分散(82%)，散开(18%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-sper, 散开，词源同spread, sparse.
散布,分散(dis分开+sperse)[spers=scatter,表示"散开"]
v.(使)分散;(使)散开;疏散The police dispersed the crowd.警察驱散群众.
【记】dis向四面八方，sper分散，se：散发
【反】focus（v 聚集）；aggregate（v 聚集）；channel（vt 引导）
US [-spɝ:s] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to spread across or move away over a large area, or to make something do this （使）扩散，（使）散开，（使）分散
• When the rain came down the crowds started to disperse. 雨下来时人群开始四处散开。
• Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered. 员警驱散了聚在一起的人群。
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
这组词都有“使分散、使散开”的意思，其区别是：
scatter: 普通用词，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四处散开，或把物随意撒开。
diffuse: 指光线、声音或气味等在空中传送或散布，强调覆盖面积与物质分布相对密度之间的关系。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，侧重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散。
diffuse, dilute, disperse, dissolve
diffuse: 使扩散（气体或热量等的扩散或弥漫）
dilute: 稀释，减少事物的强度，浓度，纯度
disperse: 扩散，消散
dissolve: 溶解，固体溶解于水中
vt. 分散；使散开；传播
 - transmit, spread around
vi. 分散
 - spread around, spread about
adj. 分散的
 - scattered, decentralized

Word: measurement
Front: measurement
[ˈmeʒəmənt] (四六雅 3227/2667 -K2)
Vocabulary: measurement
(once / 883 pages)
n
Taking a measurement involves figuring out how long something is or what it weighs or how fast it is. Measurements usually require something like a ruler or a stop watch.
When you step on the scale to check your weight, you're getting a measurement. When you pull out a ruler and measure a piece of paper, you're making a measurement. Astronomers make measurements of how far away other planets and stars are. In the Olympics, a timer does a measurement of who's fastest, to see who won a race. Anytime you're using a measuring device to come up with a number for something, you're taking a measurement.
WORD FAMILY
measurement: measurements+/countermeasure: countermeasures/ immeasurable: immeasurablest, immeasurably/measurable: immeasurable, measurability, measurably, unmeasurable/ measure: countermeasure, measurable, measured, measureless, measurement, measurer, measures, measuring/ measured: measuredly, unmeasured/measureless: measurelessly/measurer: measurers/measuring: measurings/unmeasurable: unmeasurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He questioned, though, whether the measurements six years later were accurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
But the measurement of antihydrogen's light spectrum was about 100,000 times less precise than the best measurements of the spectrum for regular hydrogen.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 量度; 份量，尺寸; 测量法; （量得的）尺寸
分布：衡量(60%)，大小(40%)
→来自measure,测量，度量，-ment,名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the act or process of measuring 丈量，测量
• The test is based on the measurement of blood levels. 这项化验以测量血液中各成分浓度为基础。
• The machine makes thousands of measurements every day. 这台机器每天测量上千次。
 ADVANCED countable
■the size, shape, quality, etc. of something, which you discover by measuring it （量得的）尺寸，大小，品质
• The measurements of both rooms were identical. 两个房间的大小是相同的。
• What is your inside leg measurement? 你裤腿内缝尺寸是多少？
measurements [plural]
■Your measurements are the sizes of various parts of your body, especially your chest, waist and hips, which you refer to when you want to buy clothes. 尺码（尤指三围）
n. [测] 测量； [计量] 度量；尺寸；量度制
 - survey, dimension, size

Word: harmful
Front: harmful
[ˈhɑ:mfl] (高四六托雅 5809/6454 -K2)
Vocabulary: harmful
(once / 1639 pages)
adj
Things that are harmful hurt people, or are likely to hurt them. Listening to loud music through headphones can be harmful to your hearing.
Harmful is an adjective that comes in handy when you're talking about things that cause injury to someone or damage something. Burning coal can be harmful to the environment, and eating too much candy can be harmful for your teeth. Harmful words can hurt someone's feelings and harmful actions might put them in danger. The Old English hearm, "hurt, evil, or grief," is at the root of harmful.
WORD FAMILY
harmful: harmfully, harmfulness+/ harm: harmed, harmful, harming, harmless, harms/harmed: unharmed/ harmless: harmlesser, harmlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This cousin-centrism is like pink hair or a nose ring, not harmful so much as an affront to the way you think things should be.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He followed her lacewing studies by co-authoring his own, finding that genetically modified crops were not harmful to the lacewing.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Short-term, localized inflammation is useful for healing; too much or for too long, however, is harmful to cells and organ systems.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 对…有害的; 能造成损害的; 不利; 不良
分布：有害的(100%)
US ['hɑ:rm-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■causing harm 有害的
• This group of chemicals is known to be harmful to people with asthma. 已知这类化学品对哮喘病患者有害。
adj. 有害的；能造成损害的
 - evil, destructive

Word: civilisation
Front: civilisation
[sɪvɪlaɪ'zeɪʃən] (-/7162)
Back: n. 文明，文化
分布：文明(90%)，文化(9%)，教化(1%)
n. （英）文明（等于civilization）
 - culture, kultur

Word: startup
Front: startup
['stɑ:tʌp] None
Back: n. 启动; 新兴公司（尤指新兴网络公司）; 新兴公司，新开张的企业
分布：出发(50%)，开动(50%)
n. 启动；开办
 - boot-up, starting up

Word: peculiar
Front: peculiar
[pɪˈkju:liə(r)] (研四六托雅 5505/4476 -2)
Vocabulary: peculiar
(once / 73 pages)
adj
Something peculiar is notably unusual. If your friend starts saying strange things you don't understand, ask her why she's suddenly become peculiar.
Peculiar comes from the Latin peculiaris, meaning one's own, or personal. In English, it originally meant belonging to one person, private, like your fondness for your peculiar hairbrush. It also had the meaning of something unlike others, special, or remarkable. Eventually we mostly stopped using it for belongings, instead using peculiar to mean unusual or odd.
WORD FAMILY
peculiar: peculiarity, peculiarly+/ peculiarity: peculiarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This applies, too, to bestselling books, but the difference is that books often sell well for peculiar and unique reasons.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The stress I felt instead was the peculiar one of absolute! resistance! to something you don’t necessarily need to resist.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The DNA test “helps us understand we’re not all from one special place, which is really peculiar to America,” Devor said.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 奇怪的，古怪的; 异常的; 特有的，特殊的
n. 专有特权，专有财产; [多用于英国]特殊教堂
分布：独特的(39%)，特殊的(28%)，奇怪的(19%)，古怪的(9%)，特权(5%)
→来自拉丁语peculium,私人财产，私人钱财，私人牛羊等，来自pecus,家畜，牛，羊，词源同fee,pecuniary.其原义为私人所有的，个人的，后引申词义与他人不同的，怪异的，奇怪的。词义演变比较idiom,idiot,idiosyncrasy.
a.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
US [-'kju:l.jɚ] adjective
STRANGE 奇怪的
 ADVANCED
■unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way 奇怪的，古怪的
• She has the most peculiar ideas. 她的想法非常古怪。
• What a peculiar smell! 多么奇怪的气味！
• It 's peculiar that they didn't tell us they were going away. 真奇怪，他们并没有告诉我们他们要离开。
• UK The video on road accidents made me feel rather peculiar (= ill). 交通意外的录像让我感觉很不舒服。
UK [pɪ'kju:.li.ər] US [-'kju:l.jɚ] adjective
BELONGING TO 属于
■belonging to, relating to or found in only particular people or things 独特的，特有的
• He gets on with things in his own peculiar way/manner/fashion. 他处理事情有自己独特的方法／方式。
• They noted that special manner of walking which was peculiar to her alone. 他们注意到了她特有的那种走路姿势。
• This type of building is peculiar to the south of the country. 这种建筑物是该国南部所特有的。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的
 - specific, distinct, unique, strange, individual
n. 特权；特有财产
 - franchise, special privilege

Word: leisure
Front: leisure
[ˈleʒə(r)] (研四六托雅 6269/2752 -2)
Vocabulary: leisure
(once / 224 pages)
n
Leisure is time off, spare time, sweet sweet freedom from the demands of work. It's like playtime for grown-ups.
Leisure is time away from commitments like work or school. Leisure activities might include windsailing, golfing, crocheting a portrait of Betsy Ross, staring at one's navel, whatever. It's the freedom to do what the heck you want. It's not time for punching the clock or writing a paper on the role of matchsticks in the Industrial Revolution; it's kick-your-shoes-off time. If you read a book at your leisure, there's no rush. Leisure is more rare for some than others. "The billionaire was a woman of leisure," but leisure time is a luxury for most.
WORD FAMILY
leisure: leisurely, leisures+/ leisurely: leisureliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the study was conducted on Italian participants, the opposite was found: Italians perceived the person with a life of leisure as high-status.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
“We see modest price increases for 2017,” says John Lovell, president of Travel Leaders Network and Leisure Group.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“We will not expel anyone. We will not prevent their families and children from using their traditional leisure sites during the New Year’s holidays.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 空闲时间; 闲暇; 悠闲; 安逸
adj. 空闲的; 闲暇的
分布：休闲(68%)，闲暇(32%)
→来自法语leisir,来自拉丁语licere,许可，允许，词源同licit,license.引申词义许可做自己的事，有空，空闲，休闲。词义演变比较school,sport.
n.空闲,闲暇;悠闲,安逸What do you do in your leisure time?你空闲时间做些什么?
US ['li:.ʒɚ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the time when you are not working or doing other duties 空闲，闲暇，休闲
• leisure activities 休闲活动
• Most people only have a limited amount of leisure time. 大多数人只有有限的空闲时间。
• The town lacks leisure facilities such as a swimming pool or squash courts. 这个城镇缺少游泳池、壁球场等休闲设施。
UK ['leʒ.ər] US ['li:.ʒɚ] noun uncountable
at (your) leisure
■when you want to and when you have time to 在有空的时候，空闲时
• You can take the documents home and study them at (your) leisure. 你可以把这些档带回家，有空时再好好看一看。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
n. [劳经] 闲暇；空闲；安逸
 - ease, idlesse
adj. 空闲的；有闲的；业余的
 - available, off

Word: tarnish
Front: tarnish
[ˈtɑ:nɪʃ] (托雅宝 13635/18429 -1)
Vocabulary: tarnish
(once / 1751 pages)
vn
To tarnish is to become dull or discolored. Silver tends to tarnish easily, which is why your mother is always having you polish the family silver.
As a noun, a tarnish is the dull layer of corrosion that sometimes forms on metal items, usually the result of the metal reacting to oxygen in the air. Metals are most likely to tarnish, but so can anything that once felt sparkly and bright but has lost its luster — even you. If the new kid just beat you in chess, your reputation as the best chess player in your class has started to tarnish. Better not lose again!
WORD FAMILY
tarnish: tarnished, tarnishes, tarnishing+/tarnished: untarnished
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ensuing heavy redemptions hurt performance and the fund’s record was forever tarnished.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Some actors or heirs worry that overexposure will tarnish a celebrity's image, Roesler said.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Connecticut: The Huskies did nothing to tarnish their stature as the best women’s basketball team in the country.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （通常指金属）（使）失去光泽，（使）变灰暗
vt. 玷污，败坏
n. 污点，瑕疵; 无光泽，晦暗
时态：tarnished, tarnishing, tarnishes
分布：晦暗(50%)，沾污(25%)，污渍(25%)
→来自古法语 ternir,使暗淡，黯淡，来自 Proto-Germanic*darnijana,隐藏，来自 dher,固定， 握住，保护，词源同 darn,firm.引申诸相关词义。
【记】读：踏你屎，用光泽的脚踏你的屎以后，鞋失去光泽。
US ['tɑ:r-] verb
METAL 金属
intransitive or transitive
■to make or (especially of metal) become less bright or a different colour （使）（尤指金属）失去光泽，（使）变暗淡；（使）褪色
UK ['tɑ:.nɪʃ] US ['tɑ:r-] verb
GOOD OPINION 好评
transitive
■to make people think that someone or something is less good 诽谤；中伤
• By this time a series of scandals had severely tarnished the leader's image/reputation. 到这时，一连串的丑闻已使这位领导人的形象／名誉大大受损。
n. 晦暗，无光泽；污点
 - dulness, discoloration
vt. 玷污；使……失去光泽；使……变灰暗
 - cloud, pollute

Word: rebate
Front: rebate
[ˈri:beɪt] (托宝 10514/10514 -1)
Vocabulary: rebate
(once / 4854 pages)
1nv 2nv
A rebate is a partial refund of the cost of an item. It acts as an incentive to help sell the product. If your new cell phone came with a rebate, you'll get a check in the mail for a certain amount of the cost.
A well-known rebate occurred in 2007 when President George Bush issued tax rebate checks to many people in America, giving back some of what each person paid in taxes. Rebate comes from the Old French word rabattre, meaning "beat down, drive back." Rebate can also be used as a verb that refers to giving a reduction in price during a sale. For example, your internet provider might rebate your bill for three months to keep you as a customer.
WORD FAMILY
rebate: rebated, rebates, rebating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Manufacturers pay states a 23.1 percent rebate on brand-name drugs compared to 13 percent for generics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Overall car sales, meanwhile, fell 8% through November compared with a year ago, despite many rebates.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Mexico rebates the VAT when that car is exported to the U.S.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 折扣; 回扣
vt. 减少; 打折
时态：rebated, rebating, rebates
分布：回扣(60%)，减少(35%)，变钝(5%)
→来自古法语 rabattre,打下，赶回，来自 re-,向后，abate,减轻，减少。引申词义减免，折扣， 返还。
减少;回扣(re回+bat+e→打回去的[东西]→回扣)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
【记】re反，bate打：反过来打折
【区】abate（v 减轻）
noun countable
■an amount of money which is returned to you, especially by the government, for example when you have paid too much tax （尤指政府返还的）部分退款
• a tax rebate 退还部分税款
vt. 减少；打折扣
 - discount, shorten
vi. 退还部分付款，打折扣
 - water sth. down
n. 折扣
 - discount, agio

Word: boardroom
Front: boardroom
[ˈbɔ:dru:m] (14251/12175 -1)
Back: n. 会议室
分布：名词(100%)
US ['bɔ:rd-] noun countable
■a room where the people who control a company or organization meet 董事会会议室
n. 会议室；交换场所
 - meeting room, committee room

Word: saturday

Word: tenant
Front: tenant
[ˈtenənt] (研四六托宝 5543/2029 -2)
Vocabulary: tenant
(once / 342 pages)
nv
A tenant is someone who lives in a place owned by someone else, usually paying rent. If you blast your music and let the cat pee in the corner, your landlord will not think that you're a very good tenant.
Tenant is often used to mean "renter," but it can mean anyone who has the right to live in a particular place, either because he signed a lease, which is a rental agreement, because he owns the land, or because government gave him a title to it. If you live in a big apartment building, you should be aware of your rights as a tenant, which usually include things like having heat in the winter and proper fire escapes.
WORD FAMILY
tenant: tenancy, tenanted, tenanting, tenantry, tenants+/ tenancy: tenancies/tenanted: untenanted/tenantry: tenantries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bad news for landlords is good news for tenants.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It aims to secure tenants, including community and cultural organizations, to renovate and use about 30 military buildings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 房客; 佃户; <律>占用者; 占有者
vt. 租借，租用
时态：tenanted, tenanting, tenants
分布：房客(48%)，承租人(21%)，租赁(13%)，佃户(13%)，租借(5%)
→ten-,持有，握住，-ant,人。引申词义租客，租户。
n.承租人;房客;佃户vt.租借,承租The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】rent（v 租）房的人是tenant
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building 租户；佃户；房客
n. [租赁] 承租人；房客；佃户；居住者
 - lessee, renter
vt. 租借（常用于被动语态）
 - rent

Word: te
Front: te
[ti:] (-/15854)
Back: n. 全音节的第七音
分布：瞄准角(50%)，仰角(50%)

Word: fertiliser
Front: fertiliser
['fɜ:tɪlaɪzə] (-/9068)
Back: n. 肥料，化肥
分布：化肥(56%)，肥料(43%)，=fertilizer.(1%)

Word: lighter
Front: lighter
[ˈlaɪtə(r)] (六 8206/9751 -1)
Back: n. 打火机; 点火器; 点火者; 驳船
adj. 较轻的( light的比较级); 较淡的
vt. 用驳船运
分布：驳船(100%)
→来自light,发光，光线。
打火机(light点火)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a small device for providing a flame for a cigarette etc 打火机
• a cigarette lighter 香烟打火机
n. 打火机； [船] 驳船；点火者
 - pontoon

Word: impunity
Front: impunity
[ɪmˈpju:nəti] (托宝 14823/18918 -1)
Vocabulary: impunity
(once / 1502 pages)
n
If doing something usually results in punishment, but you do it with impunity, you will not be punished for the deed. Students are not allowed to chew gum in school, but teachers do it with impunity. Not fair!
The noun, impunity, comes from the Latin roots im- "not" plus poena "punishment," a root which has also produced the word pain. Impunity, then, is the freedom from punishment or pain. If someone has committed a punishable offense but does not have to fear punishment, he or she does it "with impunity." Cybercriminals operate with impunity from some Eastern European countries.
WORD FAMILY
impunity: impunities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There must be national efforts, there must be regional efforts that are also trying to bridge the impunity gap.”
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
On Monday she published an article criticising armed groups that “act with impunity” in Iraq.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
On Monday, the rights group released a 114-page report which examines "police disregard for arrest regulations, custodial deaths from torture, and impunity for those responsible".
BBC(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 不受惩罚，无罪; 不受损失
分布：不受惩罚(82%)，免罚(18%)
→im-,不，非，-pun,惩罚，词源同punish.即不处罚的，引申词义免于惩罚。
不受刑罚,免罚(im不+pun+ity→不受惩罚)[pen,pun=penalty,表示"处罚"]
【记】punity＝penalty（n 处罚；罚款）
【参】punitive（adj 刑罚的；惩罚性的）
【区】imputation（n 归罪；归咎）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■freedom from punishment or from the unpleasant results of something that has been done （惩罚、坏结果的）免除
• Criminal gangs are terrorizing the city with apparent impunity. 犯罪集团使市民人心惶惶却显然没有受到惩罚。

Word: transistor
Front: transistor
[trænˈzɪstə(r)] (研四六雅 13031/10735 -1)
Vocabulary: transistor
(once / 10396 pages)
n
Use the noun transistor to describe the small metal device that helps send and amplify signals in a radio. Your grandpa might carry a transistor radio around on game day.
You may have heard of a transistor radio, or a portable radio that was produced in the 1950s after the development of transistors. These tiny devices made it possible for much smaller electronics to be made, like radios that people could carry in their hands. Transistors are still used in electronic products today. The word comes from the words transfer and resistor, because an electrical current in a transistor is transferred across a resistor, a two-terminal component of electronics.
WORD FAMILY
transistor: transistorise, transistorize, transistors+/transistorise: transistorised/transistorize: transistorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Transistors, tiny electrical switches, are the fundamental unit that drives all the electronic gadgets we can think of.
Salon(Dec 01, 2016)
Chip makers for decades packed double the number of transistors on chips every two years or so, a pattern known as Moore’s Law.
Wall Street Journal(Nov 28, 2016)
The transistor was born in the 1940s at AT&T’s Bell Labs.
Wall Street Journal(Nov 20, 2016)
Back: n. 晶体管; 晶体管收音机，半导体收音机
分布：晶体管(90%)，晶体管收音机(10%)
→合成自 transfer,转移，resistor,电阻器。因该电子元件通过电阻器转移电流而得名。
n.晶体管;晶体管收音机My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
US [-'zɪs.tɚ] noun countable
■a small electrical device containing a semiconductor , used in televisions, radios, etc. to control or increase an electric current 晶体管，电晶体
(also transistor radio) (informal trannie)
■a small radio containing transistors, used especially in the past （尤指旧时的）电晶体收音机
n. [电子] 晶体管（收音机）
 - tansistor

Word: angle
Front: angle
[ˈæŋgl] (高研四托 2989/2346 -K3)
Vocabulary: angle
(once / 231 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
Remember all those pesky geometry classes in high school? Then you'll remember measuring the angle or space between two intersecting lines in degrees. If you recall that a right angle measures ninety degrees, give yourself a bonus.
Angle can also mean a biased way of looking at or presenting something. Talk radio stations, for example, often discuss current events with a "political angle." On a far more peaceful note, to angle also means simply to fish, both in the literal sense of trying to catch a fish on a hook or in the metaphorical sense of trying to subtly obtain something without being seen to do so directly, as in, "I'm going to angle for a promotion at work."
WORD FAMILY
angle: angled, angler, angles, angling, angular, angulate+/ angler: anglers/angling: anglings/ angular: angularest, angularity, angularly/angularity: angularities/angulate: angulated, angulating, angulation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here are some other key angles that emerged from the game, entering the offseason:
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
So you get your insecurities challenged from both angles.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Here are some other key angles to follow around the game:
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 角; [比喻]（考虑、问题的）角度; 观点; 轮廓鲜明的突出体
vt. 使形成（或弯成）角度; 把…放置成一角度; 调整（或对准）…的角度; 使（新闻、报道等）带有倾向性
vi. 垂钓; 斜移; 弯曲成一角度; 从（某角度）报道
时态：angled, angling, angles
分布：角(68%)，角度(29%)，观点(1%)，谋取(1%)，钓鱼(1%)
→来自词根ang, 弯。可能与anger同源。
n.角,角度v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable
SPACE 空间
 ADVANCED
■the space between two lines or surfaces at the point at which they touch each other, measured in degrees 角；角度
• The interior angles of a square are right angles or angles of 90 degrees. 正方形的内角是直角，即90度角。
• The boat settled into the mud at a 35 degree angle. 船身呈35度角倾斜着陷入烂泥中。
at an angle
■not horizontal or vertical, but sloping in one direction 倾斜地，成一定角度
• The boat settled into the mud at an angle of 35 degrees. 船身呈35度角倾斜着陷入烂泥中。
• The picture was hanging at an angle. 画斜挂着。
• He wore his hat at a jaunty angle. 他歪戴着帽子。
■the corner of a building, table, or anything with straight sides （建筑物、桌子等的）角，边角
['æŋ.gl] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■a position from which something is viewed 视角
• The tower is visible from every angle/all angles. 从任何角度都可以看到这座塔。
• I realised I was looking at it from the wrong angle. 我意识到当时考虑它的角度不对。
['æŋ.gl] noun countable
WAY OF THINKING 思考方式
■a way of considering, judging or dealing with something 观点；立场；方式；角度
• Try looking at the problem from another angle] from my angle. 尝试换个角度／从我的角度来看这个问题。
• The press was looking for a new/fresh angle on the situation. 新闻界正在寻找一个新的角度来审度这种局面。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
SLOPE 斜度
■to aim, turn or position something in a direction that is not horizontal or vertical 倾斜放置，歪斜转动
• The stage had been steeply angled (= was sloping very noticeably). 舞台倾斜得厉害。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
DIRECT 指向
■to direct information at a particular group of people 向（特定人群）提供资讯；定位于
• The magazine is angled at the 20-35 year-old women's market. 该杂志以20岁到35岁之间的女性读者为对象。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  angle for sth mainly disapproving
■If someone is angling for something, they are trying to get something without asking for it directly （用暗示等方法）猎取，谋求
• He's clearly angling for a job/an invitation. 很明显，他在拐弯抹角地想得到一份工作／一张请柬。
corner, angle
这组词都有“角”的意思，其区别是：
corner: 多指物体的棱角或房间、街道的角落。
angle: 几何学上的用词，指两条直线相交而成的角。也可引申指看问题的方面或角度。
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
vi. 钓鱼；谋取
 - fish, figure for
n. 角度， [数] 角
 - hao, jiao

Word: glow
Front: glow
[gləʊ] (研四六雅宝 5092/6174 -2)
Vocabulary: glow
(once / 129 pages)
1vn 2vn
To glow is to shine with light. On a clear night when the moon is full, it glows in the sky.
A nightlight glows in a dark room, and a distant flashlight beam glows like a candle. Other things that glow include fireflies, TV screens, and city lights when seen from an airplane at night. A person's face can also be said to glow, when it's shining and flushed with health or happiness. The radiance of light or pleasure itself can also be called a glow, from the Old English glowan, "to shine as if red-hot."
WORD FAMILY
glow: counterglow, glowed, glowing, glows+/ glowing: glowingly, glowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the rows in front of me, I see supertitles glowing in German, in Spanish.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite this apparent open challenge to Putin, the museum received a glowing review from the state-run news agency.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
L.A. helps Havana's vintage neon signs glow again: 'It marks a new era, a return of the light, of hope'
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 发光，灼热; 脸红; 洋溢，喜形于色
n. 白热，炽热; 色彩鲜艳，尤指红光; 激情; 热烈
时态：glowed, glowing, glows
分布：光辉(60%)，热情(16%)，赤热(14%)，发红光(6%)，红光焕发(4%)
→来自ghel, 照耀，发光，词源同glass, glisten.
v.发热,发光,发红n.白热The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [gloʊ] verb intransitive
■to produce a continuous light and sometimes heat 发光；发热
• A nightlight glowed dimly in the corner of the children's bedroom. 孩子们睡房的角落里有一盏小夜灯发出微光。
• This substance is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. 这种物质辐射性很强，在黑暗中都可以发出亮光。
■to look attractive because you are happy or healthy, especially with eyes that are shining （尤指因为眼睛放出光芒而）容光焕发，喜形于色
• The children's faces were glowing with excitement. 孩子们兴奋得满脸通红。
• They came back from their week by the sea, glowing with health. 他们在海边渡假一周，回来时个个都容光焕发。
be glowing
■to be hot or red from exercising 因锻炼而发热，发红
• When we got back from our walk in the snow, my whole body was glowing. 我们在雪中散步回来，我全身上下都热乎乎的。
UK [gləʊ] US [gloʊ] noun only singular
LIGHT 光
■when something produces a continuous light and/or heat 发光；发热；光亮；灼热
• the glow of the fire 火光
• Neon emits a characteristic red glow. 氖发出独特的红光。
UK [gləʊ] US [gloʊ] noun only singular
FEELING 感觉
■a positive feeling 喜悦；满足
• They felt a glow of pride as they watched their daughter collect the award. 看着女儿领奖，他们感到非常自豪。
• She felt a warm glow of satisfaction. 她感到心满意足，如沐春风。
flash, sparkle, glow, gleam, twinkle, glitter
这组词都有“闪光，闪烁，闪亮”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出随即消失的闪光，如闪电的光。
sparkle: 指发出闪动的光或火星。
glow: 指像熔铁余烬等发出的明亮、强烈、夺目的光。
gleam: 指透过间隔物或映衬于较暗背景上的微弱光线。也指闪光。
twinkle: 指断断续续或摇晃不定的灿烂闪光。
glitter: 指连续发出的闪烁不定的光，有时含贬义。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vi. 发热；洋溢；绚丽夺目
 - burn, fever heat
n. 灼热；色彩鲜艳；兴高采烈
 - calorescence, ardor

Word: useless
Front: useless
[ˈju:sləs] (高四六托雅 5657/4667 -K2)
Vocabulary: useless
(once / 181 pages)
adj
When all else fails, you still have the word useless. Use this adjective when nothing is working and there is no hope of improvement.
Less means "without." So something that is useless has no use or value, at least at the present time. Long ago, many blacksmiths concluded it was useless to try to get by making horseshoes after the automobile caught on. Their tools and supplies? Useless, so they thought. They moved on to other careers. Some even bought Fords. Fast forward about a hundred years. Ask antiques dealers if is it useless to present artifacts for sale to history buffs.
WORD FAMILY
useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/ use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/ useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ user: users/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sandpaper is useless to this kind of wood. But woodworkers who aren’t afraid of that difficulty should definitely enter. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their predictive powers were among the most useless in 2016.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
If the person at the other end asked to leave a message, I would sigh heavily, like a useless personal assistant.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无用的，无效的; 无价值的; 差劲的; 不怎么样的
分布：无用的(84%)，无效的(16%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■of no use; not working or not achieving what is needed 无用的；无效的
• Without fuel, the vehicles will become useless for moving supplies. 没有燃料，车辆就无法运送物资。
• [+ to infinitive] It's useless to speculate without more information. 没有更多资讯，推断毫无意义。
• She's very good at methodical work, but useless when there's a lot of pressure. 她很善于做条理性强的工作，但要是压力太大她就做不来了。
• informal You're absolutely useless (= not able to act effectively) - can't you even go to the shops without getting lost! 你真没用——连去商店买东西都会迷路！
adj. 无用的；无效的
 - unnecessary, futile

Word: blight
Front: blight
[blaɪt] (宝 15091/18459 -1)
Vocabulary: blight
(once / 825 pages)
nv
A blight is a disease that hurts plants and makes their leaves wither. It can also affect neighborhoods. Urban blight refers to a part of the city where things are falling apart.
Blight rhymes with bright, but it’s the opposite of sunshine; instead of making plants grow, it cripples them. The Irish Potato Famine was an example of a blight. In 1845, more than a third of the potato crops were ruined. The plants turned black and their leaves dried up and people who relied on potatoes for most of their meals also withered and experienced extreme hardship and hunger. You might want to think of it this way: a blight makes people — or plants — fight for their lives.
WORD FAMILY
blight: blighted, blighter, blighting, blights+/blighter: blighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other demolitions in Evansville are done through a federal Blight Elimination Project.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the area still struggles with blight, crime and underdevelopment, so Cinderhouse and others see the arts as a potential catalyst for progress.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
City planning department records show the commercial warehouse was visited by code inspectors repeatedly for blight conditions.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 凋萎病; 坏因素; 毁坏; 衰退
vt. 使凋萎; 使颓丧; 损害; 妨害
vi. 患枯萎病; 枯萎，颓丧
时态：blighted, blighting, blights
分布：枯萎病(88%)，摧毁(6%)，导致破坏的因素(6%)
→词源不详，该词来自于农业用语，原指植物叶上的斑点，可能同blemish, 斑点。-ght, 拼写模仿eight, fight, light, night 等。
【记】b不，light光－植物没光就会枯萎
【反】blighted（adj 毁灭的；枯萎的＝withered）－hale（adj 强壮的）/robustadj 精力充沛的）/sound（adj 健康的）/unblemished（adj 无疵的）
noun only singular
■a disease that damages and kills plants （植物的）枯萎病，疫病
■something which spoils or has a very bad effect on something, often for a long time 破坏因素；阴影
• His arrival cast a blight on the wedding day. 他的到来破坏了大喜之日的气氛。
[blaɪt] verb transitive
■to spoil something 破坏，妨害
• A broken leg blighted her chances of winning the championship. 腿骨折使她失去了获得冠军的机会。
n. [植保] 枯萎病；荒芜
 - fusarium wilt, desolation
vt. 破坏；使…枯萎
 - destroy, undermine, founder
vi. [植保] 枯萎
 - flag, wither away

Word: ladder
Front: ladder
[ˈlædə(r)] (高研四六 4505/4136 -2)
Vocabulary: ladder
(once / 339 pages)
1n 2nv
If your ball lands on the roof, grab a ladder and climb up and get it. A ladder has steps you use to reach up high. If you climb the corporate ladder, you’re moving up in the business world.
Some ladders are just a few feet tall, and others are taller than a house. Still others are invisible –- any time you move up in your career as a banker or NFL football player, you climb the ladder. In British English, a ladder is a run in stockings, which is funny because it usually looks like one. The superstition that it's bad luck to walk under an open ladder dates from the eighteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
ladder: laddered, laddering, ladders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Seattle police are investigating a crash between a fire engine and a ladder truck, which led the ladder truck to plow into a massage business.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They will not be permitted to walk under ladders.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 梯子，阶梯; 梯状物; 途径; （紧身裤袜或长筒袜的）滑丝
vi. 使（袜子）发生抽丝现象; 像长筒袜一样抽丝
时态：laddered, laddering, ladders
分布：梯子(79%)，阶梯(19%)，梯状物(2%)
→来自klei,倾斜，前倾，词源同lean,incline.后用来指梯子。
n.梯子,阶梯The lady is glad to give the salad to the sad lad on the ladder.女士乐意把色拉送给梯子上的那位悲哀的小伙子.
US [-ɚ] noun
EQUIPMENT 设施
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of equipment used for climbing up and down, which consists of two vertical bars or pieces of rope joined to each other by a set of horizontal steps 梯子
• She was up a ladder, cleaning the window. 她站在梯子上擦窗子。
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SERIES OF STAGES 阶段
only singular
■a series of increasingly important jobs or stages in a particular type of work or process （职位晋升的）阶梯；（发展的）阶段
• Once he started at Paramount in 1967, he moved rapidly up the corporate ladder. 1967年他开始在派拉蒙电影公司工作，此后他在公司里升得很快。
• a first rung/step on the employment ladder 职场的第一个台阶
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
HOLE 洞
countable UK (US run)
■a long vertical hole in a pair of tights or a stocking （紧身裤袜或长筒袜的）抽丝，滑丝
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
COMPETITION 比赛
countable (also ladder tournament) mainly UK
■(in particular sports) a system in which all the players who play regularly are given a position in a list and can improve their position by beating other players in that list （某项体育比赛采用的）阶梯晋级赛
• a squash ladder 壁球阶梯晋级赛
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive UK
■If a pair of tights or stockings ladder or if you ladder them, a long hole appears in them （紧身衣、袜子）抽丝；被刮破
• Damn! That's the second pair of tights I've laddered today! 真该死！我今天换上的第二条紧身裤也抽丝了。
n. 阶梯；途径；梯状物
 - mechanism, approach, pass
vi. 成名；发迹
 - raise oneself, make his mark

Word: implicit
Front: implicit
[ɪmˈplɪsɪt] (研六托雅宝 6734/5088 -2)
Vocabulary: implicit
(once / 956 pages)
adj
Use the adjective implicit when you mean that something is understood but not clearly stated. You might think you and your boyfriend might have an implicit understanding that you are going to get married, but it's probably better to talk it through.
A very near synonym of implicit in this particular meaning is the word implied. But the adjective implicit also means "complete without any doubt," so we can say that we have implicit trust or confidence in someone. The Latin root implicāre means "to involve or entangle." Another English word with a more obvious connection to the Latin is the verb implicate.
WORD FAMILY
implicit: implicitly, implicitness
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the first presidential debate, Hillary Clinton argued that “implicit bias is a problem for everyone, not just police.”
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
But this principled response, though valid, fails to address some big questions implicit in the populist complaint.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In Canada, the kinship between hockey and war is implicit.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不言明[含蓄]的; 无疑问的，绝对的; 成为一部份的; 内含的
分布：含蓄的(34%)，绝对的(24%)，固有的(15%)，无疑问的(11%)，暗示的(9%)，无保留的(7%)
→im-,进入，使，-plic,编织，卷入，词源同imply,complicate.词义完全的见短语implicit faith in God,对上帝完全的信仰。
含蓄的(im+plic重叠+it→进入重叠→不直说→储蓄的)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
含蓄的(im进+plic+it→重叠表达→含蓄的)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
a.含蓄的;(in)固有的;无疑问的;绝对的The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
【记】im进入，plic重叠－重叠在里面－含蓄的
【参】explicit（adj 外在的；直率的）
adjective
SUGGESTED 含蓄的
■suggested but not communicated directly 不明言的，含蓄的
• He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the government. 他将她的评论理解为对政府的含蓄批评。
• Implicit in the poem's closing lines are the poet's own religious doubts. 在这首诗最后几行中隐含着诗人自己的宗教疑虑。
Compare explicit
[ɪm'plɪs.ɪt] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
■complete and without any doubts 无疑问的；无保留的
• implicit trust 绝对的信任
• All her life she had implicit faith in socialism. 她一生都对社会主义坚信不疑。
adj. [计] 含蓄的；暗示的；盲从的
 - suggested, undemonstrative

Word: relish
Front: relish
[ˈrelɪʃ] (研宝 8659/7766 -2)
Vocabulary: relish
(once / 607 pages)
1nv 2n
Relish isn't just a hotdog topping. The verb relish means to enjoy something immensely. You may relish eating the relish on your hotdog, or you may relish taking an afternoon nap.
The word relish has been around since the 16th century and comes to us from the French, who are pretty good at indulging and savoring. When at a dinner party, win points with your host by sighing happily after each bite to show just how much you relish the meal. Relish is also a kind of spicy or savory condiment, the stuff you slather on hotdogs or hamburgers. So if you're fickle when it comes to pickles, you might ask them to hold the relish.
WORD FAMILY
relish: relished, relishes, relishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
We relished the opportunity to meet with local Azoreans, all while eating great, free food!
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Johnson relished his lush job, but he soon grew restless again.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Unlike his coach, Staal sees nothing wrong with relishing Saturday’s history, if only to spice up the monotony of the regular season.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 品尝，品味; 给…加佐料，调味; 欣赏
vi. 有滋味; 有…的味道
n. 味道，滋味; 调味品; 引起兴趣的东西
时态：relished, relishing, relishes
分布：喜欢(29%)，享受(25%)，调味品(12%)，品味(12%)，爱好(11%)，滋味(6%)，渴望(3%)，从...获得乐趣(1%)，有滋味(1%)
→来自古法语 relaisser,留下，留在后面，来自拉丁语 relaxare,松开，松手，来自 re-,向后，离 开，laxare,松开，词源同 lax,relax,release.拼写受-ish 影响俗化。后引申词义味道，回味，后 用于指调料，佐料，并引申动词词义享受，喜欢。
n.美味,味道,调味品,食欲,乐趣v.喜欢,品味Hunger gives relish to simple food.肚子饿时吃什么都香.
【记】re反复，lish力士（香皂）：反复用力士香皂，因为喜欢。
【参】relocate（v 重新部署）
【反】despise（v 轻视）
verb transitive slightly formal
■to like or enjoy something 享受；喜欢
• I always relish a challenge. 我一向喜欢迎接挑战。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't relish telling her that her son has been arrested. 我不想告诉她她儿子被捕的消息。
■If you relish the idea or thought of something, you feel pleasure that it is going to happen 期盼；憧憬；指望
• She's relishing the prospect of studying in Bologna for six months. 她憧憬着在博洛尼亚学习6个月的美好时光。
['rel.ɪʃ] noun
SAUCE 调味汁
countable or uncountable
■a type of sauce which is eaten with food to add flavour to it 佐料；调味品
• tomato and onion relish 番茄洋葱调味汁
• Would you like relish on your burger? 你的汉堡包要涂调味汁吗？
['rel.ɪʃ] noun
ENJOYMENT 享受
uncountable slightly formal
■the enjoyment you get from doing something 享受；乐趣
• She ate her cake slowly and with relish. 她津津有味地慢慢品尝着蛋糕。
• I have no relish for hunting and killing animals. 我不觉得猎杀动物有甚么乐趣。
n. 滋味；风味；食欲；开胃小菜；含义
 - flavor, meaning, import, appetite
vt. 品味；喜爱；给…加佐料
 - enjoy, favour

Word: mayhem
Front: mayhem
[ˈmeɪhem] (宝 12301/14680 -1)
Vocabulary: mayhem
(once / 7194 pages)
n
Mayhem is a violent and rowdy disturbance, like what you might experience at an overcrowded rock concert or a day-after-Thanksgiving sale.
You may encounter several types of disturbances in your life, but mayhem is typically used for disturbances involving crowds. The word mayhem comes to us not from Latin, as many English words do, but from Anglo-French, a dialect of French that developed in England several centuries ago. We’re guessing those Anglo-French speakers had a reputation for being a pretty rowdy bunch.
WORD FAMILY
mayhem: mayhems
USAGE EXAMPLES
The subtitle of Banks' book is "Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
What seemed like effortless mayhem on the screen was the result of a painstaking — and unorthodox — directing approach.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It was the first televised conflict, with images of mayhem invading the cozy confines of suburbia.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 骚乱; 慌乱
分布：故意的伤害罪(50%)，有意的破坏或暴行(50%)
→来自古法语mayhem,来自mai,砍，劈，词源同maim,mangle.引申词义伤害，损伤，骚乱，混乱。
【记】源于：maim（v 使残废）may＋hem（n 边缘）：也许在边上，推下去就残废了－伤害罪
noun uncountable
■a situation in which there is little or no order or control 混乱状态
• With twenty kids running round and only two adults to supervise, it was complete mayhem. 20个孩子到处乱跑却只有两个大人看管，完全是一片混乱。

Word: bat
Front: bat
[bæt] (高研四 3692/4758 -3)
Vocabulary: bat
(once / 192 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A bat is used in the sports of baseball and cricket to hit a small, hard ball. In baseball, a bat can be made out of wood or aluminum.
Bat can be a verb as well: when you're up at bat in a baseball game, it means it's your turn to bat with the bat. There is also an animal called a bat, a small, nocturnal bird-like mammal. People can be said to "bat their eyelashes," or flutter them flirtatiously, as well. This last meaning, from the mid-1800s, comes from an earlier sense of bat, "flutter like a hawk's wings."
WORD FAMILY
bat: bats, batted, batter, batting +/ batter: battered, battering, batters/battered: batteredest/battering: batterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roger Clemens fails to get votes necessary for Baseball Hall of Fame, hurls bat shard at Mike Piazza’s plaque in Cooperstown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Thinking it was Gunther, he almost brained Martin with a baseball bat.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The general rule of thumb is to save 10 to 15 percent toward retirement, but that is often too much off the bat.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 蝙蝠; 短棍，（棒球等的）球棒，（网球等的）球拍; 白话，口语，成语，俗话; （口）打击，猛击，（海上）导弹
vt. & vi. 用球板击球，用球棒击球（尤指板球或棒球运动）
时态：batted, batting, bats
分布：蝙蝠(65%)，球棒(19%)，球拍(13%)，拍打(2%)，用棒击打(1%)
→1.棍子，词源同beat, 击，打。
n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
noun countable
STICK 棍
 ADVANCED
■a specially shaped piece of wood used for hitting the ball in many games 球棒；球拍；球板
• a baseball/cricket/rounders/table tennis bat 棒球球棒／板球球板／跑柱式棒球球棒／乒乓球球拍
⇒ See also batsman
[bæt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■a small animal like a mouse with wings that flies at night 蝙蝠
[bæt] noun countable
do sth off your own bat UK informal
■to do something without anyone else telling you or asking you to do it 主动地做…；自觉地做…
• I didn't ask her to buy them a present - she did it off her own bat. 我没有叫她给他们买礼物——是她自己去买的。
[bæt] noun countable
have bats in the belfry old-fashioned disapproving
■to be silly and slightly mad with confused behaviour 傻里傻气，精神失常
⇒ See also batty
[bæt] noun countable
off the bat US
■immediately 立刻，马上
• You can't expect to be accepted in a new town right/straight off the bat. 你不能期望刚到一个新的城镇，就立刻被人们接受。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
EYE 眼睛
transitive
■(especially of women) to open and close your eyes quickly several times, especially to attract attention or admiration （尤指女子）眨眼（以引起注意）
• She smiled and batted her eyelashes at him. 她微笑着，向他眨了眨眼睛。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
HIT 攻击
intransitive or transitive
■to try to hit a ball with a bat 用球棒（或球拍）击（球）
• He batted the ball high into the air. 他发了一个高球。
• Jones will be the first to bat. 琼斯将是第一位打击手。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
not bat an eyelid
■to show no sign of surprise or worry when something unexpected happens 眼睛都不眨一下；面不改容
• She told him she'd spent all her savings but he didn't bat an eyelid. 她告诉他已经花完了自己全部的积蓄，可是他根本不为所动。
n. [脊椎] 蝙蝠；球棒；批处理文件的扩展名
 - Murcielago, reremouse

Word: painter
Front: painter
[ˈpeɪntə(r)] (高研四 3322/3579 -K2)
Back: n. 画家，着色者; 油漆匠; （系船的）缆绳; 破诡计
分布：画家(96%)，油漆匠(4%)
n.漆工,画家He is a painter in water colours.他是位水彩画家.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who paints pictures 画家，绘画者
 ADVANCED
■someone whose job is to paint surfaces, such as walls and doors 油漆工
n. 画家；油漆匠
 - limner, penman

Word: rack
Front: rack
[ræk] (研四六托雅 4151/6006 -2)
Vocabulary: rack
(once / 514 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5nv 6v 7v
A rack is a device meant to hold something, or several things. A coat rack has hooks for hanging coats, and a magazine rack has shelves or slots to hold magazines.
In a store, racks hold and display items for sale (like clothes racks and book racks), while in your house you have racks for storing things (a spice rack), or drying them (in the case of a towel rack). If you rack, or wrack, your brain, it means you think extra hard;and when something goes "to rack and ruin," it becomes old and decrepit, or falls apart.
WORD FAMILY
rack: racked, racker, racking, racks+/racker: rackers/racking: rackingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The overtime racked up by Community Colleges of Spokane alone is more than $500,000 — and growing.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is followed by macaroni and cheese, BBQ beans and a rack of ribs that is pretty much larger than I am.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Sing,” the latest collaboration between Illumination and Universal, racked up $41.4 million during its second weekend in theaters.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 行李架; 支架; 刑架; （羊、猪等带前肋的）颈脊
vt. 使痛苦，使焦虑; 剥削，榨取; 用刑拘折磨
时态：racked, racking, racks
分布：行李架(59%)，折磨(18%)，拷问台(11%)，使痛苦(6%)，把...放在架子上(3%)，累计取得(3%)
→来自古英语 reccan,拉开，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*rak,拉直，来自 reg,拉直，词源同 regulate,reach.引申词义支架，架子，后用于指架子状的刑具，引申词义折磨。
n.挂物架,搁物架v.使痛苦,折磨The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun
FRAME 支架
countable
■a frame or shelf, often formed of bars, which is used to hold things 架子；搁物架
• a vegetable rack 摆放蔬菜的货架
• a plate rack 盘碟架
• a luggage rack 行李架
countable US (UK frame)
■a triangular frame used to arrange the balls at the start of a game of billiards , pool , snooker , etc. （用于桌球或撞球比赛开球时放置球的）三角框
the rack
■in the past, a device to which people were tied and which stretched their bodies by pulling their arms in one direction and their legs in the other direction, usually used as a way of forcing them to tell information （旧时为逼供而使用的）拉肢刑具
[ræk] noun
MEAT 肉类
countable or uncountable
■a large piece of meat cut from the neck of a sheep 羊颈肉
• The butcher prepared a rack of pork. 那个屠夫准备了一块猪颈肉。
• We're having rack of lamb for dinner. 我们今天晚餐会煮羊颈肉。
[ræk] noun
MACHINE 机器
countable
■a bar with tooth-like parts along one edge which fits into a pinion (= a wheel with tooth-like parts) allowing change between circular and straight-line movement 齿条；齿轨；齿棒
[ræk] noun
DECAY 腐朽
rack and ruin (ALSO mainly US wrack and ruin)
■a bad state; decay 糟糕透顶（的状态）；破损，损坏
• The whole farm was going to rack and ruin. 整个农场逐渐变得破败不堪。
[ræk] noun
be on the rack
■to be suffering great physical or mental pain 痛苦不堪；焦虑万分
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
■to cause physical or mental pain, or trouble, to someone or something 使肉体或精神上受巨大痛苦；折磨
• Even at the end, when cancer racked his body, he was calm and cheerful. 即使在最后，当他的身体备受癌症病魔摧残的时候，他仍然镇定自若、乐观开朗。
• The dog was already racked by/with the pains of old age. 那只狗已经又老又病，痛苦不堪。
• He was racked by/with doubts/guilt. 他被疑虑／内疚所折磨。
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
rack your brains
■to think very hard 绞尽脑汁；搜肠刮肚
• I've been racking my brains all day but I can't remember her name. 我搜肠刮肚想了一整天，却怎么也记不起她的名字来。
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rack sth up mainly US informal
■to gradually get more points, profits, etc.; to accumulate 累计（得分或获利）；累积；聚集
• He has racked up 450 points in three months. 三个月内，他已经累积了450分。
• Astronomical profits/losses were racked up by airlines last year. 去年各航空公司累计盈利／亏损达到了天文数字。
■to increase something such as a rent or price, especially by an amount that is considered to be too much （尤指过分地）增加，提高（房租、价格等）
• Our landlord racked up the rent by 15% this year. 我们的房东今年把房租猛涨了15%。
n. [机] 齿条； [交] 行李架；拷问台
 - toothed bar, baggage holder
vi. 变形；随风飘；小步跑
 - become deformed, to morph
vt. 折磨；榨取
 - harry, extract, milk, worry, trouble

Word: buoyant
Front: buoyant
[ˈbɔɪənt] (雅宝 15273/9625 -1)
Vocabulary: buoyant
(once / 1119 pages)
adj
Something that is buoyant floats in water. Since floating is happier than sinking, buoyant also refers to things are fun and upbeat.
Someone with a buoyant personality is fun to be around, laughs a lot, smiles, and cheers other people up. Buoyant people are lively and lighthearted — the opposite of sad, depressed, and bummed out. Buoyant people are also called bubbly and cheerful, and it should help to remember that buoyant objects float — just like a buoyant person can seem like they're floating too (as in the expression "floating on air").
WORD FAMILY
buoyant: buoyancy, buoyantly, chirpily, non-buoyant+/ buoy: buoyant, buoyed, buoying, buoys/ buoyancy: buoyancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The players, some of them stoked by participating in the Opening Ceremonies and staying with countrymen in the Olympic Village, were buoyant.
Golf Digest(Dec 18, 2016)
Crude oil weathers when absorbed by the material but remains buoyant for at least four months.
Washington Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Retail sales are also buoyant, which is no surprise after surveys showed consumer confidence spiking in November.
The Guardian(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: adj. 轻快的; 活泼的，开朗的; 有浮力的，易浮的; （价格等）上涨的
分布：有浮力的(67%)，心情愉快的(22%)，趋于上涨的(11%)
【反】hangdog（adj 低贱的）；leaden（adj 沉重的）
adjective
FLOATING 漂浮的
■able to float 浮力
• Cork is light and buoyant. 软木质轻，可浮在水上。
['bɔɪ.ənt] adjective
HAPPY 高兴
■happy and confident 欢欣鼓舞的，飘飘然的
• After reading the letter he was in a buoyant mood. 读了信后，他高兴得快要飘起来了。
['bɔɪ.ənt] adjective
SUCCESSFUL 成功
■successful or making a profit 成功的，有利可图的
• The housing market remains buoyant. 房屋市场依然是有赚头的。
adj. 轻快的；有浮力的；上涨的
 - flowing, rising

Word: distraction
Front: distraction
[dɪˈstrækʃn] (雅 6171/8644 -1)
Vocabulary: distraction
(once / 1030 pages)
n
A distraction is something that takes your attention away from what you're supposed to be doing. If you just can't keep from checking your email every ten seconds, that's a distraction that's going to interfere with doing your homework.
A distraction can also be a pleasant break. If you're worried about your dance recital tomorrow, watching a mindless action flick may be a welcome distraction that helps you relax. Has anyone ever told you, "You're driving me to distraction"? When you're driven to distraction, you're so agitated you feel like you're going crazy. Distraction comes from the Latin dis-, "apart," and trahere, "drag." So distraction is when you're dragged away from your task or from your worries.
WORD FAMILY
distraction: distractions+/ distract: distracted, distracting, distraction, distracts/ distracted: distractedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
However, Orcutt said distraction is dire enough to warrant legislation.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The two kept in touch despite the distractions of Thanksgiving.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 注意力分散; 娱乐，消遣; 心烦意乱; 精神错乱
分布：分心(59%)，消遣(13%)，娱乐(13%)，注意力分散(7%)，发狂(5%)，分心的事物(3%)
noun
uncountable
■when you are very bored or annoyed 心烦意乱，苦恼无聊
• His lessons bore me to distraction. 听他讲课我打不起精神来。
• That dreadful noise is driving me to distraction. 那种讨厌的噪音快把我烦死了。
countable or uncountable
■something that prevents someone from concentrating on what they are doing 分心的事；分散注意力的东西
• I can turn the television off if you find it a distraction. 如果你觉得电视让你思想无法集中，我可以关掉它。
countable
■an activity that you do for pleasure （活动）娱乐；消遣
• one of the distractions of city life 城市生活的一项消遣
n. 注意力分散；消遣；心烦意乱
 - entertainment, occupation, recreation, relaxation

Word: specify
Front: specify
[ˈspesɪfaɪ] (研四六托 4860/2230 -2)
Vocabulary: specify
(once / 522 pages)
v
To explicitly name something or state a particular detail, you specify that thing. So, when you have a craving for dessert and you send someone to the store to buy ice cream, you may want to specify a flavor.
If you assign something for a particular purpose, this verb means that you specify. Your parents can specify for safety's sake that you can only ride your bicycle on the sidewalk and not on the street. Another use of the verb specify is to give a set of requirements. If you have your grandmother's old recipe for snickerdoodle cookies, you may wonder what the recipe means when it specifies that you should add "a smidgen of molasses."
WORD FAMILY
specify: specifiable, specification, specified, specifier, specifies, specifying+/ specification: specifications/ specified: unspecified
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Wildcats coach did not specify during his weekly radio show Monday night when the previously-taped talk with Pitino would air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Benefits accruing to the United States proved more difficult to specify.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 指定; 详述; 提出…的条件; 使具有特性
vi. 明确提出，详细说明
时态：specified, specifying, specifies
分布：指定(96%)，详细说明(3%)，阐述(1%)
→specific,明确的，具体的，-fy,使。引申词义明确说明，具体规定等。 specimen 样本，样品，标本
v.指定,详细说明The specialist specifically specified a special pacific means especially.专家特地明确指定了一种和解的特殊方法.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to state or describe something clearly and exactly 具体说明；明确指出
• He said we should meet but didn't specify a time. 他说我们应该见个面，但没说具体时间。
• The peace treaty clearly specifies the terms for the withdrawal of troops. 和平条约明确规定了撤军的条件。
• [+ question word] The newspaper report did not specify how the men were killed. 该报的报道并未说明被害人是如何被杀害的。
• [+ (that)] My contract specifies (that) I must give a month's notice if I leave my job. 我的合约上明确规定，如果我打算辞职，必须提前一个月告知。
• The loan must be repaid within a specified period/by a specified date. 贷款必须在指定期限内／指定日期前偿还。
vt. 指定；详细说明；列举；把…列入说明书
 - name, appoint

Word: rear
Front: rear
[rɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 4033/4511 -K3)
Vocabulary: rear
(once / 119 pages)
1nadj 2v 3v
The rear is the back end of something, like the rear of a school bus or the members of the marching band who stand at the rear of the parade.
At the other end of something's front is its rear, whether it's a car or a line of people standing outside a theater. You can also use rear informally to mean "bottom" or "hindquarters," as an adjective meaning "toward the back," or as a verb: "The horses started to rear up on their back legs." The verb comes from a Germanic root meaning "to raise," while the noun is rooted in the Latin retro, "behind."
WORD FAMILY
rear: reared, rearing, rearmost, rears+/rearing: rearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say the fire is about 10 percent contained and "could still rear its head".
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
These two vacant buildings, joined in the rear, in Hell’s Kitchen, offer frontage on Ninth Avenue and West 52nd Street.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Police say the car struck the rear of a delivery truck, which was stopped at the intersection.
Washington Times(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 饲养; 养育; 抚养; 养育
vt. & vi. 抬起
n. 后部，背面，背后; 臀部; （舰队或军队的）后方，后尾，殿后部队; 〈英口〉厕所
vi. 直立; 高耸
adj. 后面的，后部的
时态：reared, rearing, rears
分布：后方(42%)，后部(15%)，后面的(11%)，后方的(8%)，尾部(8%)，养育(5%)，饲养(5%)，背面的(3%)，举起(3%)
→来自古英语 raeran,升起，上升，来自 Proto-Germanic*risana,上升，举起，来自 rei,上升， 举起，词源同 rise,raise.引申词义抚养，养育。rear 后面的，屁股
n.后面,背后,后方v.饲养,抚养,栽培,举起Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [rɪr] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■at the back of something 后部的；后面的；背部的
• There's a sticker on the rear door/window. 后门／后窗户上贴着一张纸条。
• The horse had injured one of its rear legs. 这匹马一条后腿受伤了。
⇒ See also rearguard
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] noun
the rear
 ADVANCED
■the back part of something 后面；后部；背部
• We walked round to the rear of the house. 我们绕道走到房子的后面。
• Two police motorcyclists brought up the rear (= formed the last part) of the demonstration. 游行示威队伍尾部有两位员警骑着摩托车殿后。
countable (also rear end) old-fashioned informal
■a person's bottom 屁股，腚
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
CARE FOR 照顾
 ADVANCED transitive
■to care for young animals or children until they are able to care for themselves 养育；抚养；饲养
• Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone. 一些妇女经过慎重考虑，作出独自抚养孩子的抉择。
• He describes how these birds rear their young. 他描述了这些鸟是如何养育幼鸟的。
⇒ See also child-rearing
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
RISE 举起
intransitive or transitive
■to rise up or to lift up 竖起；举起；抬高
• The horse reared (up) (= suddenly rose onto its back legs) when it heard the gun shot. 马听到枪响突然直立起后腿。
• The lion slowly reared its head (= lifted it up) and looked around. 狮子缓缓抬起头环顾四周。
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
rear its (ugly) head
■(of something unpleasant) to appear （令人不快的事情）出现，冒头，发生
• The familiar spectre of drought and famine has reared its ugly head again. 人们所熟悉的干旱和饥饿的凶兆已经再度出现。
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rear above/over sth/sb literary
■to appear very tall and big in comparison with another thing or person 高高耸立于…之上；赫然高耸在…旁边
• The mountain reared above the village. 村子旁边，一座大山直入云端。
vt. 培养；树立；栽种
 - cultivate, foster, plant, set, bed
vi. 暴跳；高耸
 - rise, tower
adv. 向后；在后面
 - fro, aback
adj. [军] 后方的；后面的；背面的
 - latter, back
n. 后面；屁股；后方部队
 - back, behind, ass

Word: flare
Front: flare
[fleə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 8467/7846 -2)
Vocabulary: flare
(once / 711 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A flare is a sudden burst of light. The flare of a lit match in the dark night is strangely beautiful.
The flare of a flame in the dark is sudden and bright, and the flare of an idea or emotion is similarly intense. A part of clothing that grows wider, like the hem of jeans that flare — and are also called flares. The verb flare also means to burn brightly or suddenly erupt, like a skin rash that flares up in hot weather or your friend's temper that flares when people tease her about her favorite team losing the big game.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
flair / flare
Flair is a talent for something, like what the pro-wrestler Nature Boy Ric Flair had back in the day. Flare is on a candle or the shape of bell-bottoms that kids rocked back in the heyday of wrastlin'.
Flair is a noun meaning an aptitude or eagerness for something or a distinctive style. You might have a flair for photography, wrestling, or dressing like a flapper. If you describe food as having a certain flair, such as a Latin flair, you mean it has the distinctive style of Latin food. Flair isn't a synonym for flavor. Style is more than flavor. Here are some flairs, ta da:
Charming and gregarious with a flair for grand gestures, he was haunted by drug addiction. (New York Times)
Nice has always boasted an Italian flair; La Promenade respects that tradition by serving firm pasta, an outlier in a world of overcooked French noodles. (Business Week)
Flare has fun, too, in many different ways. As a noun, flare is a shape that is wider at one end, such as bellbottoms, also called flares. It can also be a flickering light, as with the flare of a match. To flare might be widen or to suddenly burn. A disease can flare up, or become worse, while your skirt can flare out, or widen. Flare on:
One oak is hollowed and flared at the bottom like an arched, empty shell. (New York Times)
Sudden anger flared up in the girl's blue eyes, though, he knew it was not directed against him. (Harold Bindloss)
If you're not sure which f-word you want, choose flare. After all, flair just refers to that special something, it's restricted to being a noun that means stylishness or an aptitude for something. Flare means everything else! (Almost)
WORD FAMILY
flare: flared, flares, flaring+/flaring: flaringest, flaringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And outside the confines of Mar-a-Lago, old grievances flare up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But with Coleman lined up wide, Foster sensed that Coleman would flare, leaving him susceptible to a pick from the wide receiver.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 闪耀，闪光; 燃烧; 突然发怒; 向外张开
vt. 使闪耀; 使张开; 用光发出信号; 使外倾
n. 闪光; 爆发; 反射; 太阳耀斑
时态：flared, flaring, flares
分布：爆发(46%)，闪光(26%)，闪耀(16%)，张开(11%)，闪光信号(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自辅音丛bl, 吹，鼓起，拟声词，词源同blow, blossom. 即张开，展开，火势更旺，加剧等。
v./n.闪耀,闪烁The torch flared in the wind.火炬的火焰在风中摇曳.
【记】源于：flame（n 火焰；激情）
【参】flaring（adj 发光的；燃烧的；俗丽的）＝gaudy＝lurid
US [fler] verb
BURN BRIGHTLY 明亮地燃烧
intransitive
■to burn brightly either for a short time or not regularly （短暂地）旺烧；（摇曳着）燃烧
• The flame above the oil well flared (up) into the dark sky. 油井上的火焰一下子旺烧起来，直冲向漆黑的夜空。
UK [fleər] US [fler] verb
GET WORSE 变糟糕
intransitive (also flare up)
■When something bad such as violence, pain or anger flares (up), it suddenly starts or gets much worse （暴力、疼痛或愤怒）爆发，突发，加剧
• Violence flared up again last night. 昨晚再次爆发暴力事件。
• Tempers flared after a three-hour delay at Gatwick Airport yesterday. 昨天格域机场三小时的航班延误使得群情激愤。
UK [fleər] US [fler] verb
MAKE WIDER 使更宽
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become wider （使）张开，（使）展开
• The horse's nostrils flared. 那匹马张大了鼻孔。
• The skirt fits tightly over the hips and flares just below the knees. 这条裙子紧紧包住臀部，到膝盖下方的位置展开。
UK [fleər] US [fler] noun
BRIGHTNESS 明亮
countable
■a sudden increase in the brightness of a fire （突然的）旺火；（闪耀的）火光
• There was a sudden flare when she threw the petrol onto the fire. 她把汽油倒到火上时，火焰一下子蹿了起来。
countable
■a very bright light or coloured smoke which can be used as a signal, or a device which produces this 闪光信号灯；彩色烟雾信号；闪光装置；照明弹
• We set off a flare to help guide our rescuers. 我们发射了一颗照明弹，以引导救援人员。
UK [fleər] US [fler] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
flares [plural] UK
■trousers that get wider below the knee 喇叭裤
countable usually singular
■when something, especially clothing, becomes wider at one end （衣服）逐渐张开、呈喇叭形展开
• This skirt has a definite flare. 这条裙子的裙摆很大。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vt. 使闪耀；使张开；用发光信号发出；使外倾
 - sparkle
vi. 闪耀，闪光；燃烧；突然发怒
 - burn, shine on
n. 闪光，闪耀；耀斑；爆发；照明弹
 - explosion, stroboflash

Word: mechanical
Front: mechanical
[məˈkænɪkl] (研四六托宝 3729/3521 -2)
Vocabulary: mechanical
(once / 242 pages)
adj
Use the adjective mechanical to describe something related to machinery or tools. If your car breaks down on the same day that your watch stops, you've got a lot of mechanical problems.
You’ll most often hear mechanical used to describe something involving a machine. A mechanical problem at work might mean the copier has broken down again. Mechanical can also refer to physical forces, called mechanics having to do with how things move, like the mechanical elegance of a pendulum. We also use mechanical for human things that are so tedious, repetitive or automatic that they feel like they're done by machines and not people.
WORD FAMILY
mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical+/ mechanic: mechanics, mechanism / mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/ mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
When she is done with Arianna and settles her in her wheelchair with the help of a mechanical arm, it’s AJ’s turn.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Around 3 p.m., there were delays on the Q line because of a train with mechanical problems at the City Hall station.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We’re very familiar with digital products now, but the know-how for this kind of precision mechanical work is disappearing.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 机械的，机械学的; 呆板的; 体力的; 手工操作的
分布：机械的(61%)，呆板的(24%)，力学的(15%)
a.机械的,由机构制成的;机械似的,呆板的The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
【参】mechanism（n 机械装置；机制）
【反】emotional（adj 情绪的；情感的）
adjective
MACHINES 机器
 ADVANCED
■describes machines or their parts 机械的；机械零件的
• a mechanical device 机械设备
• The company produces mechanical parts for airplane engines. 这家公司生产飞机引擎的机械零件。
• The plane appeared to have crashed because of a mechanical problem. 这架飞机看来是因机械故障而坠毁的。
[mə'kæn.ɪ.kəl] adjective
WITHOUT THOUGHT 没有思考 (also mechanistic) disapproving
■without thinking about what you are doing, especially because you do something often 机械的；习惯性的
• I was taught to read in a mechanical way. 我接受的教育是机械地阅读。
adj. [机] 机械的； [力] 力学的；呆板的；无意识的；手工操作的
 - wooden, automatic, dead

Word: harassment
Front: harassment
['hærəsmənt] (研雅 4591/7628)
Vocabulary: harassment
(once / 3595 pages)
n
If someone is abusing, insulting, or otherwise harming you on a regular basis, it's called harassment. Cruel and usually really annoying, harassment is also illegal in some cases.
Harassment is a word that describes any kind of ongoing torment. At school, harassment is often known as bullying. In the workplace, employees need to be careful about sexual harassment. Harassment involves persistent attacks or abuse, and can range from shouting racial slurs to crank calling your ex-boyfriend every night at 3am. Even teasing your kid sister about her braces could be considered harassment.
WORD FAMILY
harassment: harassments+/ harass: harassed, harasser, harasses, harassing, harassment /harassed: harassedly/harasser: harassers
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I interviewed her, I kept forgetting this, since I’d never subject a human to such harassment.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
But two weeks later, the dealing and the harassment resumed.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He was charged with trespass, menacing, harassment, disorderly conduct and unlawful use of a weapon.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 骚扰，扰乱; 折磨人的东西; 烦恼，忧虑; 袭扰
分布：骚扰(95%)，困扰(5%)
烦恼,骚扰(harass骚扰)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.骚扰,扰乱;烦恼,烦乱
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■behaviour that annoys or upsets someone 骚扰行为
• sexual harassment 性骚扰
n. 骚扰；烦恼
 - worry, trouble

Word: sizeable
Front: sizeable
[ˈsaɪzəbl] (17955/8472 -1)
Back: adj. 相当大的
分布：相当大的(94%)，=sizable.(6%)
→size,大小，规模，-able,形容词后缀。引申比喻义上规模的，相当大的。
(also sizable) ['saɪ.zə.bl] adjective
■large 大的，相当大的
• a sizeable amount/area/house 大量／大面积／大房子
adj. 大的，相当大的
 - larger, considerable, big

Word: contempt
Front: contempt
[kənˈtempt] (研四六托雅宝 6277/4753 -2)
Vocabulary: contempt
(once / 155 pages)
n
Reserve the noun contempt for an extreme lack of respect: a food snob has nothing but contempt for mass-produced burgers and fries at a fast-food joint.
Contempt has nothing to do with the verb condemn, despite the similarity in sound and meaning; it is from Latin temnere "to despise," and if you despise someone, you have contempt for them. It's a harsh term and should be used with care; it's stronger than either disdain or scorn. It suggests you find someone or something utterly worthless. That food snob might say the words "Big Mac" or "Whopper" with a voice dripping in contempt.
WORD FAMILY
contempt: contempts, contemptuous +/ contemptuous: contemptuously, contemptuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He turned to me with eyes filled with contempt and anger: “Listen, war is about young men dying on their own far away from home!”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Is he, and we say this with contempt, “just trolling”?
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 轻视; 轻蔑; （对规则、危险等的）藐视; 不顾
分布：轻蔑(52%)，轻视(48%)
→来自contemn, 蔑视。-pt, 过去分词后缀。
藐视(con共同+tempt→大家都能试一下→没什么了不起→藐视)[tempt=try,表示"尝试"]
轻视(con共同+tempt→大家共同看不起→轻视)[temn,tempt＝scorn,表示"藐视"]
n.轻视,藐视;受辱,丢脸They have a great contempt for conventionality.他们非常鄙视老套路.
【记】con共同，tempt（vt 诱惑）－一万人诱惑你，说明你太次了，什么都想要，我鄙视你！！！
【参】temptation（n 诱惑（物））；attempt（v /n 尝试；努力）
【反】deference（n 顺从；尊重）；deify（v 神化）－watch with contempt（蔑视）
noun uncountable
NO RESPECT 不尊敬
 ADVANCED
■a strong feeling of disliking and having no respect for someone or something 蔑视；鄙视；轻视；轻蔑
• At school she had complete contempt for all her teachers. 在学校读书时她对所有老师都不屑一顾。
• You should treat those remarks with the contempt that they deserve. 你理应对那些话不屑一顾。
• She's beneath contempt (= I have no respect for her) ! 她为人所不齿！
hold sb/sth in contempt
■to feel contempt for someone or something 对…不屑一顾
[kən'tempt] noun uncountable
NOT OBEYING 不服从 (also contempt of court) legal
■behaviour that is illegal because it does not obey or respect the rules of a law court 藐视法庭（罪）
• The tobacco companies may be guilty of contempt of court for refusing to produce the documents. 烟草公司可能会因为拒不出示文件而被判藐视法庭罪。
n. 轻视，蔑视；耻辱
 - despite, defiance

Word: smoothly
Front: smoothly
[ˈsmu:ðli] (四六托 6168/5550 -K)
Back: adv. 平滑地; 流畅地; 平稳地; 顺利地
分布：流畅地(50%)，平滑地(50%)
adverb
■easily and without interruption or difficulty 顺利地，顺畅地
• The road was blocked for two hours after the accident, but traffic is now flowing smoothly again. 事故发生后，这条路堵塞了两个小时，不过现在交通又恢复畅通了。
• Lead is added to fuel to make car engines run more smoothly. 燃油中加入了铅，以使汽车引擎运转更流畅。
• The pregnancy's gone very smoothly so far. 迄今为止，怀孕以来一切正常。
• If all goes smoothly, we should arrive by nine o'clock. 如果一切进展顺利，我们应该九点之前就能到。
adv. 平稳地，平滑地；流畅地，流利地
 - quietly, stably

Word: mae
Front: mae
[mæ] (-/21455)
Back: adj. <苏格兰>更多的
n. 更多
adv. 更; 更多; 更加; 超过
分布：名词(100%)

Word: toe
Front: toe
[təʊ] (研四六托 3360/3995 -K2)
Back: n. 脚趾，脚尖; （鞋，袜的）足尖部; [体]高尔夫球棒的尖端; 轴踵
vt. 用脚尖触; [体]用高尔夫球棒尖端击; 斜钉（钉子）; 动脚尖，脚尖朝（方向）
vi. 动脚尖; 用足尖跳舞
时态：toed, toeing, toes
分布：脚趾(92%)，足尖(5%)，踮着脚尖走(1%)，趾踢(1%)，趾触(1%)
→来自古英语 ta,脚趾，缩写自 Proto-Germanic*taihwo,脚趾，来自 deik,指出，展示，词源 同 digit,手指，数字。
n.脚趾,足尖The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US [toʊ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any of the five separate parts at the end of the foot 脚趾
• your big toe (= your largest toe) 你的大脚趾
• your little toe (= your smallest toe) 你的小脚趾
• I stubbed (= knocked) my toe on the edge of a bed. 我的脚趾撞到了床沿。
 IMPROVER
■the part of a sock, shoe or other foot covering that goes over the toes （袜、鞋等的）足尖部
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] noun countable
on your toes
■Someone or something that keeps you on your toes forces you to continue directing all your attention and energy to what you are doing 忙个不停，永不懈怠
• I work with people who are half my age so that keeps me on my toes. 我和只有我年龄一半大的人一起工作，所以一刻也不能松懈。
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] noun countable
tread/step on sb's toes
■If you tread/step on someone's toes, you say or do something that upsets or annoys them, especially by involving yourself in matters that are their responsibility. （尤指干预他人负责之事而）惹恼，得罪（某人）
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] verb
toe the line
■to do what you are ordered or expected to do 服从；听从
• Ministers who wouldn't toe the party line were swiftly got rid of. 不愿遵从该政党方针的部长立刻被免职。
n. [解剖] 脚趾；足尖
 - tootsies, pettitoes

Word: prospective
Front: prospective
[prəˈspektɪv] (研六托雅 5420/4764 -2)
Vocabulary: prospective
(once / 1160 pages)
adj
If it's prospective, it hasn't happened yet. Prospective students are students who might attend a school in the future. If you visit any campus, you’ll see prospective students checking out the library, the dorms, and — of course –- the snack bar.
Prospective indicates that something is expected or likely to happen. If you’re contemplating your future, you might speak of your prospective career, your prospective spouse, or a prospective million-dollar offer to make a movie based on your fascinating life. However, avoid the common mistake of confusing prospective with perspective. Perspective, which can mean “a reasonable point of view,” is important when one wants to accurately assess prospective opportunities.
WORD FAMILY
prospective: prospectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
As for the argument that fingerprinting disadvantages black prospective drivers because they are disproportionately and sometimes erroneously represented in criminal databases — well, yes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A state judge is ordering 600 prospective jurors to report to the Charleston County Courthouse on Jan. 17 for initial screening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Marine Aaron White, who with his wife, are prospective next generation farmers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 预期的; 未来的; 可能的; 有希望的
分布：未来的(71%)，预期的(29%)
→来自prospect,前景，展望，勘探。比喻用法。
将来的(prospect前景+ive)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
a.预期的The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with his own perspective.未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察的他的前景.
adjective
prospective buyers/employers/parents, etc.
 ADVANCED
■people who are expected to buy something/employ someone/become a parent, etc 潜在的客户／可能成为雇主的人／即将为人父母者等
• We've had three sets of prospective buyers looking round the house. 已经有三批可能买我们房子的人来看过房子了。
adj. 未来的；预期的
 - expected, due, future
n. 预期；展望
 - outlook, expectation

Word: contributor
Front: contributor
[kənˈtrɪbjətə(r)] (4857/7168)
Vocabulary: contributor
(once / 1197 pages)
n
A contributor is someone who takes part in something or makes a contribution. Writers and people who donate money in particular are called contributors.
Writers whose work is included in a book, magazine, or newspaper are called contributors. Some have specific titles like "contributing editor" or "contributing writer." If you give money for a cause or a company, that contribution also makes you a contributor. This word is used mainly for writing and donating, but it can be used in other cases for people who help with something. The surest way not to be called a contributor is to do nothing: contributors have to contribute.
WORD FAMILY
contributor: contributors+/ contribute: contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributive, contributor, contributory/ contribution: contributions/contributive: contributively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Contributors to “The Road Ahead: Stories of the Forever War,” will discuss their work.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But just a few of the 44 contributors to this show at the Watergate Gallery offer art that must be plugged in.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 贡献者; 捐助者; 投稿者
分布：贡献者(59%)，原因(20%)，捐助者(11%)，投稿人(9%)，赠送者(1%)
贡献者(contribute+or)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
US [-jə.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person who gives something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people 捐献者；捐助者；捐款人
• At the back of the programme, there is a list of contributors to the theatre appeal. 节目单背面是对剧院的求助作出回应的捐款人的名单。
■someone who writes articles for a newspaper, magazine or book 撰稿人，供稿者
n. 贡献者；投稿者； [经] 捐助者
 - benefactor, doner

Word: blockade
Front: blockade
[blɒˈkeɪd] (宝 11548/10492 -2)
Vocabulary: blockade
(once / 790 pages)
nv
A blockade is an obstacle that stands between you and something you're trying to reach. After a robbery, police might set up a blockade around the neighborhood to catch the thief.
Anything that impedes or halts progress is a blockade. If you join the military, you might find yourself building a blockade to confine your enemies and isolate them from the outside world. If you think of the root of this word, block, then you've pretty much got the meaning right there. If you don't want your little sister to disturb the house of cards you're building in my room, you can take lots of pillows and make a fort to use as a blockade to keep her from wandering in and knocking everything over.
WORD FAMILY
blockade: blockaded, blockades, blockading
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the police removed a blockade to the escalator exactly on schedule, applause erupted from the crowd.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Doctors Without Borders used to provide rabies vaccines, but that stopped because of the blockade.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But among the runners, the molecular blockade was much less effective.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 封锁; 封锁部队; 障碍物，阻碍物
vt. 实行封锁; 阻塞，挡住
时态：blockaded, blockading, blockades
分布：封锁(97%)，挡住(2%)，阻碍物(1%)
封锁(block挡住)[-ade表名词1.表示"状态,物品"2.表示"个人或集体"]
【记】block（vt 防碍，阻塞）－封锁
US [blɑ:'keɪd] noun countable
■when a country or place is surrounded by soldiers or ships to stop people or goods from going in or out 封锁
• an air and sea blockade 空中及海上封锁
• The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted in May 1949. 苏联对柏林的封锁于1949年5月解除。
• There is still some hope that the economic blockade will work and make military intervention unnecessary. 经济封锁仍有望发挥作用，这样就不必采取军事干预。
vt. 封锁
 - blank off, close off
n. 阻塞
 - jam-up, snarl-up

Word: affirmative
Front: affirmative
[əˈfɜ:mətɪv] (5022/19589 -1)
Vocabulary: affirmative
(once / 1130 pages)
adjn
Something affirmative expresses agreement or approval, like the affirmative nod your mother gives you when you ask to be excused from the dinner table. A formal way of saying "Yes" is "Affirmative!"
Anything affirmative is approving of something: affirmative words support someone or something. Being affirmative is the opposite of being negative or contradicting. A pat on the back is affirmative so is a signature you need to complete a form. Also, you can use affirmative as a formal way of saying yes to something. This is common in the military. It might sound a little odd, but if your teacher asked, "Does 10 plus 10 equal 20?" you could answer, "Affirmative!"
WORD FAMILY
affirmative: affirmatively, affirmativeness, affirmatives+/ affirm: affirmable, affirmation, affirmative, affirmatory, affirmer, affirming, affirms, reaffirm / affirmation: affirmations, disaffirmation/affirmer: affirmers/ reaffirm: reaffirmation, reaffirmed, reaffirming, reaffirms/reaffirmation: reaffirmations
USAGE EXAMPLES
These affirmative steps mean closing the door on failed efforts at stimulus and overreliance on monetary policy.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Mr. Ellison also said a separate black state might be a better option for black Americans than affirmative action.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
That discipline followed an investigation by the school’s Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action into an incident from earlier in the semester.
Washington Post(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: adj. 肯定的; 赞成的，同意的; 积极的，乐观的
n. 肯定词，肯定语; 正方; 确言，赞成
分布：肯定(60%)，肯定的(31%)，赞成(5%)，肯定语(3%)，正面的(1%)
肯定的(affirm+ative)[firm=firm,表示"坚定"]
肯定的(affirm肯定)[-arive表形容词."有…倾向(性质)的"]
赞同的,肯定的(af+firm肯定...给予肯定)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
US [-'fɝ:.mə.tˌɪv] adjective
■relating to a statement that shows agreement or says 'yes' 肯定的；同意的
• an affirmative answer/response 肯定的回答／答覆
Opposite negative
UK [ə'fɜ:.mə.tɪv] US [-'fɝ:.mə.tˌɪv] noun countable or uncountable
■a word or statement that shows agreement or says 'yes' 肯定；同意
• She asked the question expecting an affirmative. 她问这个问题是希望得到肯定的答覆。
• He replied in the affirmative (= He said yes). 他回答说是。
• mainly US "Were you in New York on March 3rd?" "Affirmative (= Yes)." “3月3号你在纽约吗？”“是的。”
adj. 肯定的；积极的
 - positive, active, energetic

Word: substantially
Front: substantially
[səbˈstænʃəli] (六托 4815/4042 -K2)
Vocabulary: substantially
(once / 956 pages)
adv
Substantially means "to a great extent." Your college fund was substantially increased by your grandfather's generous gift. What the heck, I'll throw in a quarter, too.
Substantially is a good word to know any time you want to establish something's extent. It basically suggests "a large part." Your raise made your life substantially easier. The word also suggests an essential nature, as in "Nothing was substantially changed by the new law." The word carries a great deal of weight, as can be seen in this quote by Albert Einstein: "We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive."
WORD FAMILY
substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial+/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substance: substances, substantial /substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
That 1993 legislation, signed into law by a Democratic president, Bill Clinton, is meant to defend “persons whose religious exercise is substantially burdened by government”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Under the new law, the new symbol must be used in all applicable buildings constructed, substantially renovated or expanded after Jan. 1.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Development costs and the success of exploration efforts differ substantially by region and type of operation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adv. 本质上，实质上; 大体上; 充分地; 相当多地
分布：实质上(44%)，大体上(42%)，非常(14%)
adverb
LARGE 大
 ADVANCED
■to a large degree 在很大程度上
• The new rules will substantially change how we do things. 新规则会很大程度地改变我们的做事方式。
[səb'stæn.ʃəl.i] adverb
GENERAL 大体
■generally 大体上；基本上
• This model has a few extra fittings, but the two cars are substantially the same. 这型号有几个附加装置，但两款车大体上是一样的。
adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地
 - mainly, fully, well, adequately, wide

Word: residence
Front: residence
[ˈrezɪdəns] (研四六托雅 3766/3658 -2)
Vocabulary: residence
(once / 177 pages)
n
The house or apartment where you live is your place of residence. If you're house proud, it means you keep your residence nice and tidy.
The act of living in a place is also called residence. You might take up residence in an ancient oak tree when the city threatens to cut it down, for example. The official home of a person in a position of power — like a monarch or a president — is also called a residence. The official residence of the British Prime Minister is 10 Downing Street, and the residence of the President of the United States is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
WORD FAMILY
residence: residences, residential +/nonresident: nonresidents/ reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing/residency: residencies/ resident: nonresident, residents/ residential: nonresidential, residentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 住处，住宅; 居住时间，居住; 公馆; 驻地
分布：住宅(50%)，居住(42%)，住处(8%)
→来自 reside,居住，定居。
居住;住宅(reside+ence)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
n.住处,住宅Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
【记】re再，side坐，nce－再坐到住宅里面
['rez.ɪ.dənts] formal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a home 住所；住房；宅第
• the Governor's official residence 总督官邸
in residence
■officially staying or living somewhere （官员等）驻在（某地）的，住在（某地）的
• The Queen is in residence at the Palace this week. 女王本周在王宫驻跸。
author/poet/artist in residence
■an author (= writer) , poet or artist who is employed at a school or college, etc. for a short period （学校、大学短期招聘的）驻校作家／诗人／艺术家
take up residence/residency somewhere
■to go to live somewhere 到（某地）定居；开始定居在（某地）
• She took up residence in Canada. 她在加拿大定居。
• She took up permanent residency abroad. 她永久定居国外。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
n. 住宅，住处；居住
 - home, accommodation

Word: languish
Front: languish
[ˈlæŋgwɪʃ] (托宝 11648/14532 -1)
Vocabulary: languish
(once / 1120 pages)
1v 2v
To languish is to become pitiful or weak because you're sick, in love, or stuck somewhere. A prisoner might languish in jail, longing for her freedom.
Languish, like languid, is from the Latin word languere which means to "be weak or faint." Your houseplants might languish in a dark dry corner. A Romantic poet might languish on a velvet couch with the back of her hand to her forehead. People in operas love to languish: The main character in La Traviatta, Violetta, languishes from longing and eventually tuberculosis.
WORD FAMILY
languish: languished, languisher, languishes, languishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, overall spending on building new factories or upgrading aging equipment languished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The site is one of many languishing after the real estate bust.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The project languished until 2005 as interest in renewable energy projects grew.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 憔悴，潦倒; （草木等）凋萎; 失去活力; 烦恼，焦思
n. 憔悴; 惹人怜爱的感伤模样[倦态等]; 脉脉含情
时态：languished, languishing, languishes
分布：失去活力(39%)，憔悴(29%)，受苦(25%)，衰弱无力(7%)
→来自sleg,松的，松散的，词源同lax,slack.引申词义松软无力的，消瘦的，后用来指长期受苦，煎熬。
卷怠,衰弱(langu+ish表动词,如：flourish繁荣)[langu=faint,表示"虚弱"]
【记】langui拼：懒鬼－衰弱；萎靡不振
【反】thrive（v 兴旺；旺盛）
verb intransitive
■to exist in an unpleasant or unwanted situation, often for a long time 受苦，经历苦难，受煎熬
• After languishing in obscurity for many years, her early novels have recently been rediscovered. 她的早期小说在沉寂多年后最近被重新发掘出来。
• He has been languishing in jail for the past twenty years. 过去的20年中他一直在监狱里苦熬。
• The ruling party is languishing in third place in the opinion polls. 执政党在民意调查中处于第三的尴尬位置。
vi. 憔悴；凋萎；失去活力；苦思
 - consume away, pine

Word: bump
Front: bump
[bʌmp] (研六托雅宝 5504/6508 -2)
Vocabulary: bump
(once / 509 pages)
1nv 2v
A bump is an area that bulges out, like a pregnant woman's stomach. To bump someone is to knock into them.
A pimple is a little bump. A camel’s hump is a larger bump. There are speed bumps sticking up in the road to keep drivers from going too fast. When you bump someone, you hit them with your whole body. If the person in front of you stops walking and you're not paying attention, you might bump right into them. Bumping often happens by accident, unless of course you are doing "the bump" (a 1970's dance).
WORD FAMILY
bump: bumped, bumper, bumping, bumps, bumpy +/ bumper: bumpers/ bumpy: bumpier, bumpiest, bumpily, bumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lacking the roots to hold his layers of skin together, AJ is at risk of his skin sloughing off from a hard bump.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year’s games were also played an hour earlier, so the later game didn’t bump up against the stroke of midnight on the East Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 碰撞，冲撞; 颠簸
vi. 颠簸着前进
n. 碰撞，撞击; 肿块; 隆起物; 鹭鸶的叫声
adv. 突然地，猛烈地; 扑通一声
时态：bumped, bumping, bumps
分布：碰撞(34%)，肿块(25%)，提高(18%)，撞击(16%)，颠簸而行(3%)，猛烈的(2%)，表面隆起(1%)，突然的(1%)
→拟声词。物体相撞的声音。
v.(against,into)碰;颠簸着前进n.碰撞The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
【记】象声词
verb
HIT 撞击
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to hit something with force 碰；撞
• She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap. 她碰着了他的盘子，把食物撞翻到了他的腿上。
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hurt part of your body by hitting it against something hard （身体部位）碰上，撞上（硬物）
• I bumped my head on the shelf as I stood up. 我起身时头撞在了书架上。
[bʌmp] verb
TRAVEL 前进
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to travel, usually in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface you are moving over is rough 颠簸而行
• We bumped along the track in our car holding on to our seats. 汽车沿着小路颠簸而行，我们紧紧抓牢座位坐好。
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bump into sb
■to meet someone you know when you have not planned to meet them 与（某人）不期而遇
• We bumped into Alison when we were in London last week. 我们上周在伦敦撞见了爱丽森。
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bump sb off slang
■to murder someone 杀死（某人）
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bump sth up informal
■to increase the amount or size of something 增加，提高（数量或尺寸）
• The distributors will probably bump up the price of the software when the next version is released. 该软体的下一版本发行时经销商很可能要提价。
[bʌmp] noun countable
RAISED AREA 凸起
■a round, raised area on a surface or on the body 隆起；凸块；肿块
• Her bicycle hit a bump in the road and threw her off. 脚踏车撞上了路上的一个鼓包，她摔了下来。
• Tim had a nasty bump on his head from when he'd fallen over. 蒂姆摔倒了，脑袋上磕了个大肿包。
[bʌmp] noun countable
HIT 撞击
■the sound of something falling to the ground （东西落地时发出的）碰撞声
• We heard a bump from the next room. 我们听见隔壁房间有东西掉在地上的声音。
■an accident involving a car, especially one which is not serious （尤指不严重的）撞车
• A van drove into their car but luckily it was just a bump. 一辆货车撞上了他们的车，所幸只是碰了一下。
collide, conflict, bump, clash
这组词都有“碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
collide: 多指带毁坏性的猛烈相撞，也可指严重的直接冲突。
conflict: 这个词以前可表具体东西的撞击，现在常指冲突或对立。
bump: 主要指具体东西的有力碰撞，也可指碰到困难或障碍。
clash: 指有力的或带有金属碰击声的打、敲或相互冲击。
n. 肿块，隆起物；撞击
 - tumor, knub
vi. 碰撞，撞击；颠簸而行
 - hit, impact on, crash
vt. 碰，撞；颠簸
 - to run into, to hit
adv. 突然地，猛烈地
 - suddenly, heavily, strong, sharp, hard

Word: assassinate
Front: assassinate
[əˈsæsɪneɪt] (研六托 8844/11958 -2)
Vocabulary: assassinate
(once / 502 pages)
v
To assassinate someone means to target and deliberately kill that person. The word assassinate is almost always used to describe the killing of a famous person.
When a political leader or very well-known person is murdered, the killer is said to assassinate the victim. A killer might assassinate someone for political or ideological reasons, to gain fame for the act, or possibly for payment by someone else. You can assassinate figuratively, as well, by damaging a person's good name: "If you print that story, it will assassinate my reputation." The Arabic root of assassin is hashishiyyin, "hashish users."
WORD FAMILY
assassinate: assassinated, assassinates, assassinating, assassination, assassinator+/ assassin: assassinate, assassins/ assassination: assassinations/assassinator: assassinators
USAGE EXAMPLES
King Saud was deposed in 1964 and replaced by his brother King Faisal, who, in turn, was assassinated by a nephew.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Aden’s governor and security chief were assassinated last year.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
He was 18 when his father was assassinated while serving as president of the American University of Beirut in 1984.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 暗杀，行刺; 中伤; 诋毁
时态：assassinated, assassinating, assassinates
分布：动词(100%)
vt.暗杀,行刺;中伤The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
verb transitive
■to kill someone famous or important 暗杀，行刺
• a plot to assassinate the Queen 暗杀女王的阴谋
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。

Word: thoroughly
Front: thoroughly
[ˈθʌrəli] (六托 4135/3367 -K)
Vocabulary: thoroughly
(once / 127 pages)
adv
Thoroughly means exhaustively and completely. No matter how thoroughly you clean every carpet, shelf, and windowpane in a house, there is always more dust to be found.
Thorough comes from the word through, and originally meant passing completely through something. We use thorough and thoroughly now to show that we have really been as meticulous as possible in a given task. If a detective interviews everyone present at the scene of the crime, collects all the biological evidence, and takes pictures from every angle, then we can say she investigated the crime thoroughly
WORD FAMILY
thorough: thoroughest, thoroughly, thoroughness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, potential foster families must be thoroughly screened to prevent the placing of a child with a possible abuser.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman said Mr. Baker shared a desire with state lawmakers to thoroughly prepare for the start of a new industry distributing a controlled substance.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 彻底地; 认真仔细地; 完全地; 非常
分布：非常(40%)，完全(30%)，彻底地(30%)
US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ-] adverb
VERY MUCH 非常
 IMPROVER
■completely, very much 非常
• I thoroughly enjoyed the performance. 我非常喜欢这个演出。
UK ['θʌr.ə.li] US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ-] adverb
CAREFULLY 仔细的
■in a detailed and careful way 仔细的
• We went through the report thoroughly but the information we wanted wasn't given anywhere. 我们仔细查看了该报告，但没有找到我们需要的资讯。
adv. 彻底地，完全地
 - entirely, completely, totally, fully, absolutely, strictly

Word: cherish
Front: cherish
[ˈtʃerɪʃ] (研六托雅 8660/11106 -1)
Vocabulary: cherish
(once / 321 pages)
v
To cherish something is to care for it deeply, to treasure it, like the way you cherish the time you spend with a favorite person you don't see often.
The verb cherish is related to words that mean “costly” and “beloved.” When people really value something, often because they feel emotionally connected to it, they cherish it. Many of us cherish our first cars, and later in life, we cherish the memories of those days, driving around with our friends. Generally, people don't cherish things just because they cost money; they cherish experiences that matter to them.
WORD FAMILY
cherish: cherished, cherishes, cherishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
And reach for each other they did, in their favorite places, their havens, their cherished institutions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a moment to cherish for Coridon, who featured just 19 times for the club before moving to Turkish side Ankaragucu.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I cherish the memory of our phone calls.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 珍爱; 怀有; 爱护; 抚育
时态：cherished, cherishing, cherishes
分布：珍爱(71%)，抱有(21%)，抚育(8%)
→来自karo, 爱，珍爱，词源同caress, charity.
珍爱(cher[=char]+ish表动词,如finish)[car,char=dear,表示"可爱的"]
vt.抱有,怀有(希望等);爱护,抚育;珍爱He cherished the memory of his youth.他缅怀他的青春年华.
verb transitive
■to love, protect and care for someone or something that is important to you 珍爱，钟爱；爱护
• Although I cherish my children, I do allow them their independence. 尽管我爱护自己的孩子，但我也的确允许他们独立。
• Her most cherished possession is a 1926 letter from F. Scott Fitzgerald. 她最珍爱之物是佛兰西斯‧史考特‧费兹杰罗在1926年写给她的一封信。
• Freedom of speech is a cherished (= carefully protected) right in this country. 在这个国家，言论自由是备受保护的权利。
■to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure 珍藏，怀有（希望、记忆）；抱有（想法）
• I cherish the memories of the time we spent together. 我怀念我们共同度过的时光。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 珍爱；怀抱
 - treasure, imbosom

Word: eschew
Front: eschew
[ɪsˈtʃu:] (托宝 11880/14281 -1)
Vocabulary: eschew
(once / 3772 pages)
v
If you eschew something, you deliberately avoid it. If you live the bohemian life in the city, then most likely you eschew the suburbs.
Eschew comes from a word meaning dread, or shun. So to eschew something isn’t simply to avoid it, the way you would avoid walking in a puddle––it's stronger than that. You eschew things that you find morally or aesthetically wrong, or that you have chosen to find wrong. A dieter might eschew a chocolate sundae, not because he doesn’t like it, but because he’s afraid of what it will do to his waistline.
WORD FAMILY
eschew: eschewed, eschewing, eschews
USAGE EXAMPLES
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Is there anything more serious in our Future Shocked world than eschewing technology and finding a higher truth in emotion and natural sensitivity?
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Eschewing reliance on vulnerable transport connections, experimenting with seasonality and crop selection, and strengthening community ties will help both mitigation and adaptation.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 避开，回避
时态：eschewed, eschewing, eschews
分布：避开(63%)，回避(22%)，戒绝(15%)
→e-, 缓音字母。-schew, 同shy, 害羞，逃避。
【记】es离开，chew（v 咀嚼；深思）－通过深思而离开某物－戒绝读：it’s true！：这是真的？本拉登要来我们家避难？？快躲开！！！Eschew的东西不值得chew。
【反】seek（v 寻找）；habitually indulge in（习惯性地沉溺）；embrace（v 拥抱）；greet（v 接受；问候）；welcome（v /n 欢迎）
[ɪs'tʃu:] formal
verb transitive
■to avoid something intentionally, or to give something up 回避，避开；放弃
• We won't have discussions with this group unless they eschew violence. 除非这个团体放弃使用暴力，否则我们不会与之举行会谈。
vt. 避免；避开；远避
 - escape, shun

Word: vibrant
Front: vibrant
[ˈvaɪbrənt] (托宝 6697/11472 -1)
Vocabulary: vibrant
(once / 2614 pages)
adj
Vibrant colors are bright. Vibrant sounds are loud and resonant. Vibrant people are ones you remember––they're bright and full of personality.
Vibrant was originally intended to describe sounds. Sound waves vibrate, and when they vibrate more rapidly, they sound brighter. Singers and string instrument players increase this effect by shaking the notes they play through a technique called vibrato that increases the vibrancy of their sound.
WORD FAMILY
vibrant: vibrantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It refers to high dynamic range, which allows images to appear more vibrant and detailed - especially in scenes containing both glints of light and shadows.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
A Chinese immigrant, Mr Wong's vibrant paintings captured Walt Disney's eye and became the basis of the film's distinct style.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s a vibrant place with buzzing sidewalk cafes, bars and independent boutiques, including a honey shop managed by a local beekeeper.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 振动的; 响亮的; 充满生气的
分布：充满活力的(81%)，响亮的(10%)，精力充沛的(7%)，震颤的(2%)
→来自vibrate,颤动，引申词义生机勃勃的。
震动的;有活力的[vibr=swing,表示"摇摆"]
振动的,生气勃勃的(vibr振动;参考:revibrate再震动)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
【记】vibr振动，ant－振动的vib＝via活，rant：有活力的－生机勃勃的
【反】ponderous（adj 沉重的；沉闷的）
adjective
■energetic, exciting and full of enthusiasm 活跃的；精力充沛的；热情洋溢的
• a vibrant young performer 充满朝气的年轻演员
• a vibrant personality 活泼的个性
• a vibrant city 充满活力的城市
• The hope is that this area will develop into a vibrant commercial centre. 希望这个地区会发展成为一个活跃的商业中心。
■describes colour or light that is bright and strong （色彩）鲜艳的；（光线）明亮的
• He always uses vibrant colours in his paintings. 他在画中经常运用鲜艳的色彩。
adj. [力] 振动的；充满生气的；响亮的；战栗的
 - oscillatory, libratory

Word: scar
Front: scar
[skɑ:(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 5026/7022 -2)
Vocabulary: scar
(once / 554 pages)
nv
A scar is a place where a wound healed but is still visible, or if you're little, it's a mark where a boo-boo was.
Scar is from the Greek word eskhara, a "scab formed after a burn." Sexy! It's all that and more. Scar can be a noun or a verb — you can have a scar on your knee after your skateboarding incident, and a bad round of chicken pox can scar you. Something scary can scar, you, too, like a horror movie or catching your parents in the act. Scars can be emotional. Take one letter off scare and you're left with a scar.
WORD FAMILY
scar: scarify, scarred, scarring, scars+/scarify: scarified, scarifies, scarifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
She hides her scars and walks as if nothing happened.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There was so much scar tissue and damage, though, that that was unsuccessful.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Jacobs also thought of something else, something that should resonate across a town whose sports seasons are measured by scabs and scars.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 伤痕; 精神上的创伤; 有损外观的地方; 砏岩，露岩，断崖，峭壁
vt. 使留下伤痕; 使留下长久性伤害的痕迹
vi. 结疤; 留下疤痕
时态：scarred, scarring, scars
分布：疤痕(73%)，伤痕(14%)，结疤(6%)，痊愈(4%)，断崖(3%)
→来自中古英语 skar,切口，裂缝，来自 Proto-Germanic*skardaz,切口，来自 sker,砍，切， 词源同 shear,score.引申词义伤痛，伤痕。
n.疤,疤痕;创伤v.使留下伤痕,创伤The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US [skɑ:r] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a mark left on part of the body after an injury, such as a cut, has healed 疤，伤疤，伤痕
• a prominent/noticeable/ugly scar 明显的／显眼的／丑陋的伤疤
• That burn will leave a nasty scar. 烫伤会留下严重的伤疤。
• scar tissue 瘢痕组织
Compare scab a sign of damage to a person's mental state 精神创伤
• His early years in the refugee camp left a deep psychological scar. 早年的难民营生活给他留下深深的心理创伤。
■a sign of physical destruction in a place 外观的破坏
• Every village bears the scars of war. 每一个村庄都布满了战争留下的疮痍。
UK [skɑ:r] US [skɑ:r] verb transitive often passive (-rr-)
■to have or leave a scar 结疤；留下伤疤
• He was scarred as a result of the fire. 那场大火给他留下伤疤。
• figurative His experiences in the army left him scarred for life (= had a serious mental effect on him for the rest of his life). 他的军旅生涯给他留下了终身的心灵创伤。
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
vt. 伤害；给留下伤痕
 - knife, injure
vi. 结疤；痊愈
 - cure, heal up
n. 创伤；伤痕
 - wound, trauma

Word: instantly
Front: instantly
[ˈɪnstəntli] (四六 4170/4123)
Vocabulary: instantly
(once / 133 pages)
adv
Something happens instantly when there's no pause or delay at all before it occurs. If you fall asleep as soon as your head touches your pillow, you can say you drifted off instantly.
If an event is immediate, it happens instantly. Your parents might say they fell in love instantly, the moment they first saw each other, and you may realize instantly on the first day of school that you are going to love your history class. The adverb instantly first meant "persistently," rather than "immediately," though it soon gained this meaning. The Medieval Latin root is instantem, "pressing, urgent," or "standing near."
WORD FAMILY
instant: instancy, instantaneous, instanter, instantly, instants+/ instantaneous: instantaneously, instantaneousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first I instantly thought it was marketing hype but slowly the story intrigued me and I began searching online.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Though instantly recognisable, he still rises from the sofa and offers a firm handshake and an unnecessary but polite, “Hi, I’m Ben.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
I just felt instantly beleaguered in a very familiar way.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 立即，马上，立刻; 马上地; 即刻地; 立即地
conj. 一…就
分布：即刻地(50%)，立即地(50%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■immediately 立即，马上
• Both drivers were killed instantly. 两名司机当场丧生。
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地
 - promptly, offhandedly

Word: fundamentally
Front: fundamentally
[ˌfʌndəˈmentəli] (5593/6126)
Vocabulary: fundamentally
(once / 2127 pages)
adv
The word fundamentally isn’t fun, exactly, but it does describe things that are true through and through. Vegetarians and meat eaters often have fundamentally different ideas about what makes a healthy meal.
Anything fundamental has to do with the foundation or bare bones of something. Similarly, anything described fundamentally is getting down to the essence. Lying is fundamentally dishonest. If something is fundamentally wrong, don’t do it! If you and your dad have fundamentally different opinions about restaurants, it’s better to make dinner at home. This word means about the same as basically or essentially. If something is fundamentally true, it's true in a deep sense.
WORD FAMILY
fundamental: fundamentalism, fundamentally, fundamentals+/ fundamentalism: fundamentalisms, fundamentalist, fundamentalistic/ fundamentalist: fundamentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Fundamentally, the two countries are destined to be at odds, because they view the world through different lenses.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet, despite the temporal coincidence and surface similarities, I believe the election of Trump is fundamentally different from what is occurring in Europe.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 基础地; 根本地; 从根本上
分布：从根本上(72%)，基本地(28%)
US [-tˌəl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a basic and important way
• Our new managing director has reorganized the company a bit, but nothing has fundamentally changed/altered (= its basic character has not changed). 我们的新总裁对公司进行了一些重组，但没有甚么根本性的变化。
• I still believe that people are fundamentally good. 我仍然认为人性本善。
• I disagree fundamentally with what you're saying. 我完全不同意你所说的。

Word: embattle
Front: embattle
[ɪm'bætl] (-/36391)
Back: vt. 列阵; 布阵; 严阵以待; 整军备战
分布：布阵(35%)，整军备战(28%)，列阵(28%)，筑垒设防(9%)
整军备战(em+battle战斗)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]

Word: naive
Front: naive
[naɪˈi:v] (研六宝 6114/6356 -2)
Vocabulary: naive
(once / 1886 pages)
adj
No one likes being called naive, since it means you lack sophistication or street smarts.
A person who is too trusting can be criticized for being overly naive: "You're so naive, you think that e-mail from the Nigerian prince is really going to make you a million dollars!" Naive shares the same root as native, and originally meant "natural" or "not artificial." It can still be used in a more positive meaning when describing a charming lack of artificiality, as in "the naive style of folk art made by an untrained painter."
WORD FAMILY
naive: naively, naiveness, naiver, naivest
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was probably a bit naïve about the whole thing seeing how it was a bit of a lucky-break job for me.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This education seemed to be conducted via a vein that formed between the naive and worldly slime molds after two or three hours of fusion.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Of course, there is no better testament to the dangers of naïve optimism than “Candide.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 幼稚的; 天真的; 单纯的
分布：天真的(66%)，幼稚的(34%)
→来自法语naive,自然的，真实的，来自native,字母t脱落。通常作贬义使用。
a.天真的Children always ask naive questions.小孩子总问天真的问题.
【记】源自native（adj 自然的）
【反】worldly（adj 世间的）
(also naïve) [naɪ'i:v] adjective mainly disapproving
■too willing to believe that someone is telling the truth, that people's intentions in general are good, or that life is simple and fair. People are often naive because they are young and/or have not had much experience of life 轻信的；天真的；幼稚的
• She was very naive to believe that he'd stay with her. 她居然天真地相信他会和她在一起。
• They make the naive assumption that because it's popular it must be good. 他们幼稚地认为，流行的就一定是好的。
• It was a little naive of you to think that they would listen to your suggestions. 你以为他们会听从你的建议，你真是有点天真。
adj. 天真的，幼稚的；轻信的
 - simple, tender

Word: franklin
Front: franklin
['fræŋklɪn] (-/9021)
Back: n. 小地主，乡绅; 静库仑数
分布：小地主(60%)，乡绅(40%)
n. 小地主；乡绅
 - squireen

Word: sen

Word: peddle
Front: peddle
[ˈpedl] (宝 11632/14997 -1)
Vocabulary: peddle
(once / 1444 pages)
v
When you peddle something, you go out and try to sell it. It's cute when a little kid peddles his homemade birthday cards around the neighborhood, but if an adult did that it might be annoying.
The classic image of someone who peddles is an old-fashioned "peddler" or "tinker" traveling from village to village selling goods. The verb peddle, in fact, comes from the word "peddler," whose origin is a mystery. Any time you sell something by going from place to place, like selling Girl Scout cookies to all your neighbors, you peddle.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
peddle / pedal / petal
Sometimes the only way to choose your words with homophones is to memorize their spellings and meanings. Pedal/peddle/petal is one such set of homophones.
A pedal is a lever controlled with the foot, such as found on a piano or a bicycle. To pedal is to use such a lever to control something. It descends from the Late Latin pedale, for a thing of the foot, which descends ultimately from the Latin pēs, for foot.
The city is expected to finalize this week a five-year contract to bring pedal boats back to Wesley Lake this summer.
Bicycle riders will be pedaling over hills and through pastures Saturday near Stonewall.
To peddle can mean to travel around selling items (think door-to-door salesmen). It can also mean to sell illicit drugs or, informally, to give out or spread, as with information or lies.
A former Alaska lawmaker has pleaded guilty to a state count of letting unregistered lobbyists peddle their ideas to him.
The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) has warned the public against taking black pills peddled in unlabelled bottles.
Finally, a petal is a flower's brightly colored leaf that joins with other petals to form the flower's corolla.
You will start with a great big rose complete with curly petals and shiny leaves painted from reference.
Spread generously or pipe over the cooled cupcakes and top each with a rose petal.
Remember that pedal is related to foot through the Latin pēs and that someone who peddles goods goes from door to door. If you don't want either of those, then you can choose the flower's petal.
WORD FAMILY
peddle: peddled, peddler, peddles, peddling+/ peddler: peddlers/peddling: peddlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the far-right opportunists who peddle in fear, and seize power in chaos, are only too happy to join in the fun and games.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
He personally peddled his handiwork from a wagon and eventually gained a reputation for fine workmanship.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
And these urban legends peddled in real time as fact resonate widely with different audiences.
Salon(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 传播，散播; 兜售，叫卖; 忙于做琐事
时态：peddled, peddling, peddles
分布：兜售(87%)，散播(13%)
→来自peddler的回构词。
mainly disapproving
verb transitive
■to sell things, especially by taking them to different places 兜售；（尤指）巡回销售
• These products are generally peddled (from) door to door. 这些产品通常是挨家挨户进行兜售的。
• He travels around, peddling his wares. 他四处游走，兜售他的货物。
■If you peddle stories or information, you spread them by telling different people 散播，宣扬
• The organization has peddled the myth that they are supporting the local population. 该组织散布了他们在支援当地居民的谎言。
vt. 叫卖；兜售；散播
 - strow, strew

Word: vested
Front: vested
['vestɪd] (13557/11591)
Vocabulary: vested
(once / 1514 pages)
adj
If you have a vested interest in something, you have a personal stake in its success. You have a vested interest in your science project — if your invention works, you could be rich and famous.
Vested can also refer to something assigned to you. When a minister says "by the power vested in me by the State of Ohio, I now pronounce you husband and wife," he's referring to the legal authority he’s been given to marry people. Vested can also be a financial term. If you’re vested in your company's pension plan after working there 5 years, then even if you quit at 5 years, that pension money is yours to take with you.
WORD FAMILY
vest: vested, vesting, vestment, vests, vesture+/ vestment: vestments/vesture: vestiary, vestured, vestures
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is the first situation,” Neighbors said, “where I’ve been vested into a place for a long period of time.”
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The founders wisely vested an independent judiciary with the responsibility of upholding the fundamental liberties of citizens against infringement by the other branches.
Salon(Dec 25, 2016)
For a long time TV critics were the only group of people with a vested interest in series being shorter.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 既定的
分布：穿好衣服的(50%)，动词vest的过去式和过去分词.(50%)
N-COUNT
贴身背心;汗衫
A vest is a piece of underwear which you can wear on the top half of your body in order to keep warm.
N-COUNT
背心;马甲;坎肩
A vest is a sleeveless piece of clothing with buttons which people usually wear over a shirt.
VERB
授予，赋予，给予（权利或责任）
If something is vested in you, or if you are vested with it, it is given to you as a right or responsibility.
例：All authority was vested in the woman, who discharged every kind of public duty...女性被赋予了所有权力，履行所有公共职责。
例：The mass media have been vested with significant power as social and political agents in modern developed societies...在现代发达社会中，作为社会和政治媒介，大众传媒被赋予了很大的权力。
adj. 既定的；穿着衣服（尤指祭服）的；（美）带背心的（指西服套装）
 - habited

Word: casual
Front: casual
[ˈkæʒuəl] (高研四六托雅宝 3955/3781 -2)
Vocabulary: casual
(once / 374 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
"Oh, no, are you kidding me? He's not my boyfriend, we're just in a casual relationship," means that our relationship lacks serious intent or commitment.
A synonym for casual is "everyday", meaning nothing special, unusual, serious, or eventful. If you're going to your friend's house for a dinner of burgers and beer, they might say, "It's just a casual night at home." Or, "Dress casual, we're just going to be serving ourselves." Don't run out to buy a special outfit, because what you're already wearing is probably just fine. It's what you wear every day, all the time; it's casual. If you treat a person or a subject in a casual way, you're not paying close attention or treating them as special. That's not always a bad thing, by the way.
WORD FAMILY
casual: casually, casualness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If a casual viewer finds a tinge of rerun in this semifinal doubleheader of No. 1 Alabama vs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens was a juggernaut that satisfied both diehard fans and casual observers of the saga.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Alliance is more cool city kid: The space, in a former warehouse, is casual, clamorous and crowded.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 偶然的; 临时的; 随便的; 非正式的
n. 临时工人; [军]待命士兵; 没有固定工作的劳动者; 不定期领取救济金的人
分布：偶然的(27%)，临时的(14%)，便装(14%)，临时工(13%)，非正式的(12%)，漫不经心的(11%)，休闲的(9%)
→来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
偶然的(cas+ual→落下的→不是安排好的→偶然的)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
a.偶然的,碰巧的;临时的,非正式的Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
【反】inveterate（adj 积习的）；scrutiny（n 细察）－casual glance（偶然一瞥）
adjective
INFORMAL 非正式的
 ADVANCED
■describes clothes that are not formal or not suitable for special occasions （衣服）休闲的；便装的
• casual clothes 便装
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
NOT INTERESTED 不感兴趣的
■not taking or not seeming to take much interest; not finding something important 不在意的；不放在心上的；漫不经心的
• The psychologist's attitude seemed far too casual, even brutal. 那个心理学家的态度似乎太过冷淡了，甚至有些冷酷。
• Security around the conference hotel seemed almost casual. 举行会议的饭店周围的安全措施似乎不太严格。
• Although close to tears, she tried to make her voice sound casual. 尽管都快掉眼泪了，可她还是尽力使自己的声音听起来满不在乎。
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
TEMPORARY 暂时的
[before noun]
■not regular or fixed; temporary 不固定的；不定期的；临时的
• casual labour/labourers/workers 零工／临时工
• casual sex 随便的性关系
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
CHANCE 偶然性
[before noun]
■not serious or considered; (done) by chance 不经意的，随意的；碰巧的
• It was just a casual comment , I didn't mean it to be taken so seriously. 我只是随便说说而已，不是当真的。
• To a casual observer , everything might appear normal. 对于一个漫不经心的人来说，也许看上去一切正常。
casual, informal, irregular
这组词都有“非正式的、非正规的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指不太注意场合，仪表等，随意性强。
informal: 指语言、穿着等随便，也指不举行任何形式或仪式的活动。
irregular: 指不按常规、固定模式或计划做事；或指不隶属于任何机构或组织。
casual, radom
这组词都有“随便的，任意的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
random, casual
这两个形容词均含“随便的，任意的”之意。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
adj. 随便的；非正式的；临时的；偶然的
 - extraordinary, temporary, informal, odd
n. 便装；临时工人；待命士兵
 - leisure suit, slack suit

Word: arbitrary
Front: arbitrary
[ˈɑ:bɪtrəri] (高研四六托雅宝 7545/5353 -1)
Vocabulary: arbitrary
(once / 598 pages)
adj
Something that's arbitrary seems like it's chosen at random instead of following a consistent rule. Team members would dislike their coach using a totally arbitrary method to pick starting players.
Even though arbitrary comes from a word meaning "judge" (arbiter), that doesn't mean judges are always fair. Calling a decision-maker arbitrary is usually a negative thing, suggesting the person is making rules based on whim rather than justice. A coach who selects starting players arbitrarily isn't strictly applying a rule; he could just be picking names out of a hat.
WORD FAMILY
arbitrary: arbitrarily, arbitrariness, nonarbitrary, unarbitrary
USAGE EXAMPLES
They described arbitrary detentions, violent interrogations and killings by security forces.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Otherwise, the move would also likely be struck down in court as “arbitrary and capricious,” he argued.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The argument against their enshrinement was always too simplistic and naive for my liking, not to mention arbitrary and illogical.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 随意的，任性的，随心所欲的; 主观的，武断的; 霸道的，专制的，专横的，独断独行的; 乱
分布：任意的(66%)，武断的(23%)，专制的(7%)，霸道的(4%)
→arbiter,仲裁，裁判，-ary,形容词后缀。词义贬义化。
武断的(arbitr+ary→做出[自己的]判断→武断的)[arbit(r)=judge,表示"判断"]
a.任意的,任性的,主观的;专断的,武断的In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
【记】arbitr判断－自己作判断－武断的
US ['ɑ:r.bə.trer-] adjective
CHANCE 偶然
 ADVANCED
■based on chance rather than being planned or based on reason 任意的；随机的；随心所欲的
• arbitrary decision-making 随意决策
• What guided your choice of destination or was it arbitrary? 你根据甚么选择目的地？还是随意选定的？
UK ['ɑ:.bɪ.trə.ri] US ['ɑ:r.bə.trer-] adjective
UNFAIR 不公平的 disapproving
■using unlimited personal power without considering other people's wishes 专断的；武断的；霸道的
• an arbitrary ruler 专制的统治者
• The company has been the subject of an arbitrary take-over. 这家公司被强行接管。
adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的
 - artificial, random, absolute

Word: earmark
Front: earmark
[ˈɪəmɑ:k] (12180/9935 -1)
Vocabulary: earmark
(once / 4130 pages)
1v 2n
To earmark something is to set it aside for a specific purpose. If you’re saving money to spend it in a particular way — whether it’s for college or a fancy new pair of shoes — you have earmarked that money.
Originally, an earmark was a mark on the ear of an animal — such as a sheep — that indicated ownership. Similarly, when government officials earmark a resource, they're indicating what the resource will be used for. Earmarking is usually about money. $10,000 could be earmarked for cancer research. A grant could be earmarked for a children's hospital. Earmarking is a way of stating how something will be used.
WORD FAMILY
earmark: earmarked, earmarking, earmarks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This year was a good earmark for just level-headedness, not jumping the gun,” Pry said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In Angola, $64 million frozen by the Swiss authorities was repatriated and earmarked for mine clearance and agricultural development.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
To develop, manufacture and market the car, Ford earmarked $3 billion — about $8 billion in today’s dollars — in hope of turning the company around.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 指定用途; 标记; 打耳记
n. 特征; 耳记; 标记
时态：earmarked, earmarking, earmarks
分布：指定(38%)，特征(21%)，耳上记号(21%)，记号(10%)，在耳朵做记号(10%)
→因古代在自家牲口耳朵上作记号而引申该词义，比较maverick.
US ['ɪr.mɑ:rk] verb transitive often passive
■to keep or intend something for a particular purpose 划拨（款项）；指定…作特定用途
• Five billion dollars of this year's budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements. 今年的预算已经提拨50亿美元专门用于改善医院设施。
vt. 在耳朵上做记号；标记
 - flag, emblemize
n. 特征；耳上记号
 - characteristic, specificity

Word: homosexuality
Front: homosexuality
[ˌhɒməˌsekʃʊ'ælətɪ] (6672/8206)
Back: n. 同性恋关系
分布：同性恋(100%)
ADJ
同性恋的;同性性欲的
A homosexual relationship is a sexual relationship between people of the same sex.
ADJ
（人）同性恋性向的
Someone who is homosexual is sexually attracted to people of the same sex.
例：A fraud trial involving two homosexual lawyers was abandoned.一桩涉及两名同性恋律师的欺诈案审判被撤销了。
n. [心理] 同性恋
 - uranism

Word: mistrust
Front: mistrust
[ˌmɪsˈtrʌst] (托 13844/14068 -1)
Back: vt. &vi. 不信任; 怀疑
n. 不信任
时态：mistrusted, mistrusting, mistrusts
分布：不信任(95%)，疑惑(5%)
→mis-,坏的，错的，不好的，trust,信任。
不信任(mis+trust相信)[mis-表示"错误,坏"]
verb transitive
■to have doubts about the honesty or abilities of someone 不信任，不相信；怀疑…的真实性
• I've always mistrusted politicians. 我总是不信任政治家。
vt. 不信任；怀疑
 - dispute, question, wonder
vi. 不信任；怀疑
 - wonder, question
n. 不信任；怀疑
 - doubt, challenge

Word: vet
Front: vet
[vet] (8077/6728 -2)
Vocabulary: vet
(once / 3307 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
You are a vet if you served in the Armed Forces, or if you went to veterinary school and now give medical care to animals.
The noun vet is short for either veteran (of the Armed Forces) or veterinarian (animal doctor). As a verb, vet means "to carefully examine beforehand." For example, your boss might ask you to vet people's applications before calling them for interviews, just to make sure they have the right experience for the job. Medically speaking, when a doctor vets you — or an animal — medical care is given.
WORD FAMILY
vet: vets, vetted, vetting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jack Russell was sedated and vets spent 45 minutes removing the "rock hard" paste encasing the dog's teeth.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The driver invited everyone on the bus to welcome the Vietnam vet and the applause was loud and long.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ahlschwede said although the vet may be thriving at his or her new career, he or she may need some guidance along the way.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 审查（某人过去的记录、资格等）; 诊疗; 检查
vi. 当兽医
n. 老兵; 〈美口〉同“veteran“
时态：vetted, vetting, vets
分布：兽医(77%)，审查(10%)，诊疗(7%)，老兵(5%)，作兽医(1%)
→缩写自veteran.
noun countable
ANIMAL DOCTOR 兽医 (UK formal veterinary surgeon) (US formal veterinarian)
■a person with a medical degree trained to take care of the health of animals 兽医
• The farmer called the vet out to treat a sick cow. 农夫叫来兽医诊治病牛。
■(UK also vet's)
■the office where a vet works 兽医诊所
• We took our cat to the vet's for its annual cat flu injection. 我们把猫送到兽医诊所接受每年一次的流感疫苗注射。
[vet] noun countable
ARMED FORCES 武装力量 US informal for
■ veteran (= a person who has served in the armed forces) 老兵，退伍军人
[vet] verb transitive (-tt-)
■to examine something or someone carefully to make certain that they are acceptable or suitable 审查，检查
• During the war, the government vetted all news reports before they were published. 战争期间，所有新闻报道在发表之前要接受政府的审查。
• The bank carefully vets everyone who applies for an account. 银行对每个申请开通帐户的人都进行仔细的审核。
vt. 审查；诊疗
 - oversee, censor
n. 兽医
 - veterinarian, farrier

Word: belfast
Front: belfast
[,bel'fɑ:st] (-/2407)
Back: n. 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰首府）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: nationally
Front: nationally
[ˈnæʃnəli] (5290/6199)
Back: adv. 在全国范围内，全国性地; 作为整个民族
分布：全国性地(63%)，在全国范围内(37%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■by or to everyone in a nation 全国性地
• She's a nationally known columnist. 她是全国知名的专栏作家。
adv. 全国性地；以国民立场地；举国一致地
 - countrywide

Word: verge
Front: verge
[vɜ:dʒ] (研六雅宝 6637/6843 -2)
Vocabulary: verge
(once / 573 pages)
1nv 2n
Think of an edge, a border, a boundary, and you are thinking about the verge, the point where something begins or ends.
We talk about a nervous person being on the verge of a breakdown, or about a scientist being on the verge of a major breakthrough, but the British have another good physical meaning: they call the strip of grass that borders a walkway the verge, giving you a clear mental picture that goes beyond the abstract.
WORD FAMILY
verge: verged, verges, verging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Knesset is on the verge of legalizing what were once illegal outposts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Did he realize the forces he was on the verge of unleashing?”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 边，边缘; 界限; 范围; 起始点
vi. 接近，逼近; 处于边沿或边缘
时态：verged, verging, verges
分布：边缘(72%)，接近(15%)，濒于(7%)，界限(2%)，权杖(1%)，下沉(1%)，趋于(1%)，处在...的边沿(1%)
→来自拉丁语virga,小杆，绿枝，引申词义小草地。同时，因用做教堂司事的权杖，引申词义管辖范围，管辖范围的边缘。
n.边,边缘v.濒临The energetic enemy submerged in the water on the verge of the emergency.在紧急情况快要发生时精力充沛的敌军沉入水中.
【记】源于：edge（n 边缘）
US [vɝ:dʒ] noun countable
■the edge or border of something 边；边缘；边沿
• They set up camp on the verge of the desert. 他们在沙漠边缘扎下了营地。
■UK (US shoulder)
■the strip of land which borders a road or path 路边；路肩
• She left her car by the side of the road and walked along the grass verge to the emergency phone. 她把车停在公路旁，沿着长满草的路边走到了紧急电话亭。
UK [vɜ:dʒ] US [vɝ:dʒ] noun countable
on the verge (of) (also to the verge of)
■If you are on the verge of something or come to the verge of something, you are very near to experiencing it 接近于…；濒于…
• on the verge of collapse/success/tears/death/disaster/war 濒于崩溃／接近成功／差点流泪／濒临死亡／濒临灾难／处于战争的边缘
• Her husband's violent and abusive behaviour drove her to the verge of despair. 她丈夫的暴力和虐待行为将她逼到了近乎绝望的境地。
UK [vɜ:dʒ] US [vɝ:dʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  verge on sth
■to be almost a particular state, quality or feeling, especially one that is very bad or very good 接近；濒临
• At times, his performance verged on brilliance, but at others it was only ordinary. 他的表现有时候近乎完美，但有时候却又显得稀松平常。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
vi. 濒临，接近；处在边缘
 - go on for, come close to
n. 边缘
 - margin, brink, suburb, beaded edge

Word: cheese
Front: cheese
[tʃi:z] (中高研四雅 2104/2717 -K3)
Vocabulary: cheese
(once / 361 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4v
Cheese is a dairy product that's made from milk solids. Many delicious foods are made even more delicious with melted cheese, including pizza and nachos.
Cheese is made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, or buffalo, and it's acidified before the solids are separated and pressed. There are many kinds of cheese, ranging from soft, spreadable cream cheese to hard parmesan. An old fashioned meaning of cheese is "stop" — you might say, "Cheese it!" This comes from 1800s thieves' slang, while the instruction a photographer gives, "Say cheese!" dates from the early 20th century.
WORD FAMILY
cheese: cheesed, cheeselike, cheeses, cheesing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tiger Woods misses cut at British Open, eats processed cheese.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奶酪; <俚>微笑
vt. <俚>停止
时态：cheesed, cheesing, cheese
分布：奶酪(55%)，干酪(24%)，乳酪(20%)，使停止(1%)
→来自拉丁词ceseus, 奶酪。
n.干酪,乳酪The loosened goose chooses the cheese to eat.被解开的鹅挑选奶酪吃.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a food made from milk, which can either be firm or soft and is usually yellow or white in colour 起司；乳酪；芝士
• Would you like a slice/piece of cheese with your bread? 你想要块起司配面包吃吗？
• goat's cheese 山羊起司
• You need 250g of grated cheese for this recipe. 按照这张食谱，你需要250克磨碎的起司。
• I like soft French cheeses such as Brie and Camembert. 我喜欢法国软起司，比如布里起司和卡芒贝尔起司。
• I prefer hard cheeses, like Cheddar. 我比较喜欢硬起司，比如切德起司。
• cheese and biscuits 起司夹心饼干
[tʃi:z] noun countable or uncountable
Hard/Tough cheese! UK (US Stiff cheese!) informal
■something that you say to or about someone who has had something bad happen to them in order to show that you have no sympathy for them （表示不同情）抱歉啦！真倒楣！
• So he's fed up because he's got to get up early one morning in seven, is he? Well hard cheese! “因为那天早上七点就要起床，他烦透了，是不是？”“嗯，真倒楣！”
[tʃi:z] noun countable or uncountable
say cheese
■something that someone who is taking a photograph of you tells you to say so that your mouth makes the shape of a smile 说“茄子”（要求照相的人说 cheese 使口形呈微笑状）
[tʃi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheese sb off UK informal
■to annoy someone 惹恼（某人）；使（某人）感到厌烦
• Her attitude to the whole thing really cheeses me off! 她对这整件事的态度真是把我烦透了。
n. 奶酪； [食品] 干酪；要人
 - personage, fromage
vt. 停止
 - quit, cease from, desist from, come to a stop, to stop
adj. 叛变的；胆小的
 - timid, scary

Word: lone
Front: lone
[ləʊn] (托 5377/5993 -2)
Vocabulary: lone
(once / 401 pages)
adj
Something described as lone is the only one of its kind — it's on its own. The lone child waiting for a ride home from school is the very last kid to be picked up.
The lone tree in your yard is the only one growing there, and if your well is your lone source of water, it's the only way that water flows from the shower or the kitchen faucet. Sometimes lone is used to mean "lacking support," as when a state senator's vote is a lone voice in opposition to a proposed bill. If someone calls you a "lone wolf," they see you as someone who prefers acting alone.
WORD FAMILY
lone: lonesome, lonest+/ lonesome: lonesomely, lonesomeness, lonesomer, lonesomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a fraction of the roughly 3,700 megawatts produced at this gargantuan plant, the largest in the Lone Star State.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only days ago, an online message from a pro-Islamic State group called for attacks by "lone wolves" on "celebrations, gatherings and clubs".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 孤单的; 孤独的; 人迹稀少的; 孤寂的
分布：唯一的(49%)，孤单的(33%)，单独的(18%)
→缩写自alone,即all one. 由单独的引申词义孤独的。拼写比较mend,amend.
US [loʊn] adjective [before noun]
■alone 单独的，独自的
• a lone survivor 唯一的幸存者
• He was a lone voice (= the only person) arguing against a reduction in resources. 他是唯一反对削减财力的人。
lone parent/mother/father
■someone who has children but no partner living with them 单亲／单身母亲／单身父亲
lonely, laone, desolate, lone, solitary
这些形容词均有“孤单的，寂寞的”之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
solitary, desolate, lone, alone, lonely
这组词都有“孤单的，寂寞的”的意思，其区别是：
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
adj. 单身的；独自的；寂寞的；人迹稀少的
 - alone, single

Word: compatriot
Front: compatriot
[kəmˈpætriət] (六宝 15497/18779 -1)
Vocabulary: compatriot
(once / 2591 pages)
n
A compatriot is a person from the same country as you. Don't confuse it with patriot, which means someone with notable love for his country.
The word compatriot is often used to suggest an automatic sense of friendship. All compatriots are assumed to be chummy with each other — though, in fact, there's nothing in the dictionary definition to suggest this. Compatriots may — and often do — loathe each other, as countless civil wars have demonstrated.
WORD FAMILY
compatriot: compatriots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Katoatau quickly embraced the role, and in 2015 wrote a moving open letter calling attention to the plight of his compatriots.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
They are selling more spliffs to their compatriots, who light up relatively little and so present an alluring growth market.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
Compatriot Jordan Spieth expressed the views of many in the elite 17-man field with a positive assessment of the tournament host's return to competition.
Reuters(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 同胞; 同国人
adj. 同国人的; 同胞的
分布：同胞(84%)，同国的(7%)，同国人(7%)，同事(2%)
→com-, 强调。-patri, 父亲，词源同father. 即同宗同祖的。
同胞(com+patriot动→大家一起动→动乱)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
同胞(com共同+patri父亲)[-ot表名词"…人"]
【记】com共同，patriot（n 爱国者）－共同热爱祖国的人－同胞
US [-'peɪ.tri-] noun countable formal
■a person who comes from the same country 同国人，同胞
US
■a friend or someone you work with 伙伴；同事
n. 同胞；同国人
 - brethren, countryfolk

Word: erect
Front: erect
[ɪˈrekt] (研四六托雅宝 6356/4303 -2)
Vocabulary: erect
(once / 133 pages)
1adjv 2adj
Erect means "build" or "upright." If you erect a house, you build it. If you stand erect, you hold your body as tall as possible.
Erect comes from the Latin word erectus, meaning “upright, elevated, lofty” or “eager, alert, aroused.” Erect is a verb, as in, it will take you years to erect your replica of the Eiffel Tower using only gum and toothpicks. Erect is also an adjective, as in something that is tall, firm, straight or rigid, like a half-dead plant that becomes more erect when you water it.
WORD FAMILY
erect: erected, erecting, erection, erectly, erectness, erects, semi-erect, unerect+/erection: erections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet from pelvis to chest, their deportment is so unyieldingly erect that they might be wearing girdles.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
So not long after the signs were erected, cherry pickers showed up and took down seven of them.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
In a cross-examination, he stands erect, chest cocked, as if to fill the courtroom.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使直立，使竖起; 建立，创立; 安装; [医]使勃起
adj. 直立的，垂直的; （头、手等）朝上举的; 直竖的; [医]勃起的
时态：erected, erecting, erects
分布：建立(38%)，直立的(22%)，建造(20%)，竖立的(9%)，笔直的(6%)，使竖立(5%)
→e-, 向外。-rect, 竖直，词源同right, correct.
竖直a.直立的(e出+rect→直出来→竖直)[rect=stright,right,表示"正,直"]
v.树立,建立,使竖立a.直立的,垂直的The director's indirect direction led to the incorrect erection of the rectifier.指导者间接的指导导致整流器的错误安装.
【反】suspend（vt 吊；悬挂）；slouch（v 懒散）－stand erect（站直）；prostrate（vt 弄倒；使屈服）
verb transitive formal
BUILD 建造
■to build a building, wall or other structure 建立；建造
• The war memorial was erected in 1950. 这座战争纪念碑建于1950年。
• The soldiers had erected barricades to protect themselves. 士兵们筑起了街垒用以自卫。
[ɪ'rekt] verb transitive formal
MAKE VERTICAL 使竖直
■to raise something to a vertical position 竖立；使直立
• They erected a marquee to accommodate 500 wedding guests. 他们搭起了一个大帐篷以接待参加婚礼的500位客人。
[ɪ'rekt] adjective
■standing with your back and neck very straight （腰板）直的；昂首挺胸直立的
• He's very tall and erect for his 78 years. 尽管已经78岁了，他还是那样挺拔高大。
■When a part of the body, especially soft tissue, is erect, it is harder and bigger than usual, often pointing out or up （尤指软组织）勃起的
• an erect penis 勃起的阴茎
• erect nipples 挺起的乳头
upright, vertical, erect, perpendicular, plumb
这组词都有“垂直的、竖式的”的意思，其区别是：
upright: 普通用词，指竖立、笔直而不是倾斜、倒塌的。
vertical: 指与平面、水平线或基线成直角或几乎成直角向上延伸至顶点的物体。也可指呈直线上升或下降的。
erect: 指笔直挺拔，而非倾斜、佝偻、弯曲或倒塌的。
perpendicular: 指与水平线形成90度的线或面，或朝垂直方面延伸的，尤指向下的急剧运动。
plumb: 建筑上用词，凭锤球评判某物是否完全垂直。
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 使竖立；建造；安装
 - construct, fit, fix, structure, frame
adj. 竖立的；笔直的；因性刺激而勃起的
 - straight, upright
vi. 直立；勃起
 - to stand on end, get it up

Word: thrust
Front: thrust
[θrʌst] (研四六托雅宝 5904/4582 -2)
Vocabulary: thrust
(once / 146 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n
To thrust is to push forward quickly and forcibly, like the way a pirate would plunge or thrust a sword into his enemy.
Thrust is often used when you're talking about knives or swords or jabbing someone with something. In fact, a thrust refers to a sharp blow or stab. Violence aside, thrust can be any kind of forceful push or driving force. Aggressive street vendors thrust their wares on you and young movie stars are thrust into the limelight at an early age — which may be disconcerting, but certainly is not as frightening a knife thrust in your direction.
WORD FAMILY
thrust: thrusted, thruster, thrusting, thrusts+/thruster: thrusters/thrusting: thrustings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barkley was a fill-in who started the season on the practice squad, thrust into duty by injuries to Jay Cutler and Brian Hoyer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The next year, they encouraged friends Rusty Wilson and Denise Simone to relocate their theater company to Idaho to perform on the Liberty’s thrust stage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Born into the highest of privilege, greatness thrust upon her, yet limited by tradition and even her gender.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 猛推; 逼迫; 强行推入; 延伸
n. 刺; 推力; [军]突击; [地]逆断层
vi. 插入; 用力向某人刺去; 猛然或用力推
时态：thrust, thrusting, thrusts
分布：推力(80%)，刺(14%)，插入(5%)，要旨(1%)
→来自古诺斯语 thrysta,猛推，用力冲挤，来自 Proto-Germanic*thrustijanan,猛推，冲，可能来 自 treud,猛推，冲，词源同 threat,extrude.-st,表反复。
vt.插入;猛推n.插,推力vi.刺,戳,冲The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
【记】th死，rust锈：用rust的剑thrust你。
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (thrust, thrust)
■to push suddenly and strongly 推挤；刺；戳；插入
• She thrust the money into his hand. 她把钱塞进他手中。
• They thrust a microphone in front of me and fired questions at me. 他们把麦克风推到我面前，不断向我发问。
• She thrust the papers at me (= towards me). 她把报纸塞给我。
• The bodyguards thrust past the crowd to get at the cameraman. 保镖挤过人群直扑摄影师。
[θrʌst] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (thrust, thrust)
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] thrust sth on/upon sb
■to force someone to accept or deal with something 强迫（某人）接受；强迫（某人）应对
• Fatherhood had been thrust on him. 他身不由己当了父亲。
[θrʌst] noun
IDEA 思想
only singular
■the main idea, subject or opinion that is discussed or written about 要点，要旨，中心点
• The main thrust of her argument was that women are compromised by the demands of childcare. 她的主要论点是妇女受到需要照顾孩子的拖累。
[θrʌst] noun
PUSH 推
countable
■a strong push 猛推；刺
uncountable specialized
■the driving force produced by, for example, an aircraft engine 牵引力，驱动力
thrust, pierce, penetrate, prick, stab
这组词都有“刺入，穿透”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 本义是使某物进入或把某物刺进或使之穿透某物，有时侧重穿透、刺入。
pierce: 多指人为地用刀刺、剑等尖锐东西刺穿或刺入某物。
penetrate: 较正式用词，可指用任何工具穿入或穿透，也可指光线、声音等透过物体。
prick: 一般指用针等刺穿。
stab: 主要指利器刺入、刺伤，如用匕首、短刀等。
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
n. [力] 推力；刺
 - pushing force, spine
vt. 插；插入；推挤
 - build in, plug in
vi. 插入；用向某人刺去；猛然或用力推
 - intervene, build in

Word: divisive
Front: divisive
[dɪˈvaɪsɪv] (9881/14859 -1)
Vocabulary: divisive
(once / 7392 pages)
adj
If you say something that is intended to make people angry with each other, your words are divisive. If you want to avoid divisive talk at your family's Thanksgiving dinner, it's probably best to avoid discussing politics.
The adjective divisive is related to the verb divide, which means "to separate things or pull them apart." Divisive things divide. That's why it's best to avoid potentially divisive topics like politics if you believe you are in the company of people who have differing opinions. Don't confuse divisive with decisive, which means "able to make decisions" and "unmistakable, beyond a doubt."
WORD FAMILY
divisive: divisively
USAGE EXAMPLES
More and more people may conclude that it is the president’s failed, divisive policies that must change if the carnage is to end.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The archbishop echoed the sentiment of Prime Minister Theresa May, who called for unity following June's "divisive" vote in her new year message.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
A resident of Sugar Land, Texas, evidently paid for the object, which was installed in a public plaza in May—and proved divisive.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 离间的; 造成不合的; 制造分裂的
分布：分裂的(76%)，区分的(18%)，不和的(6%)
adjective
■describes something that causes great and sometimes unfriendly disagreement within a group of people 有争议的；引起分歧的
• The Vietnam war was an extremely divisive issue in the US. 越南战争在美国是一个极具争议的问题。
adj. 分裂的；区分的；造成不和的
 - partite, schismatical

Word: embryo
Front: embryo
[ˈembriəʊ] (托 6655/6275 -2)
Vocabulary: embryo
(once / 908 pages)
n
An embryo is an animal in the phase after fertilization but before birth or hatching. Embryos still live in the womb or egg.
Do you remember when you were an embryo? Probably not, because you were just a tiny clump of cells in your mother's womb — you weren't born yet. All animals were embryos at one point: it's a very early stage of life. Another meaning is not as literal: the beginning of an idea could be called an embryo, as in, "My plan for ice-skating robots is still in the embryo stage." That means the idea isn't very developed.
WORD FAMILY
embryo: embryonal, embryonic, embryos, embryotic+/embryologic: embryologically/embryologist: embryologists/embryology: embryologic, embryologist/ embryonic: embryology, embryonically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I speculated that they might exist in the embryos of dinosaurs as well,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
The researchers believe studying the embryos will improve fertility treatments and revolutionise knowledge of the earliest stages of human life.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The bills OK’d Wednesday bar physicians and their associates from knowingly benefiting financially from or being compensated for an embryo, fetus or neonate.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. <生>胚，胚胎; 胚芽; 初期
分布：胚胎(98%)，萌芽(2%)
→em-, 进入，使。- bryo, 膨胀，发芽，词源可能同breast, browse.
胚胎,萌芽[bry=sprout(发芽)]
US [-oʊ] (plural embryos)
noun countable
■an animal that is developing either in its mother's womb or in an egg, or a plant that is developing in a seed 胚，胚胎
• Between the eighth week of development and birth a human embryo is called a foetus. 从发育第八周到出生这段时间，人类的胚胎被称作胎儿。
in embryo formal
■developing and not yet complete 在胚胎阶段，在萌芽阶段；尚未成熟
• The department's plans for enlargement are still in embryo. 这个系的扩建计划仍在酝酿之中。
n. [胚] 胚胎；胚芽；初期
 - morning, prime
adj. [胚] 胚胎的；初期的
 - earlier, young

Word: southerner
Front: southerner
['sʌðə(r)nə(r)] (19917/20552 -1)
Back: n. 南方人; 〈美〉南部各州的人
分布：南方人(100%)
南方人(southern南方的)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-ɚ.nɚ] noun countable
■a person who comes from the south of a country 南方人
• I could tell from his accent that he was a southerner. 根据他的口音，我判断他是一个南方人。

Word: unsettle
Front: unsettle
[ˌʌnˈsetl] (宝 9564/11289 -1)
Back: vt. 扰乱; 使不安定
vi. 被扰乱
时态：unsettled, unsettling, unsettles
分布：使动摇(100%)
【记】un不，settle（v 定居；使平静）
【参】unsettled（adj 未处理的；未决定的）
【反】ensconce（v 隐藏；安置）
VERB
使不安；使担心
If something unsettles you, it makes you feel rather worried or uncertain.
例：The presence of the two policemen unsettled her.两名警察的出现让她感到不安。
vt. 使动摇；使不安定；使心神不宁
 - destabilize, unfix

Word: lax
Front: lax
[læks] (雅 13008/13744 -1)
Vocabulary: lax
(once / 1704 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Those parents who let their kids eat all their Halloween candy the night of October 31st? Their parenting style might be described as lax. A paperclip chain used as a bike lock? That's an example of lax security.
While contemplating the word lax, you may note that it's the same as the first syllable in laxative. This is not a coincidence: lax entered English as a noun describing a substance taken or administered to relax the bowels. Interestingly, the modern definition of lax is closer to the Latin source word, laxus — an adjective meaning "loose." Now, lax can refer to any phenomenon that is insufficiently stringent or so slack as to be basically ineffectual. For example, "The entire class performed incredibly well on the test, largely due to the sleepy professor's lax supervision."
WORD FAMILY
lax: laxer, laxest, laxity, laxly, laxness, unlax+/ laxity: laxities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founding families still dominate almost all the conglomerates, in part, critics say, because of lax enforcement of corporate governance and tax laws.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lax enforcement by key federal agencies and questionable judgments from the D.C.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The 19-day holiday season for LAX and its unprecedented surge in travelers will end Tuesday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. <医>（肠）宽松的; 松弛的; 松懈的; 不严格的
n. 泻肚; （挪威，瑞典的）鲑; 松元音
分布：松懈的(66%)，松弛的(21%)，不严的(13%)
→来自sleg,松弛的，放松的，词源同languish,slack.该词原义使肠胃放松，即排便，引申词义松弛的，松懈的等。
松弛的[lax=loose,表示"松"]
【记】源于：relax（v 放松）
【反】stringent（adj 严厉的；紧的）
adjective
■without much care, attention or control; not severe or strong enough 马虎的；不严格的；不严厉的
• He took a gun through baggage control to highlight the lax security. 他携带一把枪通过了行李检查，以此引起大家对安全管理松懈这一问题的重视。
• The subcommittee contends that the authorities were lax in investigating most of the cases. 小组委员会认为有关部门对多宗案件疏于调查。
adj. 松的；松懈的；腹泻的
 - relaxed, pinic

Word: token
Front: token
[ˈtəʊkən] (研六雅 8924/6352 -2)
Vocabulary: token
(once / 402 pages)
1nadj 2n
When you give someone a flower or a friendship bracelet or something symbolic of the way you feel about them, you're giving them a token of your affection.
A token is not only something sentimental (like a keepsake) or symbolic (like your friendship bracelet). You, yourself, can also be a token: If you're the only female in your office, for instance, and you were hired just so there'd be at least one woman, then you're the "token female." Tokens can also be a kind of special currency, like the coins you use in slot machines. Before the Metro Card, New York City subway riders paid their fares with tokens.
WORD FAMILY
token: tokenish, tokens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bitcoin is a system of digitally created and traded tokens and people keep their tokens in online wallets.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
By the same token, it’s hard for a Chinese restaurant to distinguish itself when there’s a seemingly passable iteration on every Manhattan block.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
At least half-a-dozen bank officials shared responsibility for safekeeping of the token, he said.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 代币; 象征; 记号
adj. 作为对某事的保证的; 象征性的; 作为标志的
vt. 预兆：预示或象征，预兆
分布：象征(47%)，象征性的(17%)，标志(11%)，纪念品(10%)，代币(9%)，代价券(3%)，装样子的(3%)
→来自古英语 tacen,符号，象征，证据，来自 Proto-Germanic*taiknam,符号，标志，来自 teik, 显示，展示，词源同 teach,digit,toe.引申诸相关词义。
n.表示;标志;记号;代用硬币a.象征性的Black is a token of mourning.黑色是居丧的表征.
US ['toʊ-] noun countable
SYMBOL 标志
■a thing that you give or an action that you take which expresses your feelings or intentions, although it might have little practical effect 标志；表示；象征
• As a token of our gratitude for all that you have done, we would like you to accept this small gift. 为了表示我们对你们所做的一切的感谢，希望你们接受我们这份小小的礼物。
• It doesn't have to be a big present - it's just a token. 礼物不必大——只是为了表示一下。
UK ['təʊ.kən] US ['toʊ-] noun countable
PAPER WORTH MONEY 代金券 UK (US gift certificate)
■a piece of paper with a particular amount of money printed on it which can be exchanged in a shop for goods of that value 礼券，代金券
• a £20 book/gift/record token 一张价值20英镑的书券／礼券／唱片券
UK ['təʊ.kən] US ['toʊ-] noun countable
DISC 圆片
■a round metal or plastic disc which is used instead of money in some machines （某些机器中用以代替纸币的）代币，专用辅币
UK ['təʊ.kən] US ['toʊ-] adjective [before noun]
■used to describe actions which are done to show that you are doing something, even though the results are limited in their effect 有标志性的；有象征意义的
• The troops in front of us either surrendered or offered only token (= not much) resistance. 我们前面的军队要么投降，要么只作象征性的抵抗。
• They were the only country to argue for even token recognition of the Baltic states' independence. 他们国家是唯一为波罗的海沿岸国家争取哪怕是象征性承认的国家。
■disapproving
■describes something which is done to prevent other people complaining, although it is not sincerely meant and has no real effect 装点门面的；装样子的
• The truth is that they appoint no more than a token number of women to managerial jobs. 事实上他们只装装样子，任命了一些女性担任管理工作。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 表征；代币；记号
 - marks, sign
adj. 象征的；表意的；作为对某事的保证的
 - symbolic, emblematic
vt. 象征；代表
 - indicate, image, figure

Word: muster
Front: muster
[ˈmʌstə(r)] (雅宝 8426/9610 -1)
Vocabulary: muster
(once / 565 pages)
vn
Originally meaning only to gather soldiers, muster's definition has been expanded to include gathering up just about anything––you can muster up some dinner, some friends, or even some ketchup, pickles and mustard.
Remember that muster used to involve getting reluctant soldiers out of bed and into the field of battle––it involves overcoming a certain inertia. When you muster up the courage to face something, it's clear that this is pretty scary for you.
WORD FAMILY
muster: mustered, mustering, musters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Washington mustered just 38 rushing yards, averaging 2.5 per carry.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
New York’s own offense was bland, punting to end eight of its 12 drives, but it mustered up enough to get the job done.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
On Tuesday they fled and mustered a few blocks away.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 集合; 集合的人群; 检阅; 花名册
vt. & vi. 集合; 召集; 集结（尤指部队）
vt. （自他人处）搜集某事物; 聚集; 激发; 激起（支持、勇气等）
时态：mustered, mustering, musters
分布：集合(45%)，鼓起(32%)，点名册(10%)，检阅(8%)，集合人员(5%)
→来自拉丁语monstrare,显示，展示，来自monere,提醒，警告，词源同admonish,demonstration.后用于军事术语指召集，聚集，战前动员等。鼻音n脱落，比较dental,tooth.
US [-tɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
PRODUCE 产生
■to produce or encourage especially an emotion or support 鼓起（勇气）；激起（某种感情或支持）
• She managed to muster the courage to ask him to the cinema. 她终于鼓起勇气请他去看电影。
• The team will need all the strength they can muster to win this game. 球队必须倾尽全力才能赢得这场比赛。
• Opponents are unlikely to be able to muster enough votes to override the veto. 反对者不太可能拉到足够的选票来推翻否决。
UK ['mʌs.tər] US [-tɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
TOGETHER 聚集
■(especially of soldiers) to come together, especially in preparation for fighting, or to cause to do this （使）（尤指部队）集合，集结
• The twelfth division mustered on the hill. 第12师在山上集结。
• The general mustered his troops. 将军召集起他的部队。
UK ['mʌs.tər] US [-tɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
muster your forces formal
■to make great arrangements and efforts, usually to prepare for an attack or event 集聚（力量，精力）
• The Welsh National Opera has mustered its forces to mount its second production of Tristan in only 14 years. 威尔士国家剧院在《特里斯坦》首次上演的仅仅14年后，倾尽全力把该剧的新制作版本搬上舞台。
UK ['mʌs.tər] US [-tɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  muster sth up
■If you muster up a feeling of bravery or energy, you try hard to find that quality in yourself because you need it in order to do something 鼓起（勇气）；激起（力量）
• [+ to infinitive] She finally mustered up the courage to ask him for more money. 她最终鼓起勇气向他要更多的钱。
UK ['mʌs.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
■a group of people, especially soldiers, who have been brought together （尤指部队的）集合，集结
vt. 召集；对…进行点名；使振作
 - call together, call in
n. 集合；检阅；点名册；集合人员
 - assembly, concentration, convergence, set, review
vi. 召集；聚集
 - concentrate, collect, mass, crowd

Word: tripoli
Front: tripoli
['trɪpəlɪ] (-/17033)
Back: n. 硅藻土; 硅土
分布：黎巴嫩港市）(34%)，的黎波里（利比亚首都(33%)，硅土(33%)
n. 硅藻岩；硅藻土
 - rotten-stone, diatomite

Word: brass
Front: brass
[brɑ:s] (研四托 4968/4119 -2)
Back: n. 黄铜; 铜管乐器; 钱; 黄铜饰品（尤指马挽具上的黄铜圆片）
v. 〈英〉付（款）; [冶]把…包铜; 〈口〉无耻地胡搞
分布：黄铜的(67%)，厚脸皮(33%)
→词源同burn, 燃烧。由铜和锡冶炼而成。
n.黄铜,铜器It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
US [bræs] noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a bright yellow metal made from copper and zinc 黄铜
• The door handles were made of brass. 门把手是黄铜做的。
countable
■a thin piece of brass on the floor or wall in a church, with a picture or writing cut into it （教堂地上或墙上，刻有雕像或文字的）黄铜纪念牌
• The church has several beautiful medieval brasses. 这个教堂有几块精美的中世纪黄铜纪念牌。
the brass only singular
■the group of brass instruments or players in a band or orchestra （乐队或管弦乐队的）铜管乐器部分，铜管乐器手
• The brass seems to me too loud in this recording. 我觉得这张唱片中铜管乐器部分似乎太响了。
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
CONFIDENCE 信心
uncountable UK informal
■complete self-confidence and absence of fear 高度自信，无所畏惧；厚脸皮
• I don't know how she has the brass to do it. 我不懂她怎么有脸做那事。
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
MONEY 钱；现金
uncountable UK old-fashioned informal
■money
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
brass monkey weather UK informal
■extremely cold weather 极冷的天气
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
get down to brass tacks
■to start talking about the most important or basic facts of a situation 讨论实质问题；考虑最基本的问题
• Let's get down to brass tacks. Who's paying for all this? 让我们先谈最基本的问题——谁为这一切付帐？
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] adjective [before noun]
■(of a musical instrument) made of metal and played by blowing 铜管乐器的
• The trumpet and trombone are brass instruments. 小号和长号是铜管乐器。
• He plays in the brass section of the orchestra. 他在管弦乐团的铜管乐器组当乐手。
Compare percussion ; woodwind
n. [材] 黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器；厚脸皮
 - orichalc, yellow metal

Word: salmon
Front: salmon
[ˈsæmən] (六宝 3406/4751 -2)
Vocabulary: salmon
(once / 1436 pages)
1n 2adjn
A salmon is a big, silver-skinned fish that lives in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Many commercial fishermen catch salmon.
Salmon are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, and then return to the place they were born to spawn, or reproduce. Because they move from one place to another, salmon are famous for leaping over dams and against river tides — in fact, one theory about the word salmon says its Latin root is salire, or "to leap." There is also a color known as salmon, the pink-orange hue of a salmon's flesh.
WORD FAMILY
salmon: salmons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the salmon and steelhead that now return to spawn each year, experts say, about 70 to 90 percent originate in hatcheries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The beginning of a new year offers prime time for winter blackmouth salmon fishing.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“When the salmon return, they spawn in our back yard.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鲑鱼; 鲑鱼肉; 大马哈鱼; 三文鱼
分布：大马哈鱼(51%)，鲑(33%)，橙红色的(16%)
→来自古法语 salmun,鲑鱼，大马哈鱼，来自拉丁语 salire,跳，冲出，词源同 sally,resilient.可能 因这种鱼喜跳跃而得名，或因这种鱼洄游到出生地产卵而得名。
【记】外来语：读三文鱼
['sæm.ən] (plural salmon)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a medium-sized silvery fish which lives in the sea and swims up rivers to produce its eggs. Its pink flesh is eaten as a food 鲑鱼
• fresh/smoked/tinned salmon 鲜／熏／罐头鲑鱼
• salmon mousse/fishcakes 鲑鱼慕斯／煎鲑鱼饼
• salmon fishing 捕鲑鱼
n. 鲑鱼； [鱼] 大马哈鱼；鲑肉色
 - trout, red fish

Word: linux
Front: linux
['lɪnəks] None
Back: 一种可免费使用的UNIX操作系统，运行于一般的PC机上
分布：一种可免费使用的UNIX类型操作系统(100%)

Word: orderly
Front: orderly
[ˈɔ:dəli] (研四六托雅 7744/8435 -1)
Vocabulary: orderly
(once / 519 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n 4n
Orderly means neat, tidy, and well-organized. An orderly library makes it easy to find the books you want.
A thing or place can be orderly, like a desk, refrigerator, or a hospital, and so can a person, particularly if they are very calm and well-behaved. And when it's a noun, orderly means a hospital worker who does many non-medical jobs and generally keeps things neat and tidy — orderly, in other words. The Latin root is ordinem, "arrangement or row," which originally meant "a row of threads in a loom."
WORD FAMILY
orderly: orderlies, orderliness+/ disorder: disordered, disordering, disorderly, disorders/disordered: disorderedly/ disorderly: disorderliness/ order: disorder, ordered, orderer, ordering, orderly, orders, reorder, suborder, superorder/ordered: unordered/orderer: orderers/ordering: orderings/reorder: reordered, reordering, reorders/suborder: suborders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Amazingly, people move in an orderly fashion as they heed arrows that guide them up and down stairs and along sidewalks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But they risk upending conventions developed since Mao’s death to allow flexibility in government and ensure a regular and orderly transition of power.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Most of the “extra-continentals” turn themselves in voluntarily to Mexican authorities, forming orderly queues each morning outside the federal immigration detention center in Tapachula.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 整齐的，有秩序的; 有组织的，有规则的; [军]值班的; 安静的
n. [军]传令下士; 传令兵; <英>街道清洁工
adv. 依次地，顺序地; 有规则地; 有条理地
分布：有秩序的(43%)，整齐的(30%)，勤务兵(25%)，一丝不苟的(2%)
a.整齐的,有秩序的,有条理的n.勤务兵No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
US ['ɔ:r.dɚ.li] noun countable
HOSPITAL WORKER 医院的工人
■a hospital worker who does jobs for which no training is necessary, such as helping the nurses or carrying heavy things （医院的）护工，勤务员
• He has a part-time job as a hospital orderly. 他兼职在医院做勤务员。
UK ['ɔ:.dəl.i] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ.li] noun countable
SOLDIER 士兵
■a soldier who acts as an officer's servant 勤务兵
UK ['ɔ:.dəl.i] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ.li] adjective
■well arranged or organized 整齐的；井然有序的
• She put the letters in three orderly piles. 她把信整理成整齐的三叠。
• Form an orderly queue. 排好队。
• During the bomb scare, the customers were asked to proceed in an orderly fashion out of the shop. 在收到炸弹恐吓期间，顾客被要求井然有序地撤离商店。
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
adj. 有秩序的；整齐的；值班的
 - regular, straight
n. 勤务兵；传令兵；护理员
 - batman, lashkar
adv. 顺序地；依次地
 - seriatim

Word: monkey
Front: monkey
[ˈmʌŋki] (中高研四 4558/5405 -2)
Vocabulary: monkey
(once / 338 pages)
nv
A monkey is a tropical, long-tailed animal known as a "primate." If you visit India or Sri Lanka, you're almost guaranteed to see monkeys, but don't monkey around with them.
Many monkeys live in trees, although some are ground-dwelling, and increasingly many live in urban areas, scavenging food and interacting with people. Monkeys are famously playful and mischievous, and because of this, monkey is a common diminutive (or fond nickname) for impish kids, and "monkey business" is foolishness or deceitful behavior. When you monkey around, or monkey with something, you fool about or fiddle with it.
WORD FAMILY
monkey: monkeyed, monkeying, monkeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’d say “that’s a lot of monkey business” were it not an unforgivable misuse of biological nomenclature.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
At the Brass Monkey, he swaps his Lagunitas for seltzer with a splash of cranberry and lime.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
She expects him to return to the Port Everglades area after realizing there aren’t any other monkeys around.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 猴; 猿; 淘气鬼; 小淘气
vi. 胡闹; 捣蛋
vt. 嘲弄
时态：monkeyed, monkeying, monkeys
分布：猴子(90%)，胡闹(5%)，模仿(2%)，嘲弄(2%)，猴一样的人(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自人名昵称，-key,来自-kin,或-quin变体，monna,女人，缩写自madonna,夫人，女士。该词在古法语对应形式为Monequin,小Monna.如全世界最美女人英文名即为Monica Bellucci.monkey ’s wedding 太阳雨
n.猴子In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■an animal that lives in hot countries, has a long tail and climbs trees. Monkeys are primates (= the group of animals which are most like humans). 猴子
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
CHILD 小孩 informal
■a child who behaves badly 淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼
• They ate all the cakes, the monkeys. 他们吃掉了所有的蛋糕，这些捣蛋鬼。
• [as form of address] Hey, put that down, you little monkey! 嘿，放下它，你这个小淘气！
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
MONEY 金钱 UK slang
■£500 500英镑　
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
I'll be a monkey's uncle! old-fashioned
■used to show you are very surprised （表示惊讶）天哪！ 哎呀！
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
make a monkey out of sb
■to make someone appear stupid 使（某人）出丑；耍弄，愚弄（某人）
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
not give a monkey's UK slang
■If you don't/couldn't give a monkey's about something, you are not at all worried by it 一点都不在乎，完全无所谓
• "Chrissie won't like it." "I don't give a monkey's." “克丽茜不会喜欢它的。”“我倒不在乎。”
['mʌŋ.ki] verb transitive US informal
■to copy or mimic someone 模仿，学…的样子
['mʌŋ.ki] verb transitive US informal
  Phrasal Verbs  monkey about/around (with sth) informal disapproving
■to behave, or to use or move things, in a silly and careless way 胡闹，捣蛋
• The children were bored and started monkeying around. 孩子都感到厌烦了，开始胡闹。
n. 猴子；顽童
 - urchin, simian
vi. 胡闹；捣蛋
 - horse around, mess about
vt. 嘲弄
 - guy, make game of

Word: jurisdiction
Front: jurisdiction
[ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn] (托宝 4651/3477 -1)
Vocabulary: jurisdiction
(once / 458 pages)
n
Jurisdiction means having a legal right over something. A court can have jurisdiction over a legal question, a government can have jurisdiction over another country or territory. Even your parents could be said to have jurisdiction over you while you're under 18.
This noun jurisdiction descends from Latin jūrisdictiō, formed from jūris (from jūs "law") plus dictio "act of saying." Think of it as who has the right to "say" what's "the law." In the US, certain crimes are tried in state courts, but when a crime involves more than one state, jurisdiction moves to the federal court system, just as the local police step down and the investigation is handled by the FBI.
WORD FAMILY
jurisdiction: jurisdictional, jurisdictions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This creates a difficult patchwork of laws for businesses that operate in multiple jurisdictions, a problem that will likely worsen over the next four years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he's sentenced to death or not, it's unlikely Roof would be executed any time soon, in either jurisdiction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A complication is the conflict over jurisdiction, whereby laws in one country are irreconcilable with those in another.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 司法权; 管辖权; 管辖范围; 权限
分布：管辖权(80%)，司法权(11%)，审判权(8%)，控制权(1%)
→来自juridical的名词形式，即司法权，审判权。
司法权(juris司法+dict+ion→说法律的→司法权)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
司法权;权限(juris+dict说,命令+ion→法律上命令→司法权)[jur,juris=swear,law,表示"发誓,法律"]
US [ˌdʒʊr.ɪs-] noun uncountable
■the authority of an official organization to make and deal with especially legal decisions 司法权；管辖权；审判权
• The court has no jurisdiction in/over cases of this kind. 该法庭无权审判此类案件。
• School admissions are not under/within our jurisdiction. 我们无权批准入学。
n. 司法权， [法] 审判权，管辖权；权限，权力
 - rights, competence, rod

Word: entice
Front: entice
[ɪnˈtaɪs] (托宝 9712/11110 -1)
Vocabulary: entice
(once / 1113 pages)
v
Let's say your friend wants to go to the movies and you don't want to. Your friend might try to entice you by offering to buy you popcorn and a soda. Entice means to persuade with promises of something.
The word entice means to lure or tempt someone by promising them something that they like. It is a little manipulative but in a fairly straightforward way. You always know it when someone is enticing you. If a company really wants to hire you, they will entice you with a good salary and generous benefits. The promise of a gold star is often enough to entice small children to get good grades.
WORD FAMILY
entice: enticed, enticement, entices, enticing +/enticement: enticements/ enticing: enticingest, enticingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Answering a few questions will keep everyone satisfied — and duly enticed for the following week’s “live” performance.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
But the Zhengzhou operation shows the extent of China’s effort to entice overseas multinationals to set up production in the country.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Just a little bit of leg, nothing more,” the emcee boomed into the microphone, trying to entice the women.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 诱惑; 怂恿
时态：enticed, enticing, entices
分布：引诱(55%)，诱使(45%)
→词源不详，可能来自拉丁语titio, 火把，即煽风点火，引诱。或来自titillate, 挠痒，挑逗。
【参】enticing（adj 引诱的；迷人的）＝attractive
【反】formidable（adj 可怕的）－enticing
verb transitive
■to persuade someone to do something by offering them something pleasant 诱惑；诱使；引诱
• The adverts entice the customer into buying things they don't really want. 广告诱使顾客购买他们并不真正需要的东西。
• People are being enticed away from the profession by higher salaries elsewhere. 别处更加丰厚的薪水诱使人们辞职另谋高就。
• [+ to infinitive] A smell of coffee in the doorway enticed people to enter the shop. 门口飘出的咖啡香味使得人们闻香驻足，进入店内。
vt. 诱使；怂恿
 - encourage, egg on

Word: suez
Front: suez
[ˈsju(:)iz] (-/12541)
Back: n. 苏伊士（埃及东北部港市，是苏伊士省省会，在苏伊士运河南端）
分布：名词(100%)
n. 苏伊士（埃及东北部港市）；苏伊士运河
 - Suez Canal

Word: oligarch
Front: oligarch
[ˈɒlɪgɑ:k] (宝 25875/-)
Vocabulary: oligarch
(once / 9817 pages)
n
An oligarch is one of the rulers in an oligarchy, which is a small group of people who are in power.
The word oligarch has Greek roots, and comes from oligoi for "few” and arkhein "to rule." When a country is ruled by an oligarchy, power isn't in the hands of one person (like a monarchy) or the people (like a democracy) but a small group of people. An oligarch can be a member of the nobility or a wealthy person. People often say a democracy has oligarchs when rich people appear to have too much influence on a country.
WORD FAMILY
oligarch: oligarchic, oligarchs+/oligarchic: oligarchically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Oligarchs and companies are guilty of the same behavior.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This further polarizes the nation, both economically and politically, which, perversely, further cements the power of the oligarchs.
Salon(Dec 25, 2016)
The team’s owner, Mikhail D. Prokhorov, is a Russian oligarch, and its payroll, about $58.7 million, is the lowest in the league.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 寡头政治执政者
→oligo-,寡，少，-arch,统治，治理，词源同anarchy.
US ['ɑ:.lɪ.gɑ:rk] noun countable
■one of the people in an oligarchy 寡头政治家；寡头统治集团成员

Word: venice
Front: venice
[ˈvenɪs] (-/5716)
Back: n. 威尼斯（意大利东北部的港埠）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: disposal
Front: disposal
[dɪˈspəʊzl] (研四六托雅宝 5580/3208 -2)
Vocabulary: disposal
(once / 493 pages)
1n 2n
Disposal means getting rid of something, or throwing it away. When you go on a picnic, be sure to have a bag for the disposal of your trash afterward, or you will be a terrible litterbug.
You can use a garbage disposal, a grinder in your sink drain that allows you to wash down certain waste items without causing clogs, for the disposal of vegetable scraps. In addition to meaning "getting rid of something," disposal can also mean "the power or means to accomplish something." If you have a fleet of limousines at your disposal, it's easy to get a large number of guests to a wedding.
WORD FAMILY
disposal: disposals+/ disposable: disposables, nondisposable/ dispose: disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing, disposition, indispose, predispose, redispose/disposed: disposedly/ disposition: dispositions/indispose: indisposed, indisposes, indisposing, indisposition/indisposition: indispositions/ predispose: predisposed, predisposes, predisposing, predisposition / predisposition: predispositions/redispose: redisposed, redisposes, redisposing, redisposition/redisposition: redispositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By law, landowners in England and Wales are responsible for the disposal of whales, porpoises or dolphins that wash up on their estates.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Energy Department is authorizing its contractor to resume the disposal of radioactive waste at the federal government’s underground repository in southern New Mexico.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. （事情的）处置; （自由）处置权; 清理; 排列
adj. 处理（或置放）废品的
分布：处理(72%)，处置(25%)，布置(3%)
n.处理,处置;布置,安排The disposal of rubbish is always a problem.垃圾的处理总是个难题.
US [-'spoʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you get rid of something, especially by throwing it away 清除；处理；抛弃
• waste disposal 废物处理
• the disposal of hazardous substances 危险物质的处理
at sb's disposal formal
■available to be used by someone 可供（某人）使用
• I would take you if I could, but I don't have a car at my disposal this week. 我会尽可能带你去，但是这周我没汽车可用。
• Having sold the house she had a large sum of money at her disposal (= to spend as she wanted). 卖掉房子后，她手头有一大笔钱可用。
n. 处理；支配；清理；安排
 - transactions, settlement, treating, handling, governance

Word: disgrace
Front: disgrace
[dɪsˈgreɪs] (研六托 10352/8519 -1)
Vocabulary: disgrace
(once / 198 pages)
nv
Use the verb disgrace to say that someone has brought shame upon himself. Your brother might disgrace himself at the family reunion by being rude to your Uncle Bob.
You probably notice that grace makes up a big part of disgrace. Combine this with the dis- prefix, meaning “the opposite of,” and you get a word that involves shame and dishonor. Think of disgrace as a kind of fall from grace — it’s what happens when you do something that causes you to lose favor or damages your reputation. You could disgrace yourself by losing your tennis match badly, or you could disgrace yourself by cheating on an exam.
WORD FAMILY
disgrace: disgraced, disgraceful, disgraces, disgracing+/disgraceful: disgracefulest, disgracefully, disgracefulness/ grace: disgrace, graced, graceful, graceless, graces, gracing, gracious / graceful: gracefuler, gracefulest, gracefully, gracefulness, ungraceful/gracefulness: gracefulnesses/ graceless: gracelessly, gracelessness/gracelessness: gracelessnesses/ gracious: graciousest, graciously, graciousness, ungracious/graciousness: graciousnesses/ungraceful: ungracefully, ungracefulness/ungracious: ungraciously, ungraciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He spent so much time screaming at this protester and frankly, it was a disgrace.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans ushered in the new year with a massive protest demanding the resignation of disgraced President Park Geun-hye.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s a disgrace. . . . It was a situation way beyond decency.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 丢脸; 耻辱; 不光彩; 丢脸的人（或事）
vt. 使丢脸; 使失宠; 使受耻辱; 贬黜
时态：disgraced, disgracing, disgraces
分布：耻辱(73%)，丢脸(27%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。grace, 优雅，光彩。
n.失宠,耻辱v.使失宠;玷辱,使蒙羞I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
【记】grace（n 优美；优雅）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■embarrassment and the loss of other people's respect, or behaviour which causes this 耻辱，丢脸；不光彩的行为
• They were sent home in disgrace. 他们蒙着羞被送回了家里。
• He brought disgrace on the whole team by falsifying the results. 他篡改比分的行为让全队丢了脸。
be a disgrace
■to be a very bad situation 非常糟糕，太不像话
• Three families living in one room - it's a disgrace! 三家人住在一间房里——太糟糕了！
• [+ that] It 's a disgrace that the government spends so much on guns and so little on education. 政府在武器上花了那么多钱，而在教育上却支出这么少，真是太不像话了。
be a disgrace to sb/sth
■to be so bad or unacceptable that you make people lose respect for the group or activity you are connected to 是…的耻辱
• You're a disgrace (to the family) - what a way to behave! 你真（给家人）丢脸——怎么能干出这样的事情！
[dɪs'greɪs] verb transitive
■to make people stop respecting you or your family, team, etc. by doing something very bad 使丢脸，使蒙羞，使没面子
• You have disgraced us all with your behaviour. 你的所作所为让我们大家都抬不起头来。
shame, embarrassment, disgrace, dishonour
这组词都有“丢脸，羞愧”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 多指因非法婚烟、私生、卖国或犯法等而丢失脸面或败坏名声，使他人认为“丢脸”、“可耻”。
embarrassment: 多指在社交活动中所遇到的尴尬事。
disgrace: 常指失去他人的尊敬和称赞而使自己感受到的丢脸、耻辱。
dishonour: 指失去原来享有的光荣或自尊和自重。
shame, disgrace, humiliate, dishonour
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 指由不光彩或不道德的行为引起的惭愧感或羞耻感。
disgrace: 侧重在别人，尤其在众人面前丢脸。
humiliate: 强调受辱者自尊心的损坏。
dishonour: 有时可与disgrace换用，但前者是指因失去荣誉所致。
degrade, humble, disgrace, humiliate
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
degrade: 指因过失而受到降级、阶格；也多指因自身的境遇而感到耻辱。
humble: 常可和degrade换用，强调降级所带来的耻辱；也多指自卑和感到渺小无能的心理状态。
disgrace: 指降低某人在他人心目中的地位，使其丢脸。
humiliate: 指损伤或剥夺自尊感，损坏自尊心，强调蒙受耻辱。
n. 耻辱；丢脸的人或事；失宠
 - ignominy, opprobrium

Word: backwards
Front: backwards
[ˈbækwədz] (6719/3801 -K2)
Back: adj. 向后的; 倒行的; 返回的; 落后的
adv. 向后; 往后; 倒; 逆
分布：倒(47%)，向后(30%)，往回(23%)
US [-wɚdz] adverb
 ESSENTIAL (US also backward)
■towards the direction which is opposite to the one in which you are facing or opposite to the usual direction 向后
• I walked backwards towards the door. 我退向门口。
• He took a step backwards to allow her to pass. 他向后退了一步，让她过去。
• He began counting backwards: "Ten, nine, eight..." 他开始倒数：“10，9，8…”
Compare forwards
 ADVANCED
■returning to older and less effective ways 倒退
• The breakdown in negotiations will be seen as a step backwards. 谈判破裂将被视为倒退了一步。
backwards and forwards
■first in one direction and then in the opposite one 来来回回
• Paul paced anxiously backwards and forwards. 保罗焦急地来回踱步。
UK ['bæk.wədz] US [-wɚdz] adverb
bend/lean over backwards
■to try very hard to do something 竭力，尽力
• I've been bending over backwards trying to help you and this is all the thanks I get! 我一直在尽力帮助你，没想到这就是你对我的谢意！
adv. 倒；向后；逆
 - rear, fro

Word: quasi
Front: quasi
['kweɪsaɪ] (30200/38899)
Vocabulary: quasi
(once / 6025 pages)
adj
Use quasi when you want to say something is almost but not quite what it describes. A quasi mathematician can add and subtract adequately, but has trouble figuring out fractions.
The adjective quasi is often hyphenated with the word it resembles. Quasi-scientific ideas are ideas that resemble real science, but haven't been backed up with any real evidence. A quasi-religious person may attend church services, but he doesn't take much interest in what's being said. Get the idea? It's a great alternative for "kind of."
WORD FAMILY
quasi
USAGE EXAMPLES
The North and South divisions are cluttered with nondescript quasi contenders.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
The Agnelli family – due in part to their ownership of the city’s newspaper, La Stampa – continued to be revered as Turin’s quasi royal family.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Appearing at a party for journalists and operatives at the Venetian Hotel, Bone spent hours taking pictures of partygoers who basked in his quasi celebrity.
The Guardian(Oct 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 类似的，准的
分布：外表的(50%)，类似的(50%)
adj. 准的；类似的；外表的
 - parallel, analogous

Word: stagnant
Front: stagnant
[ˈstægnənt] (托雅宝 12153/13792 -1)
Vocabulary: stagnant
(once / 2139 pages)
adj
There is a tone to the word stagnant that sounds like what it is: lacking movement, stale, and inactive, especially with exaggerated pronunciation, "staaaagnant."
Stagnant came into use in the 17th century as a description for water or air that wasn't moving or circulating, like in a scum-covered pond or a closed-off room. Often things that are stagnant also have a smell from sitting too long in one place. Not that this happens to everyone, but sitting in front of a TV playing video games without moving more than the fingers can make a person stagnant, sometimes with an accompanying odor.
WORD FAMILY
stagnant: stagnantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the government intentionally neglect them, focusing on Shiite areas in the south, leaving Iraq’s second largest city undeveloped and economically stagnant.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Farr said fundamentals are “okay,” but he attributes most of the increase in corporate earnings to cost cutting and stagnant wages.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Working on the assumption that beauty is stagnant, remember attractiveness tends to evolve and shift.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 不流动的，停滞的; 污浊的; 不景气的; 迟钝的，呆笨的
分布：停滞的(64%)，不流动的(23%)，不景气的(13%)
→stagnate,停滞，不流动，-ant,形容词后缀。
停滞的(stagn站+ant→站着不走→停滞的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
【记】stagn＝stand站，ant－站住的蚂蚁－停滞的
【参】stagger（v 摇晃；蹒跚）站不稳的；staggering（adj 蹒跚的；另人惊愕的）
【反】flowing（adj 流动的）
adjective
NOT FLOWING 不流动的
■(of water or air) not flowing or moving, and smelling unpleasant （水或空气）不流动的，污浊的
• a stagnant pond 死水塘
['stæg.nənt] adjective
NOT BUSY 不繁忙的
■not growing or developing 停滞的，不发展的
• a stagnant economy 停滞的经济
adj. 停滞的；不景气的；污浊的；迟钝的
 - slow, dull

Word: skew
Front: skew
[skju:] (宝 12018/20512 -1)
Vocabulary: skew
(once / 7534 pages)
vadj
To skew is to turn or place at an angle. When you build a house of cards, you must slightly angle, or skew each card, so structure will stand up.
From the Middle English skewen ("swerve"), this verb was born to describe things in the physical world. Nowadays, though, we encounter it more informally: If you're in advertising, you might skew (target, aim) your commercials toward a particular demographic. Even before that, you may collect some statistical data on your intended audience, and then make sure that data is accurate, because bad or irrelevant info might skew (distort, inaccurately depict) the results of your research.
WORD FAMILY
skew: skewed, skewing, skewness, skews
USAGE EXAMPLES
Threshold isn’t the only problem; mainstream imprints at big publishers already skew male and very, very white.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
There is no point in playing in Week 17 when important starters are unavailable and the results become skewed.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On the basis of a skewed legal analysis that ignored pre-1967 Jewish claims, President Jimmy Carter called the settlements illegal.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 斜的，歪的; [数学] 不对称的; [统计学] 歪斜，扭曲
vt. & vi. 歪曲; 曲解; 使歪斜
vi. 偏离，歪斜; 斜视
n. 歪斜; 斜交
时态：skewed, skewing, skews
分布：歪斜(58%)，歪轮(6%)，扭转(6%)，斜视(6%)，误解的)(6%)，斜交(歪斜(6%)，斜交的(不对称的(6%)，斜砌石)(6%)
→来自古诺斯法语 eskiuer,逃离，回避，来自古法语 eschiver,逃离，回避，词源同 eschew,askew. 后引申词义误导，偏离，以及比喻义歪曲，歪解等。
【记】和skewer（n 串肉扦）一起记住，一个是直的，一个是弯的。
verb transitive
■to cause something to be not straight or exact; to twist or distort 使歪斜；歪曲；使有误差
• The company's results for this year are skewed because not all our customers have paid their bills. 公司今年的业绩有误差，因为并非所有客户都已付款。
[skju:] adjective [after verb]
■not straight 歪斜的；有偏差的
n. 斜交； [计] 歪斜
 - heterotropic, obliqueness
adj. 斜交的； [计] 歪斜的
 - wobbly

Word: casting
Front: casting
[ˈkɑ:stɪŋ] (托 7940/9808 -1)
Back: n. 铸造，铸件; 角色分配; 投掷; [动]脱落物
v. 扔掉(cast的现在分词); 铸造; 投掷; 选派演员
分布：铸造(92%)，投掷(6%)，选演员(1%)，动词cast的现在分词.(1%)
N-COUNT
铸件;铸造品
A casting is an object or piece of machinery which has been made by pouring a liquid such as hot metal into a container, so that when it hardens it has the required shape.
例：...stainless steel castings for Waterloo Station.为滑铁卢车站做的不锈钢铸件
n. 铸造； [机] 铸件；投掷；角色分配
 - molding, putting, throw, foundry
v. [机] 铸造；投掷；投向；选派演员；扔掉（cast的ing形式）
 - founding

Word: unpaid
Front: unpaid
[ˌʌnˈpeɪd] (六 10099/7716 -1)
Back: adj. 未付的; （债等）未还、未缴纳的; 不支付薪水服务的
分布：没有报酬的(55%)，未付款的(45%)
adjective
■describes a debt, tax, etc. that has not been paid （债务、税等）未支付的，未偿付的
• $50 000 in unpaid taxes 五万美元的未付税款
■describes work that you do without getting any money for it 无偿的，免费的，没有报酬的
• unpaid work/employment 没有报酬的工作／职业
adj. [会计] 未付款的； [税收] 未缴纳的；无报酬的
 - unremunerative, uncompensated

Word: whisper
Front: whisper
[ˈwɪspə(r)] (高研四六宝 2446/2623 -K3)
Vocabulary: whisper
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Psst! When you speak very quietly, so that hardly anyone can hear, you're whispering, or speaking in a whisper.
A whisper is the opposite of a shout. When teachers talk about using your outside voice (when you're outside) and your inside voice (for speaking normally), the whisper is even quieter than the inside voice. This word can apply to other sounds too: you could say the wind is whispering. Whispers really do sound a lot like "Psst psst psst" to anyone who can't hear the exact words. You're likely to hear a lot of whispering in the library.
WORD FAMILY
whisper: whispered, whisperer, whispering, whispers+/whispered: self-whispered, whisperedly/whisperer: whisperers/whispering: whisperingly, whisperings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morgan and Huth are whispering to one another about something.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Whispers persist that Moore, who led the team in tackles his first three seasons, is considering the NFL.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Even then, there were already whispers about the talent and potential from Ramczyk on the scout team.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 低声说; 私语; 密谈，密谋坏事; 私下说
vi. 沙沙地响; 耳语; 密谈
n. 低语，耳语; 飒飒声; [医]嗫音; 传闻
时态：whispered, whispering, whispers
分布：耳语(39%)，低语(23%)，私语(15%)，窃窃私语(9%)，低声说(7%)，飒飒地响(5%)，飒飒的声音(2%)
→拟声词。
v.耳语;私下说,偷偷告诉n.耳语;传闻The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
US [-pɚ] verb
SPEAK 讲话
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to speak very quietly, using thebreath but not the voice, so that only the person close to you can hearyou 小声说话；低语；耳语
• Sheleaned over and whispered something in his ear. 她俯身对他耳语了些甚么。
• What are you twogirls whispering about? 你们两个女孩子在窃窃私语些甚么？
• [+ speech] "Where are the toilets?" she whispered. “洗手间在哪里？”她低声问道。
• It's rude towhisper! 窃窃私语是不礼貌的！
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] verb
SUGGEST 迹象
[+ that]
■to suggest privately that somethingmight be true 私下里说；传闻
• People are whispering that she's going to retire next year. 人们私下里说她明年要退休了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SPEECH 说话
countable
■a way of speaking very quietly, using the breath butnot the voice, so that only the person close to you can hear you 小声说话；低语；耳语
• I heard whispersoutside my room. 我听见有人在我房间外窃窃私语。
• She said it in a whisperso I presumed it wasn't common knowledge. "You see," she said, lowering hervoice to a whisper, "he hasn't been well recently." 她说这件事时声音很小，所以我推断并不是人人都知道。“你知道，”她说着就把声音压得很低，“他最近身体一直不太好。”
only singular literary
■a soft, lownoise 沙沙声；飒飒声
• Thesilence was broken only by the whisper of theleaves in the gentle breeze. 这片寂静被微风吹拂树叶的沙沙声打破了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SUGGESTION 迹象
countable
■a suggestion or piece of information that you hearprivately from someone 传闻；私下的议论
• I've heard a whisper that they're heading for divorce. 我听人们私下里说他们要离婚。
whisper, mutter, murmur
这组词都有“低语”的意思，其区别是：
whisper: 通常指耳语、窃窃私语。
mutter: 多指别人不易听到的低语。
murmur: 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
n. 私语；谣传；飒飒的声音
 - aside
vi. 耳语；密谈；飒飒地响
 - collogue

Word: sword
Front: sword
[sɔ:d] (高研四六 4105/3675 -2)
Back: n. 剑，刀; 武力，战争; 兵权，权力
分布：剑(79%)，刀(21%)
→来自古英语 sweord,刀，剑，来自 Proto-Germanic*swerda,刀，剑，来自 swer,砍，劈，刺。
n.剑,刀;武力The wordy lord left his sword on the world.多话的君主把他的剑留在了世界上.
US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a weapon with a long sharp metal blade and a handle, used especially in the past （尤指过去使用的）剑，刀
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
beat / turn swords into ploughshares literary
■to change to a peaceful way of life and spend money on peaceful things rather than weapons 化剑为犁，偃武修文
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
put sb to the sword literary
■to kill someone 杀死（某人）
• Thousands of innocents were put to the sword. 数千名无辜者被杀。
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
sword of Damocles
■If you have a sword of Damocles hanging over you/your head, something bad seems very likely to happen to you 达摩克利斯剑（比喻随时可能发生的祸事）
• Government threats to cut the budget by 50% are hanging over the Opera House like a sword of Damocles. 政府威胁说要将预算削减50%，这就好像是一把悬在歌剧院上方的达摩克利斯剑。
n. 刀，剑；武力，战争
 - blade, knife, force, war

Word: dweller
Front: dweller
[ˈdwelə(r)] (托 10815/11458 -1)
Back: n. 居民，居住者(dwell的派生)
分布：居民(65%)，居住者(35%)
US [-ɚ] noun
city/town/cave, etc. dweller
■a person who lives in a city, town, cave, etc. 城市／城镇／洞穴等居民
n. 居民，居住者
 - liver, resident, inhabitant, habitant

Word: destructive
Front: destructive
[dɪˈstrʌktɪv] (研四六托雅 5818/6370 -2)
Vocabulary: destructive
(once / 616 pages)
adj
If something causes a lot of damage, you can talk about its destructive force or power. Something is destructive when it really messes things up.
The word destructive comes from the Latin destruere which means literally to unbuild. In addition to describing a storm or battle, the word can be used for the things people say as well as do. If your mother's comments about your weight cause you to eat more bon bons, you could say that her remarks were destructive to your diet.
WORD FAMILY
destructive: destructively, destructiveness, self-destructive+/ destroy: destroyable, destroyed, destroyer, destroying, destroys, destructible, destruction, destructive, self-destroy/destroyable: undestroyable/destroyed: destroyedest/destroyer: destroyers/destructible: destructibility, indestructible / destruction: destructions, self-destruction/ indestructible: indestructibility, indestructibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s an incredibly destructive environment for anybody to be in, let alone children.”
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Castigating groups and engaging in "ladder raising" behavior is self destructive.
New York Times(Jun 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 破坏性的; 毁灭性的; 有害的
分布：破坏性的(91%)，有害的(9%)
a.破坏性Such a habit is destructive to the morals of youth.这样的习惯有害于青年的品德.
adjective
■causing, or wanting to cause, damage 破坏性的；有害的
• the destructive power of nuclear weapons 核武器的杀伤力
• I worry about the destructive effect that violent films may have on children. 我担心暴力影片可能会对孩子们造成不良影响。
• Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship. 恋爱时缺乏信任是非常不利的。
adj. 破坏的；毁灭性的；有害的，消极的
 - harmful, evil, fell, negative, passive

Word: importer
Front: importer
[ɪmˈpɔ:tə(r)] (13786/10039)
Back: n. 进口商，进口者
分布：进口商(96%)，输入者(4%)
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person, country, or company that buys products from another country in order to sell them （向别国购买商品在本国进行销售的）进口商；进口国
• After the USA, Japan is the second biggest importer of oil. 日本是继美国之后的第二大石油进口国。
• He is an importer of African foodstuffs. 他是个非洲食品进口商。

Word: landmark
Front: landmark
[ˈlændmɑ:k] (托宝 4715/7019 -2)
Vocabulary: landmark
(once / 1032 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A landmark is anything that helps you know where you are — in space, in time, in history.
If you’re sailing from Europe to New York, the Statue of Liberty will be the landmark that lets you know you’re in the right port. If you’re walking to your cousin’s house, the pizza shop on the corner is the landmark that lets you know you just have two blocks to go. Getting your driver’s license is a landmark event, as was the Revolutionary War — though which battle was harder is yours to determine.
WORD FAMILY
landmark: landmarks
USAGE EXAMPLES
A landmark research study identifies distinct stages in the process of changing one’s life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It started operating in the 1930s and became a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Just days later, China and Canada agreed to discuss a landmark free trade deal and an extradition treaty.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [航]陆标; 界标; 里程碑; 纪念碑
adj. 有重大意义或影响的
分布：里程碑(84%)，陆标(9%)，地界标(5%)，划时代的事(2%)
→land,陆地，mark,记号。
里程碑,界标(land地+mark→地上的标志→里程碑)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
US [-mɑ:rk] noun countable
OBJECT 物体
■a building or place that is easily recognized, especially one which you can use to judge where you are 地标；标志性建筑
• The Rock of Gibraltar is one of Europe's most famous landmarks. 直布罗陀岩山是欧洲最著名的地标之一。
UK ['lænd.mɑ:k] US [-mɑ:rk] noun countable
STAGE 阶段
■an important stage in something's development （发展过程中的）里程碑
• The invention of the silicon chip was a landmark in the history of the computer. 硅片的发明是电脑发展史上的一个里程碑。
• In a landmark case/decision , the Governor pardoned a woman convicted of killing her husband, who had physically abused her. 在一宗具有标志性意义的案例／判决中，州长赦免了一位因遭受虐待而杀夫的妇女。
n. [航] 陆标，地标； [建] 里程碑； [地理] [测] 地界标；划时代的事
 - Placemark, checkpost

Word: captive
Front: captive
[ˈkæptɪv] (研四六雅 9226/11324 -2)
Vocabulary: captive
(once / 188 pages)
nadj
A captive is something that has been captured and can’t escape, like a prisoner of war or a panda in a zoo.
To be captured on the battlefield, and held captive is not so great, but captive doesn’t always describe things that are completely bad, like its synonym, hostage. If you fall in love you might say your heart is being held captive. Ideas that entrance you could be called captivating. Sometimes endangered animals are brought into captivity in order to breed larger populations, and then released into the wild.
WORD FAMILY
captive: captivate, captives, captivity +/ captivate: captivated, captivates, captivating, captivation/ captivating: captivatingly/captivation: captivations/ captivity: captivities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He fathered nearly a quarter of the world’s captive pandas.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Formerly captive nations freed from Soviet control seemed eager to embrace liberal democracy, capitalism - and substantial subsidies - from their wealthier neighbors.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Formerly captive nations freed from Soviet control seemed eager to embrace liberal democracy, capitalism — and substantial subsidies — from their wealthier neighbors.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 被俘的; 被监禁的; 被关押的; 无法逃离的
n. 战俘，俘虏; 被（爱情等）迷住的人; 自保公司
分布：俘虏(64%)，被俘的(19%)，被迷住的(11%)，迷恋者(6%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，拿，握，见captive。
俘虏[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
俘虏(capt抓住)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
n.俘虏a.被俘虏的,被监禁的The captive captivated by the apt adaptation rapped the cavity with rapture.被灵巧的改编迷住了的被捕者着迷地敲打空腔.
noun countable
■a person or animal whose ability to move or act freely is limited by being closed in a space; a prisoner, especially a person held by the enemy during a war 囚徒；猎获物；（尤指）战俘
• When the town was recaptured, we found soldiers who had been captives for several years. 夺回该镇后，我们找到了被俘数年的士兵。
hold/take sb captive
■to keep someone as a prisoner or make someone a prisoner 囚禁／俘虏（某人）
• The terrorists were holding several British diplomats captive. 恐怖分子扣押了数名英国外交官。
convict, captive, prisoner
这组词都有“囚犯、俘虏”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 指经判决而在狱中服刑的人。
captive: 指战争中抓到的俘虏，也可作引申用。
prisoner: 指关入监狱的囚犯，包括战俘，也可作引申用。
adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的
 - spellbound
n. 俘虏；迷恋者
 - prisoner

Word: convene
Front: convene
[kənˈvi:n] (六托雅宝 7816/8878 -2)
Vocabulary: convene
(once / 85 pages)
v
The verb convene is a somewhat formal way of saying "to bring together for the purpose of a meeting."
Convene is one of those words that lend an air of formality to a situation. We use it in place of the words "call a meeting" for such situations as government assemblages, court hearings, and conferences. Its meaning can be easily seen in its history — it comes from the Latin con-, which means "together," and the verb venīre, "to come." Imagine, if the syllables had just fit the music, the John Lennon song "Come together," might have been called Convene.
WORD FAMILY
convene: convened, convener, convenes, convening, convention, reconvene +/convener: conveners/ convention: conventional, conventioneer, conventions/ conventional: conventionalise, conventionalism, conventionality, conventionalize, conventionally, unconventional /conventionalisation: conventionalisations/conventionalise: conventionalisation, conventionalised, conventionalises, conventionalising/conventionalism: conventionalisms/conventionality: conventionalities/conventionalize: conventionalization, conventionalized, conventionalizing/conventioneer: conventioneers/ reconvene: reconvened, reconvenes, reconvening/ unconventional: unconventionality, unconventionally/unconventionality: unconventionalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Montana Legislature is convening its 65th session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 召集; 聚集; 传唤
vi. 集合
时态：convened, convening, convenes
分布：召集(72%)，集合(25%)，召唤(3%)
→con-, 强调。-ven, 走，词源同advent, venue. 即来到一起，召集会议。
召集,召唤(con全部+ven+e→来到一起→召集)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
【记】con共同，vene来－来到一起－召集
[kən'vi:n] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
■to arrange (a group of people for) a meeting, or to meet for a meeting 召开，召集（会议）；集合；开会
• The Prime Minister convened (a meeting of) his ministers to discuss the matter. 首相召集部长（开会）讨论这个问题。
• The council will be convening on the morning of the 25th. 市政会议将于25日上午召开。
vt. 召集，集合；传唤
 - call together, assemble
vi. 聚集，集合
 - concentrate, collect, mass, crowd, aggregate

Word: anchor
Front: anchor
[ˈæŋkə(r)] (研四六雅宝 4961/7686 -2)
Vocabulary: anchor
(once / 190 pages)
1nv 2n
On a boat, an anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope. You toss it overboard, it sinks to the bottom, and your vessel doesn't move. Anchor has the sense of what holds something in place.
When you anchor a bookshelf to the wall, you affix it to the wall so it won't come down. The anchor of a relay race is the last person to run. It's their job to hold the team's lead. And on televised news, the anchor is the person who is front and center delivering the current events, the one who draws viewers to the news on that particular station.
WORD FAMILY
anchor: anchorage, anchored, anchoring, anchors+/anchorage: anchorages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Many people anchor their frame of reference to the financial crisis in March 2009 when markets crashed to their lows.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 锚; 锚状物; 靠山; 压阵队员
vt. 抛锚，抛锚泊船; 使固定，使稳固; 使稳定; 在…任节目主持人
vi. 抛锚，停泊; 固定; [体]任主要运动员; 主持节目
adj. 最后一棒的，末棒的
时态：anchored, anchoring, anchors
分布：锚(86%)，抛锚(7%)，停泊(3%)，新闻节目主播(1%)，锚状物(1%)，压阵队员(1%)，依靠(1%)
→同ankle, 弯钩，脚踝，锚。
n./v.锚;危难时可依靠的人或物;用锚泊船I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
US [-kɚ] noun countable
BOAT 船
 ADVANCED
■a heavy metal object, usually shaped like a cross with curved arms, on a strong rope or chain, which is dropped from a boat into the water to prevent the boat from moving away 锚
• We dropped anchor (= lowered the anchor into the water) and stopped. 我们抛锚停船。
• It was time to weigh anchor (= pull up the anchor and sail away). 该是起锚开船的时候了。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun countable
SUPPORT 支持
■someone or something that gives support when needed 可以依靠的人（或物）；精神支柱；靠山
• She was my anchor when things were difficult for me. 我身处困境时，她就是我的精神支柱。
• This treaty has been called the anchor (= strongest part) of their foreign policy. 该条约被称为他们外交政策的基石。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun countable
BROADCASTER 播音员 mainly US an anchorman or anchorwoman （广播、电视节目的）主持人
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] verb
FASTEN 使固定
intransitive or transitive
■to lower an anchor into the water in order to stop a boat from moving away 抛锚，下锚
transitive
■to make something or someone stay in one position by fastening them firmly 把…系住（或扎牢）；使稳固，使固定
• We anchored ourselves to the rocks with a rope. 我们用绳子把自己固定在岩石上。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] verb
BROADCAST 广播
transitive mainly US
■to act as the anchorman or anchorwoman of a programme 主持，担任（节目的）主持人
• She will anchor the new morning news show. 她将主持新的早间新闻节目。
n. [船] 锚；抛锚停泊；靠山；新闻节目主播
 - kelleg, backer patron
vt. 抛锚； [机] 使固定；主持节目
 - fix, nail

Word: debacle
Front: debacle
[deɪˈbɑ:kl] (宝 10825/19035 -1)
Vocabulary: debacle
(once / 5420 pages)
n
Use debacle to refer to a fiasco, disaster, or great failure. If several dogs run onto the field during the big baseball game, tripping players and chewing up the bases, you can call the whole event a debacle.
Debacle is sometimes used to describe a military defeat. If your army retreats, that's one thing. If your army is outmaneuvered and ends up huddled in a valley, surrounded on all sides by the enemy, forced to sing 70s sitcom theme songs by their savage captors––that's a debacle. Debacle comes from French débâcler "to clear," from Middle French desbacler, from the prefix des- "completely, utterly" plus bacler "to block."
WORD FAMILY
debacle: debacles
USAGE EXAMPLES
An important practical problem with pinning the impending debacle on Mr Trump and Republicans is that the debacle might evolve slowly.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
After the Liverpool debacle against Burnley earlier in the season I accused Milner of being a square peg in a round hole.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Mitchell Barak, a political consultant, said the political left considered the resolution “an epic foreign policy and diplomatic debacle” by Netanyahu.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 崩溃，瓦解; （河水的）奔溢，泛滥; [地]山崩; 突然大地混乱
分布：灾难(40%)，惨败(39%)，溃逃(13%)，狂流(8%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。 -bacle, 杆，棍，支撑，词源同 bachelor, bacteria.即移除支撑，引申义崩溃。
解冻;崩溃(de去掉+bacle[=block]+acle→去掉大块东西→解冰块)[-acle表名词"…物品,状态"]
【记】de向下，bacle阻挡－阻挡不住向下的趋势－崩溃de向下（表示一种卑劣的行为），bac＝back倒退，le乐：用一种卑劣的行为使别人处于倒退的状态，还在旁边幸灾乐祸的。这一定是出现了（突然的、灾难性的、可笑的）崩溃或溃败。
【参】debar（v 阻止；排除；剥夺）＝bar＝forbid＝exclude
【反】complete success（完全成功）
noun countable
■a complete failure, especially because of bad planning and organization （尤指因计划和组织不周而导致的）彻底失败，一败涂地，崩溃
• The collapse of the company was described as the greatest financial debacle in US history. 那间公司的破产被称为美国历史上最大的一场金融灾难。
n. 崩溃；灾害；解冻
 - crash, disaggregation

Word: destine
Front: destine
['destɪn] (六托雅 6906/6450)
Back: vt. 注定; 指定; 命定; 预定
时态：destined, destining, destines
分布：注定(51%)，预定(37%)，指定(12%)
vt. 注定；命定；预定
 - fate, engage, budget

Word: drastic
Front: drastic
[ˈdræstɪk] (研六托雅宝 8118/6859 -2)
Vocabulary: drastic
(once / 1370 pages)
adj
Something that is drastic is violent, forceful, and extreme. If you are saving for a car and you only have $50, you need to make a drastic change to your money accumulation scheme.
The word drastic comes from the Greek word for effective, but we use it to mean incredibly effective. If you want a drastic makeover, get rid of all your clothes, change your hair completely, and pick up a new way of speaking. Sometimes drastic action goes too far and so has bad consequences. A bankrupt company might make a drastic decision to fire the management without figuring out how to manage itself in the future.
WORD FAMILY
drastic: drastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each country pledged to help slash greenhouse-gas emissions, with the goal of avoiding the most drastic effects of global warming in the decades ahead.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But despite the drastic surgery, their doctor told them it was unlikely that they would ever be thin.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
I was very hesitant about a drastic step such as removing his anal glands, so I started researching, trying to find alternative causes.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. 激烈的; 猛烈的; （法律等）严厉的; 极端的
分布：激烈的(71%)，极端的(25%)，重大的(4%)
→来自drama, 戏剧。引申义戏剧般的，急剧的。
剧烈的[dra=perform( 表演)]
a.激烈的,严厉的;(药性等)猛烈的We had to take drastic measures.我们必须采取严厉措施.
adjective
■(especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects （尤指行动）严厉的，猛烈的，激烈的
• drastic measures 严厉的措施
• Many employees have had to take drastic cuts in pay. 许多员工不得不接受大幅降薪。
adj. 激烈的；猛烈的
 - fierce, acute, violent, hard, furious

Word: extradition
Front: extradition
[ˌekstrə'dɪʃn] (16030/13256)
Vocabulary: extradition
(once / 4059 pages)
n
A legal word, extradition means sending someone back to the country or state where they've been accused of a crime. Getting countries to agree on the terms of extradition can take years.
It can be hard enough for lawyers in the U.S. to agree on a person's extradition from one state to another, so you can imagine how difficult it can be for officials from different countries. Extradition can have real consequences for the person being extradited. Suppose the laws there allow for the death penalty: a person accused of a capital crime would be smart to fight extradition to that place. The Latin prefix ex- means "from, out of," and trāditiōn- means "handing over," so extradition is the handing-over of someone from one jurisdiction to another.
WORD FAMILY
extradition: extraditions+/ extradite: extradited, extradites, extraditing, extradition
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in February, Mr. Su waived his challenge to extradition and cut a deal with the United States.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bail was set at $1.1 million cash for Reed, who is awaiting extradition from Delaware.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“We kept the originals and we will submit those to Tonga upon his extradition,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （根据条约或法令对逃犯等的）引渡
分布：引渡逃犯(72%)，将亡命者送还本国(28%)
引渡(extradite+ion)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
VERB
引渡
If someone is extradited, they are officially sent back to their own or another country to be tried for a crime that they have been accused of.
例：He was extradited to Britain from the Irish Republic to face explosives charges...他被从爱尔兰共和国引渡到英国，面临爆炸罪的指控。
例：The authorities refused to extradite him.当局拒绝引渡他。

Word: rosy
Front: rosy
[ˈrəʊzi] (宝 10106/11162 -1)
Vocabulary: rosy
(once / 449 pages)
adj
Use the adjective rosy to describe something that's healthy and pink, like a child's rosy cheeks or a rosy lipstick.
A flushed face is rosy — it's the glowing pink color of a natural blush, and it implies good health. From this meaning comes the secondary one, "optimistic or lucky." If the future looks rosy to you, it appears that great things are going to happen, and if someone has a rosy nature, they're cheerful. Rosy is from rose and its Latin root, rosa.
WORD FAMILY
rosy: rosier, rosiest, rosily, rosiness, rosy-colored+/rose: rose-colored, rosely, roses, rosy
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Damrau dispatched the aria with rosy sound, agile coloratura and girlish glee.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The next option is the rosy, rightwing panacea for all things of late: annexation of the West Bank, what the right calls Judea and Samaria.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Rosy depictions of the U.S. in that film and others fuel the American dreams of the growing Chinese middle class.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 玫瑰色的; 愉快的，乐观的; 一切都称心如意; 〈美〉滥醉的
级别：rosier, rosiest
分布：玫瑰色的(60%)，美好的(40%)
→来自 rose,玫瑰。
【记】源于：rose玫瑰
US ['roʊ-] adjective
■having a colour between pink and red 红润的
• approving Your rosy cheeks always make you look so healthy. 你脸色红润，看上去总是那么健康。
■If a situation is described as rosy, it gives hope of success or happiness 光明的；有希望的；美好的
• Our financial position is rosy. 我们的经济状况良好。
adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的
 - nice, optimistic

Word: programmer
Front: programmer
[ˈprəʊgræmə(r)] (8400/8223)
Vocabulary: programmer
(once / 5157 pages)
n
Someone who writes software or programs for computers is called a programmer. If you develop an application for mobile devices, you can also call yourself a programmer.
Programmers use a variety of computer languages to write the code (or instructions) that helps computers do the things their users want them to do. There are programmers who specialize in specific languages which are useful in various industries — some are used by financial institutions and others by scientists, for example. Evidence of the dramatic way things change over time is clear from the shift in this word's meaning: in 1890, a programmer was an "event planner."
WORD FAMILY
programmer: programmers+/ program: programing, programmer, programmes, programs, subprogram/subprogram: subprograms
USAGE EXAMPLES
People in high-skill positions such as computer programmers and Wall Street traders were winners.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“And it produces a lot of computer programmers. And this is the reason why there are a lot of Russian hackers.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And we don’t need additional staffers — unless they are computer programmers.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [计] 程序设计者; 程序设计器; 节目编排者; 订计划者
分布：程序员(98%)，程序器(1%)，节目编排者(1%)
US ['proʊ.græm.ɚ] (also computer programmer)
noun countable
■a person whose job is to produce computer programs （电脑的）程式编制员，程式设计师

Word: savage
Front: savage
[ˈsævɪdʒ] (高研六雅宝 10011/7623 -2)
Vocabulary: savage
(once / 97 pages)
adjnv
A polar bear in a zoo might look like an adorable giant stuffed animal, but if you met a hungry one in its native environment, it would seem more savage — wild and fierce — than cute.
Describing an animal as savage means that it is true to its wild, ferocious nature, but if you describe a person or the actions of a person as savage, it means "cruel" or "brutal." A place can also be described as savage if it's untamed, uninhabitable, and unwelcoming. When savage takes the form of a noun, it means "a brutal person," and when it's a verb it means "to attack ferociously." Any way you use it, savage is uncivilized and violent.
WORD FAMILY
savage: savaged, savagely, savageness, savager, savagery, savages, savagest, savaging+/savagery: savageries
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then Savage suffered a concussion during Sunday’s defeat at Tennessee.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But Savage’s status for this week is in question after he suffered a concussion in the second quarter of a loss to Tennessee on Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The health of Tom Savage and Matt McGloin will be the deciding factors.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 未开化的; 野蛮的; 凶猛的; 残忍的
vt. （动物）凶狠地攻击（或伤害）; 残害; 猛烈批评; 激烈抨击
n. 未开化的人，野蛮人; 野兽; <美>有拘捕狂的警察
时态：savaged, savaging, savages
分布：野蛮人(44%)，凶猛的(13%)，原始的(10%)，野性的(8%)，激烈抨击(6%)，粗鲁的(6%)，粗人(4%)，凶恶的人(4%)，猛烈攻击(3%)，荒野的(2%)
→来自古法语 sauvage,野人，来自拉丁语 salvaticus,野蛮的，来自 silva,森林，林地，词源同 sylvan, 森林。引申诸相关词义。
a.野蛮的;凶恶的,残暴的n.野人,未开化的人The extravagant savage made the interior and exterior criteria of deterioration.奢侈的野蛮人制定了腐败的内外标准.
【记】sav＝save节约，age年龄：节约年龄就是活得短－野蛮人
adjective
■extremely violent, wild or frightening 凶残的；凶猛的；野性的
• a savage dog/beast 凶猛的狗／野兽
• a brutal and savage attack 野蛮凶残的攻击
■very serious or cruel 无情的，冷酷的
• savage criticism 冷酷的批评
■very large and severe 巨大的；严重的
• savage cuts in education spending 教育支出的大幅缩减
['sæv.ɪdʒ] verb transitive
■If an animal savages someone, it attacks them violently and badly hurts them （动物）凶猛地攻击，撕咬
• The child was savaged by a dog. 那个孩子被狗咬伤了。
['sæv.ɪdʒ] noun countable offensive
■a person whose way of life is at a very early stage of development 野蛮人；未开化的人
• Twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors were primitive savages living in caves. 12000年以前，我们的祖先生活在洞穴里，是原始野蛮人。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 野蛮的；残酷的；狂怒的；荒凉的
 - wild, cruel, iron, desert
n. 未开化的；粗鲁的人；残暴成性的人
 - yahoo, woodenness

Word: surpass
Front: surpass
[səˈpɑ:s] (研六托雅宝 6859/11531 -1)
Vocabulary: surpass
(once / 346 pages)
v
To surpass means to outdo someone or something, to go beyond what was expected. If you do better than you think you will, you will surpass your own expectations.
Some words seem to exist just to give an extra oomph to your speech, and surpass is one of these. While you could just say passed or even outdid" saying surpass seems to indicate that a person (or some other thing that performs, like a company) has really gone beyond anything you anticipated. People tend to use this word a lot before the words expectations and predictions among others, because of course surpassing is all about "surpassing something."
WORD FAMILY
surpass: surpassed, surpasses, surpassing, unsurpassable+/surpassed: unsurpassed/ surpassing: surpassinger, surpassingest, surpassingly/unsurpassable: unsurpassably/unsurpassed: unsurpassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newspaper reports that is the second year in a row, and only the second time since the 1990s, that the city surpassed 300 homicides.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were the popular choice before the season to be a surprise team, then surpassed those expectation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The business analyst, originally from Sweden, battled through illness, bad weather and muscular pain to surpass Ms Fleming's record.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 超过; 优于; 胜过; 非…所能办到
时态：surpassed, surpassing, surpasses
分布：超越(88%)，胜过(12%)
→sur-,在上，超过，pass,经过。
超过(sur+pass通过→在上面通过→超越)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
优于,胜过(sur超过+pass→通过并超过→胜过)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
vt.超过,胜过The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
US [sɚ'pæs] formal
verb transitive
■to do or be better than 超过，优于，胜过
• His time for the 100 metres surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second. 他以0.01秒的优势打破了100米短跑的前世界纪录。
• The book's success has surpassed everyone's expectations. 这本书获得出乎所有人意料的成功。
• [R] The director has really surpassed himself (= done better than he has done before) with this new film. 这位导演凭借这部新电影实现了真正的自我超越。
surpass, exceed, excel
这组词都有“超过、胜过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: 多用以强调优点、长处、技能或质量等方面的超过。
exceed: 既可指超出权利、权力的限度、管辖范围，或超过规定的时间范围，又可指在数量、程度或大小等方面的超过。
excel: 指在成绩、成就或学识上胜过他人。
surpass, transcend, exceed
这组词都有“超过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: v.优于或超过某人(某物)。
 • The runner surpassed his old record by 10 seconds.   跑步运动员比他过去的记录提高了10秒。
transcend: v.超出或超越，一般指超越经验、常识、普通能力等，强调难以为大众理解。
 • The nature of God transcends of human comprehension.   上帝的本质难以为人们所理解
exceed: v.多于，大于，超过，多指数量或允许的限度。
 • Sales of the new product exceeded our estimates.   新产品的销售超出了我们的预计。
vt. 超越；胜过，优于；非…所能办到或理解
 - overcome, top, exceed, cap, transcend

Word: density
Front: density
[ˈdensəti] (研四六托 4513/3745 -1)
Vocabulary: density
(once / 1623 pages)
n
Density describes how compact or concentrated something is. For example, suppose you have two boxes, one large and one small. However, they both weigh the same. That means the small box has a higher density than the large box.
Density also tells how concentrated or crowded something is. You may have heard of population density. In a city, there are many people packed into a small area, giving it a high population density. In a rural area, there are more fields or wooded areas between houses. That means there are fewer people living in a larger area, which is why it has a low population density.
WORD FAMILY
density: densities+/ dense: densely, denseness, denser, densest, densification, density
USAGE EXAMPLES
Forsythe and her colleagues used digital imaging software to calculate how a mathematical feature called fractal density varied in artists’ paintings over their careers.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
It also protects bones by increasing their density, an important perk for aging women.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
One intense section was driven by bursts of chords that built in density and volume.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 密度; 稠密，浓厚; [物]浓度，比重; 愚钝
分布：密度(91%)，浓度(6%)，比重(3%)
比重;浓缩(dens+ity)[dens=make thick表示"变浓厚"]
n.密集,密度,浓度Do you know the density of population in this area?你知道这个地区的人口密度吗?
US [-sə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
THICK 密集 (also denseness)
■the number of people or things in a place when compared with the size of the place 密度
• The area has a high/low population density. 该地区人口密度大／小。
• We were unable to move because of the density of the crowd. 人太多，我们根本就动不了。
UK ['dent.sɪ.ti] US [-sə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
MATTER 物质 specialized
■the relationship between the mass of a substance and its size 密度
• Lead has a high density. 铅的密度大。
• Aluminium is low in density. 铝的密度小。
n. [物] 密度
 - specific mass

Word: youthful
Front: youthful
[ˈju:θfl] (四六 7434/8548 -1)
Back: adj. 年轻的，有朝气的; 青年的; 早期的; 年轻气盛的
分布：年轻的(84%)，年轻人的(15%)，有青春活力的(1%)
['ju:θ.fəl] approving
adjective
■having the qualities that are typical of young people 年轻人特有的；富有青春活力的；朝气蓬勃的
• At the time I admired his youthful enthusiasm. 当时我很羡慕他那年轻人特有的热情。
• She has very youthful skin. 她的皮肤非常细嫩。
■young 年轻的
• A youthful president can be good for a country's morale. 一位年轻的总统可以有助于改善国家的精神面貌。
adolescent, youthful, juvenile, young
这组词都有“年轻的，年幼的”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 指13至16岁左右处于青春期的人，尚不成熟。
youthful: 褒义或贬义均可用。指具有青年人的外貌或年轻人应具有的品格。
juvenile: 较正式用词，一般12岁以下的少年，着重其生理和智力上的不成熟。
young: 强调年龄小，处于生长的前期。
adj. 年轻的
 - young, baby-doll

Word: withstand
Front: withstand
[wɪðˈstænd] (研四六托雅宝 6972/7636 -1)
Vocabulary: withstand
(once / 694 pages)
v
In the story of the three little pigs, only the house made of brick was able to withstand the huffing and puffing of the Big Bad Wolf. To withstand is to hold up against something strong.
Withstand means to stand your ground against a powerful and negative force. A lot of toys can withstand rough treatment, but CDs definitely can't. And hopefully, you can withstand the pressures of school and work! If you can withstand a lot of criticism, it means you can take it without giving up.
WORD FAMILY
withstand: withstander, withstanding, withstands, withstood+/withstander: withstanders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chief among them is a re-entry vehicle capable of withstanding extremes of temperature and vibration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Constructed using any materials available, the shelter will be unable to withstand the rainy season.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And research is still underway on critical questions of how these buildings withstand fire and earthquakes in high-seismic regions.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 经受，承受，禁得起; 反抗
vi. 反抗; 耐得住，禁得起
时态：withstood, withstanding, withstands
分布：承受(82%)，经得起(16%)，对抗(2%)
→with-,相反，stand,站，站立。引申词义相反站着，承受，抵抗。
抵抗,抵挡(with反+stand→反着站→抵抗)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
vt.抵抗,经受住Hitherto the withering flowers can't withstand the sunshine notwithstanding my care.尽管有我的呵护,这些凋谢的花至今仍经不起阳光.
[wɪð'stænd] (withstood, withstood)
verb transitive
■to bear or not be changed by something, or to oppose a person or thing successfully 经受；承受；顶住
• a bridge designed to withstand earthquakes 具有抗震设计的桥梁
• Our toys are designed to withstand the rough treatment of the average five-year-old. 我们的玩具设计要能经得住一般五岁儿童粗野的摆弄。
• The aircraft base is protected with specially designed shelters which are built to withstand ground and air attacks. 空军基地有特殊设计的掩体保护，能够抵挡地面和空中袭击。
• She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time (= it will still be popular in the future). 她这样一位元艺术家的作品毫无疑问能经受得起时间的考验。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
vt. 抵挡；禁得起；反抗
 - low range, strive against
vi. 反抗
 - strive against, come out against

Word: brutality
Front: brutality
[bru:'tælətɪ] (8623/11149 -1)
Vocabulary: brutality
(once / 1297 pages)
n
Brutality is extreme cruelty, deliberate violent meanness. Avoid being the giver or receiver of brutality if you wish to remain a happy human.
Brutality comes from brutal (savage, fierce), plus -ity which makes it a noun. It’s the state of being a brute. Many criminals — especially murderers, rapists, and abusers — are guilty of brutality. Police brutality is what happens when the cops use extreme unnecessary force. Brutality is a strong word — just slapping someone isn't quite brutality. Brutality is more like beating a person with a tire iron. Brutality is also the name of a death metal band from Florida.
WORD FAMILY
brutality: brutalities+/ brutal: brutaler, brutalest, brutalise, brutality, brutalize, brutally/brutalise: brutalisation, brutalised, brutalises, brutalising/brutalization: brutalizations/brutalize: brutalization, brutalized, brutalizes, brutalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A school that used practice robots was at the cutting edge of conscientious football, but Harriott wasn’t about to deny the brutality.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Violent encounters with law enforcement led to more than 400 arrests — and accusations of police brutality.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 残忍; 野蛮; 暴虐行为
分布：残忍(36%)，暴行(34%)，野蛮(30%)
US [-tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■behaviour that is very cruel or violent showing no feelings for others, or an act of this type 残酷，残忍行为
• the brutalities of war 战争的残酷
• Seeing so much brutality towards prisoners had not hardened them to it. 尽管目瞩了诸多对待囚犯的残忍行径，他们也没有变得冷酷无情。
n. 无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式）
 - ruthlessness, affectionlessness

Word: unthinkable
Front: unthinkable
[ʌnˈθɪŋkəbl] (9424/9602 -1)
Back: adj. 无法想象的; 难以置信的; 不能考虑的; 绝不可能的
分布：不可能的(48%)，难以置信的(41%)，想像不到的(11%)
adjective
■too shocking or unlikely to be imagined as possible 难以想像的，不可思议的
• You can't imagine what it would be like to have your child die - it's quite unthinkable. 你想像不出如果一个人失去了孩子会怎样——那是不堪想像的。
[ʌn'θɪŋ.kə.bl] noun only singular
the unthinkable
■an unthinkable event or situation 难以想像的事件（或局面）
• The unthinkable had happened - his secret activities had been discovered by the press. 难以想像的事发生了——新闻界发现了他的秘密活动。
adj. 不能想象的；过分的
 - excessive, ultra, tall

Word: spouse
Front: spouse
[spaʊs] (研六托雅 3777/6100 -2)
Vocabulary: spouse
(once / 1011 pages)
n
A spouse is your companion, your mate, your partner. In ye olden times, spouse was used as a verb meaning “to marry,” but nowadays, it functions as a noun referring to either husband or wife.
Your spouse is often called "your better half." What we call adultery used to be referred to as spouse-breach in the early 13th century. American pediatrician Benjamin Spock said, “The surest measure of a man's or a woman's maturity is the harmony, style, joy, and dignity he creates in his marriage, and the pleasure and inspiration he provides for his spouse.” So, avoid that spouse-breaching at all costs, and till death do you part.
WORD FAMILY
spouse: ex-spouse, spousal, spouses+/spousal: spousally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sending good wishes to you and your spouse.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“The Good Wife” explored the complicated inner life of a wronged, but publicly implacable, political spouse.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 配偶，夫或妻
vt. 和…结婚
分布：配偶(100%)
→来自古法语 spouse,婚姻伴侣，新娘，阴性格于 spous,新郎，来自拉丁语 sponsus,新郎，来自 spondere,庄严的承诺，词源同 sponsor,spondee.
n.配偶(指夫或妻)He never mentioned his spouse.他从来不提自己的妻子.
[spaʊs] formal or legal
noun countable
■a person's husband or wife 配偶
• In 60% of the households surveyed both spouses went out to work. 在60%的受调查的家庭中，夫妻双方都外出工作。
n. 配偶
 - mateship, sexual partner

Word: embolden
Front: embolden
[ɪmˈbəʊldən] (宝 16565/22727)
Vocabulary: embolden
(once / 2631 pages)
v
To embolden someone is to inspire them. You might embolden your brother to try out for a play by enthusiastically praising his singing and dancing abilities.
Shy kids sometimes need a friend or a teacher who will embolden them to speak up for themselves, and a good grade in a difficult class will embolden a student to attempt more challenging courses. When you cheer up a friend or encourage a coworker, you embolden those people. To embolden is "to make bold," from the Old English root word beald, which means "brave, confident, or strong."
WORD FAMILY
embolden: emboldened, emboldening, emboldens
USAGE EXAMPLES
A federal court ruling Saturday may further embolden these efforts.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Immigrants and minorities are fearful, bigots are emboldened, discourse is coarsened.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“At worst, it was another dangerous outburst that will further Israel’s diplomatic isolation and embolden its enemies.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 鼓励，使有胆量
时态：emboldened, emboldening, emboldens
分布：鼓励(88%)，给 ... 壮胆(12%)
→em-, 进入，使。bold, 勇敢。
【参】bold（adj 大胆的）
【反】abash（v 使窘迫）；faze（v 使狼狈）；cow（v 恐吓）；appall（vt 使胆寒）；boggle（v 犹豫）；daunt（v 沮丧）
US [-'boʊl-] formal
verb transitive
■to make someone brave 使有胆量
• Emboldened by drink, he walked over to speak to her. 他借酒壮胆，走上前去与她搭讪。

Word: councillor
Front: councillor
[ˈkaʊnsələ(r)] (28531/2028 -2)
Back: n. 政务会委员，议员; 地方议员
分布：议员(92%)，政务会委员(8%)
US [-ɚ] (US also councilman) (female councilwoman)
noun countable
■an elected member of a local government 市政委员；地方议会议员
• a town/city/county/local councillor 镇／市／郡／本地政务会议员
• Councillor Moore 议员穆尔
n. 议员；顾问；参赞（等于councilor）
 - member, consultant, adviser

Word: carpet
Front: carpet
[ˈkɑ:pɪt] (高研四六雅 4112/2484 -K2)
Vocabulary: carpet
(once / 301 pages)
nv
A carpet is a thick, woven floor covering. Most carpets cover the whole floor in a room, as opposed to a rug, which only covers a small section.
Carpets are made from polyester fibers, or wool, or nylon — most often, these soft materials are loops or strings that form the carpet's "pile," and are attached to a solid backing. A carpet can be very densely woven and flat, or it can be tufted and thick. To carpet means to cover something as if with a carpet: "Then the snow carpets the ground, and winter is here."
WORD FAMILY
carpet: carpeted, carpeting, carpets, carpetting+/carpeted: uncarpeted/carpeting: carpetings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside the New York Film Festival, the writer-director Mike Mills kept freezing up on the red carpet.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I remembered seeing the girls on the red carpet: elegant, smiling, fresh, happy,” Mr. Soria said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I felt like Aladdin on my flying magic carpet.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 地毯，桌毯; 毛毯，绒毯; 地毯状覆盖物; （装在飞机上的）雷达电子干扰仪
vt. 在…上铺地毯; 把地毯铺在…上; 斥责
时态：carpeted, carpeting, carpets
分布：地毯(97%)，地毯状物(1%)，铺以地毯(1%)，铺盖(1%)
→来自PIE *sker, *kerp, 砍，切，收割，词源同harvest, shear. 即用粗糙羊毛制作的毯子。
n.地毯The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(a shaped piece of) thick woven material used for covering floors 地毯；地毯织物
• We've just had a new carpet fitted/laid in our bedroom. 我们刚在卧室里铺了块新地毯。
• UK We've got fitted (= cut to fit exactly) carpets in the bedrooms. 我们的卧室的地毯刚好铺满地面。
only singular
■a layer of something that covers the ground （覆盖地面的）一层
• a carpet of snow 一层积雪
• Our lawn is a carpet of daisies. 我们的草坪上开满了雏菊。
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] noun
be on the carpet mainly US
■to be in trouble with someone in authority 被上司责备，受老板训斥
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] verb transitive
COVER 覆盖
■to cover something with carpet 在…上铺地毯
• We need to carpet the stairs. 我们需要在楼梯铺上地毯。
be carpeted with sth
■to be covered with something 覆盖着一层…，铺着一层…
• In spring this area is carpeted with bluebells. 春天，这里遍地都是风铃草。
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] verb transitive
CRITICIZE 批评 UK informal
■to severely criticize someone who has made a mistake 训斥，责骂，呵斥
blanket, rug, carpet
这组词都有“毛毯，地毯”的意思，其区别是：
blanket: 指厚实的棉、毛织品，用于铺床或披在身上保暖的毛毯。
rug: 指小地毯或旅行用的小毛毯。
carpet: 指用来铺地板或楼梯的厚实的棉、毛地毯。
vt. 在…上铺地毯，把地毯铺在…上；斥责
 - tongue, be down on
n. [纺] 地毯；地毯状覆盖物
 - footcloth

Word: warhead
Front: warhead
[ˈwɔ:hed] (9836/17262 -1)
Back: n. （尤指导弹的）弹头
分布：弹头(100%)
US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable
■the front part of a bomb or missile that contains explosives （炸弹或导弹的）弹头
• a conventional/nuclear warhead 常规／核弹头

Word: mega
Front: mega
[ˈmegə] (17782/15585)
Back: adj. 宏大的; 精彩的
分布：巨大的(51%)，非常(27%)，百万”(11%)，表示“大(11%)
adjective slang
■very good or very big 非常好的；巨大的
• She's got a mega voice. 她的嗓音非常动听。
n. 百万
 - million
adj. 许多；宏大的
 - baronial, grandiose
adv. 非常
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: gallon
Front: gallon
[ˈgælən] (高研四六托宝 -/6013 -K2)
Vocabulary: gallon
(once / 714 pages)
n
The gallon is a unit of measurement used for liquids such as gasoline, water, and milk in the United States. If your car’s tank is running on empty, then you better pull over and buy at least a few more gallons of gas.
A gallon is equivalent to 4 quarts of liquid or 3.785 liters. The United States is one of the last countries to use this term. Though the gallon has roots in the British Imperial Units measurement system, the United Kingdom and most countries around the world have switched to the newer International System of Units.
WORD FAMILY
gallon: gallons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mexico imports more than half of the roughly 34 million gallons a day of gasoline it consumes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no increase in 2016, so the cumulative increase - including the January hike - is 27 cents per gallon over four years.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cotter estimates his Cunningham gets about 10 miles per gallon in the city and 14 on the highway.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 加仑（容量单位）
分布：名词(100%)
→词源不详。可能来自gel, 膨胀，鼓起，词源同dolphin, calf. 即鼓起来的一个容器。-on, 大词后缀。
n.加仑A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a unit for measuring volume 加仑
• An imperial gallon, used in Britain, is equal to 4546 cubic centimetres. 根据英国标准加仑，一加仑等于4546立方厘米。
• A US gallon is equal to 3785 cubic centimetres. 一美制加仑等于3785立方厘米。
countable usually plural informal
■a large amount of liquid 大量液体
• I love milk - I drink gallons of the stuff. 我喜欢喝牛奶——喝得很多。
n. 加仑（容量单位）
 - gal

Word: compact
Front: compact
[kəmˈpækt] (研六托雅宝 6203/4495 -2)
Vocabulary: compact
(once / 422 pages)
1adjvn 2n
A compact is a signed written agreement that binds you to do what you've promised. It also refers to something small or closely grouped together, like the row of compact rental cars you see when you wanted a van.
As a verb, compact means "to compress or squeeze together," like how the garbage truck compacts your bags of trash. Compact, the adjective, describes something that is tightly packed together, like your luggage that is so compact it fits in the overhead compartment. Compact can also describe a brief summary, like a compact explanation of how the universe began that lasted only 10 minutes!
WORD FAMILY
compact: compacted, compactedly, compacting, compaction, compactly, compactness, compacts, subcompact+/ compaction: compactions/subcompact: subcompacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, regulations on expansion, to keep urbanisation as compact as possible, will be the bigger prerogative of cities, Creutzig says.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Instead they want to rewrite the social compact so individuals accept more responsibility and risk for their health care.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
“Certainly among Democrats, yes,” Alexander said of the will to join the compact.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 压紧，（使）坚实; 把…弄紧密，把…弄结实; 使（文体）简洁，简化; 变紧密，变结实
adj. 紧凑的; 简洁的，（文体等）紧凑的; 小巧易携带的; （物质）致密的，（体格）结实的
时态：compacted, compacting, compacts
分布：紧凑的(60%)，简洁的(14%)，紧密的(12%)，压实(5%)，使简洁(4%)，梳妆粉盒(2%)，使装满(2%)，合约条约(1%)
→com-, 强调。-pact, 固定，系紧，见pact, 协议，条约。
紧密的;合同(com+pact压紧→全部压紧→紧密的)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
压实的,压缩的(com全部+pact→全部压紧→压缩的)[pact=fastened,表示"紧的"]
a.紧密的,结实的;简明的v.使紧凑,压缩The compact faction fractured because of friction.紧密小宗派由于摩擦破裂了.
【记】com共同，pact打包，压紧－共同压紧－紧凑的
【参】pact（n 合同，公约，协定）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
CASE 盒子
■a small flat case which contains women's face powder （装女性敷面粉用的）粉盒
• a powder compact 粉盒
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pækt] US [ˈkɑːm-]
CAR 汽车 US a small car 小型汽车
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pækt] US [ˈkɑːm-]
AGREEMENT 协定 formal
■a formal agreement between two or more people, organizations or countries 合约；契约；协定
• [+ to infinitive] They made a compact not to reveal any details. 他们互相约定不透露任何细节。
verb transitive /kəmˈpækt/ formal
■to press something together in a tight and solid way 压缩；把…压实；把…压紧
• Cars had compacted the snow until it was like ice. 汽车把雪碾得越来越结实，直到变得像冰一样。
compact, concise, brief
这组词都有“简短的、简洁的”的意思，其区别是：
compact: 指为了方便把某物压缩到最小程度，也指紧凑、简洁的文体。
concise: 书面用词，可与brief换用，指语言文学言简意赅，无多余的话。
brief: 指语言文学简明扼要，短小精悍，也用于指时间意义很强的短暂的过程。
n. 合同，契约；小粉盒
 - stipulation, covenant
adj. [数] 紧凑的，紧密的；简洁的
 - close, brief

Word: bloodshed
Front: bloodshed
[ˈblʌdʃed] (11620/14794 -1)
Vocabulary: bloodshed
(once / 1141 pages)
n
Use the word bloodshed to mean people being killed or wounded, especially during a war. A strong dislike of bloodshed might keep a person from joining the military.
You can use the noun bloodshed to talk about any kind of violence: "My mom never let me play those video games when I was growing up, because of all the bloodshed." It's most commonly used to refer to the major side effect of war, the death and injury of many humans. Bloodshed dates from the 1500s, meaning "the shedding of one's blood" or "slaughter."
WORD FAMILY
bloodshed: bloodsheds
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He said his wife was very upset, and his family, to see all of this bloodshed.”
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
For what little it’s done, you’ve cried about the bloodshed, the obvious injustice.
Time(Dec 23, 2016)
The UK's Brexit vote and the election of Donald Trump confounded expectations while the wars in Syria and Yemen caused more bloodshed.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 流血; 屠杀，杀戮; 流血事件
分布：流血(97%)，杀人(3%)
noun uncountable
■killing and violence 流血，杀戮
• The army was brought in to try to prevent further bloodshed. 这支部队被调来，以防止再次发生流血事件。
n. 流血；杀戮
 - kill

Word: gangster
Front: gangster
[ˈgæŋstə(r)] (六托 9353/14479 -1)
Vocabulary: gangster
(once / 3730 pages)
n
A gangster is a member of a criminal gang. Gangsters are sometimes called mobsters.
A gang is a criminal organization, and a member of such a group is a gangster. Gangsters work together to commit robberies and break the law in other ways. Many famous movies, such as The Godfather, are about gangsters. This word often refers specifically to members of criminal gangs of the 1920s and 30s, when organized crime frequently involved the smuggling of alcohol.
WORD FAMILY
gangster: gangsters+/ gang: gangdom, ganged, ganger, ganging, gangs, gangster /ganger: gangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first part of this word will look to many English speakers without any Korean like the first syllable of the word “gangster.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The students were abducted and presumably killed by drug gangsters in collusion with police officers.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
That’s more or less what Mr. Affleck is hawking in “Live by Night,” a gangster movie set in the 1920s.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 匪徒，歹徒; 流氓; 恶棍
分布：歹徒(70%)，匪徒(30%)
匪徒(gang帮派)[-ster表名词"…人"]
US [-stɚ] noun countable
■a member of an organized group of violent criminals 歹徒；犯罪集团成员
burglar, gangster, thief, bandit, robber, pirate
这组词都有“资贼、强盗”的意思，其区别是：
burglar: 指夜间撬窗破门行窃的人。
gangster: 指结伙进行各种非法活动的武装歹徒。
thief: 普通用词含义广泛，一般专指盗窍者。
bandit: 指在乡间或小林地区结帮活动，使用恐吓或暴力行窃的人。现指有组织或单独进行抢窃的盗匪。
robber: 指以暴力或威胁等手段强行夺取他人财物的人。
pirate: 指海盗。
n. 歹徒，流氓；恶棍
 - tough, plug-ugly

Word: recede
Front: recede
[rɪˈsi:d] (研托雅宝 7675/8649 -1)
Vocabulary: recede
(once / 303 pages)
v
Recede means to pull back, retreat, or become faint or distant. Flood waters recede, as do glaciers, and even abstractions like "panic" and "hope." Think "receding hairline." (That means bald.)
Cede means to yield. Politicians, after losing an election will "cede the field" or "concede the race." Recede means to yield back. Over time it has collected a sense of fading, or growing faint, as in "The ghostly vision of a woman receded into the fog."
WORD FAMILY
recede: receded, recedes, receding, recession +/ cede: ceded, cedes, ceding, cession, recede / cession: cessions/ recession: recessional, recessions/recessional: recessionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alvarez agreed to hand over power to an elected civilian government in 1984 as the wave of dictatorships in the region was starting to recede.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He is 40, with the receding hairline and blandly gentle affect of a family dentist.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
The new channel will allow the river to recede and stay deeper - and cooler.
Washington Times(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: vi. 后退; 减弱; （价值，品质等）跌落，低落，变坏; 收回意见，退出（某种活动）
时态：receded, receding, recedes
分布：后退(51%)，减弱(35%)，撤回(14%)
→re-,向后，往回，-ced,走，词源同 accede,precede.
撤回;交还(领土)(re后＋cede→向后走→撤退)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
v.退回,后退;收回,撤回;跌落,缩减,贬值The tide was receding.潮水在退.
【记】re反，cede走一反走一后退
verb intransitive
■to move further away into the distance, or to become less clear or less bright 逐渐远离；变得模糊，逐渐淡漠
• As the boat picked up speed, the coastline receded into the distance until finally it became invisible. 船越开越快，海岸线渐渐远去，直至最后从视线中消失。
• The painful memories gradually receded in her mind. 痛苦的记忆逐渐在她脑海中变得淡漠了。
vi. 后退；减弱
 - lower, rein back
vt. 归还
 - replace, return, restore, give again

Word: mohammed

Word: saxon

Word: glimpse
Front: glimpse
[glɪmps] (研四六托雅宝 4555/5348 -2)
Vocabulary: glimpse
(once / 234 pages)
nv
If you had a brief or incomplete look at something, you had a glimpse. "He didn't mean to peek, but he got a glimpse of his birthday present when his wife tried to sneak it into the house. Of course, it's pretty hard to hide a ladder."
You can use glimpse as a noun (like when you "catch a glimpse of someone") or as a verb (like when you "glimpse in someone's direction"). Although the word glimpse is usually used to describe the physical act of sneaking a peek at something, you can also use the noun glimpse to indicate a vague idea or suggestion. Perhaps, you can have a glimpse into your future by observing your parents' actions or by consulting a Tarot card reader.
WORD FAMILY
glimpse: glimpsed, glimpses, glimpsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wowed the Staples Center crowd and offered a glimpse of Ingram’s potential.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But this is a revealing glimpse into the way security forces are operating in Rakhine.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 一瞥，一看; （古语）闪光; 隐约的闪现; 模糊的感觉
vi. 瞥见
时态：glimpsed, glimpsing, glimpses
分布：瞥见(56%)，一瞥(39%)，一闪(2%)，略微(2%)，隐约感觉(1%)
→词源同gleam, glimmer, 微光，闪烁。引申义一瞥，瞥见。
n./v.一瞥,瞥见I caught a glimpse of our new neighbor.我们的新邻居我只看过一眼.
verb transitive
■to see something or someone for a very short time or only partly 看一看；瞥见
• We glimpsed the ruined abbey from the windows of the train. 透过火车车窗，我们瞥见了修道院的废墟。
[glɪmps] noun countable
■when you see something or someone for a very short time 一瞥；一见
• I only caught (= had) a fleeting glimpse of the driver of the getaway car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again. 我只是在刹那间瞥见了开车逃跑的司机，但不肯定再看见她还能不能认出来。
■a quick idea or understanding of what something is like 短暂的感受（或领会）
• This biography offers a few glimpses of his life before he became famous. 这部传记展示了他成名前的一些生活情况。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
n. 一瞥，一看
 - glance, dekko
vi. 瞥见
 - catch sight of
vt. 瞥见
 - catch sight of

Word: muse
Front: muse
[mju:z] (六宝 8874/9108 -2)
Vocabulary: muse
(once / 347 pages)
1v 2n
As a verb, to muse is to consider something thoughtfully. As a noun, it means a person — especially a woman — who is a source of artistic inspiration.
In mythology, the Muses were nine goddesses who symbolized the arts and sciences. Today, a muse is a person who serves as an artist's inspiration. Often filmmakers talk about a certain actor being a muse — meaning the actor inspired a movie. Writers, painters, musicians, and other artists have muses. Muse can also refer to thinking deeply. If you muse about something, you're giving it serious thought. You can't muse in five seconds. People muse on certain ideas for years.
WORD FAMILY
muse: mused, muser, muses, musing +/muser: musers/ musing: musingly, musings
USAGE EXAMPLES
For engraver Jennifer Bower, the muse is never far away.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Amid the thunderous crowd, he fell to musing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Barrett worked together as counselors at an elite passing camp, they mused about one day facing off in the College Football Playoff.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 默想
vi. 沉思; 冥想
vt. 谨慎地考虑; 谨慎地说
时态：mused, musing, muses
分布：沉思(67%)，冥想(29%)，艺术家的灵感(4%)
→来自希腊语Mousa,缪斯女神，来自men,思考，思索，词源同mind,mentor.引申词义灵感，沉思。也有观点认为其沉思义来自拉丁语musum,鼻子，词源同muzzle,原指狗把鼻子在空气中嗅，讽刺人装模作样，假装思考，游荡，若有所思。
【记】mu木，se色：脸呈现木头的颜色，因为在沉思。
verb intransitive formal
■to think about something carefully and for a long time 沉思，默想，冥想
• I began to muse about/on the possibility of starting my own business. 我开始思忖自己创业的可能性。
[mju:z] noun countable literary
■an imaginary being or force that gives someone ideas and helps them to write, paint or make music （写作、绘画或音乐创作方面的）灵感（泉源）
• The muse has left me - I haven't written any poetry for months! 灵感离我而去——我已有数月没写过一首诗了！
• Juliet was not only the painter's best model but also his muse (= the person who causes him to have the most ideas for his work). 茱丽叶不仅是这位画家最好的模特儿，也是他灵感的泉源。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
n. 沉思；冥想
 - reflection, meditation
vt. 沉思；沉思地说
 - meditate on, be deep in thought
vi. 沉思；凝望
 - meditate on, be deep in thought

Word: flurry
Front: flurry
[ˈflʌri] (9456/11216 -1)
Vocabulary: flurry
(once / 1542 pages)
nv
A light blowing swirl of snow that's just barely falling is a flurry. There might be a brief flurry or two at the beginning of the winter, with no real heavy snow until January.
You can describe a snow flurry, or a similarly swirling flurry of leaves or papers. When people act this way, rushing and fussing around, that's another kind of flurry. There might, for example, be a flurry of activity in the morning at your house as everyone hurries to get ready for the day. This sense of flurry is actually about a hundred years older than the snow meaning, which was first used in mid-1800's American English.
WORD FAMILY
flurry: flurried, flurries, flurrying+/flurried: unflurried
USAGE EXAMPLES
Decoding a genome now runs between a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, spawning a flurry of potential new applications.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Travelers are about to see a flurry of new hotel brands.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
A flurry of pricey condominium sales, many of them at Manhattan’s newest ultraluxury developments, provided a strong finale to an already robust 2016.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 一阵风、雨或雪; 爆发，骚动
vt. 使迷乱; 使慌张
vi. 慌张地行动
时态：flurried, flurrying, flurries
分布：忙乱(45%)，一阵疾风(22%)，发慌(11%)，焦躁(11%)，阵雪(11%)
→来自辅音丛fl, 扑腾，拍打，拟声词，词源同flap, flip, flutter. 引申词义忙乱，窸窣的声音，小阵雨，小阵雪等。
US ['flɝ:-] noun
SNOW 雪
countable
■a sudden light fall of snow, blown in different directions by the wind 小阵雪
• There may be the odd flurry of snow over the hills. 山上可能有零星小雪。
UK ['flʌr.i] US ['flɝ:-] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
countable usually singular
■a sudden, short period of activity, excitement or interest 一阵忙乱（或激动、关注）
• The prince's words on marriage have prompted a flurry of speculation in the press this week. 本周王子就结婚问题所说的话引起新闻界一片猜测。
• a flurry of activity 一阵忙乱
n. 慌张；疾风；飓风；骚动
 - combustion, turmoil
vt. 使恐慌；使激动
 - heat, panic
vi. 慌张；激动
 - warm, fire

Word: secretive
Front: secretive
[ˈsi:krətɪv] (宝 11436/11537 -1)
Back: adj. 遮遮掩掩的，守口如瓶的，秘密的，偷偷摸摸的; [生]（促进）分泌的; 嘴紧; 鬼头鬼脑
分布：秘密的(83%)，偷偷摸摸的(17%)
→来自 secret,保密，保密，-ive,形容词后缀。引申词义隐藏的。
【反】grandiloquent（adj 夸张的；夸大的）
US [-tˌɪv] adjective mainly disapproving
■People who are secretive hide their feelings, thoughts, intentions and actions from other people 遮遮掩掩的；守口如瓶的
• He's being very secretive about his new girlfriend. 关于他的新女朋友他总是遮遮掩掩的。
adj. 秘密的；偷偷摸摸的；促进分泌的
 - underground, chamber, inside, cabinet

Word: bless
Front: bless
[bles] (高研四六雅 4161/5280 -2)
Vocabulary: bless
(once / 57 pages)
v
To bless is to offer a holy seal of approval, like when a priest blesses water, making holy water. It’s also what people say when you sneeze: bless you, which is short for “may God bless you.”
If you go back far enough, the word bless is related to the word blood, because of the blood sprinkled on pagan alters. It moved on to mean “to praise,” and now it’s a little of both (minus the pagans). In religious contexts, things are made holy when they're blessed. Also, people are blessed by good things that happen. People often say things like "I've been blessed with good health.” That means they were lucky to receive such good things.
WORD FAMILY
bless: Blessed, blessed, blesses, blessing +/Blessed: Blessedest/ blessed: blessedest, blessedly, blessedness, unblessed/blessedness: blessednesses/ blessing: blessings/unblessed: unblessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1985 he and his wife, Barbara, wrote a book, “Mixed Blessings,” about the challenges they faced as the parents of an autistic child.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She called the program a “blessing” for her family.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There are 150 Blessed Sacrament nuns scattered across the country and abroad, including 50 in Philadelphia and others in New Orleans, Arizona, Haiti and Jamaica.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 祝福; 保佑; 赞美; 为…祈福
时态：blessed, blessing, blesses
分布：祝福(55%)，保佑(31%)，赐福(13%)，有幸具有(1%)
→词源同blood, 来自宗教概念中的以血祝圣，如基督教圣餐礼中以葡萄酒代血，称为圣血。
v.祝福,保佑The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
【区】bliss（n 极乐），一个是动词，一个是名词。
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to ask for God's help and protection for someone or something, or to call or make someone or something holy 为…求上帝降福；祝福；使神圣
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless their little cotton socks humorous
■said about someone, especially an adult, when you are pretending that you like them 谈到某人（尤指成人）时的用语（在假装喜欢该人时使用）
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless my soul! (also bless me!) (also well I'm blessed!) old-fashioned
■an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）哎呀！我的天哪！
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless you!
■something you say to a person who has just sneezed 大吉大利！（在某人打喷嚏时说）
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless you (also bless your heart)
■something you say to tell someone you are grateful to them when they have been kind to you 上帝保佑你（们）
• "Here, let me help you with your shopping." "Oh, bless you, dear." “嘿，我来帮你拿买的东西吧。”“哦，上帝保佑你，亲爱的。”
vt. 祝福；保佑；赞美
 - celebrate, praise

Word: reliant
Front: reliant
[rɪˈlaɪənt] (托 15558/14225 -2)
Vocabulary: reliant
(once / 3590 pages)
adj
To be reliant is to depend on someone or something. When you're reliant on a person, you need that person.
There are a lot ways people and things can be reliant. Kids are reliant on their parents for food and shelter. We're all reliant on the police to keep us safe, but the police are reliant on the government for funding. Being reliant is about being dependent. If you can do without something, you're not reliant on it. When you feel like you don't need other people, you can say you're self-reliant.
WORD FAMILY
reliant: reliantly, self-reliant+/ reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable / reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Long reliant on a strong running game, Seattle struggled in 2016, failing to rush for at least 100 yards 10 times.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan struggled to adapt to Shanahan’s system, reliant on zone running and bootlegs, and threw 16 interceptions in the worst season of his career.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But these efforts are the exception within the many industries reliant on lithium-ion batteries.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 依赖的; 依靠的; 信赖的; 信任的
分布：依赖的(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
依赖的;依靠的
A person or thing that is reliant on something needs it and often cannot live or work without it.
例：These people are not wholly reliant on Western charity...这些人并非完全依赖西方慈善团体。
例：Lithuania is heavily reliant on Moscow for almost all its oil.立陶宛的石油供应几乎完全依赖莫斯科。
adj. 依赖的；可靠的；信赖的
 - responsible, honest, tried, safe, sure

Word: reservoir
Front: reservoir
[ˈrezəvwɑ:(r)] (研六托雅 5907/5419 -2)
Vocabulary: reservoir
(once / 1151 pages)
1n 2n 3n
The word reservoir refers to a place where large amounts of water get stored. It can also be used to describe great amounts of other things, such as when you refer to a trivia expert as a reservoir of useless knowledge.
The word reservoir comes from the French réservoir, which further derives from the Old French reserver, meaning "to reserve." Knowing this, it makes sense that the meaning evolved into a place, either man-made or natural, where water is stored or "reserved," usually for distribution for drinking, irrigating, and generating power. Remembering the related word reserve might also help in both the spelling and pronunciation of the word, as reserve is spelled (and pronounced) with "er," the same as "reservoir."
WORD FAMILY
reservoir: reservoirs
USAGE EXAMPLES
More rain fell in October than in three decades, raising the state’s major reservoirs in Northern California and hopes that the drought will soon end.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
We got enough precipitation to fill our reservoirs for the summer.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Binoculars are suggested, because Toronto Reservoir is often home to wintering bald eagles.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蓄水池; 贮液器; 储藏; 蓄积
分布：水库(85%)，蓄水池(9%)，储藏(5%)，积蓄(1%)
水库;贮藏所(reserve保留+oir→保留[水]的地方)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.水库,蓄水池The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
US [-ɚ.vwɑ:r] noun countable
■a place for storing liquid, especially a natural or artificial lake providing water for a city or other area 水库；蓄水池
■a large supply of something 储备；储藏；宝库
• The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge. 大学是专业知识的宝库。
n. [水利] 水库；蓄水池
 - artificial lake

Word: probable
Front: probable
[ˈprɒbəbl] (高研四六 6767/5016 -K1)
Vocabulary: probable
(once / 27 pages)
adjn
If it's probable, then odds are it's going to come true. If rain is probable this weekend, you shouldn't plan a picnic.
Things that are probable are probably going to happen; they're likely. Meteorologists are always trying to figure out what weather is probable, though they're often wrong. Sportscasters and gamblers try to guess the probable outcome of big games. You can also call a candidate for a job or political office who's likely to get the position a probable — they've probably got the job in the bag.
WORD FAMILY
probable: improbable, probabilism, probability, probables, probably +/improbability: improbabilities/ improbable: improbability, improbableness, improbably/probabilism: probabilistic/probabilistic: probabilistically/ probability: probabilities/ probably: probablys
USAGE EXAMPLES
They host initial appearances, set bail amounts and handle probable cause hearings in felony cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It seems probable that the mother was getting worse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
X-rays were negative and he was upgraded to a “probable” return, though he didn’t get another carry.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可能的; 大概的
n. 很可能的事; 可能入选者
分布：很可能的(60%)，很可能的事(40%)
→来自拉丁语probare,检验，证实，词源同prove,probe.引申词义可检验的，可能的。
可能的(prob+able→能证明的→可能的)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
a.很可能的,大概的;有希望的,可能的It is probable that he has forgotten our appointment.很可能他是忘了我们的约会了.
US ['prɑ:.bə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■likely to be true or likely to happen 很可能真实的；很可能发生的
• The probable cause of death was heart failure. 死因很可能是心脏衰竭。
• An election in June seems increasingly probable. 六月举行选举的可能性似乎越来越大了。
• [+ that] It is probable that share prices will fall still further. 股价很可能进一步下跌。
Compare possible Opposite improbable
possible, probable, likely
possible: 强调客观上可能性，但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如：It’s possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件，但希望很小。)
probable: 很可能的，大概的，语气较possible强。如：It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
likely: 暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如：It is likely that he will come.(他多半会来。)
adj. 很可能的；可信的
 - likely, trusted, authentic

Word: affluent
Front: affluent
[ˈæfluənt] (研四托宝 7167/9888 -1)
Vocabulary: affluent
(once / 1375 pages)
1adjn 2n
You know you're driving through an affluent neighborhood when you see large houses, perfect landscaping, and expensive cars. Use affluent to describe wealthy people or areas.
In Middle English, affluent meant "abundant, flowing," from Old French, from Latin affluēns, from affluere "to abound in," from the prefix ad- "to, at" plus fluere "to flow." The meaning of "abundant, flowing" is still seen in phrases such as "affluent prose." But mostly, when you use the word affluent, the thing understood to be flowing is cash.
WORD FAMILY
affluent: affluence, affluently, affluents+/ affluence: affluences
USAGE EXAMPLES
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In every income group in Britain bar the most affluent ABs, there was a majority for leaving the EU.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Romney–Clinton counties were especially affluent, though, with a median home price above $300,000 — twice that of the typical county carried by Trump.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 富裕的，富足的; 流畅，滔滔不绝的
n. 富裕的人; 支流
分布：富裕的(95%)，支流(5%)
→af-,去，往，-flu,流动，流出。
流入的;富裕的(af一再+flu+ent→一再流入→富裕的)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
a.富裕的,富有的,丰富的,富饶的He lives an affluent life.他过着富裕的生活.
【参】confluence（n 汇流）；superfluous（adj 多余的）
【反】needy（adj 贫困的）；impecunious（adj 身无分文的）；indigent（adj 贫乏的）
adjective
■having a lot of money or owning a lot of things; rich 富裕的；富足的
• affluent nations/neighbourhoods 富有国家／富人区
adj. 富裕的；丰富的；流畅的
 - abundant, fluid, full, fluent, luxurious
n. [地理] [水文] 支流；富人
 - branch, distributary

Word: unacceptable
Front: unacceptable
[ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl] (6531/5094 -K2)
Back: adj. 不能接受的; 不受欢迎的; 难答应的; 不中意的
分布：不能接受的(84%)，不受欢迎的(16%)
US [-tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■too bad to be accepted, approved of or allowed to continue 不能接受（或同意、允许）的
• The unions have described the latest pay offer as unacceptable. 工会称最新的工资提议无法接受。
• The taking of hostages, said the minister, was totally unacceptable under any circumstances. 部长称无论在甚么情况下劫持人质都是不能容忍的。
• The report found what it described as 'unacceptable levels of air pollution' in several major cities. 在几个大城市里都出现了这份报告所表述的“难以忍受的空气污染状况”。
UK [ˌʌn.ək'sep.tə.bl] US [-tˌə-] adjective
the unacceptable face of sth UK
■the bad side to a particular system or set of beliefs （某一制度或信仰）不好的一面
• The paper showed a picture of homeless people sleeping on the streets with the caption underneath 'the unacceptable face of capitalism'. 该报刊登了一幅无家可归者露宿街头的照片，照片下方的说明文字为“资本主义的黑暗面”。
adj. 不能接受的；不受欢迎的
 - unpopular, undesired

Word: max
Front: max
[mæks] (23873/4801)
Back: adv. 至多
分布：最大值(52%)，至多(27%)，最大限度(9%)，尽最大可能(6%)，达最大值(6%)
→缩写自maximum.
adjective informal for
■ maximum , often used after an amount （常用于数额之后）最多的，最高的
• "How much will the trip cost?" "Forty pounds max." “这趟旅程要花多少钱？”“最多40英镑。”
[mæks] noun
to the max US informal
■as much as possible 最大程度地，尽可能地
• These athletes push their bodies to the max. 这些运动员的体能已消耗到极限。
[mæks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] max sth out informal
■to use all that is available of something, especially money 用尽，用光（尤指钱）
• We maxed out all our credit cards. 我们刷光了所有信用卡的透支额。

Word: fortnight
Front: fortnight
[ˈfɔ:tnaɪt] (高研四六雅 22633/4290 -2)
Vocabulary: fortnight
(once / 312 pages)
n
A fortnight is fourteen nights — two weeks. This is a fancy, old-fashioned term you don't hear much anymore.
Fortnight is not a word we use very much in this country, unless you want to sound very British, very 19th century, or both. If you read old British novels, you'll read about a lot of fortnights, and the word is still in use in Great Britain and some former British colonies. It comes from the Old English, literally a shortened form of fourteen nights. People sometimes use it when they're discussing their vacations or their pay schedules. Here, we just say two weeks.
WORD FAMILY
fortnight: fortnightly, fortnights
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bridge opened to the public in August, but was closed again a fortnight later for urgent maintenance work.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Which works because the Rio Games were a whirl, a kaleidoscopic fortnight of sport that left everyone dizzy.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
She only moved in a fortnight before the Church of England's Pensions Board, which owns the property, announced it was to close.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 两星期，十四天
分布：两星期(82%)，十四天(18%)
→缩写自古英语fourteniht, 即fourteen night. 来自古日耳曼民族用夜计时间的风俗习惯。
n.两星期After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【记】fortnight＝fourteen night＝14天＝两星期
US ['fɔ:rt-] UK
noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■a period of two weeks 两星期，两周
• a fortnight's holiday 两周的假期
• once a fortnight 两周一次
• a fortnight ago 两周以前

Word: outspoken
Front: outspoken
[aʊtˈspəʊkən] (高托雅宝 8801/11487 -1)
Vocabulary: outspoken
(once / 1782 pages)
adj
If you often freely speak your mind, people may say that you are outspoken. How people view that particular trait in you, however, will depend on whether they agree with what you have to say or not!
Use the adjective outspoken to describe someone candid and blunt, one who is direct in manner or speech. If you are an outspoken advocate for arts education in schools, you probably attend lots of school board and community meetings trying to ensure that the board does not cut music and drama from the school curriculum. If you are an outspoken critic of the way your boss does his job, you may not have yours much longer!
WORD FAMILY
outspoken: outspokenly, outspokenness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In November Michael Heseltine, an outspoken critic of the poll tax, triggered a leadership contest from which John Major emerged the winner.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Fisher, of course, was outspoken in her feminism , especially in regards to her legacy as Princess Leia .
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Suffering from mental illness, and drug and alcohol addiction during much of her life, Fisher became an outspoken advocate for those issues.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 直言的; 坦率的; 毫无保留的; 心急口快
分布：坦率的(82%)，直言无讳的(13%)，动词outspeak的过去分词.(5%)
→out-,向外，spoken,说，说出。引申词义直率的，坦诚的。
US [-'spoʊ-] adjective
■expressing strong opinions very directly without worrying if other people are offended 直言不讳的；坦率的，直率的
• outspoken comments 坦率的意见
• Mr Masack is an outspoken critic of the present government. 马塞克先生是一位对现政府直言不讳的批评家。
adj. 坦率的，直言不讳的
 - honest, transparent, open

Word: inventor
Front: inventor
[ɪnˈventə(r)] (高四六 8188/10125 -1)
Vocabulary: inventor
(once / 648 pages)
n
The person who first comes up with a brand new idea or thing is its inventor. A woman named Mary Anderson, for example, is credited with being the inventor of the windshield wiper blade for cars.
Lewis Latimer invented many things during his lifetime, and drafted the patent for the telephone (with fellow inventor Alexander Graham Bell). Oddly enough, Latimer's first work as an inventor was developing a restroom for train cars, in 1874. In the 1940s, actress Hedy Lamarr was the inventor of a communications technology that eventually made wireless technology, including cell phones, possible. In Latin, inventor means "contriver, author, or discoverer."
WORD FAMILY
inventor: inventors+/ invent: invented, inventing, invention, inventive, inventor, invents, reinvent / invention: inventions/ inventive: inventively, inventiveness, inventivest, uninventive/ reinvent: reinvented, reinventing, reinvents/uninventive: uninventively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to be as creative as the inventors of the internet,” says Paul Fehlinger of Internet & Jurisdiction, which is organising the Paris conference.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
This year he became one of KU’s first two inductees into the National Academy of Inventors.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He was the inventor of the Red Solo Cup.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 发明家; 创造者; 发明者
分布：发明家(96%)，创造者(4%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who has invented something or whose job is to invent things 发明家；创造者
n. [专利] 发明家；发明人；创造者
 - creator, artificer

Word: appreciation
Front: appreciation
[əˌpri:ʃiˈeɪʃn] (高六托 4322/4701)
Vocabulary: appreciation
(once / 411 pages)
1n 2n
When you have an appreciation for something, you can see and truly understand its good qualities. One way to show your appreciation for a particularly wonderful musical performance is to give a standing ovation when it's over.
A slightly different kind of appreciation is having good taste or the ability to see aesthetic beauty in something, like members of a wine appreciation group or the teacher of a music appreciation class. There's also the appreciation that means a rise in monetary value—you might refer to the appreciation of the value of a house, for example.
WORD FAMILY
appreciation: appreciations+/ appreciable: appreciably, inappreciable/ appreciate: appreciable, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, appreciative, appreciator/ appreciated: unappreciated / appreciative: appreciatively, appreciativeness, unappreciative/appreciator: appreciators/inappreciable: inappreciably/unappreciative: unappreciatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead what is needed is greater appreciation of how coercive control works.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Whether it’s food or art or furniture-making, there’s more of an appreciation for skills and creating unique handcrafted things.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A passionate appreciation for the spiritual offerings of the city shines through in “La La Land.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 欣赏；鉴赏; 感谢; 评估; 增值
分布：欣赏(49%)，感激(29%)，增值(18%)，评价(3%)，鉴识(1%)
noun uncountable
VALUE 价值
 ADVANCED
■when you recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described 欣赏；理解；感谢
• Max has no appreciation of the finer things in life. 马克斯对生活中高雅点的事物都不懂欣赏。
• The crowd cheered in appreciation. 观众喝彩叫好。
• Children rarely show any appreciation of/for what their parents do for them. 孩子对父母为自己所做的一切鲜少表现出感激之情。
• These flowers are a token of my appreciation of/for all your help. 你们给予我那么多帮助，这些鲜花聊表谢意。
[əˌpri:.ʃi'eɪ.ʃən] noun uncountable
INCREASE 增加
■increase in price, value, etc. （价格，价值等的）上涨，增值
• There has been little appreciation in the value of property recently. 最近房地产价格几乎没有上涨。
n. 欣赏，鉴别； [经] 增值；感谢
 - thank, acknowledgement

Word: mankind
Front: mankind
[mænˈkaɪnd] (高研四六 7282/6480 -1)
Vocabulary: mankind
(once / 169 pages)
n
Mankind is every single human being — all of us. The discovery of cures for diseases benefits all of mankind, while global warming is not so kind to mankind.
The entire human species can be referred to in one simple word with mankind. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history. If you think your dad's brownies are the very best in the entire world, you could exaggerate a little and say, "They're the most delicious thing known to mankind." In its Old English origin, man is gender-neutral, meaning simply "person."
WORD FAMILY
mankind: mankinds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, this ray of hope for all of mankind!
New York Times(Jun 30, 2016)
Climate science was by now pretty conclusive, with UN assessments increasingly pointing the finger at mankind.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Every day that this does not happen is an affront to mankind.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 人类; 男性，男子
分布：人类(99%)，男人(1%)
→man,人，kind,种类。
n.人类It will bring peace to all mankind.它会给全人类带来和平.
noun uncountable (also humankind)
■the whole of the human race, including both men and women 人类
• Mankind has always been obsessed by power. 人类总是迷恋权力。
Compare womankind
humanity, mankind, man
这组词都有“人类”的意思，其区别是：
humanity: 书面用词，集合名词，多用于文学作品中，作人类解时，侧重有同情心、理解力和崇高品质。
mankind: 集体名词，语体庄重，泛指过去、现在和未来的人类。
man: 指各时代的全体人类。
n. 人类；男性
 - humanity, people

Word: resilience
Front: resilience
[rɪˈzɪliəns] (雅宝 10578/14063)
Vocabulary: resilience
(once / 8237 pages)
n
Truly, your resilience, or ability to bounce back, is not just admirable, but foolhardy, some might say; who else could have survived an attack by a rabid toucan and then gone on to become a world-renowned bird breeder?
The noun resilience stems from the Latin resiliens “to rebound, recoil.” As a character trait, resilience is a person’s ability to recover quickly from unfortunate circumstances or illness. Runners who fall during a marathon only to pop back up and dash through the finish line show some serious resilience. Or Silly Putty that can stretch and stretch without breaking, and then come back to rest inside its egg-shaped carrying case — that’s resilience, or elasticity, for you.
WORD FAMILY
resilience: resiliences+/ resilient: nonresilient, resilience, resiliency, resiliently
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The coaches and players use the word “resilience” to explain it without really explaining it.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Yet there is a resilience to this Stoke team.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 弹性; 弹力; 快速恢复的能力; 回弹
分布：弹性(85%)，适应力(15%)
→来自 resilient,有弹力的，有适应力的。
【记】re再，sili跳，ence－能再次跳起－弹回re反复，si死，lience：能反复的死，就能反复的恢复－弹回
【反】elasticity（n 弹力）－lack of resilience（缺乏弹性）；inelasticity（n 无伸缩性）；unable to recover/adjust（不能恢复/调整）
ADJ-GRADED
坚韧的;有弹性的;有韧性的;有回弹力的
Something that is resilient is strong and not easily damaged by being hit, stretched, or squeezed.
例：Cotton is more resistant to being squashed and polyester is more resilient.棉布更抗压，而涤纶更有弹性。
例：...an armchair of some resilient plastic material.由某种弹性塑料做成的扶手椅
ADJ-GRADED
能复原的;恢复快的;适应力强的
People and things that are resilient are able to recover easily and quickly from unpleasant or damaging events.
例：George Fraser was clearly a good soldier, calm and resilient...乔治·弗雷泽显然是个好士兵，沉着冷静且适应力强。
例：When the U.S. stock market collapsed in October 1987, the Japanese stock market was the most resilient.1987年10月美国股市崩盘后，日本股市是反弹最快的。
n. 恢复力； [力] 弹力；顺应力
 - elasticity, elastic force

Word: chronicle
Front: chronicle
[ˈkrɒnɪkl] (六 8992/7920 -1)
Vocabulary: chronicle
(once / 336 pages)
nv
To chronicle an event is to record it as it happens, and a chronicle is a record of those events. If your grandmother took the time to chronicle the details of her 1910 journey to Japan, you can read her chronicle today.
To chronicle something is to describe past or current events. Chronicle is related to chronological and comes from the Greek ta khronika, which means “annals of time.” Events are usually chronicled in the order in which they occurred. The noun chronicle is a record of things that happened — told in chronological order, like the diary you kept in elementary school. It is a chronicle of those years.
WORD FAMILY
chronicle: chronicled, chronicler, chronicles, chronicling+/chronicler: chroniclers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Houston Chronicle reports that Mayor Sylvester Turner attributes the $95 million deficit to the continued growth of the city’s pension obligations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In the middle panel, around a childhood photograph, a spiraling text in the shape of a fingerprint chronicles events in Mr. Rauschenberg’s life.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I call it ‘truck-itis,’” said Mr. Spell, the former automotive editor for The Houston Chronicle.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 编年史; 年代记; 记录
vt. 将（某事物）载入编年史; 记录
时态：chronicled, chronicling, chronicles
分布：记录(56%)，编年史(32%)，年代记(12%)
→来自词根chrono, 时间。即按时间记录的历史。
编年史(chron+icle表名词)[chron=time,表示"时间"]
US ['krɑ:.nɪ-] noun countable
■a written record of historical events 编年史；年代记；大事记
• the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 《盎格鲁－撒克逊人编年史》
• a chronicle of the French Revolution 法国大革命编年史
■part of the name of a newspaper （报纸名称）…新闻，…记事报
• the Hampshire Chronicle 《汉普郡记事报》
UK ['krɒn.ɪ.kl] US ['krɑ:.nɪ-] verb transitive
■to make a record or give details of something 记述，纪录（大事）；把…载入编年史
• The book chronicles the writer's coming to terms with his illness. 这本书记述了作者慢慢学会忍受自己病痛的前后过程。
n. 编年史，年代记；记录
 - page, register
vt. 记录；把…载入编年史
 - register, to record

Word: wade
Front: wade
[weɪd] (六托宝 7622/11499 -1)
Vocabulary: wade
(once / 1378 pages)
v
To wade is to walk through water. If you've been fishing without a boat, you'll have to wade to reach your precious prize (if it gets away, you can brag about how big it was).
When you wade, it doesn't have to literally be through a liquid; wading includes any action that involves a laborious slog through something that offers resistance. For example, you might attempt to wade through a huge book like Moby Dick. And if you want to get into a fight? Wade right on into the brawling crowd. Or if it's verbal fisticuffs you're after, wade right on in to the debate.
WORD FAMILY
wade: wader, wades, wading+/wader: waders/wading: wadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The commission, which oversees British organizations’ applications for nonprofit or charity status doesn’t often wade into religious debates.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Asked about Trump’s dealings with China and Taiwan since the election, Obama cautioned the president-elect not to wade too deeply into foreign policy too soon.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Once, on the Big Horn, I was wading up to my chest when a prairie rattler swam past.
Washington Post(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （从水、泥等）蹚，走过; 跋涉
n. 跋涉
时态：waded, wading, wades
分布：跋涉(58%)，涉水(42%)
→来自wadh,走，词源同invade,evade.
【记】词根vade是走的意思，invade（v 侵略）。
verb
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to walk through water with difficulty because of the pressure of the water against your legs （艰难地）涉水
• The river was full but we managed to wade across. 河里涨满了水，但我们设法涉水过去了。
• We waded a shallow river. 我们涉水过了一条浅浅的小河。
intransitive US for * paddle (WALK)
[weɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wade in
■to start to do or say something in a forceful way, often without thinking about it carefully 插手，介入；插嘴
• Even when she knows nothing about it, she wades in with her opinion. 即使对事情一无所知，她也要插嘴说说自己的意见。
• When the crowd started throwing stones, the police waded in with tear gas. 当人群开始投掷石块的时候，警方用催泪弹进行了干预。
[weɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wade into sth
■to become involved in a difficult situation, often without thinking about it carefully 贸然涉足；贸然插手
[weɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wade through sth informal
■to spend a lot of time and effort doing something boring or difficult, especially reading a lot of information 费力地做（乏味或困难之事）；（尤指）费劲地阅读（大量资讯）
• We had to wade through pages of legal jargon before we could sign the contract. 我们在签合同之前必须费力地读完好几页的法律专业文本。
vi. 跋涉
 - trudge
n. 跋涉；可涉水而过的地方
 - slog

Word: perpetrator
Front: perpetrator
[ˈpɜ:pətreɪtə(r)] (7912/14243)
Vocabulary: perpetrator
(once / 3379 pages)
n
A perpetrator is someone who has committed a crime — or at least done something pretty bad. You've probably seen cops on TV trying to get a description of the perpetrator of a bank heist.
The word perpetrator is so often associated with crime that police officers and other criminal justice types sometimes abbreviate it “perp.” A perpetrator is often a suspect until it has been proven that he or she carried out the offense. The word usually describes someone who's committed a crime, but any wrongdoing will do. If someone took Uncle Bob's cake and a trail of crumbs leads to your bedroom, your mom will know who the likely perpetrator is.
WORD FAMILY
perpetrator: perpetrators+/ perpetrate: perpetrated, perpetrates, perpetrating, perpetration, perpetrator /perpetration: perpetrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He was referring to Afghanistan, which he viewed as a just war to hunt down the perpetrators of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In another, we told them the perpetrator was a citizen of their own country or of a different one.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 做坏事者; 犯罪者; 加害者; 行凶者
分布：作恶之人(100%)
→来自perpetrate,犯罪，作恶。
US ['pɝ:.pə.treɪ.tˌɚ] (US old-fashioned slang perp) formal
noun countable
■someone who has committed a crime, or a violent or harmful act 犯罪者；行凶者；作恶者
• The perpetrators of the massacre must be brought to justice as war criminals. 大屠杀的参与者必须被当作战犯绳之以法。
n. 犯罪者；作恶者；行凶者
 - criminal offender, malefactor

Word: escalate
Front: escalate
[ˈeskəleɪt] (研托雅宝 7542/11155 -2)
Vocabulary: escalate
(once / 2531 pages)
v
If an argument between you and your brother progresses from mean looks to a fist fight, you could say that the tension between the two of you escalated. To escalate is intensify or increase quickly.
When you see this word, picture an escalator that takes you up to the next floor quickly. But remember, there's something you don't like on that higher level because it's usually bad if something escalates. Prices escalate when something becomes scarce, be it a popular toy, a concert ticket, or food during a crisis. And if a war or conflict escalates, it becomes more intense and violent.
WORD FAMILY
escalate: de-escalate, escalated, escalates, escalating, escalation +/ escalation: de-escalation, escalations
USAGE EXAMPLES
After four seasons of escalating melodrama, “Nashville” is preparing for a key change.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’s group sprayed champagne in celebration.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
If the situation escalated into a trade war and drew in other countries, Washington would be a big loser.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使逐步升级; 使逐步上升; 乘自动梯上升
vi. 逐步上升; （战争）逐步升级; 逐步扩大; 像乘自动梯上升
时态：escalated, escalating, escalates
分布：升级(85%)，逐步升级(12%)，升高(3%)
→e-, 缓音字母。-scala, 梯子，词源同ascend, echelon.比喻义加剧，恶化。
逐步上升[escal=ladder(梯子)]
v.(使)逐步增长(或发展),(使)逐步升级The cost of living is escalating in the country.这个国家的生活费用在上涨.
【源】Escalator：自动电梯（逐渐上升的在大商场里的那种电动扶梯）的商标，区别于elevator（n 垂直升降的电梯），回忆：dainty（adj 美味的；娇媚的）读：电梯
【记】esc＝Esc计算机左上角的“退出”键，late晚：这时退出已经晚了，战争已经升级了，扩大了。源于：scale（n 等级）
【反】diminish＝decrease（v 使减少；使变小）；wane＝ebb（vi 变小；衰退）
verb intransitive or transitive
■to make or become greater or more serious （使）增强；（使）扩大；（使）加剧；（使）恶化
• The decision to escalate UN involvement has been taken in the hopes of a swift end to the hostilities. 已决定加大联合国介入的程度，以期尽快结束战争。
• His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed. 他失业后，经济问题更是雪上加霜。
• The escalating rate of inflation will almost certainly bring escalating prices. 通货膨胀率的不断上升几乎肯定会导致物价攀升。

Word: pale
Front: pale
[peɪl] (中高研四六托 2935/2315 -K3)
Vocabulary: pale
(once / 70 pages)
1n 2adjv 3adj
After a long summer in the pool and the bright sun, your favorite rainbow-colored beach swimsuit will probably end up pale and faded. Pale means "having little color."
When something's light colored, you can describe it as pale, like a pale light shining in the kitchen at night, or a person's pale face when they're suffering from the flu. Pale is also a verb that means "to become pale," so you could say that you saw your friend's face pale at the news that her favorite bakery had gone out of business. Don't make the mistake of confusing pale with its homophone, pail, which means "bucket."
WORD FAMILY
pale: pale-colored, paled, palely, paleness, paler, pales, palest, pallor, paly+/ pallor: pallors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her pale hands stretch forward from swirls of black cloth.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
But as bad as those floods were, they paled in comparison to the epic floods that hit southern Louisiana in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This one bore pale red fruit that was unusually sweet, even when still green and the size of a walnut.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 苍白的; 无力的; 暗淡的; 浅色的
vi. 变得苍白; 失色; 变得暗淡
vt. 用栅栏围; 使失色; 使变苍白
n. 栅栏，围篱; 桩; 境界，范围
时态：paled, paling, pales
分布：苍白的(64%)，相形见绌(9%)，暗淡的(8%)，无力的(6%)，栅栏(5%)，变苍白(4%)，灰白的(3%)，变黯淡(1%)
→来自pallere,苍白的，发白的，来自pel,苍白的，发白的，词源同fallow,pallor.pale 栅栏，围篱，桩
a.苍白的,灰白的;浅的,暗淡的The pale salesman wholesales scales on a large scale.面色苍白的推销员大规模批发比例尺(天平,鱼鳞).
adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes someone's face or skin if it has less colour than usual, for example when they are ill or frightened, or if it has less colour than people generally have （脸色或肤色）苍白的，白的
• You're looking pale - do you feel ill? 你看起来脸色苍白——你病了吗？
• She has a naturally pale complexion and dark hair. 她天生肤色白晰，头发乌黑。
See beyond the pale
 IMPROVER
■describes light or a colour that is not bright or strong 暗淡的；浅的，淡的
• She wore a pale blue hat. 她戴着一顶浅蓝色的帽子。
• pale winter sunlight 冬天惨澹的日光
[peɪl] verb intransitive
■If a person's face pales, it loses its usual colour 变苍白，失去血色
• His face paled and he looked as if he might faint. 他脸色变得苍白，看起来像要晕倒一样。
[peɪl] verb intransitive
pale in comparison (also pale beside sth/sb)
■to seem much less serious or important when compared with someone or something else 相形见绌
• I thought I was badly treated but my experiences pale in comparison with yours. 我以为自己受到了苛刻的对待，但我的经历和你的一比，真是小巫见大巫。
[peɪl] verb intransitive
pale into insignificance
■to seem not important when compared with something else （与其他事情比起来）无足轻重，相形失色
• Everything else that happened in my life pales into insignificance beside that one event. 与那件事比起来，我生命中发生的其他一切事情都无足轻重了。
adj. 苍白的；无力的；暗淡的
 - weak, gray, dirty, wan
n. 前哨；栅栏；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area
vt. 使失色；使变苍白；用栅栏围
 - overshadow, wan
vi. 失色；变苍白；变得暗淡
 - lose countenance, wan

Word: exclusively
Front: exclusively
[ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ] (四六托雅 4489/3993 -2)
Vocabulary: exclusively
(once / 471 pages)
adv
Something occuring exclusively is only happening or available in one special circumstance, like a song that’s exclusively for sale on one web page, but not anywhere else.
Something exclusive is only available in one way, like a newspaper with an exclusive interview no one else was able to get. Things happening exclusively are also available in a select way—not for everyone. If a boxing match is shown exclusively on pay-per-view, it’s shown only on pay-per-view. If I work exclusively for one company, I don’t work for any other companies. If a singer sings exclusively at one club, that’s the only place to hear her.
WORD FAMILY
exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive+/ exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive / exclusion: exclusions
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least geographically, the company so far is exclusively a Newark production.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back then, the sport was played almost exclusively at Ivy League schools.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And yet now the word’s connotations are exclusively negative.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 唯一地; 专门地，特定地; 专有地; 排外地
分布：专门地(37%)，仅仅(18%)，独占地(18%)，排他地(18%)，只(9%)
adverb
■only 仅仅；专门；单独
• This offer is available exclusively to our established customers. 只有本店的老客户才能享受这个优惠价。
• an exclusively female audience 只限女性观众
adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地
 - solely

Word: choke
Front: choke
[tʃəʊk] (高研四六托雅宝 5223/6075 -2)
Vocabulary: choke
(once / 294 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5nv 6n
When you choke, you are suddenly unable to breathe, often because something is stuck in your throat. Your dad's rude joke might make you gasp and choke on your grilled cheese sandwich.
You might choke in a smoky room, or choke on a grape that's lodged halfway down your throat. In either case, your body can't get enough oxygen. People also choke up with emotion, figuratively choking on their sobs. Likewise, a child might complain, "This scarf chokes me!" — it's uncomfortably tight, but he's not literally unable to breathe. When the weeds in your garden outnumber the vegetables, you can also say they choke, or crowd, your plants.
WORD FAMILY
choke: choked, choker, chokes, choking+/choked: chokedly/choker: chokers/choking: chokings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Every time I see it, I kind of get choked up,” Alves said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sellinger tried to steal the motorcycle from a 70-year-old man and was trying to choke him before bystanders intervened, authorities said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Curtis fled on foot after he was pulled over, then tried to choke the officer when he caught up with Curtis.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 阻止，扼止; 填塞; 使窒息; 哽咽
n. 窒息，哽咽; 拥塞; （车辆发动机的）阻风门
时态：choked, choking, chokes
分布：窒息(46%)，抑制(17%)，阻塞(17%)，阻风门(11%)，使窒息(7%)，使说不出话(1%)，说不出话(1%)
→由cheek衍生出来的词，词义由脸颊引申为窒息。
v.窒息,噎住;闷塞,堵塞,阻塞The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [tʃoʊk] verb
STOP BREATHING 停止呼吸
intransitive or transitive
■If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat （使）窒息；（使）哽噎；（使）呼吸困难
• She choked to death on a fish bone. 她被鱼刺鲠住后窒息而死。
• Children can choke on peanuts. 小孩子吃花生会噎住的。
• Peanuts can choke a small child. 花生会噎住小孩。
transitive
■to make someone stop breathing by pressing their throat with the hands （掐住喉咙）使停止呼吸，使窒息
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
FILL 充满
transitive usually passive (also choke up)
■to fill something such as a road or pipe, so that nothing can pass through 堵塞，阻塞；塞满
• At lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic. 午餐时间大街上塞车。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive (also choke it) informal
■(usually in sports) to fail to do something at a time when it is urgent, usually because you suddenly lose confidence （通常指在运动中关键时刻因丧失信心而）失败；怯场
• He could score points at will during the qualifying matches, but in the final he completely choked. 他在预选赛中总能随心所欲地得分，可到了决赛发挥就完全失常了。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] choke sth back
■If you choke back feelings or tears, you force yourself not to show how angry or upset you are 抑制，强忍住（情感或眼泪）
• Choking back my anger, I tried to speak calmly. 我强忍怒气，尽量平静地说话。
• "John has had an accident, " she said, choking back the tears. “约翰出车祸了，”她强忍住眼泪说。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] noun countable or uncountable
■a device in a motor vehicle, that changes the amount of air going into the engine, allowing more fuel compared to air to go in and therefore making the engine easier to start （汽车上的）阻风门，阻塞门
vt. 呛；使窒息；阻塞；抑制；扑灭
 - control, stay, restrain
vi. 窒息；阻塞；说不出话来
 - plug up, block up
n. 窒息；噎； [动力] 阻气门
 - asphyxia, apnea

Word: unwelcome
Front: unwelcome
[ʌnˈwelkəm] (12012/8638 -1)
Vocabulary: unwelcome
(once / 1372 pages)
adj
Things that are unwelcome are unpleasant or objectionable in some way. An unwelcome guest is one you didn't invite and you're not particularly happy to see.
People are sometimes unwelcome, like your boring cousin who shows up unexpectedly for a long visit at the worst time. Things can also be unwelcome, like bad news or heckling from the audience during your stand-up comedy routine. Anything you don't wish for and don't appreciate can be described as unwelcome. Welcome has its roots in the Old English wilcuma, a friendly greeting and earlier "a welcome guest," from willa, "pleasure or choice," and cuma, "guest."
WORD FAMILY
unwelcome: unwelcomely, unwelcomer, unwelcomest, unwelcomingly+/ welcome: unwelcome, welcomed, welcomely, welcomer, welcomes, welcomest, welcoming, welcomingly/welcomer: welcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But to many in the territory, intervention by the NPC would be a hugely unwelcome shock.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We are greeted with smiles at every turn, but anything further, I learn, is unwelcome.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baroness Ruth Deech, the former adjudicator for universities, told the Telegraph that Jewish students felt "unwelcome" on some campuses.
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 不受欢迎的，令人失望的，令人讨厌的
n. 冷淡
vt. 冷淡地对待
分布：不受欢迎的(87%)，讨厌的(13%)
adjective
■not wanted 不受欢迎的；多余的
• unwelcome news 不受欢迎的消息
• an unwelcome visitor 不受欢迎的客人
adj. 不受欢迎的；讨厌的；不被接受的
 - evil, rank, unpleasant
n. 冷淡
 - pococurantism, inhospitality

Word: sphere
Front: sphere
[sfɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 4533/3863 -2)
Vocabulary: sphere
(once / 266 pages)
n
Marbles, oranges, bubbles, and beach balls — all of these objects illustrate the shape of a sphere, or globe (unless the beach balls are under-inflated, in which case they’re sort-of a “squished-sphere” shape).
Sphere is often used metaphorically to refer to a particular aspect or area of something. For example, unless you’re a trained circus performer, tightrope walking and fire swallowing probably lie outside of your sphere of expertise. Sphere frequently occurs in the phrase “sphere of influence,” which designates the geographical area over which a person, organization, or nation has control. In many households, whoever is in charge of the cooking controls the kitchen; so, the kitchen falls within his or her sphere of influence.
WORD FAMILY
sphere: spheres, spheric, spherical +/spheric: sphericity/ spherical: nonspherical, spherically, sphericalness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in this way, academic publication’s usage in the public sphere is undermined.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
They toured the Soviet sphere, and even further, and they projected a certain clean-cut morality and proper decorum, patriotism.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Both proved themselves masters of their respective political spheres.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 球（体）; （兴趣或活动的）范围; 势力范围; 天体，如行星或恒星
vt. 形成球体; 包围，围绕; 置于球面内部
分布：球(52%)，球体(16%)，领域(14%)，范围(14%)，包围(1%)，天体(1%)，围绕(1%)，形成球体(1%)
→来自古法语 sphere,来自拉丁语 sphaera,球，球体，天体，来自希腊语 sphaira,球，球体。引申 词义大气层。
n.球,球体;范围,领域Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [sfɪr] noun countable
ROUND OBJECT 圆形物体
■an object shaped like a round ball 球，圆球；球状物
• Doctors have replaced the top of his hip bone with a metal sphere. 医生们用一个金属球替换了他的髋骨顶端。
UK [sfɪər] US [sfɪr] noun countable
AREA 范围
■a subject or area of knowledge, work, etc. （知识、工作等的）范围，领域，圈，界
• the political sphere 政界
• exchanges with other countries, particularly in cultural, scientific and economic spheres 与其他国家的交流，特别是文化、科学和经济领域的交流
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 范围； [数] 球体
 - extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum, territory, range
vt. 包围；放入球内；使…成球形
 - case, invest

Word: reception
Front: reception
[rɪˈsepʃn] (高研四六托雅 3944/2928 -K2)
Vocabulary: reception
(once / 240 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Reception is the act of receiving, or getting something, or the way it is received. If your book receives a positive reception, it means people receive it well. In other words, they like it.
A reception can also be a party, such as a wedding reception. A reception area is an office waiting room where visitors are greeted and the receptionist sits. Reception can also refer to the quality of a broadcast signal, as received by a TV or radio. Good reception means a clear, strong signal, and poor reception means you might want to shake or kick the TV screen. A reception is also the act of catching the ball in American football.
WORD FAMILY
reception: receptionist, receptions+/ receive: receivable, received, receiver, receives, receiving, reception, receptive, receptor, recipient /receiver: receivers, receivership/receivership: receiverships/ receptionist: receptionists/ receptive: receptively, receptiveness, receptivity, unreceptive/ receptivity: receptivities/receptor: receptors/ recipient: recipients
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接待; 欢迎; 招待会; 接待处
分布：接待(42%)，招待会(23%)，接待处(12%)，接收(10%)，欢迎(10%)，反应(3%)
→来自 receive,接收，收到，-pt,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
n.接待,招待会;接收,接受,接收效果Such views will not have a favorable reception.这样的见解将得不到好评.
noun
WELCOME 欢迎
 ADVANCED countable
■a formal party at which important people are welcomed 欢迎会；招待会
• The President gave a reception for the visiting heads of state. 总统举行招待会款待来访的外国元首。
 ADVANCED only singular
■the way in which people react to something or someone 感受；反应；回应
• Her first book got a wonderful/warm/frosty reception from the critics. 评论家对她的第一本书反应很好／热烈／冷淡。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the act of welcoming someone or something 接待；迎接；欢迎
• The new hospital was ready for the reception of its first patients. 新医院已经可以用了，准备收治第一批病人。
⇒ See also receive
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
WELCOME 欢迎
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the place in a hotel or office building where people go when they first arrive （饭店或办公楼的）接待处，服务台，前台
• Ask for me at reception. 要找我的话，到前台问询。
• I signed in at the reception desk. 我在接待处登了记。
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
SCHOOL 学校
uncountable UK
■ foundation the first year of infant school 学前班
• a reception class/teacher 学前班／学前班老师
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
RADIO/TELEVISION 收音机／电视
uncountable
■the degree to which radio or television sounds and pictures are clear （收音机或电视信号）接收效果，接收质量
• We live on top of a hill and so we get excellent radio reception. 我们住在小山顶上，所以收音机的收听效果特别好。
⇒ See also receive
n. 接待；接收；招待会；感受；反应
 - reaction, response, behavior

Word: puff
Front: puff
[pʌf] (研四六 8283/9777 -1)
Vocabulary: puff
(once / 333 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6n 7v 8v 9adj
A puff is a wisp of air or a baked snack. A magician might disappear in a puff of smoke — the kind that happens when you blow out a candle, not the kind that’s made of cheese.
A puff of wind can spin a pinwheel or send a kite bobbing higher in the sky, and a tired runner's breath comes in puffs. There’s also the kind of puff that's inflated or stuffed and soft, like a puff of hair on grandma's head, a powder puff, or puff pastry, which is a thin, buttery dough that puffs up as it's baked. The Old English root is the imitative pyffan, "to blow with the mouth."
WORD FAMILY
puff: puffed, puffer, puffery, puffing, puffingly, puffs, puffy +/puffer: puffers/puffery: pufferies/puffing: puffings/ puffy: puffier, puffiest, puffily, puffiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all the lactic acid-affected huff and puff on display among many of the players, those two are the brightest by far.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Her wrist was very slender even towards the end of her life, with steroids puffing her up like a blowfish.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The centre should be puffed and set but still a little gooey.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 一阵（气味，烟雾等）; 粉扑; 酥皮点心; 夸奖，吹嘘
vt. 喷出; 膨胀; 吹捧; 得意
vi. 喷出; 膨胀; 夸张
时态：puffed, puffing, puffs
分布：粉扑(22%)，膨胀(16%)，一阵(14%)，一股(11%)，泡芙(10%)，喷出(10%)，吹捧(6%)，夸张(4%)，喘息(4%)，骄傲(2%)，吹嘘的(1%)
→拟声词，吸气或吐气声，引申诸相关词义。
n.一阵,一股(气味等);喘息;吹嘘v.喘息,鼓吹A gust of wind puffed the clouds away.一阵大风把云吹散了.
verb
BREATHE 呼吸
intransitive
■to breathe fast and with difficulty, usually because you have been doing exercise 喘气
• He came puffing up the stairs. 他气喘吁吁地上了楼。
• [+ speech] "I ran all the way home," she puffed (= said while puffing). “我是一路跑回家的，”她气喘吁吁地说。
puff and pant
■to breathe fast and with difficulty, usually because you have been doing exercise 气喘吁吁
[pʌf] verb
SMOKE 吸烟
intransitive or transitive
■to smoke tobacco 吸（烟），抽（烟）
• She was puffing on a cigarette at the time. 她当时正在吸烟。
• He sat there, puffing away at a cigarette. 他坐在那里，抽着烟。
[pʌf] verb
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
intransitive or transitive
■to blow out in clouds, or make steam or smoke do this 吹，喷出，冒出
• He puffed a cloud of cigarette smoke into my eyes. 他冲着我的眼睛喷了一口香烟。
• The chimney was puffing out clouds of smoke. 烟囱向外冒出一缕缕的烟。
[pʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] puff sth out
■to make your chest or your face become bigger by filling it with air 鼓起（胸膛或脸颊）
• He puffed out his cheeks and sat back in his chair. 他鼓着腮帮子，坐回椅子上。
[pʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  puff up
■If part of your body puffs up, it becomes bigger because it is infected or injured. （因感染或受伤）肿胀
• My leg puffed up all round the insect bite. 我腿上被昆虫叮咬的部位肿了起来。
[pʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] puff sth up
■to become larger or full of air, or to make something become larger in this way （使）膨胀，（使）鼓起
• When the pastry is golden and puffed up, take the pie out of the oven. 当外面的酥皮变成金黄色并鼓起来时，把馅饼从烤箱拿出来。
[pʌf] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
countable
■a small amount of smoke, air or something that can rise into the air in a small cloud 一小口（烟雾），一小股（空气）
• Sean blew a puff of smoke at his reflection in the mirror. 尚恩朝镜中的自己喷了一口烟。
• He hit the ground with his stick and a puff of dust rose up into the air. 他用自己的拐杖敲击地面，扬起一股浮尘。
[pʌf] noun
CAKE 蛋糕
countable
■a type of sweet cake or savoury food which is made from puff pastry and is filled with different food 泡芙；松饼
• a cream/jam puff 鲜奶油／果酱松饼
• cheese puffs 起司松饼
[pʌf] noun
PRAISE 赞扬
countable (US also puff piece) informal mainly disapproving
■a piece of writing or speech which praises something too much 吹捧文字，吹捧的言论
[pʌf] noun
BREATHE 呼吸
be out of puff informal
■to be breathing with difficulty because you have been doing physical exercise 气喘吁吁，呼吸急促
[pʌf] noun
SMOKING 吸烟
countable
■an act of smoking 吸烟，抽烟
• She took a puff on her cigarette and thought for a moment. 她抽了一口烟，沉思了一会儿。
[pʌf] noun
vanish / go up/ disappear in a puff of smoke informal
■to disappear suddenly and completely 消失得无影无踪
• One moment he was standing behind me, the next he had vanished in a puff of smoke. 前一秒钟他还站在我身后，后一秒钟他就消失得无影无踪了。
• All his hard work seemed to be going up in a puff of smoke. 他所有的辛劳似乎都成了泡影。
vt. 喷出，张开；使膨胀；夸张；使骄傲自满
 - expand, belch out
vi. 膨胀；张开；鼓吹；夸张
 - fill, swell with
n. 粉扑；泡芙；蓬松；一阵喷烟；肿块；吹嘘，宣传广告
 - tumor, knub

Word: unconstitutional
Front: unconstitutional
[ˌʌnˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃənl] (8454/17103 -1)
Vocabulary: unconstitutional
(once / 2039 pages)
adj
When someone protests an action on the part of the government by saying, "That's vile! That's wrong! That's downright unconstitutional!," they're saying that the action violates the tenets of the U.S. Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution is our nation's founding document, laying out a structure for the executive, judicial, and legislative powers, and assigning to people specific rights, such privacy, free speech, and voting. Violations of the Constitution are the highest forms of illegality in our nation, though famously hard to nail down.
WORD FAMILY
unconstitutional: unconstitutionally+/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opponents say the proposed ban is clearly unconstitutional.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This complex new law passed in just two days by the Republican legislature is unconstitutional and anything but bipartisan," Cooper said in a statement.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
“This complex new law passed in just two days by the Republican legislature is unconstitutional and anything but bipartisan,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 违反宪法的，不符合章程[法规]的
分布：违反宪法的(86%)，非立宪的(14%)
US [-ˌkɑ:n.stɪ'tu:-] adjective
■not allowed by the constitution (= set of rules for government) of a country or organization 违背宪法的；违反宪章的
• Such a change in the law would be unconstitutional. 对该法律作此改动是与宪法相抵触的。

Word: batch
Front: batch
[bætʃ] (研六雅宝 6640/5555 -2)
Vocabulary: batch
(once / 1548 pages)
nv
A batch is a completed group, collection, or quantity of something, especially something that's just been made. You might, for example, bake a batch of cookies to take to your new neighbor.
A company that makes soap might deliver a batch, loaded on a truck, to a new store in Vermont, and if you manage a bakery you might declare, "That's it! This is our last batch of gingerbread until next year!" In computer lingo, a batch is, similarly, a group or collection of records. The Old English root, bæcce, means "something baked," from bacan, "bake."
WORD FAMILY
batch: batched, batches, batching
USAGE EXAMPLES
A first batch of factories and shops will need to close and hand in their licenses by March 31, 2017.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
In another bout of this archaic ritual, Russia closing Moscow’s Anglo-American school and expelling a batch of Americans from Moscow.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Supermarket chain Aldi is recalling a king prawn product after two batches were found to contain salmonella.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 一批; 一炉; （食物、药物等的）一批生产的量; 成批作业
时态：batched, batching, batches
分布：一批(78%)，一炉(13%)，分批处理(6%)，一次所制之量(3%)
→词源同bake, 烘，烤。指同一批烤出来的面包。插入字母t, 比较watch, 词源同wake.
n.一批,一组,一群The watchful snatcher dispatched a batch of combatants to the hatch.密切注意的绑架者发送一批战士到舱口盖.
noun countable
■a group of things or people dealt with at the same time or considered similar in type 一批，一组
• The cook brought in a fresh batch of homemade cakes. 那位厨师带来了一炉刚刚烤好的自制蛋糕。
• We looked at the job applications in two batches. 我们把那些求职申请分两批浏览了一遍。
n. 一批；一炉；一次所制之量
 - passel

Word: mode
Front: mode
[məʊd] (研四六托雅宝 2793/2219 -2)
Vocabulary: mode
(once / 161 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
You can describe the specific style of doing something as your mode. If you're in vacation mode, for example, it might mean you say everything in a super-relaxed voice and spend all of your classes daydreaming.
From the Latin modus or "manner," it has been popular since the 1400s. Since the 1600s, people have been using it as another word for "fashionable." The French term "a la mode" literally means "in the fashion," or "fashionable," but is more commonly used to describe as specific way of serving dessert (ice cream on the side).
WORD FAMILY
mode: modal, modes+/ modal: bimodal, modality, modally, modals/ modality: modalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With money markets in full deleveraging mode now after the U.S.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“People are in crisis mode,” acknowledged one executive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方式; 状况; 时尚，风尚; 调式
分布：模式(68%)，方式(29%)，风格(2%)，样式(1%)
→来自拉丁语modus,标准，尺度，容量，节奏，限度，节制，方式，来自med,测量，考虑，手段，方法，词源同measure,medical,meter.
n.方式,式样The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US [moʊd] noun
WAY 方式
 ADVANCED countable slightly formal
■a way of operating, living or behaving 方法；做法；方式
• Each department in the company has its own mode of operation and none of them are compatible. 这家公司的每一个部门都有自己的运作方式，互不相容。
• Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. 铁路对经济而言是最重要的运输方式。
UK [məʊd] US [moʊd] noun
MATHS 数学
countable specialized
■the number or value which appears most often in a particular set 众数（指某一组数字资料中出现次数最多的值）
UK [məʊd] US [moʊd] noun
FASHION 时尚
be the mode slightly formal
■(especially of clothes) to be fashionable at a particular time （尤指服装）风行，流行
• Miniskirts were very much the mode in the 60s. 迷你裙在20世纪60年代风靡一时。
⇒ See also á la mode
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 模式；方式；风格；时尚
 - way of, manner, pattern, fashion, style

Word: lung
Front: lung
[lʌŋ] (高研四六托 3247/3808 -K2)
Vocabulary: lung
(once / 377 pages)
n
A lung is an internal organ that makes it possible for you to breathe. Your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your body while sending oxygen into your blood stream.
All vertebrates — animals with a spinal column — have lungs. Humans have two of them, and they're what makes your chest rise and fall as you breathe in and out. They're also the organs that keep you breathing, and therefore alive. Lung, by way of the Old English lungen, comes from an Indo-European root that literally means "the light organ."
WORD FAMILY
lung: lung-like, lungs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
His parents and nurses pound on his chest to help him clear his lungs several times a day.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She was sent home two days later, diagnosed with a tumor in her left lung that measured almost 9 centimeters.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 肺; 呼吸器官; [医]辅助呼吸的装置; 〈英〉可供呼吸新鲜空气的地方
分布：肺(99%)，呼吸器官(1%)
→来自古英语lungen(复数)，肺，来自legwh,轻的，词源同light,levity.因相比于心，胃等其它内脏器官而言，肺较轻，且能在水中浮起来，因而得名。
n.肺The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■either of the two organs in the chest with which people and some animals breathe 肺，肺部
• lung cancer 肺癌
[lʌŋ] noun countable
have a good / healthy pair of lungs
■You say that a baby has a good/healthy pair of lungs when it cries loudly. （婴儿）哭声响亮
n. [解剖] 肺；呼吸器
 - breathing apparatus, respirator

Word: interact
Front: interact
[ˌɪntərˈækt] (研六托雅 4341/6221 -2)
Vocabulary: interact
(once / 1007 pages)
v
Talking, dancing, playing a game — all of these activities allow you to interact with other people. To interact means to communicate and react to the people you're involved with.
Some video games are called interactive because they are not static, like board games, but allow players to interact with them and direct the story. If you are talking about chemicals or medicines that interact, the presence of one affects the way the other works. If someone says that you interact well with children, it means you communicate well with them and they respond to you.
WORD FAMILY
interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
He says he also hopes interacting with his German hosts will help them see him and his bandmates as something other than refugees.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This time round, look instead for new ways to interact with your vehicle.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Proposed sources of dark matter include burnt-out stars; clouds of dust and gas; and subatomic particles called Wimps – weakly interacting massive particles.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 相互作用; 互相影响; 互动
时态：interacted, interacting, interacts
分布：互动(53%)，相互作用(32%)，相互影响(14%)，相互联系(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，act,行动，作用。
相互作用(inter相互＋act→相互动→相互作用)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
v.互相作用,互相影响The transactor thinks activating the atomic interaction in the intact reactor is practicable.办理人认为激活未受影响的反应堆内原子的相互作用是种可行的.
US [-tˌɚ'ækt] verb intransitive
■to communicate with or react to 交流，交往；相互作用，互相影响
• Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 多明尼克的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
• It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially. 在聚会上看人们如何交流沟通是很有趣的。
• We are studying how these two chemicals interact. 我们在研究这两种化学物质是如何相互作用的。
n. 幕间剧；幕间休息
 - entr'acte

Word: readiness
Front: readiness
[ˈredinəs] (7489/7672 -1)
Vocabulary: readiness
(once / 454 pages)
n
Readiness is a quality of being able or willing to do something. An athlete's readiness for the Olympics has to do with how warmed up she is, whether she's recovered from injuries, as well as her psychological state.
Your readiness for something usually has to do with how well prepared you are. Your parents might have decorated a room and bought a crib before you were born, in readiness for your arrival. And local police sometimes clear the streets and direct traffic away in readiness for a big parade. Readiness can also mean "willingness," like an eager kindergartner's readiness to learn how to read.
WORD FAMILY
ready: readied, readier, readies, readiest, readily, readiness, readying, unready+/unready: unreadily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The program produced impressive results in terms of college readiness and success in the first years of college.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
That would be a great cultural demonstration of the Vatican’s readiness to change.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
“These live training events are fundamental to the ability of our airmen, sailors, and marines to attain and sustain the highest levels of military readiness.”
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 准备就绪; 愿意，乐意
分布：准备就绪(51%)，预备(28%)，敏捷(13%)，欣然(8%)
noun uncountable
■willingness or a state of being prepared for something 愿意，乐意；准备就绪
• [+ to infinitive] The company has declared its readiness to fight a challenge in the courts. 这间公司声称，如果被起诉到法院，它愿意奉陪到底。
• The scaffolding has been put up in readiness for the repair work on the building. 栅架已经搭好，可以对大楼进行修葺了。
n. 敏捷，迅速； [计] 准备就绪；愿意
 - velocity, speed, agility

Word: overheat
Front: overheat
[ˌəʊvəˈhi:t] (22563/20710 -1)
Back: vt. & vi. 过度加热; 使愤怒; （使）过分激动; （使）变得过热
n. 过热; 激烈
时态：overheated, overheating, overheats
分布：过热(87%)，使过热(13%)
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
TEMPERATURE 温度
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become hotter than necessary or wanted （使）过热，（使）变得过热
• I think the engine is overheating. 我觉得引擎过热了。
• It isn't healthy to overheat your house. 房子里温度过高，不利健康。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'hi:t] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
ECONOMY 经济
intransitive
■If an economy overheats, it grows very quickly, so that prices, etc. increase quickly. （经济）增长过热，发展过快
vi. [热] 过热；愤怒起来
 - hot shot
vt. [热] 使过热；使愤怒
 - parboil
n. [热] 过热；激烈
 - violence, excessive heating

Word: heavyweight
Front: heavyweight
[ˈheviweɪt] (8576/9093 -2)
Back: n. [体]重量级拳击[摔跤]运动员; 体重超过平均水平的人; 要人，重要的人物
adj. 重量级的; 特别厚重的
分布：重量级选手(56%)，超过平均重量的人或物(22%)，要人(22%)
noun countable
■a boxer who weighs more than 175 pounds (79.5 kilograms) and is therefore in the heaviest group 重量级拳击手（体重79.5公斤以上）
• Mike Tyson was heavyweight champion of the world. 麦克‧泰森曾是世界重量级拳击冠军。
Compare lightweight a person or thing that is important or serious and that other people notice 重量级人物；重要的事物
• Her extraordinary intelligence and speaking ability made her a political heavyweight. 她出众的智慧和口才使她成为政坛的重量级人物。
n. 重量级拳击手；有影响的人物；聪明绝顶的人
 - cruiserweight

Word: condom
Front: condom
[ˈkɒndɒm] (5212/9033 -2)
Back: n. （男用）避孕套，保险套; （女用）避孕套
分布：避孕套(58%)，安全套(42%)
→词源不详，据说是来自发明这一产品的医生的名字。
US ['kɑ:n.dəm/ (UK also sheath) (US slang also rubber)
noun countable
■a thin rubber covering that a man can wear on his penis during sex to stop a woman becoming pregnant or to protect him or his partner against infectious diseases 避孕套，保险套
n. [医] 避孕套；阴茎套
 - French letter, cundum

Word: unilateral
Front: unilateral
[ˌju:nɪˈlætrəl] (雅宝 9366/12705 -1)
Vocabulary: unilateral
(once / 3939 pages)
adj
Unilateral means "one-sided." If parents make a unilateral decision to eliminate summer vacation, it means that the students’ opinions or opposing views weren’t considered.
When someone makes a unilateral decision, he or she acts alone, without considering the feelings, opposing opinions or concerns of others. But it’s not always a bad thing to act unilaterally. If you are in a fight with your sister and haven’t spoken to each other for a week, you could choose to do her chores, compliment her or make other unilateral, good-faith efforts to bring the bad feelings to an end.
WORD FAMILY
unilateral: unilateralism, unilaterally +/ unilateralism: unilateralist/unilateralist: unilateralists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Obama’s unilateral actions, by executive order, proclamation or memoranda, are even more vulnerable.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
While many environmentalists and archaeologists supported the monument, most Utah politicians opposed the site’s unilateral protection.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
"Its unilateral application to global shipping would create market distortion while generating trade disputes with China and other Asian nations," Bennett said.
Reuters(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 单边的，一方的; 单方有义务的; 片面的; 仅由一方实行或承担的
分布：单方面的(72%)，单边的(18%)，单系的(10%)
→uni-, 一，词源同unit,lateral, 边的。
单方面的(uni+later边+al→单边的→单方面的)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
单边的(uni单个+later+al)[later=side,表示"边"]
【记】uni一个，lateral方面的：单方面的
【参】bilateral（adj 有两面的；双边的）
US [-'lætˌ.ɚ-] adjective
■involving only one group or country 单边的；单方的
• The party leader has actually declared her support for unilateral nuclear disarmament (= giving up her country's nuclear weapons without first waiting for other countries to do the same). 该党领导人实际上已经宣布了她支援单方面核裁军的决定。
Compare bilateral ; multilateral
adj. [数] [植] 单边的； [昆] 单侧的；单方面的；单边音；（父母）单系的
 - one-sided

Word: systemic
Front: systemic
[sɪˈstemɪk] (8194/13198 -1)
Vocabulary: systemic
(once / 7434 pages)
adj
Something that's systemic affects all parts of something. If every dog at doggy daycare has fleas, it's a systemic problem.
The adjective systemic is often used to describe diseases or disorders; a systemic illness affects your whole body or an entire system — like your digestive system. Any kind of system can experience systemic problems. For example, crime is a systemic problem in a community because it affects everyone from individuals to families, businesses, and tourism, just to name a few groups harmed by the problem.
WORD FAMILY
systemic: systemically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This attack shows how rampant Russian hacking is. It’s systemic, relentless, predatory,” Rep. Peter Welch said in a statement.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Huskies don’t believe that performance was a sign of any sort of systemic issue against running quarterbacks.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
For all that, Hernandez-Goff thinks the systemic problems – housing shortages, wage stagnation, inequality – are beyond her.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 系统的; [生]全身的; 体系的
分布：系统的(71%)，全身的(23%)，内吸性杀虫剂(6%)
→system,系统，-ic,形容词后缀。
adjective specialized
■A systemic drug, disease or poison reaches and has an effect on the whole of a body or a plant and not just one part of it. （药物、疾病或毒药）影响全身系统的，影响全身的
■formal
■A systemic problem or change is a basic one, experienced by the whole of an organization or a country and not just particular parts of it 根本性的，全面性的，有系统的
• The current recession is the result of a systemic change within the structure of the country's economy. 目前的经济衰退现象导因于国家经济结构产生了根本性的变化。
adj. 系统的；全身的；体系的
 - scientific, full-length

Word: ski
Front: ski
[ski:] (高研四六 3032/6258 -3)
Back: n. 滑雪; 滑雪板; 滑水橇; 滑行装置
v. 滑雪，滑冰
时态：skied, ski'd, skiing, skis
分布：滑雪(89%)，滑雪板(7%)，雪橇(4%)
→来自古诺斯语 skith,滑雪橇，字面意思为木棍，木条，来自 Proto-Germanic*skid,分开，劈开， 来自 skei,砍，切，词源同 ship,skill.参照《神雕侠侣》杨过用小木条滑过黑水潭情节。
n.雪橇v.滑雪The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
noun countable (plural skis)
 IMPROVER
■one of a pair of long, flat narrow pieces of wood or plastic, which curve up at the front, and are fastened to boots so that the wearer can move quickly and easily over snow 滑雪板
• a pair of skis 一副滑雪板
• ski boots 滑雪靴
• a ski club/resort 滑雪俱乐部／胜地
[ski:] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to move over snow on skis 滑雪
• He skied down the hill. 他滑雪下山。
• Shall we go skiing? 我们去滑雪吧？
vi. 滑雪
 - skee

Word: conscience
Front: conscience
[ˈkɒnʃəns] (高研四六托雅宝 4641/4273 -2)
Vocabulary: conscience
(once / 103 pages)
n
A conscience is a built-in sense of what's right and what's wrong. That sick feeling in your stomach after you meanly told your younger brother the truth about Santa Claus? That might be your conscience bothering you.
The word conscience contains the word science, which comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning "to know" or "knowledge." You can think of your conscience as your knowledge of yourself, especially when it comes to your own morals, or your feelings about right and wrong. Pangs of conscience, which feel like an uncomfortable inner voice, are helpful when you're trying to decide the right thing to do in a particular situation.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
conscious / conscience
Both words have to do with the mind, but it's more important to be conscious, or awake, than conscience, or aware of right and wrong. Remain conscious while listening to your friend's moral dilemma so you can use your conscience to give good advice.
Conscious, pronounced "KAHN-shuhs," means being aware of yourself or the world around you. It also means being sensitive to something or being awake, not asleep or insensible:
Witnesses say he was bleeding profusely but conscious and talking. (Washington Post)
He was even horribly conscious of a slow pallor creeping over his face. (Bertram Mitford)
Conscience, pronounced "KAHN-shuhns," is a moral understanding, an inner feeling, of right and wrong. If you were a cartoon, your conscience would be that little angel on your shoulder, telling you the right thing to do (and to ignore the little devil on the other side). See the word in action:
They went out guiltily, as men whose consciences troubled them. (Richard Marsh)
Passports are not required, but a social conscience probably is. (New York Times)
To help keep conscious and conscience straight, try emphasizing the second n in conscience, remembering that the conscience deals with your inner thoughts.
WORD FAMILY
conscience: conscienceless, consciences, conscientious, conscionable+/conscienceless: consciencelessly/ conscientious: conscientiously, conscientiousness, unconscientious/conscionable: conscionably, unconscionable /unconscientious: unconscientiously, unconscientiousness/ unconscionable: unconscionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My heart is shattered and broken…………. but my conscience is clear. And THAT, really is all that matters.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She ended by noting, “My heart is shattered and broken…………. but my conscience is clear. And THAT, really is all that matters.”
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Read my blog, The Conscience of a Liberal, and follow me on Twitter, @PaulKrugman.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 良心; 道德心
分布：良心(99%)，是非之心(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sci, 知道，词源同science.
良心,道德心(con全部+sci+ence→全部知道→有良知→良心)[sci=know,表示"知道"]
n.良心,良知The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
【记】con全部，sci知道－全部知道自己的错误，还算是个有良心的。Con共同，science（n 科学）：科学家共同的特点是：比较有良心
US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the part of you that judges how moral your own actions are and makes you feel guilty about bad things that you have done or things you feel responsible for 良心；良知
• a guilty conscience 问心有愧
• a question/matter of conscience 事关良心
• You didn't do anything wrong - you should have a clear conscience (= not feel guilty). 你没做错甚么——你应该觉得问心无愧。
• My conscience would really trouble me if I wore a fur coat. 要是我穿件皮草大衣，确实会良心不安。
• He's got no conscience at all (= does not feel guilty) about leaving me to do the housework. 他对于把家务丢给我一点都不觉得内疚。
UK ['kɒn.tʃənts] US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
be/weigh on your conscience
■to make you feel guilty 使（某人）良心不安，使（某人）觉得内疚
• I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday, and it's been on my conscience ever since. 昨天我没理会在街上向我讨钱的那个老妇人，但随后一直觉得良心不安。
UK ['kɒn.tʃənts] US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
in all conscience UK (US in good conscience) formal
■without feeling guilty 凭良心；公道地
• You couldn't, in all conscience, ask her to pay the whole bill! 凭良心说，你不能叫她一个人付所有的帐！

Word: comedy
Front: comedy
[ˈkɒmədi] (高研四六托雅 3216/4172 -K3)
Vocabulary: comedy
(once / 178 pages)
n
A comedy is funny business — it can be an amusing play or movie with a happy ending, or something that happened that made you laugh.
A comedy tries to entertain through honest depictions of life, unlike burlesque, which aims to please its audience through satire, or farce, which relies on absurdity. Charlie Chaplin observed, “Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long-shot.” In other words (of disputed origin), "Tragedy plus time equals comedy." When you slipped on that banana peel and broke your nose? Tragedy! But once you got better, you realized it was actually kind of funny.
WORD FAMILY
comedy: comedian, comedies, comical +/ comedian: comedians/comic: comedy, comics/ comical: comicalest, comicality, comically /comicality: comicalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
That this might be less a comedy and more a peep into how coercive control operates isn’t dwelled upon in these articles.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On the plus side, Comedy Central got a “great director” for the pilot and Proksch thinks the pilot got a great production.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comedy returns Thursday, Jan. 5, on IFC.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 喜剧; 喜剧性; 喜剧体裁; 有趣的事情
分布：喜剧(96%)，滑稽(3%)，幽默事件(1%)
→com, 缩写自希腊文komos, 欢乐，伴侣，来自com-, 强调 ，一起，-it, 走，即走到一起，聚会。 -edy, 词源同ode, 颂诗，颂歌。
喜剧(com+edy表名词→像宴会一样热闹→喜剧)[com=banquet,表示"宴会"]
n.喜剧;喜剧性事件One of his new comedies is to be on TV soon.他的一个新喜剧即将上演.
US ['kɑ:.mə-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a (type of) film, play or book which is intentionally funny either in its characters or its action 喜剧；喜剧片
• His latest film is described as a 'romantic comedy'. 他的最新影片被描述为一部“浪漫喜剧”。
• I prefer Shakespeare's comedies to his tragedies. 我喜欢莎士比亚的喜剧胜过他的悲剧。
uncountable
■the humorous part of a situation 喜剧成分；好笑之处
• The vicar's forgetting his lines in the middle of the speech provided some good comedy. 牧师讲到一半忘了词这件事提供了很不错的笑料。
comedy of manners
■a type of comedy in which the social behaviour of a particular group of people is made to appear silly （讽刺某一群体的）风俗喜剧

Word: epic
Front: epic
[ˈepɪk] (托宝 8602/11865 -2)
Vocabulary: epic
(once / 591 pages)
1nadj 2adj
An epic is a long poem or other work of art celebrating heroic feats. After you sail around the world for seven years, fighting corruption and planting vegetable gardens, some poet will surely write the epic of your adventures.
Epic comes from the Greek for song, because Greek poets like Homer sung their poems. We tend to use epic for long, ambitious novels or movies, especially if they involve a long journey. Epic can be used as an adjective to describe something historically important, lasting and complex. Perhaps your great-grandfather was a soldier in the epic struggle of World War One. Your three day, sleepless card poker game could be described as epic.
WORD FAMILY
epic: epical, epically, epics
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as bad as those floods were, they paled in comparison to the epic floods that hit southern Louisiana in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Fused into abstractions, the disparate pieces yield paintings that are as eventful as epic Renaissance canvasses.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Their epic pursuit of the perfect card requires years of scouting, months of planning and hours of driving.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 叙事诗; 史诗; 史诗般的作品
adj. 史诗般的，叙事诗的; 宏大的，壮丽的，英雄的; 壮丽的
分布：史诗(82%)，史诗的(7%)，叙事诗(4%)，宏大的(3%)，叙事诗的(2%)，壮丽的(2%)
→来自wekw, 说，叙述，词源同voice, invoke.
【记】读：挨批课。上课时赶上老师心情不好，念一段巨长的诗史批评你。这种方法确实是超凡脱俗，不同一般。E张黄色pic－超凡脱俗，不同一般的
【反】modest（adj 谦虚的；适度的）
noun countable
■a film, poem or book which is long and contains a lot of action, usually dealing with a historical subject （通常指描写历史题材的）长篇叙事式电影（或书籍）；史诗
• It's one of those old Hollywood epics with a cast of thousands. 这是老牌的好莱坞史诗电影之一，演员阵容达到数千人。
['ep.ɪk] adjective
■in the style of an epic 史诗般的；鸿篇巨制的；壮丽的
• an epic film about the Roman Empire 古罗马帝国题材的史诗电影
■describes events that happen over a long period and involve a lot of action and difficulty 艰苦卓绝的；漫长而艰难的
• an epic journey/struggle 漫长艰难的旅途／艰苦卓绝的斗争
■informal
■extremely large 宏大的；极大规模的：
• The problem of inflation has reached epic proportions. 通货膨胀问题已经到了极其严重的地步。
adj. 史诗的，叙事诗的
 - rhapsodical
n. 史诗；叙事诗；史诗般的作品
 - epos, heroic

Word: damn
Front: damn
[dæm] (研六宝 4414/6565 -2)
Vocabulary: damn
(once / 196 pages)
nadjvadv
Damn is a common, somewhat naughty exclamation. In one sense it means to condemn or send someone to hell, as in "God damn it!" Other times it means "a little amount," as in "I don't give a damn about baseball."
People can give a damn, damn others to hell, and complain about the damn weather. Some religious people believe their sins could damn them to an eternity of torment and hellfire. You should be careful when peppering your speech with damn, as it might offend some ears. But sometimes damn can be used positively, as in "They make the best damn pizza in town!"
WORD FAMILY
damn: damnable, damnation, damnatory, damned, damnedly, damning, damningly, damns+/damnable: damnablest, damnably/ damnation: damnations/damned: damnedest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Which is what Gruden is saying all along about the Cardinals, record be damned.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“It’s not presidential when the president calls up the head of a damn air-conditioning company, but it’s so much fun for me.”
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“They cried every damn take of that scene,” he says.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adv. 非常; （表示厌烦）该死; 讨厌; 十足
vt. 诅咒; 谴责，指责; 使…失败; [永世受罚，定罪
vi. 诅咒; 咒骂
n. 一点也不，丝毫
adj. 该死的; （表示厌烦）可恶的
时态：damned, damning, damns
分布：该死(35%)，该死的(25%)，诅咒(10%)，非常(9%)，讨厌(9%)，可恶的(5%)，丝毫(4%)，使失败(1%)，极其(1%)，批评(1%)
→来自拉丁语damnum, 损失，伤害，来自dap, 分配，献祭品。原为宗教名词，献祭，词义引申至损失，伤害，或诅咒，可能体现了古人对神既敬畏又反感的复杂心理。参照电影《诸神之战》。
int.该死v.遣责,指责,下地狱I don't care a damn if you like me or not.我毫不在乎你是否喜欢我.
exclamation (also damn it) (also dammit) informal
■an expression of anger 该死，可恶，真倒楣（表示愤怒或气恼）
• Damn, I've spilt coffee down my blouse! 真倒楣，我把咖啡洒到衬衫上了！
⇒ See also goddamn
[dæm] adverb informal
■used, especially when you are annoyed, to mean 'very' （尤用于生气时）太，很，非常
• He knew damn well how much trouble it would cause. 他非常清楚它会带来多大的麻烦。
• Next time he can damn well do it himself! 下一次他自己去做吧！
• You were damn lucky not to have been killed! 你没送命可真够幸运！
damn all UK informal
■nothing 丝毫没有，甚么都没有
• I know damn all about computers. 我对电脑一窍不通。
[dæm] verb
BLAME 指责
transitive
■to blame or strongly criticize something or someone 谴责，指责
• The inquiry into the disaster damns the company for its lack of safety precautions. 这次灾难的调查报告强烈谴责该公司没有预先采取足够的安全措施。
[dæm] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive usually passive
■(especially of God) to force someone to stay in hell and be punished forever （尤指上帝）惩罚，把（某人）投入地狱
• As a child she was taught that she would be damned for her sins. 她从小就受教导，有了罪过要受到惩罚。
[dæm] verb
damn you/them/it, etc. informal
■used to express anger with someone or something （表示对某人或某事物的愤怒或厌烦）讨厌，该死，可恶
• You got the last ticket - damn you, I wanted that! 你得到了最后一张票——讨厌，我也想要呢！
[dæm] verb
damn sb with faint praise
■to praise someone so slightly that it suggests you do not really admire them 有些口是心非地赞许（某人）；对（某人）明褒实眨
[dæm] adjective [before noun] (also damned) informal
■used to express anger with someone or something 该死的，可恶的，讨厌的
• Damn fool ! 该死的傻瓜！
[dæm] noun
not give/care a damn
■used as a way of saying you do not care about something, especially the annoying things that someone else is doing or saying 随便好了；毫不在乎
• He can think what he likes about me - I don't give a damn! 他对我爱怎么想就怎么想——我才不在乎呢！
vt. 谴责；罚…下地狱
 - condemn, denounce
vi. 谴责
 - accuse of, brush down
n. 一点；诅咒
 - one point, tittle
adj. 可恶的
 - abhorrent, dad-burned
adv. 非常
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too
int. 讨厌
 - dang

Word: durable
Front: durable
[ˈdjʊərəbl] (研四六托雅 7949/10004 -2)
Vocabulary: durable
(once / 1149 pages)
adj
Something that is built to last is durable. Your most durable pair of hiking boots will last you through your trek to the summit of Mount Everest.
Anything that's long-lasting, sturdy, or doesn't bend under pressure can be described as durable. You could have a durable relationship with your oldest friend, durable tires on your car, and a durable umbrella — they won't let you down or break. The Latin root of durable is durabilis, which means "lasting or permanent," and comes from durare, "to harden."
WORD FAMILY
durable: durability, durably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Collective, democratic representation in the workplace is essential to shared and durable economic prosperity.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Orders for long-lasting durable goods are down slightly in 2016 compared with last year, despite overall economic growth.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
The result is a dough that’s chewy and durable.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. 耐用的，耐久的; 持久的; 长期的
n. 耐用品，耐久品
分布：耐用持久的(100%)
→来自拉丁语durus, 硬，词源同endure, tree.引申义持久的。
持久的(dur+able)[dur=last,hard,表示"持久,坚硬"]
a.持久的,耐久的My durable endurance made me endure the injury during insurance.我持久的忍耐力使我忍受了保险期间的伤害.
US ['dʊr.ə-] adjective
■able to last a long time without becoming damaged 持久的，耐久的
• The machines have to be made of durable materials. 这种机器必须使用耐用的材料来制造。
• The resolution calls for a durable peace settlement. 该决议呼吁得出一个持久的和平解决方案。
adj. 耐用的，持久的
 - continued, sustained, service, lasting
n. 耐用品
 - hardgoods

Word: implicate
Front: implicate
[ˈɪmplɪkeɪt] (托宝 7696/7909 -1)
Vocabulary: implicate
(once / 1829 pages)
v
The verb implicate means "to connect or involve in something." For example, your cousins might implicate you in the planning of a big party for your grandparents.
Implicate comes from the Latin word implicare, meaning "to entwine, involve." When you implicate someone, you bring him or her into a group or to pitch in on a project. Implicate can have criminal connotations when it means "to connect in an incriminating manner," like when detectives figure out who drove the getaway car in the bank robbery — that person will be implicated for his or her role in the crime.
WORD FAMILY
implicate: implicated, implicates, implicating
USAGE EXAMPLES
But “Lion” raises broader issues of identity — ethnic and otherwise — that are implicated in most human stories.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
No Columbus officials were implicated in the scheme.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
There is no suggestion that Trump or his companies were implicated in the inquiry.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 牵涉，涉及（某人）; 表明（或意指）…是起因; 暗示
n. 包含的东西
时态：implicated, implicating, implicates
分布：暗示(56%)，牵涉(33%)，意味着(11%)
→im-,进入，使，-plic,编织，卷入，词源同imply,complicate.引申词义牵连，牵涉。
牵连;含蓄表达(im进+plic+ate→[说话]进入重叠→含蓄表达)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
【记】im进入，plic重叠，ate－进入重叠状态－使牵连
【参】implication（n 牵连；暗示）；complicate（v 使变复杂）
verb transitive
■to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something bad that has happened 牵连，涉及
• Have they any evidence to implicate him in the robbery? 他们有证据证明他涉嫌抢劫案吗？
vt. 暗示；使牵连其中；含有…的意思
 - hint at, speak of sth.

Word: balk
Front: balk
[bɔ:k] (托宝 10330/23905 -1)
Vocabulary: balk
(once / 1622 pages)
1vn 2n 3n 4n
If you balk at your mother's suggestion that you take on more responsibility, you're saying no to added chores. To balk means to refuse to go along with.
A donkey balks when it refuses to move forward. This is a good picture for balk which is often used in conjunction with demands. Demands are something people often balk at like a donkey refusing to move. In baseball, a pitcher balks when he or she begins a pitch by winding up, but does not complete it. It is as if he is refusing to complete a started pitch, and it is against the rules.
WORD FAMILY
balk: balked, balker, balking, balks, balky+/balker: balkers/balky: balkier, balkiest, balkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, such as Philadelphia and Cook County, home of Chicago, balk at most requests.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They balked at his concern over a looming deadline to pay a fine he owed for fare-dodging on Berlin’s transport network days before.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
They balked at the offer and simply pushed her aside, Ms. Rodríguez said.
New York Times(Jun 19, 2016)
Back: vi. 畏缩不前，犹豫; （指马）不肯跑; 拒绝; [体]假动作
vt. 阻止，阻碍; 推诿; 过错
n. 阻碍，妨碍; 错误，挫折; 田埂; [体]假动作
时态：balked, balking, balks
分布：阻止(25%)，梁木(15%)，障碍(15%)，错误(10%)，犯规动作(10%)，退缩(8%)，失败(8%)，拒绝(6%)，突然停止(3%)
→来自PIE *bhel(2), 膨胀，鼓，词源同bole, 树干，原指树干堆起来的障碍物，后指障碍，令人畏惧的东西。-k, 硬化音，表强调，比较hear, 听，hark, 听.
【记】读：罢课。因为起床有困难，就拒绝作上课这件事。源于：back－不肯前进！
【反】move ahead willingly（自愿前进）；acquiesce（vi 默许）
US [bɑ:lk] verb intransitive
■to be unwilling to do something or to allow something to happen 犹豫
• I balked at the prospect of spending four hours on a train with him. 想到要与他一起在火车上度过四个小时，我就感到心不甘情不愿的。
(also baulk) UK [bɔ:k] US [bɑ:lk] noun countable
■a rough thick piece of wood 梁木，粗木材
n. 障碍；错误
 - error, mistake, obstacle, let, bar
vt. 阻止；推诿；错过
 - stem, block, dispute, lose, prohibit
vi. 犹豫；突然止步不前
 - daiker, hang back

Word: beloved
Front: beloved
[bɪˈlʌvd] (研四雅 4947/7142 -2)
Vocabulary: beloved
(once / 179 pages)
adjn
Your beloved is someone you love. You can also talk about a beloved pet or possession.
You probably have some things you really love: a bike, a skateboard, a book, a DVD, maybe a souvenir from a trip. Those are beloved possessions — you really like them a lot. People also talk about beloved family members, beloved pets, and beloved friends. This is a word for things and people you're crazy about. And if you're feeling really crazy on Valentine's Day, go ahead and tell your crush that she's your beloved.
WORD FAMILY
beloved: belovedest, belovedly, beloveds, unbeloved
USAGE EXAMPLES
News of Fisher’s death shocked fans into a new reality - one without their beloved Princess Leia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This channel’s Steinbeck-inspired marathon begins with Elia Kazan’s adaptation of one of Steinbeck’s most beloved novels.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 被热爱的; 亲爱的; 为…所爱的
n. 心爱的人，可爱的人; 情人; 亲爱的教友
分布：心爱的(79%)，爱人(21%)
a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
[bɪ'lʌv.ɪd] [-'lʌvd] slightly formal
adjective
■loved very much 深爱的；心爱的；热爱的
• Her beloved husband died last year. 她深爱的丈夫去年死了。
• She was forced to leave her beloved Paris and return to Lyon. 她被迫离开热爱的巴黎，回到里昂。
• Eric was a gifted teacher beloved by all those he taught over the years. 埃里克是位天才的教师，多年来他一直受到所有学生们的热爱。
[bɪ'lʌv.ɪd] [-'lʌvd] slightly formal
noun
my/her/your beloved
■someone that you love and who you have a romantic relationship with 我的／她的／你的爱人
• He's sending some flowers to his beloved. 他要送花给他的心上人。
adj. 心爱的；挚爱的
 - blue-eyed
n. 心爱的人；亲爱的教友
 - darling, the light of one's eyes

Word: blueprint
Front: blueprint
[ˈblu:prɪnt] (研宝 7570/9861 -1)
Vocabulary: blueprint
(once / 4033 pages)
nv
A blueprint is a guide for making something — it's a design or pattern that can be followed. Want to build the best tree house ever? Draw up a blueprint and follow the design carefully.
The literal meaning of a blueprint is a paper — which is blue — with plans for a building printed on it. You can also call other guides or plans blueprints. The way you do your homework every night could provide a blueprint for your little sister’s study habits. A business plan is a blueprint for a profitable business. Religions and philosophies provide the blueprint for many people’s lives. A blueprint helps you figure out what to do.
WORD FAMILY
blueprint: blueprinted, blueprinting, blueprints
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Iowa Statewide Impaired Driver Plan offers a blueprint for lawmakers to act.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It laid down a blueprint for the dispossession of the Palestinians, tearing a regional wound that is still unhealed.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
"Maybe he will deny it but it's not good," Duterte said of Goldberg's alleged blueprint, which he said was plausible because of Goldberg's history.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 蓝图，设计图; 计划大纲; 原本
vt. 为…制蓝图; 为…制订计划
时态：blueprinted, blueprinting, blueprints
分布：蓝图(82%)，计划(13%)，设计图(4%)，制成蓝图(1%)
n.蓝图,设计图,计划vt.制成蓝图,计划
noun countable
■a photographic copy of an early plan for a building or machine 蓝图
■an early plan or design which explains how something might be achieved 早期计划；早期设计
• their blueprint for economic reform 他们的经济改革计划
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
vt. 计划；制成蓝图
 - schedule, design, map, propose, project
n. [印刷] 蓝图，设计图；计划
 - plan, scheme, programme, project

Word: barcelona
Front: barcelona
[,ba:si'ləunə] (-/6761)
Back: n. 巴塞罗那（西班牙东北部港市）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: pragmatism
Front: pragmatism
[ˈprægmətɪzəm] (13677/15713 -1)
Vocabulary: pragmatism
(once / 4571 pages)
n
When you practice pragmatism, you accept conditions as they are and make practical decisions. Your head is not in the clouds.
If you urge your daydreaming friend to accept that life is not a fairy tale and the only way to succeed is through hard work, that's pragmatism. This is an approach based on how things are, not on how you wish they were. This also refers to a philosophical doctrine built on the idea that something can only be true if it works. If you're known for your pragmatism, then you're realistic, logical, and know how to get things done.
WORD FAMILY
pragmatism: pragmatical, pragmatisms, pragmatist +/ pragmatic: pragmatically, pragmatics, pragmatism / pragmatist: pragmatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the two-time president of the agency, his extraordinary talent and personal pragmatism burnished Magnum’s reputation as an agency of excellence.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Both analyses reflect Obama’s essential caution and pragmatism about one nation’s ability to shape global events, prevent violence and expand freedom and stability.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Donald Trump is forging a transactional path to the White House, assembling a cabinet based more on pragmatism than loyalty.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. [哲]实用主义; 实用的观点和方法
分布：实用主义(100%)
US [-tˌɪ-] mainly approving
noun uncountable
■when you deal with a problem in a realistic way rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas or rules 实用主义；务实思想
• The council has operated much more effectively since pragmatism replaced political dogma. 实用主义取代政治教条后，市议会的工作更有效了。
n. 实用主义；独断
 - utilitarianism, Deweyism

Word: deterrent
Front: deterrent
[dɪˈterənt] (托 9721/7188 -1)
Vocabulary: deterrent
(once / 3685 pages)
nadj
A deterrent makes you not want to do something. Let's say there's a giant pile of cookies being guarded by an angry dog — the dog is a deterrent.
People talk about deterrents most often when discussing crime. The death penalty is supposed to be a deterrent — the idea is that people will be so scared of the death penalty that they won't commit certain crimes. Jail is another deterrent. Teachers also use deterrents — the possibility of getting detention is a deterrent that should encourage students to behave. A deterrent is the opposite of a reward. A reward encourages you to do the right thing, while a deterrent discourages you from doing the wrong thing.
WORD FAMILY
deterrent: deterrence, deterrently, deterrents+/ deter: determent, deterred, deterrent, deterring, deters/determent: determents/deterred: undeterred
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If they’re guilty, they should be penalized in a deterrent fashion,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Opinions differ on whether the dolls are an effective deterrent to teen pregnancy, however.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Tacoma police spokeswoman Loretta Cool said she doesn’t think Barrow’s box serves as a deterrent or is a good idea.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 制止物; 威慑物
adj. 制止的; 遏制的
分布：威慑的(55%)，威慑物(45%)
→来自deter, 震慑，威慑。
威慑的阻化剂(deter+r+ent)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
【记】源于deter：低着头要rent房租－威慑的
【反】incentive（n 动机；adj 激励的）；inducement（n 动机；引诱物）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something which deters people from doing something 威慑，障碍，遏制
• a nuclear deterrent 核威慑
• Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as (= be) a deterrent to other would-be offenders. 从严判决可以起到震慑其他潜在犯罪者的作用。
adj. 遏制的，威慑的；制止的
 - restraining, suppressing
n. 威慑；妨碍物；挽留的事物
 - preventer

Word: upward
Front: upward
[ˈʌpwəd] (高研四六 6144/7607 -K)
Back: adj. 向上的，上升的; 升高的
adv. 向上地，上升地
分布：向上(57%)，上升(25%)，向上的(11%)，上升的(7%)
→即向上的。
向上的(up向上)[-ward表形容词+副词"向…" 注:ward可变成wards,但只能作副词用]
a.向上的,上升的ad.向上Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward, downward, inward, outward, forward and backward.后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看.
US [-wɚd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■moving towards a higher position, level or value 向上的，朝上的；向高处的
• With an upward trend in inflation, you expect prices to rise. 通货膨胀有上升趋势，预计物价还会上涨。
Opposite downward
adj. 向上的；上升的
 - upgrade, rising, up, climbing
adv. 向上
 - up, zenithward

Word: dispose
Front: dispose
[dɪˈspəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 6900/4101 -2)
Vocabulary: dispose
(once / 65 pages)
v
If you dispose of something, you get rid of it. Don't want that sweatshirt with the clown's face on it? Give it away, throw it out, even sell it — these are all ways to dispose of that awful shirt.
The verb dispose comes from the Latin word disponere, meaning “put in order,” “arrange,” or “distribute" — like when you dispose volunteers to collect trash at a park. The word of usually follows dispose when it means "getting rid of something." Another meaning is "make willing or open to something," like your childhood love of reading that disposes you to becoming a life-long reader.
WORD FAMILY
dispose: disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing, disposition, indispose, predispose, redispose+/ disposable: disposables, nondisposable/ disposal: disposals/disposed: disposedly/ disposition: dispositions/indispose: indisposed, indisposes, indisposing, indisposition/indisposition: indispositions/ predispose: predisposed, predisposes, predisposing, predisposition / predisposition: predispositions/redispose: redisposed, redisposes, redisposing, redisposition/redisposition: redispositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The homeless would get gift certificates at a thrift shop to replace disposed items once housing is secured.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The News of Brunswick on disposing of Christmas trees:
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Secretly touring the Westworld labs, she looked in wonder at her fellow robots being built, taught, repaired and disposed of.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 处理，处置; 安排
vt. 排列; 布置; 使倾向于，使有意于
时态：disposed, disposing, disposes
分布：处理掉(43%)，解决(37%)，清除(14%)，杀死(3%)，打败(3%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-pos, 放置，词源同pose, compose. 即有序布置，安排，引申词义处理。
处理;排列(dis分开→pose→分开[排好]→排列)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.(of)处理,处置;(for)布置,安排The imposing man posed as a man of good disposition and disposed of the rubbish.给人印象深刻的人冒充一个好安排的人并且处理垃圾.
US [-'spoʊz] formal
verb
dispose sb to/towards sb/sth
■to make someone feel a particular way towards someone or something 使（某人）对…产生某种感觉
• His rudeness when we first met didn't dispose me very kindly to/towards him. 我们首次会面时，他那粗暴的态度使我对他没产生甚么好感。
UK [dɪ'spəʊz] US [-'spoʊz] formal
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  dispose of sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to get rid of someone or something or deal with something so that the matter is finished 清除；处理；解决；击败
• How did they dispose of the body? 他们是如何处理尸体的？
• It took a mere five minutes for the world champion to dispose of (= defeat) his opponent. 世界冠军只用五分钟就击败了对手。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. 处理；处置；安排
 - schedule, budget, settle, place in, cope with
vi. 处理；安排；（能够）决定
 - manage, place in, cope with
n. 处置；性情
 - make, temperament

Word: maduro

Word: contingent
Front: contingent
[kənˈtɪndʒənt] (托宝 9268/8532 -2)
Vocabulary: contingent
(once / 629 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
The adjective contingent can be used to describe when something can occur only when something else does first. Making money is contingent on finding a good-paying job.
When something is contingent it means that the possibility of an event or situation depends on another happening or being true first. For example, sometimes people want to buy a new house but they make the purchase of the house they want to buy contingent upon someone else buying their old house first. That way they don't end up owning two houses!
WORD FAMILY
contingent: contingency, contingently, contingents+/ contingency: contingencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, both governments maintain that the visits were separate and not contingent upon one another.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
For the local contingent, matchups with Northeastern schools represent both an intimidating challenge and a welcome break from routine.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Navy personnel in dress white uniforms accompanied them, along with senior aides and a small contingent of reporters.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 依情况而定的; 取决于…的
n. 分遣队; 代表团
分布：代表团(44%)，取决于(36%)，小分队(8%)，不可预知的(4%)，偶然的事情(4%)，经验主义的(4%)
→来自contingency, 紧急事件，或处理紧急事件的人。
依条件而定的(con共同+ting+ent→(根据)大家接触到的情况而定)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
【记】con共同，ting＝tig接触－我们竟然共同接触在一起了－意外的con共同，ting拼：听－我们一起听新闻，因为有意外发生了，比如：美国停止签证10年！！然后看天气预报，因为我们不用被单词了，我们要去野餐，但是要是天气情况而定。
【参】contingency（n 偶然性；意外事故）
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people representing an organization or country, or a part of a military force （代表某一组织或国家的）代表团；（军队的）分遣队，小分队
• The French contingent certainly made their presence known at this year's conference. 法国代表团在今年的会议上确实表现出众。
• a large contingent of voluntary soldiers 一支由志愿兵组成的庞大分遣队
[kən'tɪn.dʒənt] adjective formal
contingent on/upon sth
■depending on something else in the future in order to happen 视…而定的；因…而变的；取决于…的
• Outdoor arrangements are, as ever, contingent on the weather. 同以前一样，室外布置依天气而定。
• Our success is contingent upon your support. 我们的成功有赖于你的支援。
adj. 因情况而异的；不一定的；偶然发生的
 - occurrent, chancy
n. 分遣队；偶然事件；分得部分
 - happenchance, detachment

Word: tribute
Front: tribute
[ˈtrɪbju:t] (研六托宝 4953/3939 -2)
Vocabulary: tribute
(once / 322 pages)
1n 2n
A tribute is a sign of respect or admiration, an award to honor a person's accomplishments. A famous director receives a lifetime achievement award as a tribute to his many successful films.
We're most familiar with the use of the word tribute meaning to honor someone with words or an award. You can hear a tribute if you're lucky enough to attend an entertainment awards ceremony, or need to attend a funeral. Students will give a retiring teacher flowers as a tribute to her years of service in education. Tribute can also mean a kind of payment that's given from one nation to another.
WORD FAMILY
tribute: tributes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wardell coined a jokey phrase that - to put it one way - sarcastically encouraged people to expose themselves in tribute to the dead gorilla.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
According to the statement, the Art Directors Guild will present a tribute to Mr. Wong at its awards ceremony on Feb 11.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Sydney celebrated the end of 2016 with 120 tonnes of fireworks and a tribute to three of the year’s most high-profile celebrity deaths.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 致敬; 悼念; 贡品; 体现
分布：敬意(51%)，贡品(21%)，称赞(15%)，礼物(13%)
→来自拉丁语 tribuere,支付，分配，给予，部落间的财富分配或其它，来自 tribus,部落，词源 同 tribe.引申词义贡品，贡金等。
赠品;赞扬[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
n.贡品;颂词,称赞,(表示敬意的)礼物Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】trib＝tribe（n 部落），ute：部落之间要相互赞颂。
【区】tribulation（n 苦难）；tributary（adj 进贡的；支流的；n 进贡国）
【反】denunciation（n 谴责；告发）；aspersion（n 洒水；诽谤；中伤）reprobation（n 斥责）
noun
RESPECTFUL ACTION 表示敬意的举动
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something that you say, write or give which shows your respect and admiration for someone, especially on a formal occasion （尤指在正式场合表达敬意的）颂词，礼物
• Tributes have been pouring in from all over the world for the famous actor who died yesterday. 昨天，这位著名男演员去世，世界各国人士纷纷发来唁电表示哀悼。
• For wedding bouquets, floral tributes (= flowers sent to someone's funeral) and all your flower needs, call Mandy's Florists. 婚礼、葬礼以及其他各种用花需求，请致电曼迪花店。
pay tribute to sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to praise someone or something 赞扬，称赞
• The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze. 部长高度赞扬奋力扑灭大火的勇士们。
['trɪb.ju:t] noun
BENEFICIAL EFFECT 好处
be a tribute to sth/sb
■to show clearly how good, strong or effective something or someone is 是（优秀、强大或有效性）的明证
• I've never known a 5-year-old as well-behaved as your son - he's a tribute to you! 我从没见过一个五岁的小孩像你儿子这么乖——你真行！
• It is a tribute to his determination over his 22 years that he has achieved where so many before him have failed. 在他之前，那么多人都失败了，他却取得成功，这充分证明他22年来的决心有多坚定。
n. 礼物； [税收] 贡物；颂词
 - gift, giving, present

Word: marking
Front: marking
[ˈmɑ:kɪŋ] (9938/6853 -1)
Back: n. 标记，记号; （支票的）认付; 斑纹; 批改，打分
v. 作记号; 在…留下痕迹; 给…打分; 注意
adj. 赋与特征的; 使显眼的
分布：标志(72%)，打分(16%)，斑纹(10%)，动词mark的现在分词.(2%)
→来自mark,斑点，花纹，-ing,集合名词后缀。
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable usually plural
■a mark which makes it possible to recognize something 标记；标识
• There are a couple of fish with blue markings, and a few more with gold stripes down the side. 这里有几条带蓝色斑点的鱼，那边还有几条带金色条纹的。
• The army said the relief flight would be too dangerous as none of its helicopters had Red Cross markings. 军方说由于所有直升机都没有红十字会标记，所以救援飞行太危险。
n. 标志；打分；做记号； [生物] 斑纹
 - symbol, seal, flag
v. 注意；作记号于；给…打分数（mark的ing形式）
 - noticing

Word: herb
Front: herb
[hɜ:b] (高研六托雅 3573/5112 -2)
Vocabulary: herb
(once / 494 pages)
n
What do food, medicine, and perfume have in common? Well, they all can be created from herbs. An herb is a plant that has a soft rather than a woody stem, and it tends to have a unique taste or smell.
There are many kinds of plants, but one that you've likely seen mentioned on a menu or ad for a medical treatment is the herb. Herbs are distinguished from other plants by their stem, which does not become permanent and woody; instead, it stays soft. Many herbs are used in cooking, such as basil and thyme, because they add flavor to foods. Many herbs, like ginseng and chamomile, are used in tea and are believed to be good for your health.
WORD FAMILY
herb: herbal, herbs+/herbal: herbally, herbals/herbalist: herbalists/herbs: herbalist
USAGE EXAMPLES
She previously won the competition’s student division in 2014 with her citrus seared duck breast with herb goat cheese dish.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Sprinkle over the remaining herbs and serve immediately.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The designation will allow them continued access to tribal ceremonies, firewood and herb collection, hunting, grazing and outdoor recreation on the site.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 草，草本植物; 药草，香草; 牧草
分布：药草(63%)，香草(37%)
→来自拉丁语herba,草，草药，来自ghre,生长，词源同grass.
n.药草,(调味用的)香草,草本植物No herb will cure love.无药可治相思病.
US [ɝ:b] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a type of plant whose leaves are used in cooking to give flavour to particular dishes, or which are used in making medicine （用作调味品或药材的）香草，药草
• dried/fresh herbs 干／新鲜药草
• Basil, oregano, thyme and rosemary are all herbs. 罗勒、牛至、百里香和迷迭香都是香草。
• A large range of herbs and spices are used in South Asian cookery. 南亚地区烹饪中使用多种药草和香料。
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
n. 香草， [植] 药草
 - bouquet garni, vanilla

Word: hyde

Word: hobnob
Front: hobnob
[ˈhɒbnɒb] (25933/42830)
Vocabulary: hobnob
(once / 12655 pages)
v
To hobnob is to spend time or hang out with someone, especially at a social event. When you're invited to a fancy benefit party at a museum, you might get to hobnob with socialites and minor celebrities.
When you hobnob, you mingle or pal around with fancy folks. People who work in book publishing occasionally get to hobnob with writers, and if you get a job on a movie set, you may have a chance to hobnob with movie stars. Hobnob first meant "to drink to one another," or "to toast each other." In Britain, a HobNob is also a popular cookie or biscuit brand.
WORD FAMILY
hobnob: hobnobbed, hobnobbing, hobnobs
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, married to an ambitious scion, she was accustomed to hobnobbing with the rich and powerful.
Time(Dec 22, 2016)
It finances his travels as he hobnobs at conferences and dinners with the rich in Europe and Asia.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
Bush and whose Georgetown home became a hub for official Washington hobnobbing.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: vi. & n. 对酌，共饮，（亲切）交谈
时态：hobnobbed, hobnobbing, hobnobs
分布：共饮(64%)，亲切交谈(36%)
→缩写自短语hob and nob,敬酒，你一杯我一杯，来自古英语habban,nabban,对应have,not have.引申词义亲近，巴结。比较willy-nilly.
US ['hɑ:b.nɑ:b] (-bb-) informal disapproving
verb intransitive
■to spend time being friendly with someone who is important or famous （与要人或名人）亲近，过从甚密
• She often has her picture in the papers, hobnobbing with the rich and famous. 报纸上经常刊载她与富贾名流过从甚密的照片。
vi. 交谈；共饮；过从甚密；亲切交谈
 - colloquize, rap off
n. 交谈；共饮
 - conversation, confabulation

Word: accommodation
Front: accommodation
[əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn] (高研四六雅 5369/2048 -K2)
Vocabulary: accommodation
(once / 571 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Accommodation is all about making room — it can mean a room or place where you will stay or an agreement about sharing something.
If the only accommodation at Grandma's is the bunk bed and you and your sis decide to take turns on the top, you've made an accommodation regarding your accommodations. When you are accommodating someone, you are making room for them or special circumstances for them. For example, the student with the broken hand was granted the accommodation of having a scribe write his answers for the test. Always remember that accommodation is an accommodating word — there's room inside for two m's and two c's.
WORD FAMILY
accommodation: accommodational, accommodations+/ accommodate: accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator/ accommodating: accommodatingly, unaccommodating/accommodator: accommodators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may mean living in a place not ordinarily used for regular sleeping accommodations, like a vehicle, park, hotel or motel, or campground.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Another 40,000 live in shelters and other transitional accommodation, according to the department of housing and urban development.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The accommodation provided was registered as a £37,100 donation in kind to Mr Cameron.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 住处; 适应; 便利; 和解
分布：住处(31%)，和解(26%)，适应(23%)，膳宿(20%)
n.(accommodations)住宿,留宿;膳宿供应Accommodation is expensive in Beijing.北京住房昂贵.
US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a place to live, work, stay, etc. in 住处；工作场所；停留处
• There's a shortage of cheap accommodation (= places to live). 便宜的住所供不应求。
• We have first and second class accommodation (= seats) on this flight. 本航班备有头等和二等舱位。
UK [əˌkɒm.ə'deɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  accommodationWarning: Check your spelling! Accommodation is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'cc' and 'mm'.
UK [əˌkɒm.ə'deɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  accommodation In UK English, accommodation does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of accommodation , do not say 'accommodations', just say accommodation , some accommodation or a lot of accommodation :
✗ Would you like me to book overnight accommodations for you? Would you like me to book some overnight accommodation for you? To talk about accommodation in the singular, do not say 'an accommodation', just say accommodation.
✗ The college provides an excellent accommodation for students. The college provides excellent accommodation for students.
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
lodging, accommodation, apartment, flae, quarters, suite
这些名词均有“住处”之意。
lodging: 常用lodgins, 指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
n. 住处，膳宿； [分子生物] 调节；和解；预订铺位
 - residence, adjustment, conditioning

Word: theoretical
Front: theoretical
[ˌθɪəˈretɪkl] (高研四六托雅宝 3781/2729 -2)
Vocabulary: theoretical
(once / 872 pages)
adj
Something theoretical is concerned with theories and hypotheses — it's not necessarily based on real life or meant to be applied to real life.
Theoretical things are based on theory and ideas, while practical ones are based on practice. Theoretical thinking can be really helpful when you're trying to imagine something or problem-solve, but your theories should always be tested out in the practical world. As philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “The theoretical understanding of the world, which is the aim of philosophy, is not a matter of great practical importance to animals, or to savages, or even to most civilized men.”
WORD FAMILY
theoretical: theoretically+/theoretician: theoreticians/theorise: theorisation, theorised, theoriser, theorises, theorising/theoriser: theorisers/ theorist: theorists/theorization: theorizations/theorize: theorization, theorized, theorizer, theorizes, theorizing/theorizer: theorizers/ theory: theoretic, theoretical, theoretician, theories, theorise, theorist, theorize
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, more effort should be directed to developing new theoretical approaches to understanding gravity, he argues.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I learned a lot of theoretical stuff, but I was missing the practical side,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But Gonzalez started her graduate studies as a theoretical physicist and only later switched to experimental work, when she showed uncommon aptitude.
Nature(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 理论的; 推想的，假设的; 空论的
分布：理论上的(100%)
→theory,理论，-ical,形容词后缀。
a.理论(上)的You can get a theoretical knowledge of farming from text books.你可以从教科书上得到关于耕作的理论知识.
US [ˌθi:.ə're-] adjective
■based on the ideas that relate to a subject, not the practical uses of that subject 理论上的；纯理论的
• theoretical physics 理论物理
■related to an explanation that has not been proved 推想的，假设的
adj. 理论的；理论上的；假设的；推理的
 - academic, reasoning

Word: unreliable
Front: unreliable
[ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl] (六雅 10731/8419 -1)
Vocabulary: unreliable
(once / 3498 pages)
adj
Someone unreliable can't be trusted to do something. Things can be unreliable too, like a bike with a wobbly wheel.
The word "rely" is a clue to what unreliable means. When you can rely on something, you can count in it — it's reliable. On the other hand, you'd better not count on an unreliable person. People can be unreliable because they're dishonest, always late, bad at their job, or just inconsistent. Things can be unreliable because they're broken or old. A train schedule can be unreliable if the trains are never on time. Unfortunately, there's a lot of stuff in life that's unreliable, so be careful.
WORD FAMILY
unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably+/ reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable / reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Emily Blunt stars as Rachel, a divorced alcoholic who becomes an unreliable and unlikely detective in this adaptation of Paula Hawkins’s best-selling novel.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It played like an average, unreliable squad that settles for decency, squints when the lights are bright and fails to maximize its best attributes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In an email, he characterized the data in the report as “grossly inaccurate” and its conclusions “completely unreliable.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不可靠的，靠不住的; 不能信任的
分布：不可靠的(100%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not able to be trusted or believed; not reliable 不可靠的；不能信赖的
• The bus service is unreliable. 公车服务不可靠。
• unreliable evidence 不可信的证据
adj. 不可靠的；靠不住的
 - uncertain, trustless

Word: catalonia

Word: liable
Front: liable
[ˈlaɪəbl] (研四六雅 8305/3300 -2)
Vocabulary: liable
(once / 249 pages)
adj
If you drive into someone's fence, you’ll probably be held liable — legally responsible — for fixing it. Liable can also mean “likely,” usually with something unpleasant: "If you don't brush your teeth, they're liable to fall out."
When liable refers to legal responsibility, it's used with "for": "You're liable for the court costs" (meaning you have to pay them). When liable means "likely," it's with "to": "If you build your house on that cliff, it's liable to fall into the river," or "That part of town is liable to mudslides." Don't confuse liable with libel, which is a legal term for slander, or saying something false and damaging about someone.
WORD FAMILY
liable: liability, liably+/ liability: liabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lord Penrose concluded in 2015 it was unlikely any individual or institution would be held criminally liable as a result of the scandal.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The Bible, its pages browned and frayed at their edges, seemed liable to crumble at the slightest touch.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Justice Judith French wrote that officers couldn’t be held liable unless they acted “in a wanton or reckless manner.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 有责任的; 有义务的; 有…倾向的; 易…的
分布：有义务的(59%)，可能的(21%)，有 ... 倾向(10%)，应负责的(10%)
→来自拉丁语ligare,绑定，连结，词源同ligament,oblige.
a.有...倾向的;可能遭受...的;有责任的I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
adjective [after verb]
RESPONSIBLE 负责的 specialized
■having (legal) responsibility for something or someone 承担责任的；负有（法律）责任的
• The law holds parents liable if a child does not attend school. 这项法律规定孩子不上学父母要负法律责任。
• If we lose the case we may be liable for (= have to pay) the costs of the whole trial. 如果我们输掉了这场官司，就要承担官司的全部费用。
['laɪ.ə.bl] adjective [after verb]
LIKELY 可能的
■very likely to happen 很可能会发生的，可能性很大的
• The areas of town near the river are liable to flooding (= are often flooded). 这个城镇靠近河边的地区很容易遭到水淹。
• [+ to infinitive] He's liable to make a fuss if you wake him. 你如果把他吵醒了，他会大发雷霆的。
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
responsible, liable
这组词都有“对某人或某事负责的”的意思，其区别是：
responsible: 指能熟练而出色地履行职责或完成任务，或指在出差错而对其原因有争执时承担过失。
liable: 着重指在不履行债务等时应负法律责任或受罚。
adj. 有责任的，有义务的；应受罚的；有…倾向的；易…的
 - responsible, bound, accountable, prone

Word: brace
Front: brace
[breɪs] (研六托雅宝 6591/8937 -2)
Vocabulary: brace
(once / 370 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A brace is a support that helps to steady or strengthen, and to brace is to prepare for something hard. So brace yourself for that impromptu meeting with your boss if you haven't been performing well.
We all know the braces that straighten teeth and keep injured knees in line. But in verb form, brace means to bolster or steady. “Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow is exhilarating; there is really no such thing as bad weather, only different kinds of good weather,” said John Ruskin, the English writer and cultural critic. He means the wind supports us with its uplifting powers — although those living in tornado country might disagree.
WORD FAMILY
brace: braced, bracer, braces, bracing, unbrace+/bracer: bracers/bracing: bracingly, bracings/unbrace: unbraced, unbraces, unbracing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Arizona running back David Johnson ended his season finale on the sideline and with a brace on his left knee.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their trunks, ten to fifteen feet in diameter, were braced with massive buttresses and knees.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The era of fedora hats, braces and brogues fits Affleck’s classic matinee idol good looks, too.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 支撑; 系紧; 准备，预备; 振作起来
vi. 准备好; 支持; 打起精神
n. 支持物; 铁钳，夹子; [语]大括号; 绷紧（身体部位的）肌肉
时态：braced, bracing, braces
分布：支撑(38%)，支架(20%)，大括号(11%)，支柱(8%)，防备(6%)，一对(6%)，振作(4%)，绷紧(4%)，牙箍(3%)
→来自拉丁词bracchia, 手臂。词源同brief, 短的。原指两手合抱，表支持义，后指箍子，括号等。
支持,使坚固的支持物[brace=two arms表示"两臂"]
v.使防备;支撑;使(手,足,肩等)绷紧n.托架Brace yourself for the new challenge!振作起来,迎击新的挑战!
【记】brace原指双臂，用双臂支撑－使稳固用两个brace embrace（v 拥抱）
【反】denounce（vt 公开指责）
noun
SUPPORT 支架
countable (plural braces)
■something that connects, fastens, strengthens or supports 托架，支架
• I had to wear a brace (US usually braces)for my crooked teeth when I was a teenager. 十几岁时我不得不替我的畸形齿上戴上牙箍。
• He was recently fitted with a brace for his bad back. 他最近因背部受伤戴了一个支撑架。
braces [plural] UK (US suspenders)
■a pair of narrow straps which stretch from the front of the trousers over your shoulders to the back to hold them up （裤子的）背带
• a pair of braces 一副背带
US * callipers (LEG SUPPORT)
[breɪs] noun
PAIR 双
countable (plural brace)
■two things of the same type, especially two wild birds that have been killed for sport or food （尤指猎获的野鸟的）一双，一对
• a brace of pheasants 一对野鸡
[breɪs] verb transitive
SUPPORT 支架
■to support an object in order to stop it from falling down 支撑，加固；使紧绷
• The side wall of the old house was braced with a wooden support. 老房子的边墙用木结构加固了。
[breɪs] verb transitive
PREPARE 准备
brace yourself
[R]
■to prepare yourself physically or mentally for something unpleasant 使防备；使准备；使经受锻炼
• The passengers were told to brace themselves (= to press their bodies hard against something or hold them very stiff) for a crash landing. 乘客们被告知要做好紧急迫降准备。
• She told me she had some bad news for me and I braced myself for a shock. 她说有坏消息要告诉我，我已做好了承受打击的准备。
n. 支柱； [计] [语] 大括号；曲柄
 - leg, backbone, stay, mainstay
vt. [公路] 支撑；振作起来；激励；撑牢
 - support, stimulate, uphold, power, sustain
vi. 支持；打起精神
 - support of, stand up for sb

Word: thief
Front: thief
[θi:f] (高研四六雅 5007/3965 -K2)
Vocabulary: thief
(once / 222 pages)
n
A thief is someone who steals something. A thief can be anything from a cyberspace criminal mastermind who steals credit card information around the world, to the petty thief who picks people's pockets on the subway.
Some famous thieves (notice the -v- in the plural) include outlaws of the Old West, like Butch Cassidy and Jesse James, and those notorious bank robbers of the 1930s with the memorable names — "Baby Face" Nelson, "Pretty Boy" Floyd, Bonnie and Clyde, Ma Barker, "Machine Gun" Kelly, to name a few. They were so bold (and so brutal) that their activities became a major impetus for the beefing up of the FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover.
WORD FAMILY
thief: thiefs, thieves
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Marvin Williams, a crime prevention officer in the department, says thieves are more likely to target businesses they perceive as vulnerable.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I’m a preschool teacher and I hope the thieves enjoy the greeting cards and gift cards the kids and families got me for Christmas.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Laundromat owner Rhonda Emerson says the thieves kicked a hole in the wall underneath the change machine and crawled into the locked office.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 小偷，盗贼; <口>（使蜡外流的）蜡烛心结的烛花
分布：小偷(64%)，贼(36%)
→来自古英语 theof,小偷，来自 Proto-Germanic*theubaz,小偷。词义比较 proof,prove.
n.(thieves)贼;小偷The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who steals 小偷，贼
• A post office was broken into last night, and the thieves got away with £120 000. 邮局昨晚被撬，窃贼盗走了12万英镑。
⇒ See also theft
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
It takes a thief to catch a thief. saying
■used to mean that one dishonest person can guess what another dishonest person might do 以贼捕贼；以毒攻毒。
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
like a thief in the night
■secretly or unexpectedly and without being seen 秘密地；出乎意料地
burglar, gangster, thief, bandit, robber, pirate
这组词都有“资贼、强盗”的意思，其区别是：
burglar: 指夜间撬窗破门行窃的人。
gangster: 指结伙进行各种非法活动的武装歹徒。
thief: 普通用词含义广泛，一般专指盗窍者。
bandit: 指在乡间或小林地区结帮活动，使用恐吓或暴力行窃的人。现指有组织或单独进行抢窃的盗匪。
robber: 指以暴力或威胁等手段强行夺取他人财物的人。
pirate: 指海盗。
n. 小偷，贼
 - pilferer, ganef

Word: midst
Front: midst
[mɪdst] (研四六 4342/6929 -2)
Vocabulary: midst
(once / 119 pages)
n
Midst describes something that's among, in the middle of, or surrounded by. After the school talent show, your principal said he didn't know there were so many gifted singers in our midst.
Midst sounds a lot like mist, the fog that rolls in and can fill a place. Midst carries this same sense of being surrounded or placed in the middle of. It can be physical, like being in the midst of great athletes at the hockey game, or in regard to time, like the team captain breaking his foot in the midst of playoffs.
WORD FAMILY
midst: midsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The older woman is instructing the younger one, who is lost in thought in the midst of crushing garlic with a copper mortar and pestle.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It was launched in the midst of one of the deepest housing crises in U.S. history.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It was launched in the midst of one of the deepest housing crises in U.S. history.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 中部，中间，当中
prep. 在…中间（等于amidst）
adv. 在中间，在中央
分布：中间(60%)，当中(40%)
→来自mid,中间的，-s,所有格后缀，-t,寄生字母。比较against.
n.中间,当中They were in the midst of a crisis.他们处于危急存亡之际.
noun uncountable formal
■the middle of a group of people or things 中间，当中，中央
• She caught sight of Johnny in their midst (= among them) , laughing and talking. 她看到强尼在他们当中，又说又笑。
in the midst of sth
■in the middle of an event, situation or activity 正当…的时候；在…之中
• I'm afraid I'm too busy - I'm in the midst of writing up a report. 恐怕我太忙了——我正在写一份报告。
• The country is in the midst of an economic crisis. 这个国家正在经历一场经济危机。
[mɪdst] [mɪtst] preposition literary
■among
• The summit of the mountain appeared midst the clouds. 山顶在云中显现。
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
n. 当中，中间
 - middle
prep. 在…中间（等于amidst）
 - among, in the middle of

Word: amaze
Front: amaze
[əˈmeɪz] (高研四六托雅 8607/11151 -K2)
Vocabulary: amaze
(once / 124 pages)
v
Things that amaze fill you with confusion and mystery — or they just impress you. Either way, amazing things make an impact.
There are two main meanings to amaze. The first has to do with causing a feeling of puzzlement or awe. An impressive magician amazes people with tricks. Anything impressive can also amaze. A great basketball player might amaze you with a rim-rattling dunk or by hitting dozens of free throws in a row. Things that amaze also astound, astonish, and impress. Amazing things are also awesome: in the old of sense "causing awe" and the recent sense of "really cool."
WORD FAMILY
amaze: amazed, amazement, amazes, amazing +/ amazed: amazedly/ amazement: amazements/ amazing: amazingest, amazingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I was in London recently, I raised it with one of the ministers, and they said: 'Yeah, it's amazing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The city handed over the rest of McMorran to Nancy Winzer, city recreation director, and she is doing amazing things with it, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使大为吃惊，使惊奇
n. 吃惊，好奇
时态：amazed, amazing, amazes
分布：吃惊(40%)，惊讶(25%)，使吃惊(20%)，好奇(10%)，使惊异(5%)
→前缀a-, 此处加强语气。maze, 迷宫。
vt.使惊奇,使惊愕;使困惑vi.表现出惊奇I was amazed at his rudeness.他的粗野使我大吃一惊.
verb transitive
■to cause someone to be extremely surprised 使大为惊奇，使惊愕
• [+ question word] I was amazed by how well he looked. 看到他气色这么好，我大为惊奇。
• You've done all your homework in an hour? You amaze me. 你在一小时内就把作业全做完了？太不简单了。
• [+ that] It amazes me that she's got the energy for all those parties. 她竟然有精力参加所有那些派对，真让我惊叹不已。
• [+ to infinitive] It amazes me to think that Anna is now in charge of the company. 安娜现在掌管了公司，我真是想都不敢想。
• It amazes me how you can put up with living in such a dirty house. 住在这种肮脏的房子里你也受得了，真有你的。
• It never ceases to amaze me how he can talk for so long without ever saying anything interesting. 他滔滔不绝那么久竟然说不出半点有趣的事，这本事真够让我惊奇一辈子的。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使吃惊
 - take aback, take by surprise

Word: squander
Front: squander
[ˈskwɒndə(r)] (托宝 11672/14153 -1)
Vocabulary: squander
(once / 1592 pages)
v
To squander means to spend extravagantly, thoughtlessly, or wastefully. If you need to save for college, don't squander your income on nightly sushi dinners.
Squander used to mean scatter, and the way we use it now implies throwing something (like money) all over the place. You can squander time as well as money. If you have a big deadline but you are chatting away or looking at social networking sites, you are squandering your time. If you have a big chance to play for a major league baseball team, but show up to the tryouts hung over, you have squandered your chance.
WORD FAMILY
squander: squandered, squanderer, squandering, squanders+/squanderer: squanderers/squandering: squanderings
USAGE EXAMPLES
"With such a strategy, fintechs squander the trust that banks established over years," he said.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Reynolds later married an older businessman named Harry Karl, who squandered his wife’s money before they ended up in divorce court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
In retrospect, what will probably hurt most about this season was the team’s squandering.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: v. 挥霍，浪费; 驱散，使散开; 浪荡，漂泊
n. 挥霍，浪费
时态：squandered, squandering, squanders
分布：浪费(66%)，挥霍(34%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词根 squ-,挤，压，模仿挤压湿物体时发出的吧唧声。比较 splurge, 挥霍，浪费。
【记】squ压，ander下：把筹码从老虎机的slot中压下去－挥霍
【参】squash（n 南瓜；v 压扁）；squeeze（n /v 压榨）
【反】husband＝conserve（v 节俭；保存）；hoard（v 储藏）
US ['skwɑ:n.dɚ] verb transitive
■to spend or use money or supplies in a wasteful way, or to waste opportunities by not using them to your advantage 浪费，挥霍（金钱或补给品）；糟蹋（机会）
• They'll quite happily squander a whole year's savings on two weeks in the sun. 他们会心甘情愿地花尽全年的积蓄，度过两个星期的阳光假期。
• Ireland squandered several chances, including a penalty that cost them the game. 爱尔兰队错失了几次机会，包括导致他们输掉比赛的一次罚球。
vt. 浪费
 - lose, spend, waste on, trifle away, fiddle away
vi. 浪费；漂泊
 - waste on, trifle away
n. 浪费
 - waste, dissipation, extravagancy

Word: metaphor
Front: metaphor
[ˈmetəfə(r)] (研托雅宝 3927/5128 -2)
Vocabulary: metaphor
(once / 833 pages)
n
If you brag that "the world's your oyster," you're using a metaphor from Shakespeare, who knew a thing or two about figures of speech.
Good writers know their way around a metaphor, where you make an analogy between two things to show how one resembles the other in some way. When a character from Shakespeare calls the world his oyster, that's his boastful way of saying that all the riches of the world are his for the taking, like plucking a pearl from an oyster shell. Shakespeare also wrote, "All the world's a stage." Oyster? Stage? Come on, Will, get your metaphors straight!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
metaphor / simile
Both make comparisons, but a metaphor compares one thing to another straight up, while a simile uses "like" or "as."
The word metaphor comes from the Greek metaphora "to transfer." With a metaphor, an idea is transferred from one word to another. It's implicit, like in this metaphor from Flannery O'Connor, "He had measured five feet four inches of pure gamecock." But don't mix them — mixed metaphors get confusing. Don't put all of your eggs in one doghouse. Wha? Here are some examples of the word itself:
Driving is such a metaphor, literally and figuratively, for freedom — as it is in the movie — so I'm amazed when some people never learn it. (Los Angeles Times)
Never mind what Lemmy said — with respect, 'Ace of Spades' can be viewed as a metaphor. (BBC)
Then it was all about finding the right analogy or metaphor for the way to tell an audience. (New York Times)
A simile is similar but it always uses "like" or "as." In fact, the word simile comes from the Latin for "a like thing." A simile's comparison is explicit. Just like that old joke from Fat Albert, "You're like school on Saturday: no class!" But seriously folks, here are some examples of the word in action:
Clouds roasted like marshmallows; everything — eventually — scorched beyond simile. (The New Yorker)
It's like McDonald's,' she said, pleased to have landed on a simile that an American reporter would surely appreciate. ( New York Times)
A metaphor is direct — Rudolpho is a cow! But a simile can soften the blow — Rudolpho is like a cow. Use them in descriptive writing or any time you're feeling sassy.
WORD FAMILY
metaphor: metaphoric, metaphorical, metaphors+/ metaphorical: metaphorically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thirty seconds later, a woman shows up dressed like a shark who calls herself a dolphin, which is probably a metaphor.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
These films may also offer a metaphor to contemporary life, depending on how you read them.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And conducting is very much a metaphor, I think, for living.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 隐喻，暗喻; 象征
分布：隐喻(95%)，象征(5%)
→meta-,改变，-phor,带来，词源同bring.引申词义改变方式，用于语法指暗喻，隐喻。
隐喻(meta[meta-表示"超过,改变"]+phor带来→(语言)改变着说→隐喻)
n.隐喻,暗喻In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征.
【记】meta后面，phor话－字面后面的话－隐喻
US ['metˌ.ə.fɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
■an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe 隐喻；暗喻
• 'The mind is an ocean' and 'the city is a jungle' are both metaphors. “思维是海洋”和“城市是丛林”都是隐喻。
• Metaphor and simile are the most commonly used figures of speech in everyday language. 隐喻和明喻是日常语言中最常用的修辞手法。
UK ['met.ə.fɔ:r] US ['metˌ.ə.fɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
a metaphor for sth
■a symbol which represents a particular thing …的象征
• The author uses disease as a metaphor for the corruption in society. 这位作家用疾病来比喻社会中的腐败。
• In the film, the city is a metaphor for confusion and loneliness. 在这部电影中，城市是迷惘与孤独的象征。
n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法
 - parabole

Word: blanket
Front: blanket
[ˈblæŋkɪt] (高研四托雅 3306/3938 -2)
Vocabulary: blanket
(once / 244 pages)
1nv 2adj
A blanket is a large piece of material that keeps you warm when you're in bed or taking a nap on the couch. Many small children have a favorite blanket that provides not just warmth, but comfort.
There is the knitted blanket on your bed, and then there's the blanket of snow that covers your yard in January. Any heavy layer can be described this way: "After a windy day, there was suddenly a blanket of leaves outside." You can use it as a verb, too: "The fog descended and began to blanket the whole town." The Old French root is blanchet, "light wool or flannel cloth," from blanc, "white" or "white cloth."
WORD FAMILY
blanket: blanketed, blanketing, blanketly, blankets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cervantes, wearing a Santa hat with a blanket draped over her, passed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the back of the building, under hangers strewn with blouses, pants, wedding dresses and blankets, I talked with Amy and Mark about stains.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The need for food is increasing along with non-food items, such as blankets.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 毛毯，毯子; 毯状物; 厚的覆盖层
adj. 总括的; 全体的; 无大差别的
vt. 用毯覆盖; 覆盖，掩盖; （规则等）适用于
时态：blanketed, blanketing, blankets
分布：毛毯(66%)，覆盖(16%)，扑灭(6%)，挡风(3%)，使包含(2%)，包含所有的(2%)，用毯子裹(2%)，覆盖物(1%)，排字版(1%)，适用于所有情形的(1%)
→blank, 白的。-et, 小词后缀。原指一块白布，后指白毯子，毯子。
毯子(blank+et→白色[织物]→靴子)[blanc=white表示"白"]
n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数)vt.铺上一层The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a flat cover made of wool or similar warm material, usually used on a bed 毛毯，毯子
['blæŋ.kɪt] noun countable
a blanket of sth
■a thick covering layer of something 一层厚厚的…
• The ground was covered by a thick blanket of snow. 地上覆盖着一层厚厚的雪。
['blæŋ.kɪt] adjective [before noun]
■including or affecting everything, everyone, or all cases, in a large group or area 适用于任何情况的；总括的，综合的
• a blanket ban 全面禁止
• 'Man', as a blanket term for both men and women, is now considered sexist. man 用作一个广义词来指代男人和女人，现在被认为有性别歧视色彩。
['blæŋ.kɪt] verb transitive often passive literary
■to cover something completely with a thick layer 以厚层覆盖
• Outside the fields were blanketed in fog. 外面，田野被浓雾笼罩着。
blanket, rug, carpet
这组词都有“毛毯，地毯”的意思，其区别是：
blanket: 指厚实的棉、毛织品，用于铺床或披在身上保暖的毛毯。
rug: 指小地毯或旅行用的小毛毯。
carpet: 指用来铺地板或楼梯的厚实的棉、毛地毯。
n. 毛毯，毯子；毯状物，覆盖层
 - soogan, sugan
adj. [经] 总括的，全体的；没有限制的
 - entire, corporate, overall, universal
vt. 覆盖， [电子] 掩盖；用毯覆盖
 - invest, house, sheet, roof, cap

Word: proudly
Front: proudly
[ˈpraʊdli] (6137/6965 -K)
Back: adv. 自豪地; 傲慢地; 得意扬扬地; 堂皇地
分布：傲慢地(51%)，得意洋洋地(33%)，自大地(16%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a proud way 自豪地
• He proudly held out his trophy for us to admire. 他自豪地拿出他的奖杯让我们观赏。
• Elaine and Ian Gibson proudly announce the birth of their son, John Maurice. 伊莱恩和伊恩•吉布森自豪地宣布他们的儿子约翰•莫里斯出世了。
• There were photographs of all her children proudly displayed on the mantelpiece. 壁炉台上炫耀地摆放着她所有孩子的照片。
adv. 傲慢地，自负地；得意洋洋地
 - swaggeringly, arrogantly

Word: thesis
Front: thesis
[ˈθi:sɪs] (研六托雅宝 5974/3887 -2)
Vocabulary: thesis
(once / 1021 pages)
n
A thesis is the most important or foundational idea of an argument. If you write a paper with the central thesis that girls are yucky, you'll need to back that up with cooties-based research.
The noun thesis has more than one important sense to it. One definition of thesis is that it is the most important or foundational idea of an argument, presentation, or piece of writing. But it can also mean a large work of art, criticism, or scientific research that represents original research and is generally the final requirement for an academic degree.
WORD FAMILY
thesis: antithesis, theses, thesises+/ antithesis: antitheses, antithetical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rubin’s thesis in 1954 showed that galaxies are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe, but tend to cluster and rotate around one another.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
I’m trying to be Martin Luther and nail the theses to the door of the church.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
For his doctoral thesis, Esvelt tackled one of synthetic biology’s most significant constraints.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题
分布：论文(74%)，毕业论文(9%)，论点(8%)，论题(6%)，命题(3%)
→来自拉丁语 thesis,论题，论文，来自希腊语 thesis,提议，假设，来自 dhe,做，放置，词 源同 do,fact,theme.-esis,状态后缀。引申诸相关词义。
论文;命题(放好的研究主题)[thesis,thet=setting,表示"放置"]
n.(pl.theses)论文;论题;论点In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
['θi:.sɪs] (/'θi:.si:z/ plural theses)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher college or university degree 论文
• a doctoral thesis (= for a PhD) 博士论文
■formal
■the main idea, opinion or theory of a person, group, piece of writing or speech 论题，命题；论点
• Their main thesis was that war was inevitable. 他们的主要论点是战争不可避免。
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
n. 论文；论点
 - dissertation, tractate

Word: lithium
Front: lithium
[ˈlɪθiəm] (15717/24711)
Back: n. <化>锂
分布：锂(100%)
→来自希腊语lithos,石头。因该金属元素发现于石头中而得名。
noun uncountable
■a soft, silver metal 锂

Word: mullah
Front: mullah
[ˈmʌlə] (20531/30512)
Back: n. 毛拉（伊斯兰教国家对老师、先生、学者的敬称）
分布：名词(100%)
→来自阿拉伯语mawla,大师，宗教导师，来自ma-,表指向，waliya,精通的。比较mufti.
noun countable
■an Islamic religious teacher or leader 毛拉（穆斯林宗教教师或领袖）
n. 毛拉（伊斯兰教神学家）
 - Maulana

Word: glut
Front: glut
[glʌt] (托宝 16700/19943 -1)
Vocabulary: glut
(once / 3090 pages)
vn
A glut is too much of something. A glut of gas in the marketplace can lower its price. A glut of heavy metal T-shirts in your dresser, however, has nothing to do with the economy but might be a signal that it's time to clean your room.
Glut comes from the Old French gloter, meaning "to swallow too much." The glottis is the part of your body where your vocal folds reside and where you swallow. If you go to the movies alone and get the family tub of popcorn, you are glutting yourself on the salty snack, but do try not to get any popcorn stuck in your glottis. Glut is used more commonly in reference to the economics of the marketplace, where an oversupply of one thing lowers prices.
WORD FAMILY
glut: englut, gluts, glutted, glutting+/englut: engluts, englutted, englutting
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the start of the year, some predicted a glut of office space in Bellevue.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A glut of new construction in Brooklyn pushed landlords to offer all manner of incentives, including months of free rent, to fill buildings.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Those margins collapsed this year in a global fuel supply glut, providing an incentive for refiners to undertake the shutdowns necessary for maintenance.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使吃饱; 使充斥
vi. 过量地吃
n. 供过于求; 吃得过多
时态：glutted, glutting, gluts
分布：供过于求(66%)，过量(21%)，使充满(10%)，过量供应(3%)
→来自gwele, 喉咙，吞食，词源同gullet. 后用于经济学术语，供过于求。
吞吃glutton饱食者(gluttony 暴饮暴食)[glut=devour(吞吃)]
【记】读：割了它－你已经供过于求了，那里不需要了，割了它吧。
【参】gluttonous（adj 暴食的；贪吃的）
【反】dearth（n 缺乏）dear死了
noun countable
■a supply of something that is much greater than can be sold or is needed or wanted 供过于求；供应过盛
• The fall in demand for coffee could cause a glut on/in the market. 咖啡需求减少会导致市场供应过盛。
• The current glut of graduates means that many of them will not be able to find jobs. 现在大学毕业生人数过多，意味着他们当中许多人无法找到工作。
vt. 使…充满；使…吃饱；过多供应
 - steep
vi. 吃得过多
 - stuff, overeat
n. （商品）供过于求；大量
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body

Word: eighth
Front: eighth
[eɪtθ] (中高 4425/4714 -4)
Back: num. 第八，八号; 八分之一
adv. 第八; 八分之一; <音>八分音符
n. 第八个; 八分之一; （每月的）第八日
分布：第八(90%)，八分之一(10%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■8th written as a word 第八（的）
• He finished eighth in the race. 他赛跑得了第八名。
• Bob's birthday is on the eighth (of June). 鲍伯的生日是（6月）8号。
[eɪtθ] noun countable
■one of eight equal parts of something 八分之一
• An eighth of 32 is 4. 32的八分之一是4。

Word: nucleus
Front: nucleus
[ˈnju:kliəs] (研四六托雅宝 6944/5854 -1)
Vocabulary: nucleus
(once / 1269 pages)
n
A nucleus is often called the brain, or control center, of a eukaryotic cell (that is, a cell with a nucleus).
The noun nucleus has several senses, though most of them will appear in science. If a biology teacher says nucleus, she is probably talking about a cell (or a group of cells), but a physics teacher would be talking about the center of an atom, or possibly even the center of a comet’s head. Step out of science class, and nucleus likely refers to a core group — like the math fanatics that math club could not function without.
WORD FAMILY
nucleus: nucleate, nuclei, nucleuses+/nucleate: multinucleate, nucleated, nucleating
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is what he used as the nucleus of his business.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
The methods are intended to fix problems linked to mitochondria, the energy-producing structures outside a cell’s nucleus.
Washington Times(Dec 15, 2016)
As the picture shows, ZNF554 is restricted to the cell’s nucleus.
Economist(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: n. 中心，核心; （原子）核; 起点，开始; [微]细胞核
分布：核(64%)，细胞核(15%)，原子核(12%)，核心(9%)
→来自拉丁语nux,果仁，核，词源同nut.引申词义原子核，细胞核。
n.(pl.nuclei)核,核心,原子核These books are regarded as the nucleus of the library.这1000本书被看作是图书馆的核心部分.
US ['nu:-] (plural nuclei or nucleuses)
noun countable specialized
■the central part of an atom, usually made up of protons and neutrons 原子核
■specialized
■the part of a cell that controls its growth 细胞核
• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell. 脱氧核糖核酸存在于细胞核中。
the nucleus of sth
■the group of people or things which are the most important part of something …的核心
• These three players will form the nucleus of a revised and stronger team. 这三名运动员将成为一支调整后实力更强的队伍的核心。
n. [核] [天] [生物] 核，核心；原子核
 - core, quick

Word: nationalise
Front: nationalise
['næʃənəlaɪz] (-/23352)
Back: vt. 收归国有，国有化
分布：收归国有(72%)，使 ... 国家获得独立(28%)

Word: murray
Front: murray
[ˈmʌri] (-/5172)
Back: n. 默里(m.) 墨累河[澳大利亚东南部]（澳大利亚最长和流域面积最大的河流）
分布：默里(m(100%)

Word: passionate
Front: passionate
[ˈpæʃənət] (托宝 5175/6041 -2)
Vocabulary: passionate
(once / 187 pages)
adj
Something that is passionate packs emotion, and possibly romantic emotion. A passionate plea will tug on your heartstrings and a passionate kiss will sweep you off your feet. If you want to stay unmoved, stay away from the passionate.
If you're passionate about soccer, you can't get enough of it — you've got soccer pennants plastered on your walls, your TV is permanently tuned to the soccer channel, and you probably wear soccer jerseys under your button-down shirt. Passion can also come from intense feelings of love for a person. Be careful — you could be swept up in "a passionate embrace."
WORD FAMILY
passionate: dispassionate, passionately, passionateness+/ dispassionate: dispassionately, dispassionateness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A passionate appreciation for the spiritual offerings of the city shines through in “La La Land.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Travelling, which we are both really passionate about.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He balanced his conflict photography with commercial ventures, which served the purpose of financing the work he was truly passionate about.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 热烈的; 激昂的; 易怒的; 易被情欲所支配的
分布：激情的(51%)，热情的(41%)，易怒的(8%)
→来自passion,强烈感情。
【记】源于：passion（n 激情），ate
【参】passive（adj 被动的）
US [-ə.nɪt] adjective
 ADVANCED
■having very strong feelings or emotions 情绪激昂的，热情的
• a passionate speech 热情洋溢的演讲
• a passionate kiss/embrace 热烈的亲吻／拥抱
• The Italians are said to be the most passionate people in Europe. 据说义大利人是欧洲最富激情的民族。
• The child's mother made a passionate plea for help. 那孩子的母亲激动地向人们求助。
• Joe is passionate about baseball (= he likes it very much). 乔非常喜欢打棒球。
adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
 - intense, warm, tropical, hot, enthusiastic

Word: pregnancy
Front: pregnancy
[ˈpregnənsi] (六 3328/3813)
Vocabulary: pregnancy
(once / 1246 pages)
n
Pregnancy is the state of being pregnant, the time a woman grows a baby in her belly. For humans, pregnancy lasts about nine months, during which time the mother might want a chocolate chip and pickle sandwich. Get her one.
Before a mother bear gives birth to a cub, or a mother cat has kittens, she goes through pregnancy. In humans, pregnancy is a time to prepare for a new baby while the mother-to-be does things like take special vitamins and choose a doctor or midwife to assist with the upcoming birth. Bears and cats just go for it. Pregnancy comes from the Latin praegnans, "with child" or "before birth," from prae-, "before," and gnasci, "be born."
WORD FAMILY
pregnancy: pregnancies+/ pregnant: nonpregnant, pregnancy, pregnantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ayala’s success was the product, above all, of her own determination to get an education, a resolution she traces to her pregnancy at age 15.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, trouble with balance and anorexia, as well as aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 怀孕，妊娠; 丰富，多产; 意义深长
分布：怀孕(49%)，妊娠(48%)，丰富(2%)，含蓄(1%)
怀孕(pregn余+ancy...拿住孩子...怀孕)[-ancy=ance,表示"性质,状况"]
怀孕(pregnant怀孕的)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the state of being pregnant 怀孕
• Most women feel sick in the mornings during their first months of pregnancy. 大多数女性在怀孕初期早上都会感到恶心。
• My first pregnancy was very straightforward - there were no complications. 我第一次怀孕很顺利——没有并发症。
n. 怀孕；丰富，多产；意义深长
 - conception, abundance, plenty, amplitude, enrichment

Word: accuracy
Front: accuracy
[ˈækjərəsi] (高研四六托雅宝 4076/3958)
Vocabulary: accuracy
(once / 359 pages)
1n 2n
Accuracy refers to a lack of mistakes or errors. "I type very fast, but the accuracy of my typing is n't very goode."
Accuracy is a must for anyone who works in a precise profession. Would you trust a surgeon who lacks accuracy to remove your appendix? His lack of precision might result in the accidental removal of your spleen. A meteorologist with questionable accuracy isn't going to be popular either, especially when it rains every time he predicts a sunny day.
WORD FAMILY
accuracy: accuracies, inaccuracy +/ accurate: accuracy, accurately, accuratest, inaccurate / inaccuracy: inaccuracies/ inaccurate: inaccurately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Recipes were judged on flavor, creativity and originality, accuracy and methodology.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Begay said he thought it was too early to tell about Woods' accuracy off the tee.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
In advance of its release last month, he submitted the calendar to the agency’s museum and staff historians to verify its accuracy.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 精确（性），准确（性）
分布：精确度(100%)
正确,准确(ac+cur+acy)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
n.准确(性);精确;准确度He aimed at accuracy and perfection.他力求准确和完美.
【源】源于accurate（adj 正确的，精确的），其中cura注意，关心，因为只有细心“注意”，才能做到准确
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■being exact or correct 准确的；精确的；正确的
• We can predict changes with a surprising degree of accuracy. 我们可以出奇准确地预测变化。
■the ability to do something without making mistakes 准确性，正确无误

Word: bigwig
Front: bigwig
[ˈbɪgwɪg] (25247/18405)
Vocabulary: bigwig
(once / 8079 pages)
n
A bigwig is a very important person — in fact, you might call her a VIP. One bigwig at a university is its president, and the main bigwig in state government is typically the governor.
If you're a bigwig in the world of competitive chess, you are a well-known and respected player. A government bigwig is a person with a good deal of power and influence, and a corporate bigwig might own an enormous company. This word dates from the 18th century, when powerful, distinguished men tended to wear large, impressive wigs.
WORD FAMILY
bigwig: bigwigs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Junior is blackmailed into robbing the home of a Hollywood bigwig, who promptly hires him to rob that same house.
Seattle Times(Dec 08, 2016)
They draw comfort from the array of conservative bigwigs, pillars of Congress and retired generals he has summoned for job interviews.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
When the Man extricates himself, he finds an unexpected visitor: Charlotte Hale, the Delos corporate bigwig.
The New Yorker(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: n. <口>要人，有重大影响的人
分布：权贵之人(54%)，大亨(46%)
→big, 大。wig, 假发。过去假发象征着一种社会地位。
['bɪg.wɪg] informal
noun countable
■a person who has an important or powerful position 大人物，要人
• We were invited to a lunch with local bigwigs. 我们受邀与当地要人共进午餐。
n. 权贵之人；有重大影响的人
 - big shot

Word: landlord
Front: landlord
[ˈlændlɔ:d] (研四六 6724/2447 -2)
Vocabulary: landlord
(once / 315 pages)
n
If you lease an apartment, the person to whom you pay rent is your landlord. A landlord owns a house, building, or property and rents it out to other people.
Many people have landlords they call when their drains are clogged and mail their rent checks to on the first of each month. Business owners often have landlords too, who own their retail or office spaces. Men and women can both be landlords, although you can also call a female landlord a landlady. The concept of a landlord goes back to feudalism — the lord part comes from "Lord of the Manor."
WORD FAMILY
landlord: landlords
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Los Angeles, some landlords are offering six months of free parking, and some in Houston are waiving security deposits.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"The likelihood is that, because of its location, most of the early landlords were connected with horses, carriages and stabling," writes Dailey.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 房东，地主; 店主
分布：房东(54%)，地主(46%)
→比喻用法。
n.房东,地主The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
US [-lɔ:rd] noun countable
OWNER 所有者
■a person or organization that owns a building or an area of land and is paid by other people for the use of it 房东；地主
• The landlord had promised to redecorate the bedrooms before we moved in. 房东承诺在我们搬进去之前会把睡房重新装修一番。
• Housing associations are the biggest landlords in this area. 住房协会是本地区最大的房东。
UK ['lænd.lɔ:d] US [-lɔ:rd] noun countable
BAR MANAGER 酒吧经理 UK (mainly Australian publican)
■a man who is in charge of a pub or bar 酒吧老板，酒馆老板
n. [租赁] 房东，老板；地主
 - boss, employer

Word: prudent
Front: prudent
[ˈpru:dnt] (研六托宝 8823/8554 -1)
Vocabulary: prudent
(once / 156 pages)
adj
Describe an action as prudent if it is the wise thing to do under the existing circumstances. If you're getting in trouble, it is probably prudent to keep your mouth closed and just listen.
If you show good and careful judgment when handling practical matters, you can be described as prudent. Similarly, a wise and well-thought-through decision or action can be called prudent. The word comes from a contracted form of the Latin prōvidēns from the verb "to foresee." The English word provident "wise in planning for the future" is the non-contracted descendent of the same Latin root.
WORD FAMILY
prudent: imprudent, prudence, prudenter, prudentest, prudently+/ imprudence: imprudences/ imprudent: imprudence, imprudenter, imprudently/ prudence: prudences, prudential/prudential: prudentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s entirely possible to believe that the basis for his skepticism is sound and prudent.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s why attacking the settlements’ legality—as opposed to questioning whether they’re prudent—is so insidious.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
For anyone else, this would be a prudent measure and a show of commitment to ethical governing principles.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 小心的，慎重的; 精明的，节俭的; 顾虑周到的，稳健的; 世故的，精明的
分布：谨慎的(79%)，精明的(14%)，有远见的(7%)
→来自古法语prudent,审慎的，谨慎的，来自（缩写自）拉丁语providere,预见，提前看到，提前准备，词源同provide.引申词义精明的。
a.谨慎的,智慧的,稳健的,节俭的He is prudent in doing his duties.他对于执行自己的任务极为小心.
['pru:.dənt] slightly formal
adjective
■avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful 谨慎的，慎重的；精明的
• [+ to infinitive] It's always prudent to read a contract properly before signing it. 签合约前先好好看一下，这样做永远都是明智的。
Opposite imprudent
careful, cautious, attentive, prudent
这些形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
careful: 侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。
cautious: 着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
attentive: 指认真地注意地倾听别人的意见，留心别人的需要等。
prudent: 指遇事审慎，思考计划周密，不贸然行事。
adj. 谨慎的；精明的；节俭的
 - cautious, wary, provident

Word: outnumber
Front: outnumber
[ˌaʊtˈnʌmbə(r)] (9186/9779 -1)
Vocabulary: outnumber
(once / 2000 pages)
v
To outnumber is to have more of one thing than another. Sometimes it’s good, like when chocolate chips outnumber the raisins in the trail mix. Sometimes it’s bad, like when ants outnumber the people at a picnic.
In many cities, pigeons seem to outnumber any other kind of bird — in other words, there are more pigeons than sparrows, crows, and robins. If the girls in a class outnumber boys by three to one, there are three times more girls than boys. And in a school cafeteria, lunches that include meat will often outnumber the vegetarian choices. This verb has been around since the 1600s. It makes it sound like counting is a competition.
WORD FAMILY
outnumber: outnumbered, outnumbering, outnumbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Clemson’s fans were outnumbered in a crowd that was expecting an Ohio State win—at least until the fourth quarter.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Seahawks comment: “When the losses over the last five games outnumber the wins, it’s hard to call any defeat an aberration.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Rough night for a Wazzu fan base that outnumbered Minnesota fans by a good 3 to 1.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 数量多于; 比…多
时态：outnumbered, outnumbering, outnumbers
分布：数量上超过(100%)
→out-,超过，number,数量。
在数量上超过(out+number数量)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
US [-bɚ] verb transitive
■to be greater in number than someone or something 在数量上超过，比…多
• In our office, the women outnumber the men 3 to 1. 我们办公室女多于男，比例为3比1。
vt. [计划] 数目超过；比…多
 - overnumber

Word: painfully
Front: painfully
[ˈpeɪnfəli] (7828/7084 -1)
Back: adv. 痛苦地，费力地; 令人痛苦地; 令人烦恼地; 煞费苦心地
分布：痛苦地(51%)，费力地(37%)，苦恼地(12%)
adverb
■in a way that causes pain 痛苦地
• Without surgery, this animal will die slowly and painfully. 不做手术的话，这只动物会痛苦地缓缓死去。
■used to emphasize a quality, action or situation that is unpleasant or not wanted 令人不快地，讨厌地
• I am painfully aware that I have made mistakes. 我痛苦地意识到自己犯了错误。
• It was a painfully slow journey. 那是一趟慢得让人难受的旅程。
adv. 痛苦地，费力地
 - strenuously, laboriously

Word: marxist

Word: scholarship
Front: scholarship
[ˈskɒləʃɪp] (高研四六托雅 3044/5365 -2)
Vocabulary: scholarship
(once / 776 pages)
n
Scholarship is the research done by academics. Or if you receive a scholarship, you're getting an award that will help pay the cost of tuition at school.
If you're getting ready for college, chances are you're also looking to see if any scholarships are available. A scholarship is a great thing to get: it means you don't have to pay full tuition to go to a school. Scholarships are awarded for good grades, athletic success, and other accomplishments. Once you get in to school, you'll be engaged in another kind of scholarship — the kind that has to do with research, studying, and higher learning.
WORD FAMILY
scholarship: scholarships+/ scholar: scholarly, scholars, scholarship / scholarly: unscholarly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Poor children, who often enter school needing extra attention, would get bigger scholarships.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奖学金; 学术; 学识
分布：奖学金(87%)，学识(7%)，学问(6%)
→来自 scholar,学者，-ship,表状态名词。引申词义学问，学术，奖学金等。
n.奖学金;学问,学识He won the scholarship to Harvard University.他获得了哈佛大学的奖学金.
US ['skɑ:.lɚ-] noun
uncountable
■serious, detailed study 学问；学术；学术研究
• a work of great scholarship 高度学术性的著作
countable
■an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money 奖学金
• He got/won a scholarship to Eton. 他获得了伊顿公学的奖学金。
• Paula went to the Royal College of Music on a scholarship. 宝拉靠奖学金进到皇家音乐学院。
knowledge, scholarship, learning
这组词都有“知识、学问”的意思，其区别是：
knowledge: 强调对全部已知或可知的知识的理解。
scholarship: 侧重指经过深入学习、研究而获得的渊博的、价值较高的知识。
learning: 指通过研究、经验或他人传授而得到的知识；也指熟练掌握知识的过程，有时可指全部学识和智慧的总和。
n. 奖学金；学识，学问
 - knowledge, wisdom, learning, study, letter

Word: stripe
Front: stripe
[straɪp] (研四六托雅 6292/7060 -K2)
Back: n. 条纹; 种类; 军士军阶; 犯人穿的横条囚衣
vt. 使带有条纹
时态：striped, striping, stripes
分布：条纹(80%)，种类(5%)，条纹布(4%)，鞭打(4%)，抽打(3%)，军士军阶(2%)，使 ... 带有条纹(2%)
→来自中古低地德语 stripe,布条，条纹，来自 Proto-Germanic*stripan,布条。引申诸相关词义。
n.长条,条纹;军服上表示军阶的臂章条纹A tiger has stripes.老虎身上有条纹.
noun countable
COLOURED STRIP 彩条
 ADVANCED
■a strip on the surface of something which is a different colour from the surrounding surface 条纹，斑纹
• The zebra is a wild African horse with black and white stripes. 斑马是一种身体上有黑白条纹的非洲野马。
[straɪp] noun countable
ON UNIFORM 军装上 (US also bar)
■a strip of material that is sewn onto the arm of a military uniform to show the rank of the person wearing it （军装上表示等级的）臂章，军阶条
• By the age of 25 he'd already got his third stripe and become a sergeant. 25岁时，他为自己的军服添上了第三道军阶条，成为一名中士。
[straɪp] noun countable
of every stripe formal
■of all types 各类
• Governments of every stripe (= of all political opinions) have a bad habit of interfering in state broadcasting. 持各种政治主张的政府都有干涉公营广播电台的坏习惯。
n. [植保] [植] 条纹，斑纹；种类
 - category, variety, manner, nature, kind

Word: perverse
Front: perverse
[pəˈvɜ:s] (雅宝 10193/9523 -1)
Vocabulary: perverse
(once / 866 pages)
adj
Something that's perverse is deviant — it's not completely acceptable, and it may be even a little strange. Your perverse sense of humor probably makes some of your friends laugh while others just look uncomfortable.
Something perverse is unusual, possibly somewhat weird, and even immoral, like that time the odd kid in class announced that a love poem was really all about lovingly poisoning squirrels and no one sat next to him for a week afterwards. That kid's perspective was perverse. Perverse can also mean "stubbornly contradictory" or "perverted." The word originally meant "wicked," from the Latin perversus,"turned away or askew," and figuratively, "turned away from what is right."
WORD FAMILY
perverse: perversely, perverseness, perversest, perversity+/perverseness: perversenesses/perversity: perversities
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the result is great literature, it would be perverse to judge hearing voices an aberration requiring treatment rather than a precious gift.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Something is awfully perverse with a system in which a candidate who loses the popular vote by nearly 3 million votes gets to become president.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
If the term “German comedy” sounds like a contradiction in terms, then “German comedy set in Romania” might strike you as downright perverse.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 不正当的，堕落的; 执拗的，刚愎的; 故意作对的; 有悖常情的
级别：perverser, perversest
分布：故意作对的(43%)，任性的(26%)，有悖常理的(21%)，固执错误的(10%)
→来自pervert,使颠倒，-s,过去分词格。引申词义任性的，变态的等。
性情乖张的(per全部+vers+e→和大家[反着]转→乖张的)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
【记】per全部，verse转－全部与别人反着转－堕落的
【参】adversary（n 对手）；pervert（v 反常；使堕落）
US [pɚ'vɝ:s] disapproving
adjective
■strange and not what most people would expect or enjoy 有悖常理的；任性的
• Jack was being perverse and refusing to agree with anything we said. 杰克一意孤行，我们说甚么他都反对。
• She took a perverse pleasure in hearing that her sister was getting divorced. 有悖常理的是，她听说她妹妹要离婚时竟幸灾乐祸。
adj. 堕落的，不正当的；倔强的；违反常情的
 - fallen, vicious

Word: spectacle
Front: spectacle
[ˈspektəkl] (研四六托雅 5857/5014 -2)
Vocabulary: spectacle
(once / 256 pages)
n
A spectacle is something you can't believe you are seeing. Get on top of your desk at work in your underpants while playing the kazoo and you're making a spectacle of yourself.
The word spectacle comes from the Latin spectaculum meaning "public show," an apt translation because a spectacle, like a public show, is something worth watching. A ballet is a spectacle, or an elaborate production worth watching. Often the word is used to describe something that has a particularly exciting visual element to it — like an acrobatic display or a magic trick. It's something you have to see to really appreciate.
WORD FAMILY
spectacle: spectacular +/ spectacular: spectacularly, spectaculars, unspectacular/unspectacular: unspectacularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Organisers of the event think tens of thousands more watched the spectacle from viewpoints across the north and south bank on Sunday evening.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Football is essentially a spectacle of car crashes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I wanted the games to be a spectacle,” Clattenburg said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 眼镜; 奇观，壮观; 光景，景象; 表演，场面
分布：景象(31%)，奇观(24%)，场面(23%)，壮观(20%)，公开展示(2%)
→来自拉丁语 spectaculum,表演，来自 spectare,观看，观赏，反复格于 specere,看，注视，-ct, 过去分词格，此处表反复，词源同 spectator,aspect.引申诸相关词义。
奇观;状观;(spect+acle复)眼镜(spect+acle→看的东西→眼镜)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.(pl.)眼镜;场面,景象;奇观,壮观I cannot see things through your spectacles.我的看法和你的不一样.
noun
UNUSUAL EVENT 不寻常的事件
countable
■an unusual or unexpected event or situation which attracts attention, interest or disapproval 不寻常的事；出人意料的情况
• It was a strange spectacle to see the two former enemies shaking hands and slapping each other on the back. 见到两个宿敌握手言欢，彼此拍肩，真是一幅奇怪的场景。
• We witnessed the extraordinary spectacle of an old lady climbing a tree to rescue her cat. 我们目睹了一件奇事：有个老妇人爬上树去救她的猫
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
PUBLIC EVENT 公开的事件
countable or uncountable
■a public event or show which is exciting to watch; an exciting appearance 壮观场面；壮观景象
• The carnival was a magnificent spectacle. 嘉年华场面十分壮观。
• The television show was mere spectacle (= had an exciting appearance, but little value). 这个电视节目只不过是场面浩大而已。
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
GLASSES 眼镜
spectacles [plural] (informal specs) slightly old-fashioned
■glasses 眼镜
• a pair of spectacles 一副眼镜
• steel-rimmed spectacles 钢框眼镜
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
make a spectacle of yourself
■to do something that makes you look stupid and attracts other people's attention 使丢人现眼，使出洋相
• I wasn't going to make a spectacle of myself just to give you a laugh! 我不会为了博你一笑而去丢人现眼！
n. 景象，奇观；眼镜；引人羡慕的人
 - scene, sight

Word: bitterly
Front: bitterly
[ˈbɪtəli] (四 8508/5336 -K)
Back: adv. 伤心地; 愤怒地; 极其，非常
分布：痛苦地(60%)，残酷地(40%)
US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ-] adverb
ANGRY 愤怒地
■in a way which shows strong negative emotion such as anger or disappointment 愤怒地；痛苦地
• She wept bitterly at the news. 她听到这个消息后泣不成声。
• He was bitterly disappointed not to get the job. 他没有得到这份工作，感到非常失望。
UK ['bɪt.ə.li] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ-] adverb
COLD 寒冷地
bitterly cold
■extremely and unpleasantly cold 极其寒冷的
adv. 苦涩地，悲痛的；残酷地；怨恨地
 - relentlessly, cruelly

Word: dive
Front: dive
[daɪv] (高研四六托 5121/5288 -2)
Vocabulary: dive
(once / 249 pages)
1nv 2n
To dive is to jump head first into the water. You might dare your friend to dive off a boat into a cold lake.
When you dive, you plunge into a pool or other body of water. A bird or airplane also dives when it descends suddenly. The plunge or drop itself is also a dive: "When the plane went into a dive I had to close my eyes." Since 1871, dive has also been used informally for a low-rent or slightly dangerous bar, possibly from the idea that descending to a basement-level establishment involved a "dive" of sorts.
WORD FAMILY
dive: dived, diver, dives, diving+/diver: divers/divers: diversly/diving: divings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In April, Cassini will begin repeated dives through the narrow gap between Saturn and its rings.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
One of the thorniest decisions for referees to judge is diving.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 潜水; 跳水; 急剧下降; （头朝下）跳入水中
n. 潜水; 跳水; 俯冲，（潜艇）下潜; （气温，股价等的）暴跌，跳水
vt. & vi. 突然下降，暴跌
时态：dived, diving, dives
分布：潜水(54%)，跳水(27%)，俯冲(17%)，潜心钻研(2%)
→词源同dip, 浸。用来指跳水。
v./n.潜水,跳水,俯冲From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
IN WATER 水中
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to jump into water, especially with your head and arms going in first, or to move down under the water （尤指头和手臂先入水的）跳水；潜水
• Look at those children diving for oysters over there! 看那边那些潜水摸蚝的孩子们！
• They ran to the pool, dived in , and swam to the other side. 他们跑到池边，一头栽进水里，然后游到池子的另一侧。
• Mark dived off the bridge into the river. 马克从桥上跳进了河里。
• The submarine dived just in time to avoid the enemy attack. 潜艇及时下潜，刚好躲过了敌人的攻击。
⇒ See also nosedive
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to swim under water, usually with breathing equipment （通常指携带呼吸设备）潜水
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
BECOME LESS 变少
intransitive
■to fall in value suddenly and by a large amount 突然大幅贬值，暴跌
• The company's shares dived by 90p to 65p on the stock market yesterday. 昨天公司股票在证券市场上猛降90便士，跌到了65便士。
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive
■to go down very quickly 迅速下降；急剧下滑；快速下跌
• The plane dived towards the ground and exploded in a ball of flame. 飞机冲向地面后爆炸，化作一团火球。
• The goalkeeper dived for the ball (= tried to catch the ball by jumping towards it and falling on the ground). 守门员飞身扑球。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly, often in order to avoid something （为躲避某物而）冲，奔，扑
• They dived for cover when they heard the shooting start. 他们一听到枪声就赶紧找地方躲起来。
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
  Phrasal Verbs  dive in/dive into sth
■to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think 贸然投入到…之中
• If neighbouring countries are having a war, you can't just dive in. 如果邻国发生战争，不能贸然介入。
[daɪv] noun
INTO WATER 水里
countable
■a jump into water with your head going in first 跳水
• the best dive of the competition 比赛中最精彩的一跳
[daɪv] noun
LOSS 亏损
only singular
■a sudden loss in value 贬值；下跌
• The firm's profits took a dive last month. 上个月公司的利润大幅下跌。
[daɪv] noun
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速的动作
countable
■a movement down onto the ground 俯冲
• The goalkeeper made a valiant dive for the ball, but couldn't stop it going in the net. 守门员奋力一扑，但没能挡住足球入网。
• The plane went into a dive. 飞机猛然俯冲。
countable
■in sports like football, when a player falls deliberately to try to win an advantage 假摔（足球等运动比赛中，球员故意摔倒以取得优势）
countable
■a sudden quick movement （动作）冲；钻
• He made a dive for the door. 他冲进了门。
[daɪv] noun
PLACE 地点
countable informal
■a restaurant, hotel, bar or place for entertainment or social activities that is unpleasant because of the condition of the building or the type of people that go there 低级的餐馆（或饭店、酒吧、娱乐场所）
• I know this place is a bit of a dive, but the drink's cheap and the food's great. 我知道这个地方有点儿不像样，但这里的酒很便宜，饭菜也很棒。
vi. [水运] 潜水；跳水； [航] 俯冲；急剧下降
 - pitch down
n. [水运] 潜水；跳水； [航] 俯冲；扑
 - phreatic water, underground water

Word: fusion
Front: fusion
[ˈfju:ʒn] (托雅宝 7242/5165 -1)
Vocabulary: fusion
(once / 2041 pages)
1n 2n
Fusion is the process of combining two or more things together into one. If your favorite genres are Westerns and reality dating shows, maybe when you become a TV executive, you'll create a fusion of the two, where competing dates have shoot-outs in saloons.
The noun fusion comes from the Latin word fundere, meaning melt, so fusion is the act of melting things together. In science, fusion is the process of merging atoms together to create energy. Fusion is also used as an adjective. Fusion cuisine is the combination of at least two different ways of cooking. Fusion music is usually the combination of jazz and rock.
WORD FAMILY
fusion: fusions+/ fuse: fused, fuses, fusible, fusing, fusion
USAGE EXAMPLES
This education seemed to be conducted via a vein that formed between the naive and worldly slime molds after two or three hours of fusion.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Few other drummers were as integral to the development of fusion as Mr. Mouzon, who combined volcanic intensity with a brisk attunement to dynamic flow.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Macdonald, who scientifically designed National Golf Links as a fusion of his favorite features from grand old British golf holes.
Golf Digest(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 融合; 熔解，熔化; 融合物; [物]核聚变
分布：融合(85%)，核聚变(9%)，熔合(4%)，结合(2%)
→来自fuse, 融化，聚合。后用于核物理学名词。
【记】可指：Jazz-rock 的fusion爵士摇滚乐
【参】fuse（n 保险丝；导火索v 熔合）
noun uncountable
■when two or more things join or are combined 融合；结合；熔合；合并
• nuclear fusion 核聚变
• Their music is described as 'an explosive fusion of Latin American and modern jazz rhythms'. 他们的音乐被描述为“拉丁美洲和现代爵士节奏的爆炸性融合”。
n. 融合； [物] 熔化；熔接；融合物
 - melt, amalgamation

Word: drunk
Front: drunk
[drʌŋk] (高研四六 3701/4187 -K2)
Vocabulary: drunk
(once / 154 pages)
nadj
If you consume so much alcohol that you become inebriated, you are drunk. If you do it too often, you may become a drunk, which is another, blunter, word for "alcoholic."
For the last 600 years or so, the word drunk has been used to describe someone who is intoxicated. Someone who's drunk from alcohol might be unsteady on their feet, slur their speech, or not be able to think straight. But you also can be drunk on things like power, passion or hope. This kind of drunk involves strong feelings or intoxicating emotions instead of one too many beers.
WORD FAMILY
drunk: drunken, drunker, drunkest, drunks+/drunken: drunkener, drunkenest, drunkenly, drunkenness/drunkenness: drunkennesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Art Brown, president of the Utah chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, told the local Fox affiliate the group would not support Thurston’s proposal.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 醉的; 陶醉的; 沉醉; 飘飘然
n. 醉汉，酒鬼，酗酒者
v. 喝（酒）( drink的过去分词); 饮; 喝酒; （尤指）酗酒
级别：drunker, drunkest
分布：醉酒(67%)，醉鬼(14%)，陶醉的(9%)，醉酒的(9%)，动词drink的过去分词形式.(1%)
a.醉酒的;(喻)陶醉的n.酗酒者,醉汉The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
verb (US also drank) past participle of
■drink
[drʌŋk] adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■unable to speak or act in the usual way because of having had too much alcohol 醉的，喝醉的，醉酒的
• I got completely drunk at my sister's wedding. 我在姐姐的婚礼上喝得酩酊大醉。
• I'd had a couple of glasses of wine but I certainly wasn't drunk. 我是喝了几杯酒，但肯定没喝醉。
• UK He came home last night blind (= extremely) drunk. 昨晚他回家时已经醉得一塌糊涂了。
drunk and disorderly legal
■the crime of behaving badly in public after drinking too much alcohol 酗酒滋事，酒后闹事
drunk with power
■having a strong and unreasonable feeling of being able to control other people 因拥有权势而飘飘然
[drʌŋk] adjective [after verb]
drunk as a lord UK (US drunk as a skunk) informal
■extremely drunk 醉得不省人事，酩酊大醉
• Andy staggered in last night drunk as a lord. 昨晚安迪回来时摇摇晃晃，喝得酩酊大醉。
[drʌŋk] noun
countable (also drunkard) disapproving
■a person who drinks large amounts of alcohol very often and is unable to give up the habit 酒鬼，醉鬼，酗酒者
adj. 喝醉了的
 - loaded, buffy

Word: disposable
Front: disposable
[dɪˈspəʊzəbl] (宝 9833/9628 -1)
Vocabulary: disposable
(once / 6743 pages)
nadj
Something disposable is not meant to last. It's OK to throw it out after you use it.
Disposable diapers are a good example of what the word disposable is all about: after the diaper is used, it goes straight into the trash, and you can't use it again. Something disposable is replaceable. If a boss decides an employee is disposable, that means the employee will probably be fired. As you can imagine, people don't like to feel disposable. Lots of people don't like products that are disposable either. Disposing of things just creates more garbage, which is bad for the environment. Usually, things that are recyclable are better.
WORD FAMILY
disposable: disposables, nondisposable+/ disposal: disposals/ dispose: disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing, disposition, indispose, predispose, redispose/disposed: disposedly/ disposition: dispositions/indispose: indisposed, indisposes, indisposing, indisposition/indisposition: indispositions/ predispose: predisposed, predisposes, predisposing, predisposition / predisposition: predispositions/redispose: redisposed, redisposes, redisposing, redisposition/redisposition: redispositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The figures show consumers really are "lovin' it", yet the concept is also ubiquitous - a familiar, disposable and repeatable experience.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Disposable incomes in the countryside are about one-third of those in big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
For many employers, contingent—or “gig economy”—workers are interchangeable and disposable.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 一次性的，可任意处理的; 用后就抛弃的; 免洗的; 可供使用的
n. 〈美口〉使用后随即抛掉的东西（尤指容器等）
分布：一次性的(77%)，可任意处理的(14%)，用完即可丢弃的东西(9%)
→来自dispose, 处理。
【记】dispose（v 处理；处置；部署；使愿意）
US [-'spoʊ-] adjective
■describes a product that is intended to be thrown away after use 用完即弃的，一次性的
• disposable nappies 纸尿布
• a disposable camera 用完即弃相机
• daily disposable contact lenses 日用型即弃隐形眼镜
UK [dɪ'spəʊ.zə.bl] US [-'spoʊ-] noun countable usually plural
■a disposable product, especially a disposable nappy 用完即弃产品（尤指纸尿布）
• paper/plastic/medical disposables 用完即弃纸质／塑胶／医用产品
• Do you use disposables or washable nappies? 你用纸尿布还是可洗涤尿布？

Word: hinder
Front: hinder
[ˈhɪndə(r)] (研六托雅宝 8229/7538 -1)
Vocabulary: hinder
(once / 300 pages)
1v 2adj
The verb hinder means to block or put something in the way of, so if you’re in a high-speed car chase with the police, they might put up a blockade to hinder your progress.
The word hinder came from the Old English hindrian, which means to "injure or damage." That's a little more extreme than what it means today, because, now it just means to get in the way of something or someone. People might not like you too much if you make it a practice to hinder their progress or get in the way of things they want, even it's a small hindrance like blocking someone from getting to the cookie jar.
WORD FAMILY
hinder: hindered, hindering, hinders, hindrance +/hindered: unhindered/hindering: hinderingly/ hindrance: hindrances
USAGE EXAMPLES
But “this lifesaving work remains hindered by the shortage of funding and limited access to areas caught in the fighting,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those practices hindered the rival companies’ sales and left their products vulnerable to lawsuits, the regulator said.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
According to the regulator, Qualcomm limited or refused access to vital wireless technology patents for rivals in Korea, hindering sales at companies such as Samsung.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 阻碍，妨碍; 成为阻碍
adj. 后面的，后方的
时态：hindered, hindering, hinders
分布：阻碍(93%)，打扰(4%)，后面的(3%)
→hind,后面的，-er,比较级后缀。即更后面的，引申词义拉后腿，后由形容词变为动词，引申词义妨碍，阻挡。
v.(from)阻止,妨碍a.后面的I never mind your unkind reminding that my grindstone hinders your cylinder.我决不介意你不友善的提醒说我的磨刀石妨碍了你的汽缸.
【记】hind（adj 后边的；后面的），er－使得落在后面－阻碍
【参】hindmost（adj 最后面的；最后部的）
US [-dɚ] verb transitive
■to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something 阻碍，妨碍
• High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to put out the blaze. 强风妨碍了消防队员扑灭大火。
• Her progress certainly hasn't been hindered by her lack of experience. 经验不足当然没有妨碍她的进步。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
vt. 阻碍；打扰
 - slow, impede
adj. 后面的
 - latter, back, rear

Word: tack
Front: tack
[tæk] (六宝 10013/9765 -2)
Back: n. [航]食物; 劣质材料，赝品; 方针，方法; 航向
vt. 用平头钉钉; 附加，增补
vi. 帆船抢风行驶; 用粗线脚缝
时态：tacked, tacking, tacks
分布：大头钉(43%)，附加(35%)，行动方针(11%)，以大头针钉住(11%)
→来自古法语方言 taque,钉子，插销，桩子，来自 Proto-Germanic*tag,固定，可能来自 触 摸，控制，安排，词源同 tangent,tact.引申诸相关词义。
钉住;缝合[tach=nail表示"钉子"]
【记】源于：tackle（n 工具；索具；v 固定），tack是一种tackle，可以tackle
noun
NAIL 钉
countable
■a small sharp nail with a flat end 图钉，大头钉
[tæk] noun
SEWING 缝
countable
■a long loose stitch （为定样临时缝上的）粗缝针脚，假缝
[tæk] noun
RIDING EQUIPMENT 马具
uncountable
■all the objects which the rider of a horse needs, including saddles and bridles 鞍辔，马具
[tæk] noun
BOAT'S DIRECTION 船的方向
countable
■the direction or distance which a boat moves at an angle to the direction of the wind, so that the boat receives the wind on its sails 戗风航行；抢风调向
• The ship was on the starboard tack. 那艘船右舷抢风航行。
[tæk] verb
FASTEN 捆扎
transitive
■to fasten something to a place with tacks 用图钉钉
[tæk] verb
SEW 缝
intransitive or transitive (US also baste)
■to sew with a long loose stitch which holds two pieces of material together until they are stitched more effectively （为定样而）用粗缝针脚缝
[tæk] verb
BOAT 船只
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of a boat) to turn so that it is at an angle to the direction of the wind and receives the wind on its sails 抢风行驶（一艘船转变方向，使船身与风的方向成一角度，以使船帆可接受风力）
[tæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tack sth on informal
■to add something that you had not planned to add, often without much preparation or thought （临时）增补，附加
• At the last minute, they tacked on a couple of extra visits to my schedule. 在最后一刻，他们在我的排程上增加了几项额外的参观活动。
n. [五金] 大头钉；粗缝；行动方针；食物
 - food, diet, eating
vt. 附加；以大头针钉住
 - annex, subjoin

Word: lining
Front: lining
[ˈlaɪnɪŋ] (六 9435/7666 -2)
Vocabulary: lining
(once / 944 pages)
n
When a different material covers the inside of something, like the clear membrane on the inner layer of an eggshell, you can call it a lining.
Many of our body parts have linings — the stomach lining, for example — that protect their insides. Clothing often contains a protective lining too, like the satin lining of your formal suit or the cotton lining of a sheer skirt, sewn inside, or a furry or plush lining meant to add warmth. A "silver lining" is a happy, bright aspect found in a dark or sad event: "I know there's a silver lining to your car accident!"
WORD FAMILY
lining: linings+/interlineal: interlineally/ line: lineal, linear, lineation, lined, linelike, liner, lines, lining, reline, underline/lineal: interlineal, lineally/ linear: interlinear, linearise, linearity, linearize, linearly, nonlinear/linearity: linearities/lineation: lineations/lined: unlined/liner: liners/reline: relined, relining/underline: underlined, underlines, underlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Week 1204 the Empress asked for some post-election “silver linings” for those who were less than euphoric over the election results.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 衬里，里子; 衬料; 衬套
v. 排队(line的现在分词)
分布：衬里(78%)，内层(22%)
→来自line,线，衬里。
noun countable
■a material or substance that covers the inside surface of something 内衬，里衬
• a coat/jacket lining 外套／夹克衫里衬
• the lining of the stomach 胃黏膜
n. [服装] 衬里；内层； [机] 衬套
 - inner layer, bushing block

Word: archbishop
Front: archbishop
[ˌɑ:tʃˈbɪʃəp] (11823/4037)
Back: n. 大主教; 主教长
分布：大主教(95%)，总教主(5%)
→前缀arch-, 始，主要。bishop, 主教，来自拉丁词episcopus.
US [ˌɑ:rtʃ-] UK ['-ˌ--] noun countable
■a bishop of the highest rank who is in charge of churches and other bishops in a particular large area 大主教
• The Archbishop of Canterbury holds the highest position in the Church of England. 英国国教中，坎特伯里大主教地位最高。
n. 大主教；总教主
 - primate, metropolitan

Word: artistic
Front: artistic
[ɑ:ˈtɪstɪk] (研四六雅 3249/4141 -K2)
Vocabulary: artistic
(once / 284 pages)
adj
The adjective artistic describes people who are creative or creations called "art." While you might not consider the sculptor Oldenburg's inflatable toilet as "art," recreating something ordinary in a unique way is very artistic.
Artistic often describes something pleasing to look at, but you don't have to like everything called artistic. If you make paintings, clay figures, or computer drawings, you're being artistic, because you're creating works of art. If you're creative in a less structured way — say, you arrange everything on your desk by shape and color so it looks nice and you enjoy doing it — that's artistic too. It may not always be "art," but it's still artistic creation.
WORD FAMILY
artistic: artistically, inartistic, unartistic+/ art: artist, artless, arts, arty/ artist: artistic, artistry, artists/ artistry: artistries/ artless: artlessly, artlessness/artlessness: artlessnesses/arty: artier, artiest, artily/inartistic: inartistically/unartistic: unartistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
She will be the third artistic director in the history of PS122, which was founded in 1980, and is its first female leader.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Producing a game involves software development, creative and artistic skills, project management and marketing, to name a few.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Herskovitz said he and Zwick want to bring that kind of artistic collaboration to the screen as part of the new “Nashville.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 艺术的; 有美感的; 风雅的; （尤指）有美术才能的
分布：艺术的(100%)
艺术的(art艺术)[-istic表形容词,由-ist+ic构成,表示"…的"]
a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
US [ɑ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to art 艺术的；美术的
• the artistic director of the theatre 剧院美术指导
• artistic endeavours 艺术探索
• a work of artistic merit 有艺术价值的作品
 ADVANCED
■able to create or enjoy art 有艺术天赋的；有艺术鉴赏力的
• His friends are all artistic - they're painters, musicians and writers. 他的朋友们都很有艺术造诣——他们尽是些画家、音乐家和作家。
■skilfully and attractively made 富有艺术性的；精美的，精彩的
• That's a very artistic flower arrangement you have there. 你那篮插花太精美了！
adj. 艺术的；风雅的；有美感的
 - art

Word: wallet
Front: wallet
[ˈwɒlɪt] (高研四六 5587/7130 -K1)
Back: n. 钱包，皮夹子
分布：钱包(81%)，皮夹(19%)
→可能来自wel,转，卷，词源同volume,vulva，-et,小词后缀。引申词义包裹，钱包。
n.皮夹,钱包The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
US ['wɑ:.lɪt] noun countable
 ADVANCED (US also billfold)
■a small folding case for carrying paper money, credit cards and other flat objects, used especially by men （尤指男士的）钱包，钱夹子
• He pulled out a big fat wallet stuffed with bank notes. 他掏出一个塞满钞票的鼓鼓囊囊的大钱包。
Compare purse (also document wallet)
■a large flat case that is made of card and used for holding documents 文件夹；硬纸夹
n. 钱包，皮夹
 - bag, purse

Word: logical
Front: logical
[ˈlɒdʒɪkl] (研四六托 4569/3188 -K2)
Vocabulary: logical
(once / 381 pages)
adj
Logical describes something that comes from clear reasoning. Using a fire extinguisher to put it out a fire is a logical step. Trying to put it out with gasoline is not.
The adjective logical is rooted in the Greek word logos, which means "reason, idea, or word." So calling something logical means it's based on reason and sound ideas — in other words, thought out with mathematical precision and removed from emotion. Sounds strict and boring, but it's the orderliness and consistency of logic that helps you write a great argument or figure out how to solve a problem.
WORD FAMILY
logical: illogical, logicality, logically, logicalness, unlogical+/illogic: illogics/ illogical: illogicality, illogically, illogicalness/illogicality: illogicalities/ logic: illogic, logical, logician, logicism, logics, logistician/ logician: logicians/logistician: logisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seems logical, and airlines don’t always disagree, as I wrote in April.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The problem is that what’s a logical name to you might not be to your significant other.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
But to the players, the suspensions were cause for righteous anger, and a boycott was the logical next step.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 逻辑（上）的; 符合逻辑的; 推理正确的; 合乎常理的
分布：合理的(44%)，符合逻辑的(29%)，逻辑上的(27%)
符合逻辑的(logic+al)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的His argument seems logical.他的论据似乎合逻辑.
US ['lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
■using reason 合乎逻辑的，合理的
• a logical choice/conclusion 合乎逻辑的选择／结论
• Students need the ability to construct a logical argument. 学生要具备逻辑论证的能力。
• It was the logical thing to do (= the decision was a reasonable one when all the facts were considered). 这样做才合乎逻辑。
Opposite illogical
adj. [计] 合逻辑的，合理的；逻辑学的
 - reasonable, rational, possible, just, legitimate

Word: expatriate
Front: expatriate
[ˌeksˈpætriət] (宝 13251/10531 -1)
Vocabulary: expatriate
(once / 4043 pages)
nv
An expatriate is someone who lives in another country by choice. If you leave your split-level ranch in Ohio and move to a writers' commune in Paris for good, you've become an expatriate.
Expatriate can also be a verb, so that American in Paris has expatriated. There was a scene of expatriates, or expats, living in Paris in the roaring '20s that included writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gertrude Stein. The word used to mean to get kicked out of your native country — it's from the French word expatrier which means "banish." The prefix ex means "out of" and the Latin patria "one's native country," but the word took a turn and now refers to people who left without getting shoved out.
WORD FAMILY
expatriate: expatriated, expatriates, expatriating, expatriation+/expatriation: expatriations
USAGE EXAMPLES
A statement reminded U.S. citizens that extremists “are continuing aggressive efforts to conduct attacks in areas where U.S. citizens and expatriates reside or frequent.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Exchange houses allow millions of expatriate workers to send money home.
Reuters(Dec 22, 2016)
Steve Bellinger, a British expatriate who runs a local B&B with his wife, summed up the local people for us.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 侨民，移居国外者; 被逐出国外者
adj. 移居国外的; 被逐出国外的
vi. 移居国外，放弃原国籍
vt. 使移居国外，使放弃国籍; 放逐，流放
时态：expatriated, expatriating, expatriates
分布：移居外国者(100%)
→ex-, 向外。-patri, 父亲，祖国，词源同father. 即离开祖国的人。
把…逐出国外(ex出+patri父亲;祖国+ate→(逐)出祖国)[patr(i)=father,表示"父亲"]
【记】ex出，patri父亲，国家－走出国家－（强迫＝自动）出国
【参】patriotism（n 爱国心；爱国精神）；patricide（n 杀父）
US [-'speɪ.tri-] noun countable (informal expat)
■someone who does not live in their own country （旅居国外的）侨民
• A large community of expatriates has settled there. 已经有一大批侨民在那边定居了。
UK [ek'spæt.ri.ət] US [-'speɪ.tri-] verb transitive UK [ekˈspæt.ri.eɪt] US [-ˈspeɪ.tri-] formal
■to use force or law to remove someone from their own country （强行或依法）把（某人）逐出本国，使移居国外
• The new leaders expatriated the ruling family. 新的领导人把统治家族驱逐出境。
vt. 使移居国外；流放，放逐；使放弃国籍
 - transport, banish

Word: urgency
Front: urgency
['ɜ:dʒənsɪ] (托 6376/5957)
Vocabulary: urgency
(once / 1668 pages)
n
When something has urgency it requires speedy action. If your weather report is flashing red and predicting a hurricane with record rainfall, that forecast would give some urgency to getting that hole in your roof fixed.
Urgency comes from the Latin urgere, which means "press, or drive," and it's related to the English word urge. If there's urgency to a situation, it's a pressing issue and you have to respond quickly! Urgency also means an earnest and insistent need. When your friend calls and tells you, "Get into the basement, the hurricane is coming," there would be an urgency in your friend's voice that would make you scurry downstairs to safety.
WORD FAMILY
urgency: urgencies+/ urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging/ urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in retrospect the seismic shocks of 2016, both political and environmental, lent greater urgency to her nightmare vision.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Security Council resolution declaring the settlements illegal brought renewed focus and urgency to the problem.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“There is a newfound urgency here,” he says.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 紧迫; 急迫; 急事; 紧要
分布：名词(100%)
【记】源于：urge（v 催促），ncy－催促你干的事情－紧急事件
ADJ-GRADED
紧迫的；紧急的；紧要的
If something is urgent, it needs to be dealt with as soon as possible.
例：There is an urgent need for food and water...现在亟需食物和水。
例：He had urgent business in New York.他在纽约有急事。
ADJ-GRADED
急切的；极力主张的
If you speak in an urgent way, you show that you are anxious for people to notice something or to do something.
例：His voice was low and urgent...他的嗓音低沉而急切。
例：His mother leaned forward and spoke to him in urgent undertones.他母亲身子前倾，小声而急切地跟他说话。
emergency, crisis, urgency
emergency: “紧急情况”，强调突如其来的事故或情况
crisis: “危机，危急”，着重某一事故或情况关系到生死存亡
urgency: “紧急，急迫（的状态）”，an emergency=a matter of urgency
n. 紧急；催促；紧急的事
 - exigency, instancy

Word: vacancy
Front: vacancy
[ˈveɪkənsi] (托雅 10277/6416 -1)
Vocabulary: vacancy
(once / 1046 pages)
n
Vacancy refers to something being unoccupied. If a hotel has vacancies, there are rooms available.
Have you ever noticed a store that's boarded up and empty, with signs like "For sale" or "For rent"? That's an example of vacancy: the store has no one in it. An unrented apartment is a vacancy, as is a house with no one living in it. Hotels put up a sign saying "No vacancies" when they have every room filled. It could help you remember what vacancy means if you know that a vacant lot is an empty lot.
WORD FAMILY
vacancy: vacancies+/ vacant: vacancy, vacantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
House Minority Leader Don Turner, a Republican, says there is no vacancy on the court.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Moon says he will probably try again to adopt the same requirements for General Assembly vacancies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The job vacancy will be created when Republican John Kennedy is sworn in Tuesday as Louisiana’s newest U.S. senator.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 空缺; 空虚; 空白; 空位
分布：空缺(84%)，空白(14%)，失神(2%)
空白,空缺(vac空+ancy)[-ancy=ance,表示"性质,状况"]
noun countable
■a space or place which is available to be used 空处；空位
• We wanted to book a hotel room in July but there were no vacancies. 我们想预订七月份的饭店房间，但是已经没有空房了。
• The dentist can't see you today but she has a vacancy tomorrow morning. 牙医今天不能给你看病，不过她明天上午有空。
• There are still some vacancies for students in science and engineering courses, but the vacancies in humanities have been filled. 理工科课程还有听课名额，而人文学科课程已经招满了。
■a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do （职位）空缺
• There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays. 商店有个星期六上班的店员职位空缺。
n. 空缺； [电子] 空位；空白；空虚
 - gap, blank

Word: plump
Front: plump
[plʌmp] (六托宝 9362/9171 -1)
Vocabulary: plump
(once / 685 pages)
1adjv 2nvadv 3v
Something that's plump has a nice round shape. You could describe watching your plump little cousin eating one plump grape after another.
Objects and people can both be described as plump, as long as they're full or round or chubby. Though some people might be offended by being called plump, it's meant to describe an appealing roundness. And when you plump something, you pat or shake it so that it becomes fuller: "Let me plump those pillows on the bed while you tuck the sheets in."
WORD FAMILY
plump: plumped, plumper, plumpest, plumping, plumply, plumpness, plumps+/plumpness: plumpnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
My latest iteration contains broken bits of mince pies and sultanas plumped in brandy.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
The tiny pink shrimp were succulent and plump, bursting with brininess.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
After attending Butler, he opened his own restaurant, Plump’s Last Shot, not far from Butler’s campus in Indianapolis.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 丰满的; 肥胖的; 丰富的; 充裕的
adv. 突然地，猛地
vt. & vi. （使）圆胖; （使）鼓起; （使）突然沉重地落下
n. 扑通声; 〈英〉阵雨; 群
时态：plumped, plumping, plumps
分布：丰满的(62%)，支持(18%)，变丰满(11%)，下降(3%)，直接地(3%)，骤降(3%)
→词源同低地德语plumpen,荷兰语plompen,扑通声，落水，可能为拟声词。引申词义重的，大 块的，后词义褒义化，形容女人丰腴的，丰满的。
倒下,坠下[plumb=lead,表示"铅"]
【区】plumb（adj 正好垂直的；v 测量（深度）；仔细地或深入地检验）
【记】plu＝plus，m妈妈，p屁股：给妈妈的屁股加肉－形体肥胖的且丰满的
【反】svelte（adj 苗条的；体态娇美的）
adjective
■having a pleasantly soft rounded body or shape 丰满的；饱满的
• a nice plump chicken 肥嫩多肉的小鸡
• plump juicy grapes 圆鼓鼓的多汁葡萄
• a child with plump rosy cheeks 两颊胖乎乎、红通通的小孩
■polite word for
■fat 发福的，丰满的
• He's got rather plump since I last saw him. 自从我上次见到他以来，他胖了很多。
[plʌmp] verb transitive
■to shake and push something to make it round and soft 使丰满；使鼓起
• My aunt was busy straightening furniture and plumping cushions. 我姑姑一直在忙着收拾家俱、拍松垫子。
• Let me plump up your pillows for you. 我来把你的枕头拍松。
[plʌmp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plump (sb/sth) down informal
■to sit down suddenly and heavily, or to put an object or child down suddenly and without taking care 重重地坐下；（随意地）把…重重地放下
• She plumped down next to me on the sofa. 他紧靠着我一屁股坐在沙发上。
• [R] He rushed in and plumped himself down in a chair. 他冲进房间，一屁股坐到椅子上。
• Joan sat down at the front of the bus, and plumped her bags down beside her. 琼在公共汽车前面坐下，把行李放在身边。
[plʌmp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  plump for sth/sb UK informal
■to choose something or someone, especially after taking time for careful thought （尤指经过认真考虑后）选择，选定
• I'm going to plump for the vegetable curry. 我决定选蔬菜咖哩。
• Which film did you plump for in the end? 你们最后选择去看哪部电影了？
[plʌmp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plump sth up
■to make something fuller or fatter 鼓起；使丰满
• She went round plumping up the cushions. 她总是把垫子拍得鼓鼓的。
• Lips can be plumped up with injections. 唇部可以用注射的方式变丰满。
stout, plump, fat
这组词都有“肥胖的”的意思，其区别是：
stout: 指膀粗腰圆，身体笨重，暗示肥壮。
plump: 指胖得匀称好看，有曲线感。
fat: 通俗用词，略含贬义。指因体内脂肪过多而显肥胖。
vt. 使丰满；使鼓起；突然放下
 - belly
adv. 沉重地；突然地
 - heavily, suddenly, sharp
vi. 变丰满；鼓起
 - fill out, summon up
adj. 圆胖的，丰满的；鼓起的
 - fat, full, chubby
n. 扑通声
 - plop

Word: warlord
Front: warlord
[ˈwɔ:lɔ:d] (12201/16466 -1)
Back: n. 军阀
分布：军阀(100%)
→war,战争，lord,主，上帝。用来指军阀。
US ['wɔ:r.lɔ:rd] mainly disapproving
noun countable
■a military leader who controls a country or, more often, an area within a country 军阀

Word: empower
Front: empower
[ɪmˈpaʊə(r)] (托宝 6207/7897 -1)
Vocabulary: empower
(once / 1480 pages)
v
Empower means "give power or authority to." When you educate children and believe in them, you empower those kids to go after their dreams.
Empower might seem like a new word, but it's been around since the 17th century. Today, empower often refers to helping someone realize their abilities and potential, perhaps for the first time. For example, in the 1960s, when women felt like second-class citizens, the women's movement empowered them to stand up and demand their equal rights.
WORD FAMILY
empower: empowered, empowering, empowerment, empowers
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, these policies are aimed at creating reinforcing feedback loops that will further empower progressive policymaking.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Americans are simultaneously so empowered and so threatened?
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
"So this book is about in many ways empowering the social work profession."
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 授权; 准许; 使能够; 使控制局势
时态：empowered, empowering, empowers
分布：授权(86%)，使能够(14%)
→em-, 进入，使。power, 权力。
授权(em+power权力)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
【记】power（n 能力；动力；权力）
US [-'paʊr] verb transitive
■to give someone official authority or the freedom to do something 给（某人）做…的权力；授权；使自主
• [+ to infinitive] This amendment empowers the president to declare an emergency for a wide range of reasons. 这一修正案授权总统可在一系列情形下宣布进入紧急状态。
• The first step in empowering the poorest sections of society is making sure they vote. 帮助社会最贫困阶层掌握自己命运的第一步就是要确保他们能够参加投票。
vt. 授权，允许；使能够
 - enable, let, have, grant

Word: pyramid
Front: pyramid
[ˈpɪrəmɪd] (高研托 6129/7071 -1)
Vocabulary: pyramid
(once / 1231 pages)
1nv 2nv
When you think pyramid, you're probably picturing the famous pyramids of Egypt — the enormous triangular monuments where pharaohs were buried thousands of years ago.
Besides being a polyhedron shape, pyramid can also represent shady financial dealings. If you've got a pyramid scheme — and if you do, you may be reading this from your jail cell — you have people buy into your "investment" and then they recruit others to buy in, too. The early investors rise in the pyramid and are then paid "returns" out of the funds paid in by the new investors they've recruited (the pyramid base), and on and on.
WORD FAMILY
pyramid: pyramidal, pyramided, pyramidical, pyramiding, pyramids+/pyramidal: pyramidally/pyramidical: pyramidically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rangers scrambled back up the four-division league pyramid to the top tier this season.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So why are there so few women at the top of the wealth pyramid?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Do you fancy a pyramid of raw salmon served in a lantern?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 金字塔; 角锥状物
vt. 使…成塔尖形; 使…节节建立; 使…上涨
vi. 成金字塔状; 渐增; 连续投机
时态：pyramided, pyramiding, pyramids
分布：金字塔(97%)，棱锥体(2%)，以金字塔的模型构建(1%)
→来自希腊语pyramis,金字塔，来自埃及语pimar,金字塔。
n.金字塔Families are at the base of a socio-economic pyramid.家庭是社会经济金字塔的基础.
noun countable
■a solid object with a flat square base and four flat triangular sides which slope toward each other and meet to form a point at the top 角锥；金字塔
■a pile of things which has the shape of a pyramid 摆成金字塔形的一堆东西
• The acrobats formed a pyramid by standing on each other's shoulders. 杂技演员一个站上另一个的肩膀上表演叠罗汉。
• figurative Many organizations have a pyramid structure (= there are fewer people at the top levels of them than there are at the bottom). 许多团体呈现金字塔式的组织结构。
vi. 渐增；上涨； [建] 成金字塔状
 - advance, to go up

Word: ostensibly
Front: ostensibly
[ɒ'stensəblɪ] (9156/9743)
Vocabulary: ostensibly
(once / 1930 pages)
adv
Ostensibly is an adverb you use to talk about something that looks one way, but underneath there's the hint of a different motivation for that action.
One day you go to an ice cream shop. Then the next day. And the next. You keep going, ostensibly to buy ice cream, but there’s a deeper reason. The cute person who works there, perhaps? To ostensibly do something admits that the surface reason might not be the only reason. The Latin root words translate as “to stretch in view of,” so imagine that you’re stretching a thin mask over your true intentions.
WORD FAMILY
ostensible: ostensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was ostensibly designed to assist the fight against Isis.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Gas prices will now fluctuate, something that hasn't been seen in Mexico since the government started fixing prices in 1992, ostensibly to control inflation.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Though ostensibly a defense of our decision not to veto a U.N.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 表面上地
分布：外表上地(50%)，表面上地(50%)
ADJ
表面上的；貌似真实的；宣称的
Ostensible is used to describe something that seems to be true or is officially stated to be true, but about which you or other people have doubts.
例：The ostensible purpose of these meetings was to gather information on financial strategies.这些会议声称旨在收集有关金融策略的信息。
adv. 表面上；外表
 - apparently, outwardly

Word: ruling
Front: ruling
[ˈru:lɪŋ] (4026/3354 -3)
Vocabulary: ruling
(once / 325 pages)
adjn
The official decision a judge makes is a ruling. You can also use this word as an adjective, to describe something or someone in charge, like a ruling political party.
The group with political power in a country might be described as the ruling coalition, and the government itself could be called the ruling authority. When it's a noun, the word ruling has a legal meaning: it's the court's opinion. This definition dates from the 1550s, from the verb rule, from its Latin root regula, "straight stick or bar."
WORD FAMILY
ruling: rulingly, rulings+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule/ ruler: rulers, rulership/rulership: rulerships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The court’s ruling was issued on Dec. 30.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 统治的; 支配的; 管辖的; 流行的
n. 统治; 支配; 裁定; [法]判决
分布：裁决(80%)，统治的(10%)，流行的(5%)，支配的(5%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a decision 裁决；裁定；判定；决定
• [+ that] The court has made a final ruling on the case that the companies acted illegally. 法庭对此案作出终审判决，判涉案公司违法经营。
['ru:.lɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■being in control and making all the decisions 统治的，支配的；占统治地位的
• The Communists are the ruling party at the moment. 当前共产党是执政党。
['ru:.lɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
ruling passion
■most important interest 最大的乐趣
• His ruling passion is music. 他最大的乐趣是音乐。
adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行的，普遍的
 - popular, widespread, primary, major, central
n. 统治，支配；裁定
 - governance, disposal, dominance

Word: thread
Front: thread
[θred] (中高研四六托宝 4714/5022 -K2)
Vocabulary: thread
(once / 213 pages)
1nv 2n
Thread is a length of twisted fibers (usually three strands together), made from cotton, silk, or other material, that can be used in sewing, quilting, embroidery, and other handicrafts.
The noun thread can also be used figuratively to refer to different parts of something, like thoughts or a conversation, that are connected as if joined by thread. If you were distracted by a crash in the kitchen, you might lose the thread of your conversation. Thread can also refer to the raised ridge on the outside of a screw or bolt, and you can use thread as a verb when you mean to string or to pass a thread through a needle.
WORD FAMILY
thread: threaded, threader, threading, threadlike, threads, thready+/threader: threaders
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fashion tech startup Thread is trying to solve the problem of styling at scale.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To view a live game thread, visit here.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 线; 线索; 线状物; 螺纹
vt. 穿成串; 将（针、线等）穿过…; 用…线缝; 给…装入（胶片、狭带、绳子）
时态：threaded, threading, threads
分布：线(80%)，螺纹(9%)，穿过(5%)，线索(3%)，思路(1%)，细丝(1%)，穿线于(1%)
→来自古英语 thraed,线，绳索，来自 Proto-Germanic*threduz,纺线，编线，来自 tere,弯， 转，编织，词源同 turn,throw.引申词义线索，脉络等。
n.线,细丝;线索,思路;螺纹v.穿线,穿过The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
noun
FIBRE 纤维
countable or uncountable
■(a length of) a very thin fibre 线
• needle and thread 针线
• loose threads 松的线
countable
■a long thin line of something such as light or smoke （光、烟等）线状物，线状体
• A thin thread of light made its way through the curtains. 一缕光线透过帘子射进来。
[θred] noun
CONNECTION 关连
countable
■The thread of a book, discussion, speech, etc. is its story or the way that it develops, one part connecting with another 思路；贯穿的主线
• One of the main threads of the film is the development of the relationship between the boy and his uncle. 电影的其中一条主线是男孩和他叔叔之间的关系发展。
• Unfortunately my attention wandered for a moment and I lost the thread of (= forgot) what I was saying. 遗憾的是我一时失神，忘了刚才在说甚么。
countable
■a connected group of pieces of writing on the Internet, where people are talking about a particular subject 帖子（网际网路上一组相关的文章，全都围绕人们谈论的一个特定主题）
• I was so pleased to find this thread, and to know that lots of people have the same problem as me! 我很高兴看到这个帖子，发现很多人和我一样都有这个问题！
[θred] noun
SCREW 螺钉
countable
■a continuous raised line, such as the one which goes around the outside of a screw or bolt or the inside of a hole 螺纹
[θred] verb transitive
■to put something long and thin such as string or thread through a narrow hole or into a small space 穿线于；使穿过
• to thread a needle 穿针
• The sari had gold strands threaded through the material. 这件莎丽的布料间穿上了金线。
[θred] verb transitive
thread your way through/between, etc.
■to move carefully through a crowded space, changing direction in order to avoid people or things （避开障碍）穿过，通过（拥挤地带）
• She threaded her way through the crowded market place. 她穿过人群拥挤的市场。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. [纺] 线； [机] 螺纹；思路；衣服；线状物；玻璃纤维；路线
 - string, clothes, array, line, route
vt. 穿过；穿线于；使交织
 - move through, go across
vi. 通过；穿透过
 - get through sth, get across

Word: radically
Front: radically
['rædɪklɪ] (研托 6520/6472)
Vocabulary: radically
(once / 2321 pages)
adv
The adverb radically is a great way to say "in an extreme way." When your formerly long-haired friend shows up at work with a crew cut, you could say that she looks radically different.
Use radically to describe things that are done in a big way, particularly a change or an extreme position. For example, the government in your state might change radically after an important election. You'll often see the phrase "radically different" used to mean a change that's enormous, possibly even transforming. Though the root of radically, radical, originally meant "root of a word," it came to mean "far-reaching, innovative, or extreme," especially when it describes political views.
WORD FAMILY
radical: radicalism, radicalize, radically, radicals+/ radicalism: radicalisms/ radicalize: radicalized, radicalizes, radicalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
This trend, of course, reflects how new technology is radically changing many traditional businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Even if he accomplishes only half, the landscape of American politics and policy will be radically altered.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
“They paint within a normal range, but when something is happening the brain, it starts to change quite radically.”
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 根本地; 彻底地; 完全地; 激进地
分布：完全地(38%)，根本地(37%)，过激地(25%)
ADJ-GRADED
重大的;根本的;基本的;彻底的
Radical changes and differences are very important and great in degree.
例：The country needs a period of calm without more surges of radical change...国家需要一段时间的稳定，其间不要再有重大的变革。
例：The Football League has announced its proposals for a radical reform of the way football is run in England.足联宣布了它关于对目前英格兰足球运作方式进行彻底改革的提议。
ADJ-GRADED
激进的；激进派的
Radical people believe that there should be great changes in society and try to bring about these changes.
例：...threats by left-wing radical groups to disrupt the proceedings.来自于左翼激进团体可能破坏会议进程的威胁
例：...political tension between radical and conservative politicians.激进派和保守派政治人士之间的紧张对峙
adv. 根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式
 - thoroughly, entirely, primarily, completely, fully

Word: stupid
Front: stupid
[ˈstju:pɪd] (中高研四六 2704/2558 -K3)
Vocabulary: stupid
(once / 193 pages)
adjn
A stupid person doesn’t have much intelligence or imagination, and they go through life making decisions that seem to lack all common sense. If you’ve got a brain but you don’t use it, you might be a bit stupid.
The word comes from a Latin adjective that means “amazed or stunned,” and stupid people are stunned by everything because their minds are numb. You can make a stupid mistake when you’re not thinking, and you can call someone stupid if you’re feeling cruel, like “Hey, Stupid.” Zombies are stupid because their brains are dead. If that makes sense to you, then you’re not stupid, and you’re also not a zombie. Well done!
WORD FAMILY
stupid: stupider, stupidest, stupidity, stupidly, stupids+/ stupidity: stupidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jolly called South Bend’s ban “stupid” but said he will follow it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How stupid is this — no way for people to use public transport on new years in Auckland.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In an email, he summed up that agenda: “It’s the varroa, stupid.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 愚蠢的; 迟钝的; 乏味的; 晕眩的，昏迷不醒的
n. <口>傻子，笨蛋
分布：愚蠢的(77%)，傻瓜(10%)，乏味的(6%)，无聊的(5%)，笨拙的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 stupere,震惊，困惑，迷惑，发晕，来自 stupe,击，打，扩展自 steu,击，打， 词源同 steep,stoop,type.引申词义愚蠢的，糊涂的。
笨的(stup笨,麻木+id)[-id表形容词"如…的"]
a.愚蠢的,迟钝的The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
US ['stu:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■silly or unwise; showing poor judgment or little intelligence 愚蠢的；糊涂的；欠考虑的
• She was really stupid to quit her job like that. 她就那样辞掉了工作，简直是愚蠢透顶。
• Whose stupid idea was it to travel at night? 晚上赶路是谁的馊主意？
• He now thinks that retiring early was a stupid thing to do. 他现在认为提早退休是件愚蠢的事。
• How could you be so stupid? 你怎么会这么傻？
 ESSENTIAL informal
■annoying, or causing a problem 讨厌的；恼人的；惹麻烦的
• Have your stupid book back if it's so important to you. 要是这本该死的破书对你那么重要的话，把它拿回去吧。
• I hate doing this stupid exercise, I just can't get it right. 我讨厌做这种烦人的练习，我就是做不对。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 愚蠢的；麻木的；乏味的
 - foolish, silly, asleep, mad
n. 傻瓜，笨蛋
 - simple, turkey, put, fool, idiot

Word: rebuff
Front: rebuff
[rɪˈbʌf] (宝 14271/19093 -1)
Vocabulary: rebuff
(once / 2008 pages)
nv
If you rebuff someone, you reject or snub him. You might decide to rebuff a classmate's invitation to the dance after hearing him gossip meanly about a friend.
Although the verb rebuff is a somewhat old fashioned one to use for social relationships, it's still common in the world of diplomacy. One country's rebuff of another might start a war, or end peace talks, or otherwise reverberate through the world of international relations. You can also use rebuff as a noun — deliberately ignoring your sister's text message is one example of a rebuff. The Italian root word, ribuffo, combines ri, expressing opposition, and buffo, "a puff."
WORD FAMILY
rebuff: rebuffed, rebuffing, rebuffs+/ buff: buff-colored, buffed, buffer, buffest, buffing, buffly, buffs, rebuff / buffer: buffered, buffering, buffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our shared duty is to decisively rebuff terrorist aggression," he said.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
With other A-listers, it’s all too common to be rebuffed by several layers of management, publicists and protective naysayers.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
The Vatican’s rebuff of his plans to shut 12 parishes was a rare instance when Rome reversed a U.S. bishop on such closures.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 断然拒绝; 挫败
vt. 断然拒绝; 阻碍
时态：rebuffed, rebuffing, rebuffs
分布：断然拒绝(61%)，冷落(21%)，漠不关心(12%)，严厉拒绝(6%)
→re-,向后，往回，-buff,喷，拟声词。比喻用法。
【记】re反，buff＝puff（v 喷气）拟声词一反过来对你喷气一断然拒绝
【反】welcome（v 欢迎）；approve（v 批准）
[rɪ'bʌf] formal
verb transitive
■to refuse to accept a helpful suggestion or offer from someone, often by answering in an unfriendly way 粗暴拒绝；生硬拒绝；断然拒绝
• She rebuffed all suggestions that she should resign. 她断然拒绝了所有劝她辞职的建议。
n. 断然拒绝；回绝；漠不关心
 - indifference, apathy
vt. 断然拒绝
 - slap on

Word: patron
Front: patron
[ˈpeɪtrən] (研六托雅 4665/5058 -2)
Vocabulary: patron
(once / 262 pages)
1n 2n
A patron supports someone or something. A patron of a business supports the business by being a loyal customer. A patron of the arts helps support starving artists — financially, not with food rations.
The word patron comes from the Latin pater or patr- meaning "father." Think of how a father is supposed to financially support his kids. A patron of the arts is someone who shows his appreciation or support for the arts by donating money to arts organizations. And a patron of the Red Lobster is a frequent customer who can be seen in the same corner booth every Sunday night, noshing on cheddar biscuits.
WORD FAMILY
patron: patroness, patronise, patronize, patronless, patrons+/patroness: patronesses/patronise: patronised, patronises, patronising/patronised: unpatronised/ patronize: patronized, patronizes, patronizing /patronized: unpatronized/ patronizing: patronizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cost, comprehension and the comfort factor keep would-be patrons, especially younger ones, at home.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The patrons ranged widely in nationality and religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The palace announced on Dec. 20 she would step down as patron of several charities and other organizations to reduce her workload.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 赞助人，资助人; 顾客，老主顾; 保护人; [宗]守护神
分布：守护神(53%)，赞助人(36%)，老主顾(11%)
→来自古法语patron,赞助，主顾，来自拉丁语patronus,守护圣人，保护者，来自pater,父亲，词源同father.后引申词义顾客，主顾，赞助商。
帮助人;恩人(像父亲一样的人)[patr(i)=father,表示"父亲"]
赞助人(patr父亲...像父亲一样的人)[-on表名词,指人,物和一些物理学上的名词]
n.赞助人;资助人;老顾客,老主顾St. George is the Patron Saint of England.圣乔治是英格兰的守护神.
【记】源于：patri爸爸，象爸爸一样给你零用钱－赞助人
noun countable
SUPPORTER 支持者
■a person or group that supports an activity or organization, especially by giving money 赞助者，资助人
• The Princess Royal is a well-known patron of several charities. 众所周知，长公主是好几家慈善机构的赞助人。
['peɪ.trən] noun countable
CUSTOMER 客户 formal
■a person who uses a particular shop, restaurant, hotel, etc., especially regularly; a customer 老顾客，老主顾
• Will patrons kindly note that this shop will be closed on 17th July. 各位顾客请注意，本店7月17日将暂停营业。
n. 赞助人；保护人；主顾
 - guardian, backer

Word: prohibition
Vocabulary: prohibition
(once / 690 pages)
n
Prohibition is the act of forbidding or outlawing something, like when my mom placed a prohibition on watching TV during dinner (causing everyone to skip dinner).
Prohibition can also refer to one of the most famous acts of prohibition in United States history: the outlawing of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. During this period, known as the "Prohibition Era" or just "Prohibition" for short, people continued to obtain alcohol via illegal means. As a result, the Prohibition Era is a perfect illustration of a major challenge associated with most acts of prohibition: enforcement.
WORD FAMILY
prohibition: prohibitionist, prohibitions+/ prohibit: prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitive, prohibits/prohibitionist: prohibitionists/ prohibitive: prohibitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The main conflict-of-interest statutes exempt the president from their prohibitions, but there are other laws that apply to Mr. Trump.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Then, in 1939, Gandhi caused Parsis to confront the unthinkable - bidding adieu to their beloved Parsi pegs - as he pushed Bombay's government to adopt prohibition.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
This day of rest doesn’t mean simply refraining from “work,” it includes prohibitions against writing, cooking and electricity.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)

Word: divine
Front: divine
[dɪˈvaɪn] (研六雅宝 4052/4739 -2)
Vocabulary: divine
(once / 89 pages)
nadjv
"To err is human, to forgive divine" means that everyone makes mistakes, but we should try to be like god and forgive one another. Divine basically means relating to, coming from, or like God or a god.
Divine also has an old-fashioned and informal meaning of being very good or pleasing, as in "She looked absolutely divine in her blue and white gown." This is an adjective that goes back to Middle English, borrowed from Old French devine, from Latin dīvīnus "divine, foreseeing," from dīvus "god."
WORD FAMILY
divine: divination, divinatory, divined, divinely, diviner, divines, divinest, divining, diviningly, divinity +/ divination: divinations/diviner: diviners/ divinity: divinities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in later prophetic books the divine voice grows quieter.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Of course, many of the city’s old guard still think the Reagan era was just divine.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 神的， 天赐的; 极好的; 神圣的
vt. &vi. 占卜，预言; 猜测， 预测; （用丫形杖）探测（地下水）
n. 牧师; 神学家
时态：divined, divining, divines
分布：神圣的(45%)，神的(38%)，预言(6%)，牧师(4%)，理解(3%)，神学家(3%)，推断(1%)
→来自dyeu, 照耀，神，词源同diva, divine,Zeus.即神灵的，能预测未来的。
a.神的,神授的,天赐的;极好的,极美的People used to believe in the divine right of kings.过去人们相信君权神授.
adjective
GOD-LIKE 似神一样的
■connected with a god, or like a god 神的；像神一样的
• The Ayatollah described the earthquake in Iran as a divine test. 那位阿亚图拉把伊朗发生的地震说成是神的一次考验。
• Some fans seem to regard footballers as divine beings. 有些球迷似乎把球员神化了。
• England have fallen so far behind in the championship that their only hope of victory is divine intervention (= help from God). 英格兰队在此次锦标赛中的名次已经远远落后了，他们获胜的唯一希望就是要靠神来帮忙了。
• Just because you've been promoted that doesn't give you a divine right (= one like that of a god) to tell us all what to do. 获得晋升并不等于你有权像神一样对我们发号施令。
[dɪ'vaɪn] adjective
SPLENDID 极佳的 old-fashioned
■extremely good, pleasant or enjoyable 极好的，美妙的，美好的
• We had a perfectly divine time in Switzerland. 我们在瑞士渡过了一段非常美好的时光。
• Their new house is quite divine! 他们的新房子相当棒！
[dɪ'vaɪn] verb
GUESS 猜测
transitive
■to guess something 猜，猜测；估计
• [+ that] I divined from his grim expression that the news was not good. 他的表情很严肃，我猜不是甚么好消息。
[dɪ'vaɪn] verb
SEARCH 搜索
intransitive or transitive
■to search for water or minerals underground by holding horizontally in your hands a Y-shaped rod or stick, the end of which suddenly points down slightly when water or minerals are below it （用丫形杖）探测（地下水或矿藏）
• a divining rod 探矿杖
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。
adj. 神圣的；非凡的；天赐的；极好的
 - remarkable, extraordinary, wonderful, excellent, famous
vt. 占卜；预言；用占卜勘探
 - predict, prognosticate
vi. 占卜；预言；使用占卜勘探矿
 - soothsay
n. 牧师；神学家
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: fallout
Front: fallout
[ˈfɔ:laʊt] (9133/22882 -1)
Vocabulary: fallout
(once / 4100 pages)
1n 2n
Fallout is the cloud of radioactive material that falls from the sky after a nuclear blast. Fear of the effects of fallout is just one reason some people are nervous about nuclear energy.
Nuclear fallout settles on the ground and in the atmosphere after a nuclear bomb explodes or a reaction occurs at a damaged nuclear power plant. The dangers of this kind of fallout are enormous, including immediate death and long-term illness caused by breathing and eating the radioactive dust. Another kind of fallout is more figurative — it's any kind of negative effect or result, like the fallout from telling your family you're getting an enormous tattoo.
WORD FAMILY
fallout: fallouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
I left your own emotional fallout, from a lifetime of association with your father, for last because I hope you’ll tend to it first.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I think there was just destined to be some serious fallout when Don left,” longtime Washington broadcaster Bob Rondeau said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Minnesota songwriter documents the fallout from a divorce with a set of poignant folk-pop songs that are tuneful and raw.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 放射尘; （核爆炸后的）沉降物; 附带后果; 余波
分布：余波(49%)，附带结果(25%)，辐射尘(19%)，原子尘的降下(7%)
→来自短语fall out, 用于核物理名词。
US ['fɑ:l-] noun uncountable
NUCLEAR 核武器的
■the radioactive dust in the air after a nuclear explosion （核爆炸后产生的）放射性落尘
• Cancer deaths caused by fallout from weapons testing could rise to 2.4 million over the next few centuries. 武器试验产生的放射性落尘所引致的癌症死亡人数可能在随后几个世纪里增至240万。
UK ['fɔ:l.aʊt] US ['fɑ:l-] noun uncountable
UNPLEASANT RESULT 不良影响
■the unpleasant results or effects of an action or event 不良影响，恶果
• The political fallout of the revelations has been immense. 这些被曝光事件产生的负面政治影响相当巨大。

Word: script
Front: script
[skrɪpt] (研六雅宝 3286/4130 -3)
Vocabulary: script
(once / 488 pages)
nv
A script is a written version of a play or movie. If you're auditioning for a movie, you'll get the script to practice a scene or two.
Script comes from the Latin scrībĕre, meaning "to write," and all its meanings have to do with something written. Your handwriting is your script. The written version of what you're supposed to say, whether for a wedding toast or a play, is a script. And if you were feeling old-fashioned you could call the grocery list you just wrote a script. It's also a verb. You can script a play.
WORD FAMILY
script: postscript, prescript, rescript, scripted, scripting, scripts, scriptural, subscript+/ postscript: postscripts/prescript: prescripts/rescript: rescripts/scripted: unscripted/scriptural: scripturally/subscript: subscripts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But just like in any good TV script, a twist was in store.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Every Christmas season the two Hallmark Channels release or replay a familiar holiday script.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 脚本，手迹; 书写体铅字; 剧本、广播稿或者电影剧本
vt. 为电影（或戏剧等）写剧本; 编造
时态：scripted, scripting, scripts
分布：脚本(80%)，剧本(15%)，手迹(2%)，手稿(1%)，字体(1%)，考卷(1%)
→来自 scribe,写，-pt,过去分词格。词性由形容词作名词使用，引申诸相关词义。
原本,脚本[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.剧本(原稿);手稿,原稿;笔迹,手迹His script was unintelligible.他的笔迹实在看不懂.
【参】manuscript（n 手稿）
noun
TEXT 文本
 ADVANCED countable
■the words of a film, play, broadcast or speech 电影剧本；剧本；广播稿；讲稿
• Bruce Robinson wrote the script for 'The Killing Fields'. 布鲁斯‧罗宾逊为《战火屠城》写了剧本。
countable Australian * prescription
[skrɪpt] noun
EXAMINATION 考试
countable UK
■an answer paper written by a student in an examination （考生的）笔试答案卷
[skrɪpt] noun
WRITING 书写
uncountable
■a set of letters used for writing a particular language 文字；字母
• Arabic/Cyrillic/Roman script 阿拉伯／西里尔／罗马字母
countable or uncountable
■writing, especially when well-formed （尤指漂亮的）书写，字迹
• The invitation was written in beautiful italic script. 邀请函是用漂亮的斜体字写成的。
[skrɪpt] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable or uncountable specialized
■a type of language for programming computers, that is used for finding and showing websites on the Internet 脚本语言（电脑程式设计的一种语言，用于网际网路上寻找和显示网页）
letter, alphabet, script, character
这组词都有“字母”的意思，其区别是：
letter: 指单个的字母。
alphabet: 指整个字母系统或一种语言的字母表，不表单个字母。
script: 指书写或印刷的字母。
character: 通常指汉语的方块字，也指字符。
n. 脚本； [图情] 手迹；书写用的字母
 - play book

Word: allegiance
Front: allegiance
[əˈli:dʒəns] (六托雅宝 7232/6439 -1)
Vocabulary: allegiance
(once / 667 pages)
n
Every second grader knows how to pledge allegiance to the flag, but do you think they realize when they place their right hand over their hearts that they're expressing loyalty to what we call the "Red, White, and Blue"?
You can pledge your allegiance to a flag or swear your allegiance to a government or cause. Either way you're expressing your commitment and devotion in the firmest sense of the word. The liege in allegiance comes from the Old French word meaning "lord and master," which is who you would have been swearing your allegiance to if you'd been a servant in France centuries ago.
WORD FAMILY
allegiance: allegiances+/allegiant: allegiance
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite political, social or religious viewpoints that may divide us, a common allegiance to our team finds us focusing on the same goal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We pledge allegiance to a country that is “indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Authorities were still searching for the suspect when he arrived Wednesday night at Henry Ford Allegiance Health with a reported gunshot wound to his abdomen.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 忠诚，拥护; （封建）臣道，忠节
分布：效忠(58%)，忠诚(42%)
→前缀al-同ad-. 单词liege, 臣子，臣民。原指臣子对君王的效忠。后该词多与词根lig相联系, lig, 绑定, 见ligature,韧带。
【记】leg法律－法律应该拥护all leg iance：全是腿－如果比尔该死说每人发100万美金，底下一定是群情激愤，举双脚赞成（全是腿）－拥护，忠诚读：all立正死，所有人都立正而死－忠诚
[ə'li:.dʒənts] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■loyalty and support for a ruler, country, group or belief （对统治者、国家、群体或信仰的）忠诚，忠贞；拥戴，拥护
• Soldiers must swear allegiance to the Crown/the King. 士兵必须宣誓效忠国王。
• In many American schools, the students pledge allegiance (to the flag) at the beginning of the school day. 在很多美国学校里，学生每天上课前要（向国旗）进行宣誓。
• As an Englishman who'd lived for a long time in France, he felt a certain conflict of allegiances when the two countries played soccer. 作为一个在法国生活了很长时间的英国人，当两国足球队比赛时，对于要支持哪一方，他的内心会有一番思想斗争。
n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞
 - loyalty, devotion

Word: whistle
Front: whistle
[ˈwɪsl] (高研四六雅宝 6463/6960 -K2)
Vocabulary: whistle
(once / 189 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
A whistle is a small wind instrument, and you probably know people who are good at whistling without an instrument. Trains have whistles, and the wind whistles too. The world is full of whistles.
Whistle is a word with several meanings, but they have in common a similar high-pitched, airy sound. This is different from most instruments. You can't tuba without a tuba, but you can whistle without a whistle. Sometimes people's teeth make a whistling sound by accident. Referees and traffic cops carry whistles to get people's attention. Other people whistle for many reasons: because they're impressed, see something they like, or just want to say, "Hey you!"
WORD FAMILY
whistle: whistled, whistler, whistles, whistling+/whistler: whistlers/whistling: whistlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the next morning, he was woken up by that recurring train whistle, which is somehow connected to his adolescent trauma.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 吹口哨，吹哨子，鸣汽笛; 呼啸; （动物）发出刺耳的叫声; 吹口哨召唤
vt. 由吹口哨而发出; 吹口哨召唤; 用哨声使…行动
n. 口哨，哨子; 汽笛; 哨声，笛声; 啭鸣声：尖厉高音
时态：whistled, whistling, whistles
分布：口哨(45%)，汽笛(21%)，吹口哨(17%)，呼啸(6%)，鸣汽笛(5%)，警笛(4%)，吹口哨召唤(2%)
→拟声词。
n.口哨,汽笛;口哨声,汽笛声v.吹口哨;鸣笛The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
【记】象声词
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make a high sound by forcing air through a small hole or passage, especially through the lips, or through a special device held to the lips 吹哨子；（尤指）吹口哨；用口哨吹出
• He whistled as he worked. 他一边工作一边吹口哨。
• On the days when she wore a skirt the men on the building site would whistle at her. 那些天她穿了裙子，建筑工地的男人们一见到她就向她吹口哨。
• Someone was whistling Beatles tunes outside my window. 有人在我窗外用口哨吹着甲壳虫乐队的曲子。
• The referee whistled and the game was over. 裁判吹响哨子，比赛结束了。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to make a long, high sound while moving quickly through or past something 呼啸而过
• She heard the wind whistling through the trees and the howl of a distant wolf. 她听见风呼啸着穿过树丛，远处还有狼的嚎叫声。
• I stepped out of the building and immediately a bullet whistled past my head. 我刚走出大楼，马上就有一颗子弹从我头边呼啸而过。
intransitive
■When birds whistle, they sing in high musical notes （鸟）啼啭，啭鸣
• The birds were whistling in the early morning quiet. 鸟在寂静的清晨啭鸣。
['wɪs.l] noun countable
■the sound made by someone or something whistling 哨子声；口哨声；呼啸声
• From the bottom of the garden I recognised my father's tuneless whistle. 我听出父亲在花园深处吹的不成调的口哨声。
• It sounded like the whistle of an old-fashioned steam train. 它听起来像是老式蒸汽火车的汽笛声。
• She listened to the whistle of the wind through the trees. 她听着风呼啸着穿过树林的声音。
■an object which you hold to your lips and blow through in order to make a loud, high sound 哨子，笛子
• The referee blew his whistle for half-time. 裁判吹响了半场休息的哨声。
n. 口哨； [铁路] [船] 汽笛；啸啸声
 - hooter, tyfon

Word: insect
Front: insect
[ˈɪnsekt] (高研四六雅 3405/3450 -K2)
Vocabulary: insect
(once / 272 pages)
n
An insect is commonly called a bug. Flies, bees, spiders, and wasps are all insects.
Insects are the most numerous type of animals on Earth — and also some of the least popular. These tiny, air-breathing arthropods always seem to be where you don't want them. Mosquitoes, ants, and bees can ruin a picnic. Moths ruin clothes. Spiders scare the heck out of people. Cockroaches are disgusting and extremely hard to kill. It's no wonder insects aren't as popular as cats or dogs.
WORD FAMILY
insect: insects
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first pesticide to be tested will be propoxur, which is commonly used against fleas and other insects.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The zoo and Wild Place Project are home to around 500 species, from tiny fish and insects to gorillas and hippos.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 虫，昆虫; 卑鄙的人; 微贱的人，小人
adj. 昆虫的; 卑劣的
分布：昆虫(91%)，虫子(8%)，卑微的人(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-sect,切，分，词源同sex,segment.因昆虫分段的躯体而得名。
昆虫(in进入+sect→昆虫一节一节如被切开一样)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
n.昆虫This section about insects is written by a respectable specialist.关于昆虫的这一节是由一位可敬的专家撰写的.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a type of very small animal with six legs, a body divided into three parts and usually two pairs of wings, or, more generally, any similar very small animal 昆虫
• Ants, beetles, butterflies and flies are all insects. 蚂蚁、甲虫、蝴蝶和苍蝇都是昆虫。
• I've got some sort of insect bite on my leg. 我腿上被小虫咬了一口。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
n. [昆] 昆虫；卑鄙的人
 - ratfink, warb

Word: ineffective
Front: ineffective
[ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv] (7869/7076 -1)
Vocabulary: ineffective
(once / 2289 pages)
adj
Use the adjective ineffective to describe something that doesn't work quite the way it's supposed to. You might complain about your ineffective guard dog, who wags his tail and licks everyone who comes to your house.
When you're ineffective, you're unable to accomplish something you're trying to do. You might realize that you're an ineffective babysitter when you can't get the kids to go to bed. Ineffective comes from the Latin prefix in, "not, or opposite of," added to effective, whose Latin root is effectivus, "productive." When something's unproductive, inefficient, or incapable, it's ineffective.
WORD FAMILY
ineffective: ineffectively, ineffectiveness+/ effect: effected, effecter, effecting, effective, effector, effects, effectuate /effecter: effecters/ effective: effectively, effectiveness, effectivity, ineffective, uneffective/effector: effectors/ effectuate: effectuated, effectuates, effectuating, effectuation
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he developed tolerance, the pain medications became increasingly ineffective.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Bowman denies he provided ineffective counsel, and lower courts agreed with him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So government-owned banks end up becoming politically focused weapons that are ineffective, and which drain money and resources from our community.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 无效果的; 低效率的; 不起作用的; 无能力的
分布：无效的(79%)，无能的(13%)，效率低的(8%)
→in-,不，非，effective,有效的。
【记】effective（adj 有效的）；effect（n 效果）fect作
【参】inefficacious（adj 无效力的；无用的）fic作
adjective
■not producing the effects or results that are wanted 不起作用的，无效果的，不奏效的
• They made an ineffective attempt to get the rules changed. 他们试图改变规则，但未成功。
• The army has proved ineffective in protecting the civilian population. 军队没有起到保护平民的作用。
insufficient, inefficient, incompetent, ineffective
insufficient: 不充分的
inefficient: 效率低的
incompetent: 不胜任的
ineffective: 无效果的
adj. 无效的，失效的；不起作用的
 - useless, invalid

Word: chant
Front: chant
[tʃɑ:nt] (中高雅宝 6880/8567 -2)
Vocabulary: chant
(once / 448 pages)
nv
A chant is a type of song with a repetitive, monotonous structure. It’s also something sports fans love to do. At the Olympics, some Americans chant, “USA! USA! USA!”
In addition to being something fans like to yell together, a chant is a traditional form in a lot of religious music. There are Catholic chants, Hindu chants, Jewish chants, and the list goes on. Because of this type of music, “to chant” means “to repeat something in a monotone or repetitive way.” Chants have no harmony or instruments, only a simple rhythm and a lot of repetition.
WORD FAMILY
chant: chanted, chanter, chanting, chantlike, chants+/chanter: chanters/chanting: chantings
USAGE EXAMPLES
That dropped the Nittany Lions ’ record to 2-2, and the next week the home fans booed and chanted, “Fire Franklin!”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In early November, nearly 20 protesters who sat, chanted, sang and refused orders to leave were arrested in the building’s judicial wing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fans in Denver, anticipating his departure, chanted “Kooooobes” with less than a minute left in the game.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 吟颂，咏唱; 反复有节奏地喊叫（或唱等）
n. 咏唱，咏唱的话语
时态：chanted, chanting, chants
分布：圣歌(42%)，吟唱(24%)，赞美诗(9%)，诵扬(8%)，喊叫(6%)，旋律(6%)，叫喊(5%)
→来自kan, 唱，吟，拟声词，词源同cantor, incantation.
【记】chant读：唱他。
US [tʃænt] verb intransitive or transitive
■to repeat or sing a word or phrase continuously, or to sing a religious prayer or song to a simple tune 重复地说（或唱）；反覆吟唱；反覆念诵
• The crowd were chanting the name of their football team. 人群正反覆呼唤着自己足球队的名字。
• Demonstrators chanted anti-government slogans in the square. 示威者在广场上呼喊反政府口号。
• We could hear the monks chanting. 我们听到和尚在念经。
UK [tʃɑ:nt] US [tʃænt] noun countable
■a word or phrase that is repeated many times 反覆说（或吟唱）的词语
• The fans started to sing the familiar football chant, "Here we go, here we go, here we go!". 球迷开始反覆唱那首熟悉的足球歌：Here we go，here we go，here we go！
n. 圣歌；赞美诗
 - spiritual, motet
vt. 唱；诵扬
 - sing
vi. 唱歌；反覆地唱歌
 - sing, descant

Word: patriot
Front: patriot
[ˈpeɪtriət] (六托宝 10621/11834 -2)
Vocabulary: patriot
(once / 156 pages)
n
A patriot is someone who loves and who has sometimes fought for his or her country. “Nathan Hale was a true patriot; his only regret was that he had but one life to give for his country.”
The word patriot comes from patrios (Greek, not Latin for once), which means "of one’s father." So, despite various references to the motherland, the word patriot more or less lands us square in the fatherland arena. And if you’re a football fan, the New England Patriots is a near-Boston-based team (Boston being a major source of American patriots in the Revolutionary War). And, if you want to get yourself in trouble, you can wander Boston with a megaphone chanting, “The Patriots stink.”
WORD FAMILY
patriot: patrioteer, patriotic, patriots+/patrioteer: patrioteers/ patriotic: patriotically, patriotism, superpatriotic, unpatriotic/ patriotism: patriotisms, superpatriotism/unpatriotic: unpatriotically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tom Brady, QB, Patriots… Yes, he only played 12 games.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Two rushes for minus-8 yards against the New England Patriots the next week put him back in the red.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Good sense says the New England Patriots did not need to sign receiver Michael Floyd when the Cardinals released him a few weeks ago.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 爱国者，爱国主义者
分布：爱国者(100%)
→来自希腊语patriotes,同胞，乡亲，老乡，来自pater,父亲，词源同father.-otes,状态后缀。即同一个父亲的，同一个祖先的，后用以指同胞，爱国者。
[patri祖→祖国,-ot名词字尾,表示人]爱祖国者,爱国主义者[父,祖patr(i);part(o);pater]
爱国者(祖国比喻成父亲)[patr(i)=father,表示"父亲"]
爱国者(patri父亲)[-ot表名词"…人"]
【记】patri爸爸，ot：把祖国看成爸爸－爱国者
US ['peɪ.tri.ɑ:t] noun countable
■a person who loves their country and, if necessary, will fight for it 爱国者
n. 爱国者
 - Aigo, The Patriot

Word: motorist
Front: motorist
[ˈməʊtərɪst] (9411/6207 -2)
Back: n. 汽车驾驶员; 乘汽车旅行的人
分布：驾车的人(60%)，乘车旅行的人(40%)
→来自motor,汽车。
US ['moʊ.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who drives a car 开汽车的人，驾驶者

Word: irritate
Front: irritate
[ˈɪrɪteɪt] (研六托雅宝 8466/7783 -K2)
Vocabulary: irritate
(once / 210 pages)
v
To irritate is to cause an unsettling reaction, whether it's of the body or the nerves. You can irritate someone by talking too loudly on your cellphone in public. You can also irritate your skin, causing a rash or redness.
To irritate is to disturb — either physically or psychologically. When you have an allergic reaction to something, you irritate or disturb the body. When you have an allergic reaction to your kid brother, he is probably irritating you with his annoying habits. And what is the result of something irritating? An irritation of course.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
aggravate / irritate
Aggravate means to make something worse, and irritate is to annoy. But if you use aggravate to mean "annoy," no one will notice. That battle has been lost in all but the most formal writing.
To aggravate is to make something go from bad to worse. Yet aggravate was first listed as meaning, "exasperate, annoy" in A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues by Randal Cotgrave in 1611. But it's not exactly the same as irritate, darn it, and the sentences below get it right. In the news, aggravated often goes with battery, which is worse than simple battery (beating someone up), and carries a tougher punishment:
Knight was arrested for aggravated battery and resisting a police officer. (Chicago Tribune)
Tapia, 27, was charged after the confrontation with several counts of aggravated battery on a police officer and resisting arrest. (Reuters)
Regardless of pH levels, high-fat meats, dairy products, caffeine, chocolate, carbonated beverages, fried foods, alcohol and mints are known to aggravate reflux symptoms. (New York Times)
Irritate means to annoy someone. If you try to use irritate in the sentences above, it doesn't work as well. Irritate also means to inflame a part of the body, and in that sense, aggravate won't do:
Bedbugs don't spread disease, but they can irritate skin. (WebMD)
Gold chains are also very irritating to the neck and arms of an infant. (Eliza Leslie)
Despite four hundred years of English speakers using aggravate to mean annoy or irritate, there is a shade of difference. If you make something worse, you aggravate the situation. A bedbug will irritate your skin. If you're determined to annoy, use either.
WORD FAMILY
irritate: irritable, irritated, irritates, irritating, irritation, irritative+/irritability: irritabilities/ irritable: irritability, irritably/ irritated: irritatedly/ irritating: irritatingly/ irritation: irritations
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, most of us don't get irritated to the point of using our irons as weapons.
Golf Digest(Dec 30, 2016)
Still, Mr. Perlmuth said he was glad the subway was finally opening, even if he was irritated by the many inconveniences during construction.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Ron Gallo, June 23 at the 5 Spot: Insurgent thrift-store poet overcomes irritating schmoozing crowd with feedback and barbed words.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 刺激，使兴奋; 使发怒; 使感到不适; 使疼痛，使发炎
vi. 引起恼怒; 引起不愉快
时态：irritated, irritating, irritates
分布：激怒(95%)，使疼痛或发炎(5%)
→来自拉丁语irritus,刺激，煽动，激怒，可能来自ir-,进入，使，-rit,宗教仪式，词源同rite,ritual.引申词义召唤鬼神，诅咒，刺激。
激怒;刺激(ir+rit擦+ate→进入磨擦→激怒)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
vt.激怒,恼火,使急躁His letter irritated me a little.他的信使我有点恼火.
verb transitive
MAKE ANGRY 激怒
■to make angry or annoyed 激怒，使恼火
• After a while her behaviour really began to irritate me. 过了一会儿儿，她的行为真让我恼火了。
['ɪr.ɪ.teɪt] verb transitive
MAKE SORE 使疼痛
■to make sore or painful 使发炎；使疼痛
• At first my contact lenses irritated my eyes. 起初一戴上隐形眼镜，我的眼睛就痛。
provoke, aggravate, irritate
这组词都有“激怒”的意思，其区别是：
provoke: 指激起某人强烈的愤怒，以致令人作出反应。
aggravate: 口语用词。指因长时间的反复言行而引起不快、烦躁或恼怒。
irritate: 通常指因受到不愉快的刺激而失去耐性，变得烦燥或恼怒。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
vt. 刺激，使兴奋；激怒
 - stimulate, fan, anger, motivate, needle

Word: pessimist
Front: pessimist
[ˈpesɪmɪst] (18238/19848)
Vocabulary: pessimist
(once / 4648 pages)
n
If the world can be divided into those who see the glass half empty and those who see the glass half full, the half-empty crew are known as pessimists––they always see the worst.
The opposite of pessimist is optimist––someone who always sees thing in a positive light. Most people insist they are optimists, and when accused of pessimism suggest they're only focusing on reality. In fact, though, people who see reality as it is are called "realists."
WORD FAMILY
pessimist: pessimists+/ pessimism: pessimisms, pessimist, pessimistic / pessimistic: pessimistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Look at all the broad indicators, say the pessimists, and they all point south.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Unlike my dad, who was always a Pollyanna and unapologetically himself, I was an unintentional pessimist with a full assortment of emotions.
Time(Dec 16, 2016)
But the right information will allow optimists and pessimists, sceptics and evangelists, to back their convictions with their capital.
The Guardian(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 悲观主义者，悲观者; 厌世者
分布：悲观主义者(100%)
→来自pessimism,悲观主义，-ist,人。
N-COUNT
悲观主义者；悲观论者
A pessimist is someone who thinks that bad things are going to happen.
例：I'm a natural pessimist; I usually expect the worst...我是天生的悲观主义者。我总是做最坏的打算。
例：It looks as if the pessimists are being proved right.现在看来似乎悲观论者是正确的。
n. 悲观主义者
 - Jer.

Word: wright
Front: wright
[rait] (托 -/3602)
Vocabulary: wright
(once / 43614 pages)
n
If you make a living building furniture out of wood, you can call yourself a wright, which is an old fashioned way to say "maker or builder."
You're more likely to see the word wright in combination with other words than on its own these days. Some common examples are playwright and wheelwright, or in other words, makers of plays and wheels. The origin of wright is the Old English wryhta, or "someone who works with wood." Originally, a wright was specifically a wood worker, but later it grew to include many different kinds of professions.
WORD FAMILY
wright: wrights
USAGE EXAMPLES
It remains to be seen whether the costly craft launched by Russel Crowe and his ark wrights will sink or swim.
Time(Mar 27, 2014)
The words wright and write are homophones, a phonological coincidence.
The Guardian(Jun 19, 2013)
Would anyone believe the wright brothers if flight was never repeated?
BBC(Dec 08, 2012)
Back: n. 建造者，制造者; 工人
分布：制造者(50%)，工匠(50%)
n. 制作者；工人
 - worker, smith

Word: restoration
Front: restoration
[ˌrestəˈreɪʃn] (托 5002/3578 -2)
Vocabulary: restoration
(once / 733 pages)
1n 2n
A restoration is when you bring something back to what it was. A crumbling house that is lovingly-rebuilt in its original style, a king who was kicked off his throne only to get it back — these are restorations.
Notice the difference between renovation and restoration. If you restore a 1950s house, you use period materials and effects. A renovation might include new things. Restoration always means a putting back: if you've been ill, but get better, you might talk about your restoration of health.
WORD FAMILY
restoration: restorations+/ restorative: restoratives/ restore: restoration, restorative, restored, restorer, restores, restoring/restorer: restorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Planned work on the 161-year-old home includes mechanical system upgrades, landscape and grounds improvements, security enhancements and interior and exterior restoration work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Eventually, the group hopes to submit grant requests for a restoration project to create a passage for fish to navigate farther upstream.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Paul Schmidt, chairman of the Balboa Park Christmas Committee, and the restoration artist discovered the theft on Thursday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （规章制度等的）恢复; 复原; （遗失等物的）归还原主; 整修
分布：恢复(94%)，复位(4%)，归还(2%)
US [-tə'reɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the act or process of returning something to its earlier good condition or position 修复；恢复；重定
• The first task following the disaster was the restoration of clean water supplies. 灾难过后的首要任务就是要恢复清洁水的供应。
• Restoration work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is now complete. 西斯廷教堂天花板的修复工程现已完工。
• A large majority of the population is demanding the restoration of the former government. 绝大多数人都要求恢复前政府。
n. 恢复；复位；王政复辟；归还
 - recovery, replacement, retrieval, renewal, resumption

Word: trait
Front: trait
[treɪt] (研六托雅宝 3737/6541 -1)
Vocabulary: trait
(once / 507 pages)
n
A trait is something about you that makes you "you." When your mother says that you get all your best traits from her, she means you have the same charming smile and the same brilliant mind as she has.
In science, trait refers to a characteristic that is caused by genetics. Having green eyes or being shorter than average are traits a person might have. In more general use, a trait is an important part of someone’s personality or appearance. Try to describe your favorite teacher in three words and you’ll probably come up with a list of her essential traits — such as compassionate, calm, and kooky.
WORD FAMILY
trait: traits
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a while, as Burke regained his position in the Wizards’ rotation, Brooks began embracing his best traits.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
When I spoke with Barrett, she noted that the traits we think of as gender-based generally depend on varying perception, not varying behavior.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
What is the trait you most deplore in yourself?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 特点，特性; 少许
分布：特征(52%)，特点(43%)，少许(3%)，一笔(2%)
→来自中古法语 trait,线条，轮廓，特征，来自拉丁语 tractus,描绘，勾勒，来自 trahere,拖，拉， 使移动，词源同 drag,tract.引申词义人的特征，特点等。拼写比较 portrait,protract.
n.特征,特点,特性The traitor in strait straight forwardly told me the traits of the bait.在向前直的海峡里的卖国贼告诉我饵的特性.
noun countable
■a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour （个人的）特征，特性，品质
• His sense of humour is one of his better traits. 具有幽默感是他更讨人喜欢的特点之一。
• Arrogance is a very unattractive personality/character trait. 傲慢是一种非常令人讨厌的性格特点。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 特性，特点； [心理] 品质；少许
 - quality, tang, identity, sort, distinction

Word: budgetary
Front: budgetary
[ˈbʌdʒɪtəri] (13211/9223 -1)
Back: adj. 预算上的
分布：预算的(100%)
ADJ
预算的
A budgetary matter or policy is concerned with the amount of money that is available to a country or organization, and how it is to be spent.
例：There are huge budgetary pressures on all governments in Europe to reduce their armed forces.欧洲各国政府都面临着巨大的裁军预算压力。

Word: internship
Front: internship
[ˈɪntɜ:nʃɪp] (10397/-)
Vocabulary: internship
(once / 11879 pages)
n
An internship is a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training rather than merely employment, and it can be paid or unpaid. If you want to go into publishing, you might have to take an internship before you are qualified for an actual job.
To intern means "to pass inside something," and when you have an internship, it's like you've temporarily gotten permission to be inside a workplace. If you're just completing your medical training, then the next stage is to get a medical internship, in which you are supervised by more experienced doctors. Sometimes your internship is part of your "residency," your first hospital job.
WORD FAMILY
internship: internships+/ intern: interned, internee, interning, internist, internment, interns, internship /internee: internees/internist: internists/ internment: internments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Digital Future Lab works as an in-house internship opportunity for students studying on the Bothell campus, said Pace, the lab director.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It needs to reach students when they're freshmen and incorporate mentors, internships and work experience.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The program will allow students to earn college credits and provide access to early internship opportunities.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. <美>实习医师，实习医师期
分布：实习期(91%)，实习生职位(9%)
→来自intern,实习。
US [-tɝ:n-] noun countable
MEDICAL 医学 US a period of training spent in a hospital by a young doctor in order to finish their medical qualification 医生实习期
• He served his internship at Garfield Hospital. 他在嘉菲尔医院渡过了实习期。
UK ['ɪn.tɜ:n.ʃɪp] US [-tɝ:n-] noun countable
STUDENT 学生 US a period of time spent doing a job as part of becoming qualified to do it 实习期
• Jane has a summer internship at a local TV station. 暑期时，简在当地一家电视台实习。
n. 实习生；（美）实习期；实习医师职位
 - trainee, probationer

Word: wrongly
Front: wrongly
[ˈrɒŋli] (11321/7537 -K)
Back: adv. 错误地; 不正确地; 不恰当地; 不正直地
分布：错误地(50%)，不公正地(30%)，不恰当地(20%)
US ['rɑ:ŋ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■not correctly 错误地；不正确地
• Several people were wrongly convicted. 好几个人被错判有罪。
• He even spelled his own client's name wrongly. 他甚至连自己客户的名字都拼错了。
adv. 错误地；不恰当地；不公正地
 - in error, incorrectly

Word: revert
Front: revert
[rɪˈvɜ:t] (托宝 10064/5938 -1)
Vocabulary: revert
(once / 757 pages)
v
While revert means to return to something earlier or to go back, it's often used wrongly in combination. If you're buying the older version of the game, you might say you're "reverting back," which is like saying "go back back."
Revert has been around since the early 14th century, and it has changed little in meaning from the original "turn back" and "return." You can revert to a simpler way of life or revert to bad behavior. Software users might revert to an older version of a program with fewer bugs. Though rare in modern use, some international English speakers do use "revert back" for "reply" in writing and e-mail, but most of the time, using revert with "back" is redundant, or repetitive.
WORD FAMILY
revert: reversion, reversive, reverted, reverting, reverts+/reversion: reversionary, reversioner, reversionist, reversions/reversioner: reversioners/reversionist: reversionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Please do NOT revert to old bell times!!!” one high school parent wrote.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Without power, we reverted to the things explorers relied on 100 years ago.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
In most every situation, Williams reverts to film for comfort.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 恢复; 重提; 回到…上; <律>归还
n. 归属; 恢复原来信仰的人
vt. 使恢复原状
时态：reverted, reverting, reverts
分布：恢复(58%)，回复(31%)，归还(11%)
→re-,向后，往回，-vert,转，词源同 pervert,perverse.
恢复原状(re回+ert→转回来→恢复)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
US [-'vɝ:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  revert to sth
■to return to doing, using, being or referring to something, usually something bad or less satisfactory 回到，恢复，重提（不好的或令人不满意的事情）
• Why does the conversation have to revert to money every five minutes? 为甚么话题每五分钟就会回到钱上去？
• [+ -ing verb] When they divorced, she reverted to using her maiden name. 他们离婚后，她就恢复了她娘家的姓。
UK [rɪ'vɜ:t] US [-'vɝ:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  revert to sb legal
■to become the property of a particular person again 归还（某人）；归属于（某人）
• When I die, the house will revert to my sister. 我死后，这座房子归我妹妹所有。
invert, transform, revert, convert
这组词都有“转变”的意思，其区别是：
invert: v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
 • The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.   婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
transform: v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
 • A little paint will soon transform the old house.   刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
revert: v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
 • John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.   约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
convert: v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
 • He wants to convert to Catholicism.   他要皈依天主教。
vi. 回复；重提；返祖遗传；归还
 - return, respond with

Word: tournament
Front: tournament
[ˈtʊənəmənt] (高研托雅宝 2761/3482 -3)
Vocabulary: tournament
(once / 330 pages)
n
A tournament refers to a gathering of competitors playing a series of games. There are chess tournaments, golf tournaments, tennis tournaments, and a number of tournaments titled “Tournament of Champions.”
In medieval times, large groups of knights would gather and compete in a tournament. These tournaments were composed of a number of fighting events. In the melee event, the knights were divided into two teams which would ride at each other with lances, trying to unhorse the opposing knights. There is evidence that weapons were not blunted for these tournaments. Ouch.
WORD FAMILY
tournament: tournaments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Tournament of Roses Rose Parade Facebook page posted this photo of Palmer in the wake of his death in September.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Open in September and hasn’t advanced past the second round at her home tournament in Queensland state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Basketball coaches are still bristling about the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association’s new state tournament format.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 锦标赛，联赛; 中世纪的骑士比武; 锦标赛
分布：比赛(61%)，锦标赛(38%)，比武(1%)
→来自古法语 tornement,一群骑士在马背上打斗，来自 tornoier,打斗，骑马长矛比武，字面意
锦标赛(tourn转+a+ment→转着轮流比赛,锦标赛)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
【记】tour，nament：比赛象旅游一样一轮一轮的－锦标赛。
US ['tɝ:-/ (US also tourney)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a competition for teams or single players in which a series of games is played, and the winners of each game play against each other until only one winner is left 锦标赛
• a tennis/chess/golf tournament 网球／国际象棋／高尔夫球锦标赛
• They were defeated in the first round of the tournament. 他们在锦标赛的第一轮就被打败了。
n. 锦标赛，联赛；比赛
 - competition, championship, game, match, play

Word: spectre
Front: spectre
['spektə(r)] (26979/11195 -1)
Vocabulary: spectre
(once / 1433 pages)
n
A spectre is a ghost or spirit. If you see a spectre of the previous owners in your new house, get out quick! A spectre can also be a thought that haunts you.
The word spectre (or specter) has to do with being haunted — it can be something that literally haunts you, like the ghost of your Aunt Sally who bangs the windows every night. You can also say that a reminder of something painful is a spectre. A spectre can also be a fear of something dreadful happening in the future, like the spectre of a second ice age. Spectre is generally the British spelling, while Americans prefer specter.
WORD FAMILY
spectre: spectres
USAGE EXAMPLES
The spectres start to wave and smile as they draw closer.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
The spectre of the country’s economic crisis flaring up again deepened as the extent of the differences between creditors was laid bare.
The Guardian(Dec 13, 2016)
The spectre of government executions looms over the black community in this former Jim Crow state.
The Guardian(Dec 07, 2016)
Back: n. 鬼怪; 幽灵; 缠绕心头的恐惧; 凶兆
分布：幽灵(84%)，鬼怪(9%)，幻觉(5%)，=specter.(2%)
US [-tɚ] noun UK
the spectre of sth
■the idea of something unpleasant that might happen in the future 对于…的恐惧（或忧虑）
• The awful spectre of civil war looms over the country. 内战的阴云笼罩着全国。
• Drought and war have raised the spectre of food shortages for up to 24 million African people. 干旱和战争引起了2400万非洲人民对于食品短缺的恐惧。
countable literary
■a ghost 幽灵；鬼魂
n. 幽灵；妖怪；鬼性（等于specter）
 - shadow, ghost

Word: turbulent
Front: turbulent
[ˈtɜ:bjələnt] (研四六托雅宝 9806/8716 -1)
Vocabulary: turbulent
(once / 885 pages)
adj
Turbulent means chaotic, disordered, characterized by conflict. A time of war is a turbulent time for a country. If your family moves and your parents get divorced, you might call that a turbulent period in your history.
This adjective also commonly describes unstable or violent movement in the atmosphere, or in oceans and rivers. When the pilot comes announces turbulent air or turbulence ahead, get ready for the plane to bump and shake. Turbulence has another specialized sense when describing an uneven flow of a liquid or gas.
WORD FAMILY
turbulent: nonturbulent, turbulence, turbulency, turbulently+/ turbulence: turbulences/turbulency: turbulencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s been a strange, unsettling year in the art market and 2017 looks likely to be just as turbulent.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Matters of war, race and religion coursed through his life in a publicly turbulent way.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It was a turbulent year defined by political and environmental fights.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 骚乱的，混乱的; 激流的，湍流的; 吵闹的; 强横的
分布：动荡的(49%)，狂暴的(26%)，汹涌的(18%)，骚动的(7%)
→来自拉丁语 turba,骚乱，人群，词源同 turbid,trouble.引申词义混乱的，动荡的。
骚乱的(turb+ulent多...的→搅动太多→骚动的)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
a.狂暴的,无秩序的;骚动的,骚乱的Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
【反】pacific（adj 和平的）
US ['tɝ:.bjə-] adjective
SITUATION/TIME 情况／时间
■involving a lot of sudden changes, arguments or violence 骚乱的，骚动的；动荡的，混乱的
• a turbulent marriage 吵吵闹闹的婚姻
• This has been a turbulent week for the government. 对政府来讲，这是动荡多事的一周。
UK ['tɜ:.bjʊ.lənt] US ['tɝ:.bjə-] adjective
AIR/WATER 空气／水
■Turbulent air or water moves very strongly and suddenly （水流或气流）汹涌的，湍急的，猛烈的
• The sea was too turbulent for us to be able to take the boat out. 大海波涛汹涌，我们无法驾船出海。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
adj. 骚乱的，混乱的；狂暴的；吵闹的
 - angry, chaotic, troubled, confused

Word: botch
Front: botch
[bɒtʃ] (宝 17866/33338 -1)
Vocabulary: botch
(once / 4774 pages)
vn
If you botch something, you make a mess of it or you ruin it. If you totally botch your lines in the school play, you stammer and stutter your way through the whole thing.
Interestingly, the word botch originally meant the opposite of what it means today. The Middle English word bocchen meant to mend or repair. As a noun botch means an embarrassing mistake or something that is done poorly, especially due to lack of skill. If they've never painted before, your friends working on set design might make a complete botch of the scenery for the play, which might involve repainting the whole thing.
WORD FAMILY
botch: botched, botcher, botches, botching, botchy+/botcher: botchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just as his botched kick defied reason, so it was with Ernie Els on the first hole on the first day at the Masters.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
After local officials botched the investigation, the Justice Department intervened.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
But she says the officers posted two photos of the botched raid on Snapchat.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 拙劣的工作，笨活; 粗拙的补缀; [医]（皮肤上的）脓疱
vt. & vi. 粗拙地补缀，修补; 笨手笨脚地弄坏; 把…搞糟
时态：botched, botching, botches
分布：拙笨地修补(40%)，难看的补缀(30%)，糟蹋(20%)，拙笨的修补(10%)
→词源同bodge.
【记】读：抱吃。抱着一大堆东西吃，肯定一团糟。
US [bɑ:tʃ] (UK also bodge)
verb transitive
■to spoil something by doing it badly 笨手笨脚地弄糟
• We botched (up) our first attempt at wallpapering the bathroom. 我们第一次试着给浴室贴壁纸，结果一团糟。
UK [bɒtʃ] US [bɑ:tʃ] (UK also bodge)
noun countable (also botch-up UK ['bɒtʃ.ʌp] US ['bɑ:tʃ-]) (UK also bodge(-up))
■something that is spoilt by being done badly 笨手笨脚地弄糟
• The company made a series of botches before it went bankrupt. 公司犯了一系列愚蠢的错误后破产了。
• The concert was very badly organized. In fact, the whole thing was a real botch-up. 音乐会组织得极为混乱，事实上简直就是一团糟。
vt. 糟蹋；拙笨地修补；拙劣地拼凑
 - uglify, spoil

Word: devalue
Front: devalue
[ˌdi:ˈvælju:] (13869/10033 -2)
Vocabulary: devalue
(once / 3469 pages)
v
When you make something less valuable or less important, you devalue it. You might devalue your car by spray painting it black and letting your dog chew the upholstery.
Economists and business reporters often use the verb devalue when they talk about the currency — or money — of different countries, and what it's worth in comparison to other currencies. Sometimes countries will devalue their currency, for example, to get more people to buy their exported products. But you can also devalue a relationship by neglecting it, or devalue a diamond ring by chipping it. Devaluation came before devalue, with a Latin root of valere, "be strong or be of value."
WORD FAMILY
devalue: devaluate, devaluation, devalued, devalues, devaluing+/devaluate: devaluated, devaluates, devaluating/devaluation: devaluations/ invaluable: invaluableness, invaluably/overvalue: overvaluation, overvalued, overvalueing, overvalues, overvaluing/revaluation: revaluations/revalue: revaluation, revalued, revalues, revaluing/undervaluation: undervaluations/undervalue: undervaluation, undervalued, undervalues, undervaluing/ valuable: invaluable, valuableness, valuables, valuably/valuate: valuating, valuation, valuator/valuation: valuations/valuator: valuators/ value: devalue, overvalue, revalue, undervalue, valuable, valuate, valued, valueless, valuer, values, valuing/valued: multi-valued, unvalued/valueless: valuelessness/valuer: valuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driving a new car off a dealership forecourt, I just can’t bear to devalue them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And there was talk about money — India’s recent devaluing of its currency in an apparent effort to cut graft and tax evasion.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
As the dollar rises against foreign currencies, it devalues securities denominated in those currencies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使（货币）贬值; 降低（某事物）的价值，贬低
vi. （货币）贬值
时态：devalued, devaluing, devalues
分布：贬值(93%)，降低价值(7%)
→de-, 向下。value, 价值。即贬值。
降低价值(de+value价值→去掉价值)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
verb
MONEY 钱
intransitive or transitive
■to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money （使）贬值
• Last year Mexico was forced to devalue the peso. 去年墨西哥被迫将比索贬值。
[ˌdi:'væl.ju:] verb
NOT VALUE 不重视
transitive
■to cause someone or something not to be valued or considered important 贬低；轻视
• I don't want to devalue your achievement, but you seem to have passed your exam without really doing any work. 我不想贬低你的成绩，但你似乎没有真正用功就通过了考试。
vt. 使贬值；降低…的价值
 - depreciate
vi. 贬值
 - to devaluate, to become devaluated, to depreciate

Word: con
Front: con
[kɒn] (5617/7549 -2)
Vocabulary: con
(once / 635 pages)
1nadv 2nv 3v 4n
A con, or confidence game, is a swindle — when you take advantage of someone's trust. If you con someone out of their life savings, you might wind up a con — as in convict.
The word con has many meanings, none of them good. An argument has pros and cons, and the cons are always the downside. An ex-con is someone who spent time in jail as a convict, and a con artist is someone who scams people out of their money.
WORD FAMILY
con: cons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Qualls, a junior defensive lineman, was asked what pros and cons he would weigh in his decision.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He’s an advocate for simple living but his research explores both the pros and cons of frugality.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There’s a split in the yoga world about the pros and cons of flesh-eating but unanimous consent that gluttony is not your friend.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反对票，反对者; 反对的论点，反对的理由
vt. 精读，熟读; 默记，谙记
prep. 以…，用…; 反对
adj. 欺诈的，骗取信任的
adv. 反面地，从反面
时态：conned, conning, cons
分布：骗局(39%)，反对(16%)，精读(13%)，反对的理由(11%)，反面地(10%)，记诵(8%)，反对地(3%)
US [kɑ:n] verb transitive (-nn-) informal
■to make someone believe something false, usually so that they will give you their money or possessions 骗，诈骗，哄骗（通常指钱财）
• She felt she had been conned into buying the car. 她觉得自己上当受骗买下了这辆车。
• Thieves conned him out of his life savings. 小偷骗走了他一辈子的积蓄。
• He managed to con £20 out of them (= get that amount from them by deceiving them). 他从他们那里骗得20英镑。
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
TRICK 欺骗
countable informal
■a trick to get someone's money, or make them do what you want 骗局；圈套；花招
• It's a con - you get half the food for twice the price! 这是个圈套——你花两倍的钱才买到一半的食物！
• a con trick 骗局
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
DISADVANTAGE 劣势
countable usually plural informal
■a disadvantage or a reason for not doing something 不利条件；弊病
• One of the cons of buying a bigger car is that it costs more to run. 买辆大一点的汽车的缺点是跑起来更费油。
• You have to weigh up all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision. 作决定之前，你要权衡问题的利弊。
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
PRISONER 囚犯
countable slang
■a convict
n. 反对票；反对论
 - non
vt. 精读；默记
 - peruse, learn by heart
adv. 反面地
 - reversely
adj. 欺诈的
 - deceptive, imposturous

Word: precision
Front: precision
[prɪˈsɪʒn] (研四六托雅 5466/5050 -2)
Vocabulary: precision
(once / 675 pages)
n
Use the noun precision to describe something that's exact, such as the work of a carpenter who's made 100 identical pieces of railing for a grand staircase.
Precision is similar to perfection in that both words suggest that something could not possibly be better. However, perfection describes something that's flawless, such as a beautiful sunset. Precision, on the other hand, is more about accuracy, like computing the exact second that the perfect sunset will occur.
WORD FAMILY
precision: imprecision, precisions+/imprecision: imprecisions
USAGE EXAMPLES
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’re very familiar with digital products now, but the know-how for this kind of precision mechanical work is disappearing.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But he became much admired for developing a style that combined fingerpicking precision on the one hand with a commanding slide on the other.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 精确度，准确（性）; [语]精确
adj. 精确的，准确的，细致的; 严守标准的; 行动精确的
分布：精确(67%)，精密度(17%)，精确的(16%)
精密,正确[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
n.精确,精确度Please handle this precision instrument carefully.请小心搬运这个精密仪器.
US [prə-] noun uncountable
EXACT 精确性
■the quality of being exact 准确（性），精确（性），精密（度）
• Great precision is required to align the mirrors accurately. 校准反光镜需要极高的精确性。
• Precision bombing was used to destroy enemy airbases and armaments factories. 精确轰炸被用来摧毁敌人的空军基地和军工厂。
UK [prɪ'sɪʒ.ən] US [prə-] noun uncountable
CAREFUL 严谨 approving
■the qualities of being careful and accurate 严谨；细致，认真
• His books are a pleasure to read because he writes with such clarity and precision. 他的书读起来赏心悦目，因为他的写作清晰而又严谨。
n. [数] 精度，精密度；精确
 - fidelity, rigor
adj. [数] 精密的，精确的
 - nice, accurate, mathematical, strict, rigid

Word: eradicate
Front: eradicate
[ɪˈrædɪkeɪt] (六托雅宝 9110/8573 -1)
Vocabulary: eradicate
(once / 1489 pages)
v
To eradicate something is to get rid of it, to destroy it, and to kiss it goodbye.
Eradicate is from the Latin word eradicare meaning "to root out." When you yank that weed up by the roots, it has been eradicated; it's not coming back. Eradicate often means to kill a bunch of somethings, like what you want the poison to do to the roach family and their extended relatives living in your house, and what we thought we did to bedbugs. You can also eradicate corruption, poverty, or diseases. Although there are all kinds of things to get rid of, we usually want to only eradicate the bad things.
WORD FAMILY
eradicate: eradicable, eradicated, eradicates, eradicating, eradication, eradicator+/eradicable: ineradicable/eradicator: eradicators/ineradicable: ineradicably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2009, the Sri Lankan government decided to do something extraordinary: to try to eradicate malaria in less than five years.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
This in turn will, Irons explains, allow his malevolent mastermind to eradicate free will and thereby cure humanity’s penchant for violence.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Duterte, 71, campaigned for the presidency on promises to eradicate the country’s widespread illegal drug problem by killing suspected criminals without due process.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. 摧毁; 完全根除
n. 根除者; 褪色灵
时态：eradicated, eradicating, eradicates
分布：根除(78%)，消灭(20%)，根绝(2%)
→e-, 向外。-rad, 根，词源同radish, root.即连根拔起，根除。
根除,灭绝(e+radic根＋ate→把根挖出→根除)[e-,ef-表示"出,出来"]
根除,消灭(e出+radic+ate→把根拨出)[Radic=root,表示"根"]
【记】e出，radic根 －使根出来－根除
【参】radical（adj 激进的；基本的）；radix（n 基数；根本）；eradication（n 根除；消灭）
【反】engender（v 造成；产生）
[ɪ'ræd.ɪ.keɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to get rid of completely or destroy something bad 根除；消灭；杜绝
• The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption. 政府声称正尽其所能根治腐败。
• The disease which once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated. 这种曾夺去数百万人生命的疾病现在已被根除了。
vt. 根除，根绝；消灭
 - destroy, root out

Word: slope
Front: slope
[sləʊp] (研四六托雅 3434/3119 -K2)
Vocabulary: slope
(once / 156 pages)
vn
If you find yourself on a slippery slope, watch out: you could be sliding down a hill. Land that is not level is called a slope. Slope can also be a verb, as in land that slopes down to sea level.
Language experts believe the word slope came from the Middle English word aslope, an adverb that means “at an angle.” The word has a noun form you can use for something that is at an angle — on a slope — like a steep hill or the ramp in a parking garage. It also has a verb form that can be used to describe something that slants, like someone's signature with letters that slope to the left or an angled haircut that slopes to cover one eye.
WORD FAMILY
slope: sloped, slopes, sloping+/sloped: unsloped/sloping: slopingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said it set in motion a “slippery slope where it’s only a matter of time before everyone pays everywhere.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
This will likely affect traffic getting to the ski slopes as road crews conduct avalanche control work.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
To get there, you enter through a portal near the river’s edge and walk down a sloping corridor into the center of the dam.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 斜坡; 斜面; 倾斜; 斜率
vi. 倾斜; 有斜度; 悄悄地走; 潜行
vt. 使倾斜
时态：sloped, sloping, slopes
分布：斜坡(42%)，倾斜(25%)，斜率(18%)，斜面(7%)，有坡度(3%)，使倾斜(3%)，斜线(2%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,滑的，滑动的，词源同 slip,slide.引申比喻义斜坡，陡坡等。
n.斜坡,斜面;倾斜,斜度v.(使)倾斜It is dangerous to climb up a steep slope.攀登陡坡是危险的.
US [sloʊp] noun countable
■a surface which lies at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than others 斜坡
• The roof is at a slope (= at an angle to a horizontal surface) of 30°. 屋顶有30°的坡度。
■(part of) the side of a hill or mountain 山坡
• a ski/mountain slope 滑雪坡／山坡
• Snow had settled on some of the higher slopes. 雪堆积在一些较高的山坡上。
• There's a very steep slope just before you reach the top of the mountain. 在你到达山顶之前要经过一个陡坡。
• There are some nice gentle (= not steep) slopes that we can ski down. 那里有一些我们可以滑雪的缓坡。
UK [sləʊp] US [sloʊp] verb intransitive
■to be at an angle to the horizontal 斜坡
• The path slopes up/down to the house. 小路倾斜向上／向下通往房子。
• Our school football pitch sloped at the south end, so one half of the game always had to be played uphill. 我们学校的足球场南端呈斜坡状，所以比赛总是有一半不得不踢上坡球。
UK [sləʊp] US [sloʊp] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  slope off UK informal
■to leave somewhere quietly so that you are not noticed, usually to avoid work （通常指为逃避工作）溜走
• I saw you sloping off just after lunch yesterday! 昨天午饭时间刚过我就看见你溜了！
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
n. 斜坡；倾斜； [数] 斜率；扛枪姿势
 - hill, pitch
vi. 倾斜；逃走
 - pitch, tip up
vt. 倾斜；使倾斜；扛
 - carry, tip up

Word: curtail
Front: curtail
[kɜ:ˈteɪl] (托雅宝 9041/8521 -1)
Vocabulary: curtail
(once / 1645 pages)
v
To curtail something is to slow it down, put restrictions on it, or stop it entirely. If I give up cake, I am curtailing my cake-eating.
Curtail is an official-sounding word for stopping or slowing things down. The police try to curtail crime — they want there to be less crime in the world. A company may want to curtail their employees' computer time, so they spend more time working and less time goofing around. Teachers try to curtail whispering and note-passing in class. When something is curtailed, it's either stopped entirely or stopped quite a bit — it's cut short.
WORD FAMILY
curtail: curtailed, curtailing, curtailment, curtails+/curtailment: curtailments
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, he and his team pushed back hard against the view that the investment bank’s power should be significantly curtailed.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It was set up in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, but it was quickly curtailed.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Israel’s refusal to curtail what the White House called “corrosive” settlement expansion ultimately led to a U.N.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: v. 缩短; 剥夺（特权，官衔等）; 削减
时态：curtailed, curtailing, curtails
分布：削减(52%)，缩减(35%)，截短(13%)
→来自sker, 剪，切，词源同shear, short. -ault, 贬义后缀，词源同valiant, 勇敢的，顽固的。比较-ard, 贬义后缀，来自hard, 见bastard. 原指剪短尾巴的马，拼写受tail影响俗化。
缩短;削减(cur短+tail→减短,参考;curt简短失礼的)[tail=cut,表示"剪,割"]
截短;缩短(讲话、节目等)[curt=short(短)]
【记】curt＝cut切，tail尾巴－缩短
【反】prolong（vt 延长；拖延）；protract（v 延长）；elongate（v 拉长）
US [kɚ-] verb transitive
■to stop something before it is finished, or to reduce or limit something 制止；减少；缩减；限制
• to curtail your holiday/spending 缩短假期／缩减开支
• The last government severely curtailed trade union rights. 上届政府严格限制工会权利。
vt. 缩减；剪短；剥夺…特权等
 - crop, to cut back

Word: weary
Front: weary
[ˈwɪəri] (研四六托雅宝 6761/7027 -2)
Vocabulary: weary
(once / 84 pages)
adjv
Weary as an adjective means "very tired or worn out," like weary students who finished a long week of studying and taking tests.
Weary comes from the Old English word werig, meaning "tired." It can also describe being extremely bored and sick of something, like on a long drive, you might grow weary of your father's singing voice. As a verb, weary means "to exhaust or wear out," like when the children you are babysitting weary you with their game of running away every time you tell them to get ready to leave the park.
WORD FAMILY
weary: overweary, unweary, wearied, wearier, wearies, weariest, wearily, weariness, wearisome, wearying, wearyingly+/overweary: overwearied, overwearying/unwearied: unweariedly/unweary: unwearily, unwearyingly/wearied: unwearied, weariedly/ weariness: wearinesses/ wearisome: wearisomely, wearisomest/wearying: unwearying
USAGE EXAMPLES
He broke free for 57 yards in overtime to help beat the weary Bills.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
But the 48-year-old is weary of dreaming about pit latrines when he sleeps during the day.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“Sunrise, sunset, swiftly flow the days,” sing the weary residents of Anatevka in “Fiddler on the Roof.”
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 疲倦的; 困乏的; 令人厌倦[生厌，发腻]的; 感到厌倦的
vt. & vi. （使）疲乏，（使）厌烦
v. 疲倦，疲乏; 厌倦，厌烦; 渴望，切望
时态：wearied, wearying, wearies
分布：疲倦(50%)，疲倦的(26%)，厌烦(13%)，厌烦的(6%)，生厌(5%)
→来自古英语werig,疲劳的，悲惨的，进一步词源不详。或来自wear,磨损，引申词义疲乏，乏味。
a.疲倦的;令人厌烦的v.使疲倦,使厌倦After the rehearsal, the weary mechanic repaired the gears with shears and spear.排练完后,疲倦的机修工用剪刀和矛修理了齿轮装置.
US ['wɪr.i] adjective
■very tired, especially after working hard for a long time （尤指长时间辛苦工作后）筋疲力尽的，极为疲倦的
• I think he's a little weary after his long journey. 我想他在长途旅行后有些疲倦了。
• Here, sit down and rest your weary legs. 来，坐下歇歇脚。
weary of
■bored with something because you have experienced too much of it 对…感到厌倦的
• I've been going out with the same people to the same clubs for years and I've just grown weary of it. 多年来一直和同一批人去同一所俱乐部，我已经开始感到厌倦了。
UK ['wɪə.ri] US ['wɪr.i] verb formal
transitive
■to make someone feel tired 使疲劳，使疲倦
• Children weary me all day with their constant inquiries and demands. 孩子们整天不停地问这要那，真把我累坏了。
intransitive
■to start to feel that something or someone is boring （对…）开始厌倦
• Some people never seem to weary of eating the same type of food every day. 有些人似乎每天吃同样的食物也不会厌烦。
weary, tired
这组词都有“累的，疲乏的”的意思，其区别是：
weary: 侧重指由于连续不断进行某项活动而造成的疲劳，以致感到厌烦。
tired: 普通用词，泛指因工作紧张，劳动过度，休息不足等而引起的疲乏。
adj. 疲倦的；厌烦的；令人厌烦的
 - tired, worn, trying, boring, harassed
vi. 疲倦；厌烦
 - jade, be tired out
vt. 使疲倦；使厌烦
 - labor, jade

Word: nationality
Front: nationality
[ˌnæʃəˈnæləti] (高研四六托雅 7751/5673 -2)
Vocabulary: nationality
(once / 600 pages)
n
Your nationality is the country you come from: American, Canadian, and Russian are all nationalities.
Everyone has a gender, race, sexual orientation...and a nationality. A person's nationality is where they are a legal citizen, usually in the country where they were born. People from Mexico have Mexican nationality, and people from Australia have Australian nationality. People of the same nationality usually share traditions and customs, and they might look a little alike, too. Nationality is one of many qualities that bring people together.
WORD FAMILY
nationality: nationalities+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
The patrons ranged widely in nationality and religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At least 15 of the dead were foreign nationals, Soylu said, without providing information on their nationalities.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Maybe through colour there is an expression of nationality.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 国籍; 国家; 民族性; 部落
分布：民族(54%)，国籍(46%)
→来自national,国家的，引申词义国籍。
国民性;国籍(nation+ality)[nat=born,表示"出生的"]
国籍(nation国家)[-ality表名词"状态,性质"]
n.国籍,民族The native has no nationality; he is an international man.这个土著没有国籍,他是一个国际人.
US [-tˌi] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the official right to belong to a particular country 国籍
• She has British nationality. 她拥有英国国籍。
• What nationality are you? 你是哪个国家的人？
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of people of the same race, religion, traditions, etc 民族
• At the International School they have pupils of 46 different nationalities. 这所国际学校有来自46个不同民族的学生。
n. 国籍，国家；民族；部落
 - state, folk, people, soil

Word: fling
Front: fling
[flɪŋ] (研六雅 6172/4575 -2)
Vocabulary: fling
(once / 134 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To fling is to throw something with force. You'll start a food fight in the cafeteria if you fling your vegetables at the kid across the table.
The act of throwing something recklessly or with force can also be called a fling. Your mail sorting ritual might be putting bills in one pile and personal letters in another, then giving junk mail a fling into the recycling bin. A brief period of revelry or indulgence is another kind of fling. You and your friends could plan a weekend fling in New York, staying in a hotel, eating out, and shopping without worrying about how much money you spend.
WORD FAMILY
fling: flinging, flings, flung
USAGE EXAMPLES
One co-worker flung a racial epithet at him.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He collected the loose puck and flung it past Raanta.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Forty-six years before, at nineteen, my mother became pregnant during a fling with her older, married boss.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. （尤指生气地）猛扔; 急派; 放肆地投入; 扔在一边，抛弃
vt. & vi. 猛扑; 猛冲; 急伸
n. 投掷; 〈美俚〉尝试; 恣意，一时的放纵
时态：flung, flinging, flings
分布：投(46%)，投掷(17%)，急冲(13%)，猛冲(10%)，全身心投入(5%)，粗暴地推向 ...(3%)，激动地说(3%)，一时的行乐(3%)
→词源不确定。可能来自plak, 击，打，词源同plague, plangent.引申词义投掷，扔，抛。
v.(用力地)扔,抛,丢He flung himself into a chair [the river].他猛然坐进椅子里 [跃进河里]
verb (flung, flung)
THROW 扔
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to throw something or someone suddenly and with a lot of force 猛扔，猛投，猛掷
• He crumpled up the letter and flung it into the fire. 他把信揉成一团，猛地扔进火中。
• "And you can take your ring back too!" she cried, flinging it down on the table. “你还可以把你的戒指也拿走！”她喊道，猛地把戒指摔到桌子上。
• informal Could you fling the paper over here (= give me the paper) ? 你能把报纸丢过来吗？
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
MOVE/DO 移动／做
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or do something quickly and energetically 迅猛移动，猛动
• She flung her arms around his neck. 她猛地搂住他的脖子。
• The door was flung open by the wind. 风把门猛地吹开了。
• Sergei flung himself down on the sofa. 谢尔盖猛地扑倒在沙发上。
• informal Let me just fling (= quickly put) a few things into my bag, and I'll be right with you. 让我往袋子里塞几样东西，马上就跟你去。
• informal They were flung (= quickly put) in prison. 他们很快被投入监狱。
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
SAY ANGRILY 愤怒地说
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to say something angrily 气呼呼地说，愤怒地说
• They were flinging bitter accusations at each other. 他们彼此破口大骂。
• [+ speech] "I don't care what you think", she flung (back) at him. “我不在乎你怎么想。”她气呼呼地回敬他道。
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
fling up your hands
■to show that you are very shocked or frightened 非常吃惊；非常害怕
• They flung up their hands in horror at the cost of the trip. 看到旅行的花费，他们不由吃了一惊。
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] fling yourself at sb informal disapproving
■to make it very obvious to someone that you want to have a sexual relationship with them 露骨地勾引（某人）
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] fling yourself into sth
■to do something with a lot of enthusiasm 全心投入在…上，投身于
• Tom has really flung himself into his work this year. 今年汤姆确实全心投入在工作上。
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fling sth on/off
■to quickly put on/remove something, especially a piece of clothing 飞快地穿上／脱掉（尤指衣服）
• We were so hot we flung off our clothes and dived into the swimming pool. 我们太热了，三下五除二脱下衣服就一头栽进了游泳池。
[flɪŋ] verb (flung, flung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fling sth/sb out mainly UK informal
■to get rid of something you do not want, or to make someone leave a place when they do not want to 扔掉，丢掉；赶走
• I think it's about time we flung out these old magazines. 我想现在该把这些旧杂志处理掉。
• They were flung out of the pub for fighting. 他们因为打架被赶出了酒吧。
[flɪŋ] noun countable usually singular informal
■a short period of enjoyment 一时的欢乐
• The students are having a final/last fling before they leave university and start work. 学生们正在享受离开大学开始工作前最后一段短暂的欢乐时光。
[flɪŋ] noun countable usually singular informal
have a fling
■to have a short sexual relationship with someone 有短暂的私情
• She's been having a fling with her boss. 她和她的老板有私情。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vt. 掷，抛；嘲笑；使陷入；轻蔑地投射；猛动
 - throw, cast, pitch
n. 掷，抛；嘲弄；急冲
 - put, cast
vi. 猛冲，急行
 - hurtle

Word: enshrine
Front: enshrine
[ɪnˈʃraɪn] (宝 15992/10050 -1)
Vocabulary: enshrine
(once / 3248 pages)
v
If your mother enshrines your first drawing, she might frame it and hang it in a special place, as if it were a holy relic. To enshrine is to put something special, often religious, into a protective place.
A shrine is a place considered holy because something special happened there or a case that holds sacred items. Places where people have claimed to see Jesus sometimes become shines. When you enshrine something, it means you are creating a shrine around it, or you are giving it its own protected revered space. This can be literal or figurative. At a funeral, the minister might say that the deceased will forever be enshrined in the memories of those who loved him or her.
WORD FAMILY
enshrine: enshrined, enshrines, enshrining+/ shrine: enshrine, shrined, shrines, shrining
USAGE EXAMPLES
The parameters enshrine the “land swaps” beloved of peace processors.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Bridgewater’s new technology would enshrine his unorthodox management approach in a software system.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
There is a reason why the protection of medical personnel in times of war was enshrined in the Geneva Conventions.
Time(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: vt. 珍藏，铭记; 把…奉为神圣; 秘藏; 把…置于神龛内
时态：enshrined, enshrining, enshrines
分布：珍藏(60%)，奉为神圣(40%)
→en-, 进入，使。shrine, 神龛。
【记】shrine（n 神殿；神祠；圣地）en进入，shine（n /v 光泽；光亮）－使你在我的心目中发出灿烂的光辉－把…奉为神圣
[ɪn'ʃraɪn] formal
verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to contain or keep as if in a holy place 把…奉为神圣；珍藏
• Almost two and a half million war dead are enshrined at Yasukuni. 靖国神社供奉着大约250万个阵亡者的亡灵。
• A lot of memories are enshrined in this photograph album. 这本相簿里珍藏着许多记忆。
be enshrined in sth
■If a political or social right is enshrined in something, it is protected by being included in it （政治或社会权利）被庄严载入
• The right of freedom of speech is enshrined in law /in the constitution. 言论自由的权利被庄严载入法律／宪法。
vt. 铭记，珍藏；把…置于神龛内；把…奉为神圣
 - brand, heart

Word: mute
Front: mute
[mju:t] (研四六宝 10937/14663 -2)
Vocabulary: mute
(once / 396 pages)
adjnv
Mute means “silent.” No matter how much you talk to your houseplants, they’ll never talk back; they'll remain mute.
When used as a noun, mute can mean “someone who isn't capable of speech" or “a device that deadens the sound of an instrument.” Mute can also be used as a verb meaning "to make silent.” One might mute the television by pressing a button on the remote, or one might try to mute a loquacious individual. Unfortunately, the technology for that last option doesn’t exist yet.
WORD FAMILY
mute: mutable, muted, mutely, muteness, muter, mutes, mutest, muting+/ immutable: immutability, immutableness, immutably/ mutability: mutabilities/ mutable: immutable, mutability, mutableness, mutably/ muted: mutedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders were muted in their reaction to the announcement of a criminal investigation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beijing continued to ignore muted international calls for their release.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
A loyal clientele frequents this tiny boutique for jewelry in muted colors and Nordic home accessories like mugs, blankets and plates.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 缄默的; 哑的; 无声的; （字母）不发音的
n. 哑巴; （乐器上的）弱音器
vt. 减轻（声音）; 使…柔和
时态：muted, muting, mutes
分布：沉默的(31%)，哑的(19%)，弱音器(15%)，无声的(14%)，减弱(6%)，减音(5%)，默音字母(5%)，哑子(5%)
→来自拉丁语mutus,安静的，来自希腊语myein,合上，合嘴，来自meue,发嘘声，拟声词。引申词义静音的，不作声的，哑的等。
a.哑的,缄默的n.哑巴;弱音器v.减弱...的声音I acutely and resolutely refuted the brutal persecution of mute commuter.我尖锐而坚决反驳默默的通勤者的野蛮的迫害.
【记】mu木，te特：木头特别容易减弱声音，所以门用木头做。
【反】amplify（v 扩大）
adjective
■(of a person) unable or unwilling to speak, or (of an activity) silent （人）哑的，沉默的；（活动）无声的
• a mute child 哑巴孩子
• The president has remained mute about plans to curtail the number of immigrants. 总统对于减少外来移民人数的方案保持沉默。
• I gazed at her in mute (= silent) admiration. 我默默地凝视着她，心生爱慕之情。
[mju:t] noun countable
■a button or other device on a musical instrument that can be fixed in order to make it quieter 弱音器
■old-fashioned offensive
■a person who is not able to speak 哑巴
[mju:t] verb transitive
■If you mute a noise, you do something to make it less loud 减轻（噪音）
• Double glazing muted the noise of the traffic. 双层玻璃减低了交通噪音。
dumb, mute
这组词都有“哑的，不能说话的”的意思，其区别是：
dumb: 可与mute换用，但dumb指根本没有说话能力或失去了说话能力。
mute: 多指因后天疾病而引起的聋哑，有时也指因故不说话。
adj. 哑的；沉默的； [电影] 无声的
 - silent, dumb
n. 哑巴；弱音器；闭锁音
 - sordino, sourdine

Word: jerry
Front: jerry
['dʒeri] (-/8737)
Back: adj. 草率的，偷工减料的
分布：德国人(63%)，偷工减料的(37%)
→一战俚语，来自German蔑称。比较Jap.
adj. 偷工减料的；草率的
 - brief, sloppy
n. （英）德国兵；德国人
 - German, Boche

Word: sandwich
Front: sandwich
[ˈsænwɪtʃ] (中高研四六雅 3529/3670 -2)
Vocabulary: sandwich
(once / 573 pages)
nv
A sandwich is a meal in the form of two pieces of bread with meat, cheese, or some other filling between them. Your favorite lunch might be a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
When you put something between slices of bread, it's a sandwich. It's named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich who's credited with inventing it. Sandwich is a verb too, that describes putting something between two other things, like sandwiching gym class between math and lunch. Sometimes sandwich involves being squeezed uncomfortably, like having to sandwich yourself between people on a crowded elevator or subway car.
WORD FAMILY
sandwich: sandwiched, sandwiches, sandwiching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her crew will soon bring chicken sandwiches and coffee.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The New York institution will serve its last sandwich and shutter its doors at midnight on Friday.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s a New York institution,” she said, anticipating she’d order a “Woody Allen,” an overstuffed sandwich of half pastrami and half corned beef.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 三明治; 夹心面包; 状似三明治的东西
vt. 把…夹在…之间; 把…做成三明治
时态：sandwiched, sandwiching, sandwiches
分布：三明治(97%)，插入(2%)，夹在中间(1%)
→来自英国 18 世纪 Fourth Earl of Sandwich John Montagu,据说 Montagu 伯爵常沉迷于一种赌博 游戏，饭也顾不上吃，于是让他的仆人用两片面包裹上肉拿给他，他好一只手吃东西，一只 手继续赌博，即现在的三明治的雏形。并由该词引申多种比喻义，如三个人的性生活等。该 姓氏字面意思为沙地，来自 sand,沙地，-wich,村庄，家园，词源同 Greenwich,village.
n.三明治,夹肉面包v.夹入,挤进The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
US [-wɪtʃ]
 ESSENTIAL
■two pieces of bread, sometimes spread with butter or margarine , and with some other usually cold food between them 三明治面包
• a tuna/ham sandwich 鲔鱼／火腿三明治
• a toasted sandwich 烤三明治
• a sandwich bar/box 三明治速食店／亭
• sandwich fillings 三明治夹馅
■UK (also sandwich cake)
■a cake consisting of two thin round layers with a filling such as cream between them 夹心饼，三明治饼
• a jam and cream sandwich 果酱鲜奶油夹心饼
• a Victoria sandwich 维多利亚夹心饼
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] sandwich sb/sth between sb/sth informal
■If you are sandwiched between two people or things, you are in a small space between them 把…夹在…中间
• On the train I was sandwiched between two very large men. 在火车上，我被两个壮汉夹在中间。
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sandwich sth together
■to put a layer of something between two things which sticks them together 把…结合（或黏）在一起
• I sandwiched the cakes together with chocolate butter cream. 我把巧克力奶油夹在蛋糕中做成三明治。
vt. 夹入；挤进；把... [食品] 做成三明治
 - edge in, pack with
n. 三明治； [食品] 夹心面包
 - sarnie, butty

Word: stunt
Front: stunt
[stʌnt] (托宝 9106/11964 -1)
Vocabulary: stunt
(once / 907 pages)
1vn 2nv
To stunt is to slow or hinder. Some people say that drinking coffee will stunt your growth when you're a teenager — they worry that you won't grow any taller.
Poor nutrition can stunt your growth, and bad soil will do the same for a plant — a lack of moisture or nutrients will stunt the development of your lettuce or tomatoes. Another meaning of stunt is a dangerous trick, the kind performed in an action movie or by planes in an air show. The root of "check the growth" is the Old English stunt, "short witted or foolish," while the "trick" kind of stunt comes from nineteenth century American college slang.
WORD FAMILY
stunt: stunted, stunting, stunts+/stunted: stuntedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The stunt was a throwback to Jan. 1, 1976, when the prankster Daniel N. Finegood altered the letters in the same way.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He missed the following two games, and that time off stunted his development.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 惊险动作，特技; 噱头; 发育不良的动植物
vt. 阻碍…发育（生长）; 抑制，妨碍
vi. 表演特技; 作惊人表演
时态：stunted, stunting, stunts
分布：特技(91%)，表演特技(5%)，阻碍成长(4%)
→来自中古英语 stunt,矮的，发育不良的，来自古英语 stunt,愚笨的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stuntaz, 短的，矮小的，愚笨的，词源同 stint.
【记】stunt就是使人stand。
【反】nurture（v /n 养育）
noun countable
EXCITING ACTION 令人兴奋的动作
■an exciting action, usually in a film, that is dangerous or appears dangerous and usually needs to be done by someone skilled （通常指电影中的）特技动作
• It's a typical action film with plenty of spectacular stunts. 这是部典型的动作片，有很多精彩好看的特技。
• Tom Cruise has performed his own stunts for Mission Impossible 2, defying warnings from professionals. 汤姆‧克鲁斯不顾专业人员的警告，在《不可能的任务 2》中亲自表演自己的特技动作。
[stʌnt] noun countable
GET ATTENTION 引起注意 mainly disapproving
■something that is done to get attention for the person or people responsible for it 意在引人注目的花招，噱头
• an advertising stunt 广告噱头
• Their marriage was just a cheap publicity stunt. 他们的婚姻不过是低级宣传噱头。
[stʌnt] noun countable
pull a stunt informal
■to do something silly and risky 做愚蠢冒险的事，逞能
• What did you want to pull a stupid stunt like that for? 你那样逞强到底是为了甚么？
[stʌnt] verb transitive
■to prevent the growth or development of something from reaching its limit 妨碍…的正常生长；阻碍…的充分发展
• Drought has stunted (the growth of) this year's cereal crop. 干旱阻碍了今年谷物的生长。
• When Freya was a baby we were advised that watching television would stunt her imagination. 弗雷亚还是个婴儿时，别人劝告我们说，看电视会妨碍她的想像力正常发展。
n. 噱头，手腕；绝技
 - touches, wrist

Word: refrain
Front: refrain
[rɪˈfreɪn] (研六雅宝 9029/8458 -1)
Vocabulary: refrain
(once / 419 pages)
1v 2n
When someone burps in a quiet classroom it can be hard to refrain from laughing. Use the verb refrain if you have a sudden impulse to do something, and you have stopped yourself from doing it.
It's usually hard to refrain from doing something, because this word is used to describe habits, like smoking, or uncontrollable urges, like laughing. The Latin word refrēnāre is formed from the prefix re- "back" plus frēnāre "to hold a horse back with a bridle." There is a noun refrain, but that's a different and unrelated word.
WORD FAMILY
refrain: refrained, refraining, refrains
USAGE EXAMPLES
That was the refrain when 2016 began with the worst start ever.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The report says lawmakers should refrain from levying the fees until more people are driving electric vehicles.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In another, she holds a placard printed with Sojourner Truth’s famous refrain, “Ar’n’t I a Woman,” on a narrow stretch of Canal Street.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 抑制，克制
n. （诗歌的）叠句，副歌; 经常重复的评价（或抱怨）
vi. 忍耐，节制
时态：refrained, refraining, refrains
分布：避免(42%)，克制(31%)，重复(8%)，抑制(7%)，叠句(6%)，副歌(6%)
→来自拉丁语 refrenare,勒住马嚼子，勒住，控制，来自 re-,向后，往回，frenare,控制，用绳子 勒住，来自 frenum,缰绳，马勒，来自 dher,握住，固定，词源同 firm,during.引申词义克 制，节制。
v.节制,避免,制止n.(诗的)叠句I could not refrain from laughter.我忍俊不禁.
【记】“抑制”的意思大家都熟悉，但要记住“叠句”的意思。
verb intransitive formal
■to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something 避免；忍住；节制
• We refrained from talking until we knew that it was safe. 我们缄默不语，直到确定安全了才开始说话。
• The sign on the wall said "Please refrain from smoking." 墙上有个牌子，上写“请勿吸烟”。
[rɪ'freɪn] noun countable
■a short part of a song or poem that is repeated, especially between the verses (= the separate parts) （尤指不同的节之间的）副歌，叠歌
■a phrase that is often repeated 一再重复的话；老调
• 'Every vote counts' is a familiar refrain in politics. “每一票都重要”是政治上的老生常谈。
bridle, check, refrain, curb, inhibit, restrain
这组词都有“阻止、抑制、制止”的意思，其区别是：
bridle: 指抑制住强烈的感情或欲望。
check: 多指阻止前进或继续发展。
refrain: 常指暂时对某种行动或冲动的抑制。
curb: 可指急剧或果断的制止，也可指用严格的方法加以控制。
inhibit: 主要指抑制愿望、情绪或念头，也指制止某物的蔓延。
restrain: 含义广，指用强力或权力去阻止或限制某人做某事。
constrain, refrain, restrain
constrain: v.强迫，力劝，是及物动词。
 • A law constrains the government from spending more money than it takes in.   法律限制政府开支大于收入。
refrain: v.抑制，禁止，强调抑制一种冲动，是正式用语，为不及物动词，后接介词from。
 • Students refrain from smoking in the classroom.   学生们克制住不在教师抽烟。
restrain: v.抑制，约束，指通过管束阻止某事发生，是及物动词，其习惯用法是restrain sb. (sth.) from doing。
 • She restrains her dog by walking him on a leash.   溜狗时，她牵着狗来限制它的活动。
vi. 节制，克制；避免；制止
 - deny oneself, forbear from
n. 叠句，副歌；重复
 - repeat, iteration

Word: purse
Front: purse
[pɜ:s] (中高研四六雅宝 4358/6387 -2)
Vocabulary: purse
(once / 298 pages)
1n 2v
Though purses are mostly carried by women, this is the kind of purse anyone would love to bring home: it's a prize, usually consisting of money.
The most common meaning of purse, as a woman's bag, can definitely help you remember the "prize" meaning of purse, because a woman who won a purse could carry her winnings in a purse. The non-bag type of purse is usually associated with sporting events: boxers and jockeys win purses. Other times, purse is used to describe money won in another context, like a photography contest. Another meaning is totally different: if you pucker or contract your lips, you're pursing them.
WORD FAMILY
purse: pursed, purseed, purses, pursing
USAGE EXAMPLES
At that point, Mr. Trump, otherwise expansive and genial, sat with narrowed eyes and pursed lips, like a schoolboy who’d just been lectured.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Brooklyn rapper Conceited's pursed lips are the physical embodiment of "you thought."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This drains the taxpayers’ purse and patience and emotions.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 钱包，钱袋; 财力，财源; 和包或钱袋相似的东西; 女用小提包
vt. 使皱起，噘起
时态：pursed, pursing, purses
分布：钱包(95%)，皱起(3%)，小钱袋(1%)，放进钱包(1%)
→来自古英语pursa,钱包，小袋子，来自拉丁语bursa,皮革袋，词源同bursar,reimburse.
n.钱包In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
【记】pur＝pure，se色：有纯色的东西－女士钱包、皱起的黑眉毛和噘起的红嘴唇
US [pɝ:s] noun
CONTAINER 钱包
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a small container for money, usually used by a woman （常指女用）钱包
• a leather purse 皮革钱包
Compare wallet
 ADVANCED countable US for
■ handbag
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
AMOUNT TO SPEND 花费的金额
countable usually singular
■the total amount of money which an organization or government has available for spending （机构或政府的）备用金，可用的资金，财力
• Having a lot of people out of work places a large drain on the public purse. 大量人口失业使政府的财力消耗很大。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
PRIZE 奖金
countable
■an amount of money which is offered as a prize in a sports competition （体育竞赛中的）奖金
• The players in the golf tournament are competing for a purse of £525 000. 参加本次高尔夫锦标赛的选手正在为52.5万英镑的奖金而展开争夺。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
the purse strings
■the spending of money by a family, company or country 开支，花费
• A recent survey showed that in 53% of families, women hold (= control) the purse strings. 最近一项调查显示，在53%的家庭里，由女人掌管开支。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] verb transitive
■to bring your lips tightly together so that they form a rounded shape, usually as an expression of disapproval 噘（嘴）
• "I don't approve of that kind of language," she said, pursing her lips. “我不赞成那样子说话，”她噘着嘴说。
sack, handbag, purse, bag
这组词都有“袋”的意思，其区别是：
sack: 应用较窄，指较大的袋子，如麻袋等。
handbag: 指手提包，尤指女人用的手提包。
purse: 指钱包或小钱袋，在美国相当于bandbag。
bag: 普通用词，指一般的口袋，有时也指手提包。
n. 钱包，小钱袋；金钱，财源
 - bag, wallet
vt. 皱起，缩拢
 - rivel

Word: christ

Word: fracture
Front: fracture
[ˈfræktʃə(r)] (研六托雅宝 6123/7997 -2)
Vocabulary: fracture
(once / 910 pages)
1nv 2v
Think of something hard breaking in a crisp, snapping manner, and you've just imagined a fracture. The word is most often applied to a broken bone, but it can used to describe any sharp, sudden break of something solid.
The Latin frāctus means "broken," and its descendant fracture can mean any break, though it's most often associated with a hard — maybe even brittle — material, such as a bone, a rock, or the earth’s crust. When something softer is split we say it is torn. For example, when we say someone broke an arm, we are referring to the bone, not the muscle; we'd say the muscle is torn. When someone funny "breaks us up," we might say "you fracture me!"
WORD FAMILY
fracture: fractured, fractures, fracturing, refracture+/refracture: refractured
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lacking the military strength to pull a fractured country together, he said he was the place-warmer for a strongman, Yuan Shikai.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Each is poor, plagued by alcoholism and drug abuse and fractured families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Polls put her conservative bloc well ahead of rivals, but a fractured electoral landscape adds uncertainty to the coalition arithmetic.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）折断，破碎
n. 破裂，断裂; 骨折
时态：fractured, fracturing, fractures
分布：断裂(50%)，骨折(42%)，破裂(6%)，破碎(2%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fragment, fraction.用于医学名词。
骨折;断裂(fract+ure→断的状态→骨折)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
骨折;断裂(fract断)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.裂缝(痕);骨折v.(使)断裂,(使)折断The old man fell and fractured his upper arm.老人跌了跤,并且折断了上臂.
US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■If something hard, such as a bone, fractures or is fractured, it cracks or breaks （使）（骨头等硬物）破裂，（使）断裂，（使）折断
• She fractured her skull in the accident. 她在事故中颅骨骨折。
• Two of her ribs fractured when she was thrown from her horse. 她从马上摔下来，折断了两根肋骨。
• A fractured pipe at a steelworks has leaked 20 tons of oil into the Severn estuary. 一家钢铁厂的管道断裂，致使20吨油泄漏，流入塞文河口。
■formal
■to divide an organization or society, or (of an organization or society) to be divided （使）（组织或社团）分裂，（使）解体
• Intense disagreement over economic policy risks fracturing the coalition government. 经济政策上的严重分歧使联合政府面临解体的危险。
UK ['fræk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
■a break or crack in something hard, especially a bone （硬物的）断裂，裂缝；骨折
• He suffered/sustained multiple fractures in a motorcycle accident. 他在一宗摩托车事故中多处骨折。
• He has a hairline fracture (= a thin broken line in the bone) of the wrist. 他腕部骨裂。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
n. 破裂， [力] 断裂； [外科] 骨折
 - cracking, rhexis
vi. 破裂；折断
 - crack, come apart at the seams
vt. 使破裂
 - crack, flaw

Word: complacency
Front: complacency
[kəmˈpleɪsnsi] (宝 14595/9664)
Vocabulary: complacency
(once / 1949 pages)
n
The word complacency is often hurled, in a rather scornful manner, at people who are unwilling to be political. It connotes a sense of ease and contentment with the status quo.
It is a rare thing to hear the word complacency used in a purely positive way; there's always a sense of scolding to it. At best it's used to convey a person's satisfaction: "Oh? No one asked you to the prom? I've been asked three times," she said with smiling complacency. More usually, however, it takes on a political tone, as with large bodies of people who are unwilling to protest corruption because it doesn't touch them: "He preached and argued, but it was impossible to jostle the students from their complacency."
WORD FAMILY
complacency: complacencies+/ complacent: complacence, complacency, complacently, self-complacent/self-complacent: self-complacency
USAGE EXAMPLES
Artists like Perry, Falaschetti and Onuoha are trying to awaken us from our complacency, pushing us to look beyond the blinding dazzle of our devices.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Complacency increases the odds that, some day, they will.
The New Yorker(Dec 23, 2016)
Darcy’s letter to Elizabeth shows a man shaken from the easy complacency of wealth and self-regard.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 自满，满足; 自鸣得意
分布：自满(93%)，沾沾自喜(7%)
自满,自得(com前缀,加强语气+plac取悦...被取悦...自满)[-ency,-iency表名词,ence的变体]
[kəm'pleɪ.sənt.si] (also complacence) disapproving
noun uncountable
■a feeling of calm satisfaction with your own abilities or situation that prevents you from trying harder 自满，自鸣得意
• What annoys me about these girls is their complacency - they seem to have no desire to expand their horizons. 这些女孩让我生气的是她们的自满想法——她们似乎根本没有扩展知识面的愿望。
• There's no room for complacency if we want to stay in this competition! 我们要是想在竞争中立足就绝不能自满！
n. 自满；满足；自鸣得意
 - satisfaction, content, fill

Word: silly
Front: silly
[ˈsɪli] (中高研四六托 4009/2789 -K2)
Vocabulary: silly
(once / 240 pages)
adjn
Silly describes something that can't be taken seriously. You might not mind telling silly jokes, but you don't want to be told a project you've worked hard at is silly.
Silly originally meant “happy,” which gives the sense of children's games or harmless jokes. Later, it came to mean “foolish”: silly ideas are looked down on because they're not very smart. Silly can also mean a state of foolishness brought on in a specific way. Your mother “worried herself silly” when you stayed out late, and promised to “slap you silly” when you got home.
WORD FAMILY
silly: sillier, sillies, silliest, sillily, silliness+/silliness: sillinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If we answered those every time, it would be silly.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One lighter side to the job, though, is the silly calls the three say they’ve answered over the years.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Suddenly Depressed: I don’t think this is silly at all, and I also believe it’s more common than you may realize.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 蠢的; 糊涂的; 不明事理的; 没头脑的
n. （常用于向孩子指出其愚蠢行为）傻孩子，淘气鬼; 傻子，蠢货
级别：sillier, silliest
分布：愚蠢的(81%)，可笑的(12%)，傻孩子(5%)，琐屑的(1%)，犯晕的(1%)
→来自古英语 saelig,高兴的，愉悦的，无忧无虑的，来自 Proto-Germanic*seligaz,高兴的，来自 sel,高兴的，词源同 solace,console.后词义由高兴的，无忧无虑的引申为傻里傻气的，愚 蠢的。词义演变比较 nice,好的，原义为无知的。
a.傻的,糊涂的,愚蠢的The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing little thought or judgment; foolish 愚蠢的，傻的
• Don't do that, you silly boy! 不要那么做，你这个傻小子！
• a silly mistake 愚蠢的错误
• It was silly of you to go out in the sun without a hat. 你不戴帽子就顶着太阳出门真是太傻了。
• I feel silly (= embarrassed) in this dress. 穿这条裙子让我感觉很蠢。
['sɪl.i] adjective
drink/laugh, etc. yourself silly
■to drink/laugh, etc. so much that you are unable to think clearly or behave with good judgment 喝得烂醉／笑糊涂了
• I laughed myself silly at his jokes. 他的笑话让我笑糊涂了。
['sɪl.i] adjective
silly billy informal
■a silly person, especially a child 傻瓜（尤指孩子）
• You're being a silly billy, now stop it. 你在做傻事啊，快停下来。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
ridiculous, silly, absurd
这组词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思，其区别是：
ridiculous: a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
 • It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.   仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly: a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
 • a silly little boy   傻小子
absurd: a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
 • There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.   过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
adj. 愚蠢的
 - foolish, stupid, mad, doltish, insipient
n. 傻瓜
 - stupid, fool, donkey, gump, aleck

Word: worthwhile
Front: worthwhile
[ˌwɜ:θˈwaɪl] (高研四六雅 6958/4264 -2)
Vocabulary: worthwhile
(once / 5030 pages)
adj
Things that are worthwhile are good — they're worth the time or money you spend on them.
If you walked out of the theater and said "Wow, I'm glad I saw that movie!", then your film viewing trip was worthwhile. If going to the gym helped you get in better shape, it was worthwhile. If hanging out in the park made you happy, it was worthwhile. If something is a total waste of time and you wish you hadn't done it, then it wasn't worthwhile.
WORD FAMILY
worthwhile: worthwhileness, worthwhilest
USAGE EXAMPLES
But with Christmas over, January isn’t likely to see many worthwhile toy deals.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At the same time, these films offered worthwhile messages, modeled important character strengths and left us with beautiful images to ooh and aah over.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Many would argue that a daily regimen of fresh vegetable juicing is a worthwhile habit to cultivate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 值得做的; 值得花时间的; 有价值的; 合算
分布：形容词(99%)，名词(1%)
a.值得(做)的It is worthwhile to do this.这么做是值得的.
US [ˌwɝ:θ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■useful, important or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made 值得的；值得花钱（或时间、精力）的
• She considers teaching a worthwhile career. 她把教书看成是一项值得从事的事业。
• The time and expense involved in keeping up to date with all the changes has been worthwhile. 为跟上所有这些变动而花费的时间和费用是值得的。
• If you need him on this project, you've got to make it financially worthwhile for him (= you will have to pay him a suitable amount of money for the amount of work involved). 如果你需要他参与这个专案计划，你就要适当给他付钱，令他觉得值得一做。
worthy be ~ of, worthwhile, worth be ~ sth/doing, worthless
worthy be ~ of: 够得上，值得
worthwhile: 值得花时间的，值得做的
worth be ~ sth/doing: 值得
worthless: 无价值的
worthwhile, worthless, worth, worthy
worthwhile: 值得的(可作定语和表语)。如：That is a worthwhile program.(那是一个值得听的节目。)So few movies are worthwhile nowadays.(当今有价值的电影很少。)
worthless: 无价值的，无用的(可作定语和表语，无比较级)。如：These stamps are worthless.(这些邮票无价值。)Don’t read worthless books.(不要读些没用的书。)
worth: 值……钱，值得……的。如：This house is worth a lot of money.(这房值很多钱。)The radio program is worth listening to. (这广播节目值得听。)
worthy: (1)有价值的，可尊敬的(常作定语)。如：The teacher was a worthy man.(那位老师是可尊敬的人。)(2)值得的(常作表语)。如：The man is worthy of praise.(这人值得称赞。)它的动词句式是be worthy to be done (be worth doing).

Word: folly
Front: folly
[ˈfɒli] (托宝 9254/5403 -1)
Vocabulary: folly
(once / 193 pages)
n
Folly is a noun that means "foolish or crazy behavior." It would be folly to spend all night playing video games when you have a difficult exam the next day.
Folly comes from the Old French word folie meaning "madness, stupidity." It can describe the silly or nonsensical things you do, like the folly of trying to rush across town in the middle of a snowstorm. Or it can describe the trait that makes people act that way: the folly of an inexperienced driver who doesn't know you can't speed on snow-covered roads. Can you see the word fool in folly? Not a coincidence.
WORD FAMILY
folly: follies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The film glimpses European fractures and follies through a personal story that remains as schematic and impersonal as a position paper.
The New Yorker(Dec 21, 2016)
Tversky seemed to study human folly through a telescope, as if he were peering at a far-off land.
Slate(Dec 21, 2016)
The weight of folly either side was not equal.
Slate(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 蠢笨; 愚行; 讽刺剧
分布：愚蠢(91%)，荒唐事(9%)
→来自fool，傻瓜。
【记】fool（n 白痴；受骗者）
【反】sagacity（n 聪明；睿智）
US ['fɑ:.li] noun
STUPIDITY 愚蠢
countable or uncountable formal
■stupidity, or a stupid action, idea, etc 愚蠢；愚蠢的行为（或念头等）
• She said that the idea was folly. 她说这是个愚蠢的主意。
• [+ to infinitive] It would be folly for the country to become involved in the war. 那个国家要是参战的话实属愚蠢之举。
UK ['fɒl.i] US ['fɑ:.li] noun
BUILDING 建筑
countable
■(especially in Britain) a building in the form of a small castle, temple , etc., that has been built as a decoration in a large garden or park 装饰性建筑（尤指见于英国花园或公园内的小型城堡、殿堂等）
• a Gothic garden folly 一个哥德式的花园建筑
n. 愚蠢；荒唐事；讽刺剧
 - simplicity, stupidity

Word: outer
Front: outer
[ˈaʊtə(r)] (高研四六 3698/3097 -K2)
Back: adj. 外面的，外部的; 远离内部（中心）的; [哲]客观外界的，物质的
n. 环外命中
分布：外面的(53%)，外部的(47%)
→out-,向外，-er,比较级后缀。
a.外部的,外面的,外层的The outer walls of the house were made of brick.这座房子的外墙是砖的.
US [-tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■at a greater distance from the centre 远离中心的；外围的
• outer London 外伦敦
• the outer lane of the motorway 高速公路的外车道
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. 外面的，外部的；远离中心的
 - outside, external, out

Word: reef
Front: reef
[ri:f] (六托 6352/6734 -1)
Vocabulary: reef
(once / 874 pages)
1n 2nv
A reef is a raised area on the ocean floor that's made of rock, coral, or sand. If you are a scuba diver, head to a coral reef to check out the diverse marine life.
A barrier reef is one that surrounds an island and creates a lagoon between the reef and the beach. When this type of reef attracts diverse ocean life, it can be popular with snorkelers and scuba divers. When you're sailing, a reef is a section of the sail that you can roll up when necessary — and to reef is to roll up a reef. Both meanings share an Old Norse root, rif, "ridge under the water."
WORD FAMILY
reef: reefed, reefing, reefs, reefy
USAGE EXAMPLES
A minute into a monitoring round on recent morning, the shadowy shapes of six turtles jetted across a reef.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The larvae of fish that live in coral reefs are tiny, and they are not very good swimmers.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
FREEPORT: Sand trout and sheepshead are fair on live shrimp on the reefs.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 礁，暗礁; [矿]矿脉; [航]缩帆部，榫帆部
vt. 收帆，缩帆
时态：reefed, reefing, reefs
分布：暗礁(60%)，缩帆部(14%)，矿脉(12%)，缩帆(12%)，卷起(2%)
→来自中古英语 rif,礁，来自 Proto-Germanic*ribja,肋骨，礁，来自 rebh,覆盖，拱顶，词源 同 rib.引申词义帆，船帆。
noun countable
■a line of rocks or sand just above or just below the surface of the sea, often dangerous to ships 礁；暗礁；礁脉
• a dangerous offshore reef 靠近岸边的危险暗礁
• a coral reef 珊瑚礁
n. [海洋] [水运] 暗礁； [地质] 矿脉；收帆
 - covers, rock

Word: hawkish
Front: hawkish
[ˈhɔ:kɪʃ] (21717/41589)
Vocabulary: hawkish
(once / 16554 pages)
adj
Someone who's hawkish is in favor of going to war with other countries. The president's hawkish advisors will frequently recommend military solutions to conflicts.
In politics, the adjective hawkish is useful for describing people, groups, or political parties that consistently prefer the war option for reacting to problems around the world. A hawkish politician, also called a hawk or war hawk, might vote in favor of continuing a military operation instead of ending it, for example. This word dates from the 1960s.
WORD FAMILY
hawkish: hawkishly, hawkishness+/ hawk: hawked, hawker, hawking, hawkish, hawks/hawker: hawkers/hawking: hawkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet he is also backed by a small army of hawkish GOP luminaries and deep-pocketed donors.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Mrs. Clinton is indeed more hawkish than other Democrats, including toward Russia.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Still, the hawkish outlook for more rate increases — at least three next year — surprised University of Oregon economics professor and Fed watcher Tim Duy.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. 鹰派的，强硬派的
分布：鹰派的(63%)，强硬派的(37%)
→比喻用法。
US ['hɑ:-] adjective
■supporting the use of force in political relationships rather than discussion or other more peaceful solutions （主张采取强硬政治路线的）鹰派人物
• The president is hawkish on foreign policy. 总统在外交政策上十分强硬。

Word: intimidate
Front: intimidate
[ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 6635/9564 -2)
Vocabulary: intimidate
(once / 1051 pages)
v
You can see "timid" in the middle of intimidate, and to be timid is to be frightened or to pull back from something. When you intimidate, you frighten or make someone afraid. A pet rat might intimidate your sister's friends, keeping them out of your fort.
"To frighten" or "make fearful" is at the root of the verb intimidate. An animal might intimidate a smaller animal by bearing its teeth, and a person can intimidate another by threatening to do something harmful. You can be intimidated with mental or emotional bullying, as well as with something physical: "they were all good spellers, but some of them knew how to intimidate the competition into thinking they didn't have a chance at winning the spelling bee."
WORD FAMILY
intimidate: intimidated, intimidates, intimidating, intimidation +/ intimidated: unintimidated/ intimidating: intimidatingly/ intimidation: intimidations
USAGE EXAMPLES
What a wonderful sight, if a little intimidating.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“On the surface, David was intimidating and hard,” says photographer David Guttenfelder, who started his career in Africa alongside Gilkey.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
That didn’t intimidate the Waves, who led for more than four minutes and stayed close for much longer.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 恐吓，威胁
时态：intimidated, intimidating, intimidates
分布：恐吓(49%)，威胁(29%)，胁迫(22%)
→in-,进入，使，timid,胆小的，害怕的。即使害怕，恐吓，威胁。
恐吓,威胁(im使+timid+ate→使人胆小→恐吓)[tim=fear,表示"害怕"]
vt.胁迫,威胁(某人做某事)He was intimidated.他受到威胁.
verb transitive
■to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do something that you want them to do 恫吓，恐吓
• They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs. 他们因为受到失去工作的威胁而被迫同意减薪。
imitate, intimate, intimidate
这是一组形近易混词。
imitate: v.模仿，仿效；复制，仿造。
 • The boy imitates his father's way of talking.   那个男孩模仿他父亲说话的样子。
intimate: a.亲密的；温馨的，舒适的。
 • We have had an intimate friendship since we were young.   我们自年轻时代起就建立了亲密的友谊。
intimidate: v.恐吓，威胁。
 • An older boy intimidated the little children when he took their lunch money.   一个年龄大一点的男孩恐吓那些小孩子，并且抢走了他们的午饭钱。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
vt. 恐吓，威胁；胁迫
 - cow, to menace

Word: gripe
Front: gripe
[graɪp] (宝 17456/32678 -1)
Vocabulary: gripe
(once / 2693 pages)
vn
The word gripe, as both noun and verb, refers to a minor complaint. Why gripe about the size of the portions when the food is so awful?
The key to gripe is that as complaints go, it's trivial. You don't gripe about your house burning down or the cost of medical care. You gripe about your friend's status updates and the fact the Yankees have too much money. A gripe can last a while. For example, the city has been hearing gripes about parking rules for a generation, but as complaints go, it's just not getting a lot of traction. One person's gripe, however, can be another person's major headache. It all depends on your point of view.
WORD FAMILY
gripe: griped, gripes, griping+/griping: gripings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Boycotts are not just futile griping; they often work.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The sower aside, Giese said the plate’s colors will be the main gripe.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It seemed significant that his piece both began and ended by griping about Hillary Clinton.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 紧握，抓住; 肠绞痛; 抱怨
vt. 绞痛; 握紧; 惹恼
vi. 抱怨，发牢骚; 肠绞痛
时态：griped, griping, gripes
分布：抱怨(68%)，肠绞痛(20%)，掌握(4%)，使 ... 痛苦(4%)，抓住(4%)
→词源同grab, grapple. 比喻义麻烦缠身的，痛苦，抱怨，发牢骚。
【记】gripe＝grow ripe变得成熟－又老了一岁，很多人会抱怨。Gripe源于grasp（n /v 抓住；掌握），所以gripping（adj 引起人注意的）
[graɪp] informal
noun countable
■a strong complaint 抱怨；怨言；牢骚
• Her main gripe is that she's not being trained properly. 她主要是抱怨自己没有受到很好的训练。
n. 控制；发牢骚；肠绞痛
 - control, grasp, hold, guiding, command
vt. 绞痛；握紧；惹恼
 - keep hold of, enclasp
vi. 抱怨，发牢骚；肠绞痛
 - beef about, repine

Word: potter
Front: potter
[ˈpɒtə(r)] (托 27631/9074 -2)
Back: n. 陶工; 制陶工人
v. 稀里糊涂地混日子; 慢条斯理地走，闲逛; 混（日子），浪费（时间）
时态：pottered, pottering, potters
分布：陶工(68%)，陶艺家(20%)，懒散(6%)，磨蹭地做一些琐事(6%)
→来自pot,壶，罐子，陶器，-er,表施动。
US ['pɑ:.tˌɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition mainly UK (US usually putter)
■to move about without hurrying and in a relaxed and pleasant way 闲逛，闲荡
• I spent the afternoon pottering around the garden doing a few odd jobs. 我一个下午都在庭园里散步，顺便做些零工。
• He doesn't drive very fast - he tends to potter along. 他车开得不很快——只是在闲逛。
UK ['pɒt.ər] US ['pɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
POT MAKER 陶工
countable
■a person who makes dishes, plates and other objects from clay, usually by hand on a special wheel 陶工
UK ['pɒt.ər] US ['pɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
WALK 走
only singular UK
■a slow, relaxed walk around a place 慢走，闲逛
• I'm just going into town for a potter round the shops. 我正要去城里随便逛逛商店。
n. 陶艺家，制陶工人
 - ceramist
vt. 闲混，虚度
 - moon, lounge away
vi. 闲逛；慢条斯理地做事
 - lig, knock around

Word: mansion
Front: mansion
[ˈmænʃn] (六托雅宝 4761/6435 -2)
Vocabulary: mansion
(once / 297 pages)
1n 2n
A mansion is a huge, fancy house. Some mansions are eventually turned into museums where you can get a look at an old wealthy family's art and furniture collections.
It takes a lot of money and a staff of workers to live in and take care of a mansion. Historically, post-fifteenth century European noblemen lived in mansions that became the typical style of home for aristocrats who no longer required the safety of fortified castles. The word mansion comes from the Latin root mansionem, "a staying or a remaining," from the stem manere, "to stay."
WORD FAMILY
mansion: mansions
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was at a party in a Victorian mansion in Moseley.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The mansion includes a cinema, spa, hair salon and sports room.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The three-storey Georgian mansion is 90 minutes’ drive from downtown Washington DC.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 大厦; 宅第，公馆
分布：大厦(65%)，公寓(18%)，宅邸(17%)
→来自拉丁语manere,停留，来自men,停留，等待，固定，词源同remain,permanent,manor.-se,过去分词后缀，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义家园，住所，后特别用于指大型庄园，公馆，宅第等。
大厦(manse住宅+ion)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a very large expensive house 大厦；大楼；豪宅
• The street is lined with enormous mansions where the rich and famous live. 街道两旁是富人及名人的大豪宅。
n. 大厦；宅邸
 - palace, edifice

Word: diagnosis
Front: diagnosis
[ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs] (托 3594/3739 -2)
Vocabulary: diagnosis
(once / 718 pages)
n
When a doctor tells you why you're feeling ill, he gives you a diagnosis. He asks questions, checks your symptoms, and then identifies what's making you sick.
Diagnosis is a medical term, but you can diagnose lots of things: problems in a relationship, a coming economic crisis, or the reason the car won't start. If you have a sore throat, runny nose and a bad cough, most of the time doctors will diagnose a cold. If the car won't start and the lights and radio are also off, the diagnosis is simple: your battery’s dead. Anytime you determine the cause of a problem, you give a diagnosis.
WORD FAMILY
diagnosis: diagnose, diagnoses, diagnostic +/diagnosable: undiagnosable/ diagnose: diagnosable, diagnosed, diagnosing/diagnosed: undiagnosed/ diagnostic: diagnostically, diagnostician/diagnostician: diagnosticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
He views the term as pejorative, and he is notably skeptical about the value of psychiatric diagnosis in voice-hearing cases:
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So, here are 10 things a diagnosis of Down’s syndrome didn’t tell me about my son, who is now eight:
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Hurricanes announced Bickell’s diagnosis last month, and he’s been on injured reserve since Nov. 11.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 诊断; 诊断结论; 判断; 结论
分布：诊断(99%)，调查分析(1%)
诊断(dia+gnosis知道→穿过(皮肤)知道→诊断)[dia-表示"穿过,二者之间"]
诊断(dia穿过+gnos+is→穿过[身体]知道→诊断)[gnos(t),gnor=know,表示"知道"]
US [-'noʊ-] (plural diagnoses)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a judgment about what a particular illness or problem is, made after examining it 诊断
• "What was the diagnosis?" "Arthritis in both joints." “医生的诊断是甚么?”“双肢关节炎。”
• The doctor has made an initial diagnosis. 医生已经作出了初步诊断。
• Diagnosis of the disease (= saying what it is) is difficult in the early stages. 这种病的早期诊断很难。
n. [临床] [计] 诊断
 - diacrisis

Word: slack
Front: slack
[slæk] (研六雅宝 6983/11676 -1)
Vocabulary: slack
(once / 510 pages)
1adjnv 2adjnv 3nadj 4n 5n 6v
If you slow down at the end of a race, you slack off. When you use slack this way, it means to reduce your speed, to be sluggish, or to be negligent.
If something is loose, it's also said to be slack. A clothesline, for example, is slack if it is just hanging loosely between two trees. If you pull the clothesline tight, you reduce the slack. The root word of slack is the Old English word slæc, which means loose or careless. When you scold your friend for being careless about his responsibilities, you can say, "Pick up the slack!"
WORD FAMILY
slack: slacked, slacken, slacker, slackest, slacking, slackly, slackness, slacks+/ slacken: slackened, slackening, slackens/slackening: slackenings/ slacker: slackers/slackness: slacknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In easy times, we grow slack; this will require us each to find our capacity for heroism.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
When geneticist Daniel MacArthur checks into his lab, the first thing he does is fire up Slack, a workplace messaging app.
Nature(Dec 28, 2016)
In Slack, our internal team communications platform, we discussed language for a news alert, then someone posted an emoji.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 松（弛）的; 清淡的; 不活跃的; 懈怠的
v. 懈怠; 偷懒; 减速; 放松
n. 宽松裤; （绳索等）松弛部分; 煤屑; （人员、资金或地方的）富余的部份
时态：slacked, slacking, slacks
分布：松弛的(28%)，淡季(20%)，萧条的(17%)，懈怠的(10%)，疏忽(7%)，变松弛(4%)，使缓慢(4%)，逃避工作(4%)，松散(4%)，松弛的部分(2%)
→来自古英语 slaec,疲倦的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skakas,疲倦的，来自 sleg,疲倦的，来自 sleu,无精打采的，虚弱的，懒散的，词源同 lax,slake,slow.引申诸相关词义。
a.懈怠的,松驰的;萧条的n.淡季;(pl.)便裤The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
【记】s死后lack缺乏精力，所以行动迟缓懒散的
【反】taut（adj 绳子拉紧的；紧张的）
adjective
NOT TIGHT 不紧的
■not tight; loose 不紧的，松的
• These tent ropes are too slack - they need tightening. 这些帐篷绳太松了——需要把它们拉紧。
[slæk] adjective
NOT ACTIVE 不积极的
■showing little activity; not busy or happening in a positive way 萧条的，不景气的；冷清的；懈怠的
• Business is always slack at this time of year. 每年的这个时候生意都很清淡。
• disapproving Discipline in Mr Brown's class has become very slack recently. 布朗先生班上的纪律最近变得十分松懈。
• disapproving The job is taking a long time because the workmen are so slack. 这项工作花费了很长时间，因为工人很懒散。
[slæk] noun
NOT TIGHT 不紧
uncountable
■when something is too loose 松弛，不紧
• There's too much slack in these ropes. 这些绳子有太多松弛的地方。
• The men pulled on the ropes to take up the slack (= to tighten them). 男人们拉绳子将其收紧。
[slæk] noun
TROUSERS 长裤
slacks
[plural] old-fashioned
■a pair of trousers, usually of a type that fit loosely 宽松长裤
[slæk] noun
COAL 煤炭
uncountable
■very small pieces and dust from coal 煤屑
[slæk] noun
pick up/take up the slack
■to do the work which someone else has stopped doing but which still needs to be done 接替中断的工作
• If Sue gets a job, Mick will have to take up the slack at home. 如果苏找到了工作，米克将不得不接替她做家务。
[slæk] verb intransitive informal
■to work more slowly and with less effort than usual, or to go more slowly 松懈，懈怠
• Everyone slacks off/up a bit at the end of the week. 每个人到了周末都有些懈怠。
• disapproving You'll be in trouble if you're caught slacking on the job like that. 如果你被抓到工作时那么懒散，那你就麻烦了。
• Slack off your speed as you approach the corner. 接近转角时，你要放慢速度。
loose, slack
这组词都有“松驰的”的意思，其区别是：
loose: 常用，通俗。指人的精神或东西的松驰。
slack: 强调缺乏牢固性或稳固性，不坚定。
adj. 松弛的；疏忽的；不流畅的
 - laid, flabby
vi. 松懈；减弱
 - relax, fall, lower
n. 煤末；峡谷
 - canyon, glen
vt. 放松；使缓慢
 - relax, lighten up
adv. 马虎地；缓慢地
 - slowly, lentamente

Word: powder
Front: powder
[ˈpaʊdə(r)] (高研四六托 3260/4272 -K2)
Back: n. 粉，粉末; 粉状物质
vt. 在…搽粉
vi. 涂粉，变成粉末
时态：powdered, powdering, powders
分布：粉(73%)，粉末(21%)，火药(5%)，涂粉(1%)
→来自古法语poudre,粉尘，粉末，粉状物质，来自pouldre,来自拉丁语pulvis,粉尘，粉末，词源同pollen,pulverize.字母l软化成u,后俗化为w,插入字母d.
n.粉末,药粉;火药,炸药The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [-dɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a solid substance that consists of extremely small pieces, is soft and easy to divide, and often has the same shape as the container that it is in 粉，粉末
• curry/chilli powder 咖哩／辣椒粉
• talcum powder 滑石粉
• A packet of white powder was found and police scientists are analysing it. 发现了一包白色粉末，刑侦专家正在对其进行分析。
• You'll get more flavour from the spices if you grind them into a powder. 你把香料磨成粉的话味道会更香浓。
• UK Why are there so many adverts for washing powders on TV? 为甚么电视里有这么多洗衣粉的广告？
• You can buy milk in powder form. 你可以买奶粉。
⇒ See also gunpowder
uncountable
■a soft dry substance which is spread over the skin of the face, in order to stop the skin from looking oily 化妆用粉，扑面粉
• face powder 扑面粉
• Dust the face lightly with powder. 在脸上轻扑些粉。
uncountable
■fallen snow that is loose and dry and has not begun to melt 粉状雪，干细雪
• I love skiing in deep powder. 我喜欢在厚厚的雪上滑雪。
UK ['paʊ.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
■to put powder on someone's skin 往…上擦粉
• Powder the baby's bottom to stop it chafing. 给婴儿的屁股上擦点粉以防发炎。
UK ['paʊ.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
powder your nose
■a polite or humorous way of saying that you are going to go to the toilet 如厕的婉转说法补妆，洗手
• Would you get me another drink while I go and powder my nose? 我去补补妆，你能不能再帮我要杯酒？
n. [材] 粉；粉末； [化工] [军] 火药；尘土
 - dust, dirt
vt. 使成粉末；撒粉；搽粉于
 - pulverize

Word: spotlight
Front: spotlight
[ˈspɒtlaɪt] (托雅 5487/8607 -2)
Back: n. 聚光灯; 公众注意或突出显著; 射光圈; 探照灯
vt. 聚光照明; 使公众注意，使突出醒目
时态：spotlighted, spotlighting, spotlights
分布：照明灯(26%)，用聚光灯照(23%)，车头灯(23%)，公众注意中心(17%)，使瞩目(11%)
US ['spɑ:t-] noun countable (UK informal spot)
■(a circle of strong light which is sent from) a lamp whose beam can be directed 聚光灯；聚光灯照明圈
in the spotlight
■(of a person) receiving a lot of public attention （人）备受关注的，众受瞩目的
• The senator has been in the spotlight recently since the revelation of his tax frauds. 自从参议员的纳税欺诈行为曝光后，他就成了大众关注的焦点。
UK ['spɒt.laɪt] US ['spɑ:t-] verb transitive (spotlighted or spotlit, spotlighted or spotlit)
■to light something or someone with a spotlight 用聚光灯照亮
• The paintings in the alcove were spotlit from below. 聚光灯从下方照亮了壁龛里的画。
■If something spotlights a particular situation, it directs public attention to it. 使大众瞩目；引起大众关注
n. [电] 聚光灯；反光灯；公众注意的中心
 - photospot, revelation light

Word: realm
Front: realm
[relm] (研四六托雅宝 3911/4782 -2)
Vocabulary: realm
(once / 310 pages)
n
A realm is an area that is ruled by something. If you are a controlling cook who doesn’t like anyone to do anything else in the kitchen, then the kitchen is your realm.
Realm comes from the French for kingdom, but since there aren’t so many kings or queens left in the world, you’ll more often find it referring to non-royal spheres. That could be the sphere of a special kind of knowledge, like the realm of biology, or the political realm. Or it could be an area dominated by some group. Little Italy was famously the realm of the mafia; Hollywood is the realm of film stars.
WORD FAMILY
realm: realms
USAGE EXAMPLES
They combined their talents to move beyond selling bulk beans in the commodity market and into the value-added realm.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So it might remain in the realm of science fiction for a while.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And all of these ideas are within the realm of serious debate about our health-care system.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 领域，范围; 王国; （学术的）部门，界; （动植物分布的）圈，带
分布：领域(79%)，王国(21%)
→来自古法语 reaume,王国，来自拉丁语 regimen,政体，统治，词源同 regal.
n.王国,国土;领域I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
【记】real真的，m妈妈：真正的妈妈是祖国－王国；领域
noun countable
AREA 范围
■an area of interest or activity （兴趣或活动的）界，领域，范围
• Her interests are in the realm of practical politics. 她的兴趣在于那些需要采取具体行动去做的事情。
[relm] noun countable
COUNTRY 国家 formal
■a country ruled by a king or queen 王国
• the defence of the realm 王国的防务
• The matter was hotly debated in all the towns of the realm. 此事在该王国内的各个城镇都进行了激烈的讨论。
[relm] noun countable
within the realms of possibility
■possible 可能的
• A pay rise is not within the realms of possibility, I'm afraid. 我觉得涨薪金恐怕不可能。
region, setting, realm
region: 地区
setting: 场所，背景，环境
realm: 王国，领域
n. 领域，范围；王国
 - domain, territory, kingdom, province, world, universe, extent

Word: decay
Front: decay
[dɪˈkeɪ] (研四六托雅 7931/6007 -K2)
Vocabulary: decay
(once / 303 pages)
nv
To decay means to rot, decompose, break down. Our bodies—anything organic—will decay after death. Broken sidewalks, potholes, graffiti are all signs of urban decay. Tooth decay is something to avoid.
Decay can also mean decline. Anyone, even a great athlete, must exercise regularly to maintain muscle tone—as soon as you stop, the muscles begin to decay. If the strength of the cable signal coming into your house grows weaker over time, you can complain that it has decayed.
WORD FAMILY
decay: decayable, decayed, decaying, decays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Will we just continue to complain while failing to recognize the slow decay of our fine state?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time, she was commuting every week to San Francisco to work on Urban Decay.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He mesmerized on the court, his game showing no signs of decay in his 14th season.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）腐烂，腐朽
vi. 衰败，衰退，衰落
n. 腐败、衰退的状态
时态：decayed, decaying, decays
分布：腐烂(63%)，衰退(27%)，腐败(10%)
→de-, 向下。-cay, 同-cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident. 引申义腐烂。
衰退;腐败(de向下＋cay=落下→向下掉→衰退)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
v./n.腐朽,腐烂;衰减,衰退The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to (cause something to) become gradually damaged, worse or less 腐蚀；（使）衰败，（使）衰弱
• Sugar makes your teeth decay. 糖能引起蛀牙。
• The role of the extended family has been decaying for some time. 大家庭的作用开始减弱已经有一段时间了。
• Pollution has decayed the surface of the stonework on the front of the cathedral. 大教堂前部的石刻表面已经因为污染受到了侵蚀。
• the smell of decaying meat 腐肉气味
[dɪ'keɪ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something decays 腐蚀；衰败，衰弱
• environmental/industrial/moral/urban decay 环境恶化／工业衰退／道德堕落／城市衰落
• dental/tooth decay 蛀牙
• The buildings had started to fall into decay. 那些建筑已经开始败坏了。
• This industry has been in decay for some time. 这行业早就开始息微了。
rot, decompose, decay
这组词都有“烂、腐烂”的意思，其区别是：
rot: 指蔬菜水果或肉类的分解、腐烂。
decompose: 侧重指动物或植物类物体由于内部组织的分解而导致的腐烂过程。
decay: 通常指由良好或完美的状态自然而缓慢地变坏或完全变坏腐烂，或部分地毁坏。
vi. 衰退， [核] 衰减；腐烂， [木] 腐朽
 - fail, flag
n. 衰退， [核] 衰减；腐烂， [木] 腐朽
 - recession, downturn, decline, decomposition
vt. 使腐烂，使腐败；使衰退，使衰落
 - corrupt, septicize

Word: bruise
Front: bruise
[bru:z] (研四六托雅宝 7621/8010 -2)
Vocabulary: bruise
(once / 467 pages)
1nv 2v
If you're just learning to skateboard, you’ve probably got an ugly bruise or two to show for it — those purple and yellow patches you get on your skin where you’ve bumped and scraped. They probably hurt, too!
You can find bruises at the grocery store, too — those soft, mushy spots on a peach or an apple — and if you drop a tomato, you're likely to bruise it. You can bruise your knee or bruise someone's feelings — if you tell your friend you don't like her novel, you’ll bruise her ego.
WORD FAMILY
bruise: bruised, bruiser, bruises, bruising+/bruiser: bruisers/bruising: bruisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He ended it smothered in bruises, boos and the most basic of questions.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Appeals Court Judge Merrick Garland, Democrats are promising a bruising confirmation fight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Heffner is now back in her home, and though her foot is still healing, her face is no longer marred by bruising.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使挫伤
vi. 碰伤; 擦伤
n. 瘀伤，青肿; 擦伤，伤痕; （感情受到的）伤害
时态：bruised, bruising, bruises
分布：擦伤(40%)，挫伤(32%)，碰伤(18%)，瘀青(8%)，使挫伤(2%)
→词源同break, 击，打，破碎。
n.青肿,挫伤;伤痕vt.打青;挫伤She bruised her arm.她的手臂擦伤了.
【记】读：不如死。擦伤是小，感情受伤是大，还不如去死呢。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an injury or mark where the skin has not been broken but is darker in colour, often as a result of being hit by something 碰伤，瘀伤
• His arms and back were covered in bruises. 他手臂和背部到处是瘀伤。
• She had a few cuts and bruises but nothing serious. 她有几处伤口和瘀痕，但不严重。
• One or two of the peaches had bruises on them. 有一两个桃子上有碰伤的痕迹。
[bru:z] verb intransitive or transitive
■to develop a bruise or to cause someone or something to have a bruise （使）出现伤痕；撞伤；碰伤
• How did you bruise your arm? 你胳膊上的瘀伤是怎么弄的？
• Bananas and other soft fruits bruise easily. 香蕉和其他较软的水果都极易碰伤。
[bru:z] verb intransitive or transitive
bruise your ego
■If an experience bruises your ego, it upsets you because it makes you feel less valuable or important 伤了…的自尊
• I don't think it broke Steve's heart when Cherise left him, but it certainly bruised his ego. 我想雪妮丝离开了史蒂夫并没有让他心碎，但却的确挫伤了他的自尊心。
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
n. 擦伤；挫伤； [外科] 青肿
 - abrasion, brush-burn
vi. 擦伤；受伤
 - wound, brush burn

Word: disc
Front: disc
[dɪsk] (研雅 4779/3136 -K2)
Back: n. 圆盘; 唱片; 磁盘
分布：圆盘(60%)，唱片(25%)，盘状物(9%)，花盘(4%)，表示“盘(1%)，唱片”(1%)
→来自disk的拼写变体。
n.(disk)圆盘,圆面,盘状物
(US also disk) [dɪsk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a circular flat object 圆盘，盘状物
• The dog's name was engraved on a little metal disc attached to its collar. 那条狗的名字刻在一块吊在项圈上的金属小圆盘上。
■a small piece of cartilage (= strong body tissue that stretches) between the bones in your back 椎间盘
■a musical record or a compact disc 唱碟；光碟
⇒ See also CD
n. 圆盘， [电子] 唱片（等于disk）
 - circular disk, phonograph record

Word: totally
Front: totally
[ˈtəʊtəli] (高 1911/1608 -K)
Back: adv. 完全，整个地，全部地; 百分之百; 干净
分布：完全(100%)
US ['toʊ.tˌəl-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 彻底
• Her second husband is totally different from Mark. 她的第二任丈夫与马克截然不同。
• I totally agree with you. 我完全同意你的看法。
UK ['təʊ.təl.i] US ['toʊ.tˌəl-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  totallyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'l', add '-ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'totaly', write totally.
adv. 完全地
 - entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully, perfectly

Word: streamline
Front: streamline
[ˈstri:mlaɪn] (研六托 11669/12095 -1)
Vocabulary: streamline
(once / 3913 pages)
v
When you streamline something, you're simplifying it to make it more efficient or profitable.
When you think of streamlining, think of a bunch of streams coming together to form one stream. This word is about taking something complicated with a lot of parts and turning it into a simpler, sleeker thing. When companies streamline, they cut staff and reorganize to make the business run more smoothly and make more money. When an engineer streamlines a car design, he takes out all the unnecessary parts and makes the engine more efficient.
WORD FAMILY
streamline: streamlined, streamliner, streamlines, streamlining+/streamliner: streamliners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Listening to our new governor, though, it’s clear that any idea that would streamline state government is welcome.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Horn says he is working to help Arizona offer an online option to streamline the verification process there.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The streamlined version was much easier to read, the directions less cumbersome and more direct.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…做成流线型; 使现代化; 组织; 使简单化
n. 流线; 流线型
时态：streamlined, streamlining, streamlines
分布：使简化(50%)，使 ... 合理化(25%)，使 ... 成流线型(25%)
→stream,流动，line,线条。
a.流线型的vt.使成流线型;使合理化Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
verb transitive
SHAPE 形状
■to shape something so that it can move as effectively and quickly as possible through a liquid or gas 把…设计成流线型，使成流线型
• Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency. 把汽车设计成流线型可以提高汽车的燃油效率。
• The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises. 海豚的体型比鼠海豚更具流线型特点。
['stri:m.laɪn] verb transitive
IMPROVE 改善
■to improve the effectiveness of an organization such as a business or government, often by making the way activities are performed simpler （常透过简化办事程式）使（机构）效率更高；简化
• The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company. 缩减开支的措施包括简化公司的行政管理程式。
• The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system. 政府最近公布了精简税制的方案。
• Streamlining management could save at least 10 percent in costs. 提高管理效率至少可以节约10%开支。
n. [流] 流线；流线型
 - flowline, elementary stream
adj. [流] 流线型的
 - faired, clipper-built

Word: rove
Front: rove
[rəʊv] (宝 8494/24007)
Vocabulary: rove
(once / 867 pages)
v
To rove is to wander around, often aimlessly. You may like to rove at work or school, but chances are you’ve probably got somewhere you’re supposed to be.
Roving can be a way of life. Someone who roves may not have a permanent home, and he or she may wander from town to town in search of food or work. Rove can also refer to other types of wandering. A roving reporter wanders the streets looking for people to interview. At a crowded party, your eyes might rove around the room as you look for someone you know — or someone you’d like to meet.
WORD FAMILY
rove: roved, roves, roving +/ roving: rovings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the animals' extensive ranges mean they're constantly roving past the reach of protections afforded them on public lands.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
George W. Bush promoted lax lending to Hispanics, whom his campaign strategist Karl Rove saw as "natural conservatives."
New York Times(Dec 08, 2016)
Other allies include the roving Jesus and perhaps Daryl, who ended the episode back in his box, reading a note urging him to escape.
New York Times(Dec 04, 2016)
Back: vt. 流浪; 漂泊; 徘徊; （指眼睛）环顾
v. 穿（绳索），穿过( reeve的过去式和过去分词 )
时态：roved, roving, roves
分布：流浪(46%)，徘徊(15%)，环顾(11%)，粗纺线(11%)，漂泊(11%)，把线穿过孔(3%)，动词reeve的过去式和过去分词.(3%)
→可能来自 rave 方言变体，来自 rave,偏离，发狂，发疯。引申词义漫游，漂泊。
【记】r＝run，ove＝above：在草原上面跑来跑去的－流浪
US [roʊv] literary
verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to move, travel or look around especially a large area 漫游，流浪；（眼睛）环顾，扫视
• His eye/gaze roved hungrily about the room. 他的目光急切地扫视着房间。
• He spent most of his life roving the world in search of his fortune. 他大半生的时间都在世界各处游荡，寻找发财的机会。
vi. 流浪；飘忽不定
 - vagabondize, stray
n. 流浪；徘徊；粗纺线
 - vagrancy, vagabondage

Word: succumb
Front: succumb
[səˈkʌm] (托雅宝 7888/8445 -1)
Vocabulary: succumb
(once / 1048 pages)
v
Use the verb succumb to say that someone yields to something they've tried to fight off, such as despair, temptation, disease or injury.
If you succumb to cancer, it means you die of it. From this sentence you can see that this verb is usually followed by the preposition to. The Latin root is succumbere, from the prefix sub- "under" plus -cumbere "to lie down."
WORD FAMILY
succumb: succumbed, succumbing, succumbs
USAGE EXAMPLES
He never tells us what she died of, though there are hints that she committed suicide: “She succumbed to her own melancholy.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But Rasputin allegedly did not succumb, and kept asking to meet Irina upstairs.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
His father is Sting, hence the Newcastle allegiance and a refusal “to succumb to Spurs or Arsenal” while growing up in north London.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vi. 屈服; 死亡
时态：succumbed, succumbing, succumbs
分布：死(57%)，屈从(43%)
→suc-,在下，-cumb,躺，词源同 succubus,recumbent.即躺在下面，引申比喻义屈服，屈从。
屈从;死亡(suc+cumb躺→躺下去→屈从;死亡)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
屈服;死亡(suc下面+cumb→躺下去→屈服;死亡)[cub,cumb=liedown,表示"躺";cumber=barrier,表示"躺的东西,障碍"]
【记】suc下面，cumb躺－躺下去－屈从
【参】recumbent（adj 靠着的；斜躺着的）；encumber（v 妨碍）
[sə'kʌm] formal
verb intransitive
■to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat 屈从，屈服；放弃抵抗；承认失败
• The town finally succumbed last week after being pounded with heavy artillery for more than two months. 在遭受了两个多月的猛烈炮火轰击后，小镇最终在上星期放弃抵抗。
• I'm afraid I succumbed to temptation and had a piece of cheesecake. 我还是没抵挡住诱惑，吃了一块乳酪蛋糕。
• I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms. 我确信他为我的魅力所倾倒只不过是个时间问题。
■to die or suffer badly from an illness 病死；生病；受病痛折磨
• Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in the past few months. 过去几个月里，几千头乳牛都得了这种病。
vi. 屈服；死；被压垮
 - to surrender, genuflect

Word: scorn
Front: scorn
[skɔ:n] (研四六雅宝 11935/11677 -1)
Vocabulary: scorn
(once / 168 pages)
nv
Scorn is open disrespect for someone or something. It can also be disrespect coupled with feelings of intense dislike.
The noun scorn describes your feelings of disdain when you encounter something you view as worthless or inferior — like, for instance, a talk show that gets all its facts wrong. Use the verb form for those times when you’re actively expressing scorn. You might scorn a politician who spends $100,000 on travel while claiming to work hard promoting middle-class values.
WORD FAMILY
scorn: scorned, scorner, scornful, scorning, scorns+/scorner: scorners/ scornful: scornfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other Republicans saved at least some of their scorn for Mr. Obama.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
They deserve our encouragement, and Spencer deserves nothing but scorn and repudiation.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
How will Allen conduct himself when he returns — and absorbs the unbridled scorn of every opposing crowd?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 鄙视; 轻蔑; 不屑一顾; 笑柄
vt. 轻视; 看不起; 蔑视; 不屑做
vi. 表示轻蔑; 表示鄙视; 嘲笑
时态：scorned, scorning, scorns
分布：轻蔑(35%)，鄙视(24%)，不屑(16%)，嘲弄(13%)，奚落(6%)，笑柄(6%)
→改写自古法语 escarn,嘲笑，鄙视，来自 Proto-Germanic*skarnjan,嘲笑，嘲讽，可能来自 sker, 砍，切，词源同 scar,shear.其词义演变可能是伤害，伤口上撒盐，嘲笑，嘲讽。
v./n.轻蔑,藐视The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
【记】因为被scold（v 责骂），所以被scorn
【反】adulate（v 奉承）；venerate（v 崇敬）
US [skɔ:rn] noun uncountable
■a very strong feeling of no respect for someone or something that you think is stupid or has no value 轻视，鄙视
• She has nothing but scorn for the new generation of politicians. 她对新一代的政客只有鄙视。
• Why do you always pour/heap scorn on (= criticize severely and unfairly) my suggestions? 你为甚么总是对我的建议嗤之以鼻？
UK [skɔ:n] US [skɔ:rn] verb transitive
■to show scorn for someone or something 轻视，鄙视
• So does he respect the press and media, or does he secretly scorn them? 他究竟是尊重报社和媒体，还是暗地里蔑视他们？
• You scorned all my suggestions. 你对我所有的建议都嗤之以鼻。
■to refuse advice or an offer because you are too proud 轻蔑地拒绝；不屑接受
• She scorned all my offers of help. 她不屑接受我的一切帮助。
scorn, look down upon, despise
这组词都有“轻视，蔑视”的意思，其区别是：
scorn: 语气较强，指极端的蔑视，常伴有愤怒或恼怒的情感。
look down upon: 指自视地位优越而蔑视他人或事。
despise: 指由于卑鄙、软弱，渺小或无价值等而被轻视。
n. 轻蔑；嘲笑；藐视的对象
 - floccinaucinihilipilification, disparagement
vt. 轻蔑；藐视；不屑做
 - spurn at, sneeze at
vi. 表示轻蔑；表示鄙视
 - flout

Word: biofuel
Front: biofuel
['baɪəʊfju:əl] (19413/-)
Back: n. 生物燃料（指曾经为活质的燃料，如煤）
分布：生物燃料(100%)
US [-oʊ'-] noun countable or uncountable
■a fuel that is made from living things or their waste 生质燃料

Word: worm
Front: worm
[wɜ:m] (高研四六托 4993/5068 -2)
Back: n. 虫，蠕虫; （昆虫的）幼虫; 寄生虫; 懦夫
vt. & vi. 蠕动，曲折行进; 给（动物）驱肠虫; 使缓慢前进
时态：wormed, worming, worms
分布：虫(71%)，蠕虫(26%)，蠕动(2%)，驱虫(1%)
→来自wrmi,虫，来自wer,弯，转，扭曲，词源同wring,wriggle.
n.虫,蠕虫All the apples had worms in them.这些苹果里都有蛀虫.
US [wɝ:m] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a small animal with a long narrow soft body without arms, legs or bones 蠕虫
• The kiwi eats worms, other invertebrates, and berries. 鹬鸵以蠕虫、其他无脊椎动物和浆果为食。
 ADVANCED countable
■the young of particular types of insect （某些昆虫的）幼虫
• It's distressing enough to find a worm in your apple but finding half of one is worse. 在苹果里发现一条虫子已经够叫人厌恶，如果发现半条就更糟了。
⇒ See also woodworm
countable
■a type of worm that lives in an animal's intestine , feeding on the food there, or on an animal's body, feeding off its blood 寄生虫
• a parasitic worm 寄生虫
• The vet says our dog has worms. 兽医说我们的狗体内有寄生虫。
⇒ See also tapeworm
only singular informal
■an unpleasant person who does not deserve respect 惹人讨厌的人；懦夫
• Don't be such a worm, you don't have to lie to me. 别这么懦弱，你不必向我撒谎。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] noun
the worm turns
■used to describe when a person or group of people who have been treated badly for a long time suddenly become forceful and stop accepting a difficult situation 兔子急了也咬人；人被逼急了也要反抗
• It seems the worm has turned - after years of silence local people are beginning to protest about waste emissions from the factory. 看来老实人被逼急了也要反抗——经过多年的沉默之后，当地的人们开始抗议那家工厂的废物排放。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive [+ prep]
■to succeed in moving along in a difficult or crowded situation, by moving your body slowly and carefully 挤过，钻过
• Because he was so small, he could worm (his way)through the crowd. 他身形瘦小，所以可以挤过人群。
• [R] She wormed her self under the fence. 她从栅栏下面爬了过来。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
ANIMAL 动物
transitive
■to give an animal, especially a pet dog or cat, medicine to kill any worms which might be living inside it （尤指为狗、猫等宠物）除肠虫
• Has your dog been wormed? 你的狗除过肠虫吗？
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worm yourself/your way into sth disapproving
■to gradually achieve a position of trust, possibly by being dishonest 逐渐骗取信任
• [R] He wormed himself into her affections without her ever suspecting he only did it for her money. 他逐步骗取了她的好感，而她丝毫没有怀疑他这样做只是为了她的钱。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worm sth out of sb informal
■to try and get information from someone which they are trying to keep secret 从（某人）处套出（情报）
• He wasn't going to tell me, but I managed to worm it out of him. 他不想告诉我，可我设法从他嘴里套出了这件事。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
n. [无脊椎] 虫， [基医] 蠕虫； [机] 蜗杆；螺纹；小人物
 - nobody, endless screw
vt. 使蠕动；给除虫；使缓慢前进
 - work
vi. 慢慢前进；蠕行
 - inch

Word: headscarf
Front: headscarf
[ˈhedskɑ:f] (23531/25599)
Back: n. 女人的头巾
分布：头巾(100%)
US [-skɑ:rf] noun countable (plural headscarves)
■a square piece of material worn on the head by women, often folded into a triangle and tied under the chin （妇女戴的）头巾
• a silk headscarf 真丝头巾

Word: spate
Front: spate
[speɪt] (宝 14718/11439 -1)
Vocabulary: spate
(once / 6345 pages)
n
A spate is a large number. If a spate of new coffee shops open in your neighborhood, it’ll be easy for you to stay wide awake. You’ll have easy access to plenty of caffeine.
Though it’s now used to describe a large number or unusually large amount of something, the word spate originally described a sudden flood of water, such as a river overflowing after a downpour. Thinking about being overwhelmed by a sudden rush of water will help you remember to use spate when you encounter an unexpected overflow of anything, whether it’s books, robberies, celebrity break-ups, or corporate mergers.
WORD FAMILY
spate: spates
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spate of suicide bombings and other attacks since 2015 was capped off by the June 28 attack on Istanbul Ataturk Airport, the country’s busiest.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There's been a spate of pieces about whether or not Comey cost Clinton the election.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For example, a spate of injuries compelled the Nittany Lions to use their fifth-team middle linebacker at one point this season.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 大量; 发洪水，（河流）暴涨; 大雨
分布：泛滥(49%)，洪水(42%)，突然的一阵(9%)
→来自拟声词根辅音丛 sp-,吐，喷出，比较 spate,spew,spit,spout,sputter.引申相关词义。
【记】spat小口角，e饿了：两个人发生小口角，互相喷吐沫，喷的都饿了，说明喷得比较狠，形成洪水。
【反】trickling flow（细流）；dearth（n 缺乏）
noun countable usually singular
■a larger number of events than usual, especially unpleasant ones, happening at about the same time （尤指不愉快的）大量突发事件
• Police are investigating a spate of burglaries in the Kingsland Road area. 警方正在调查最近在金斯兰德路周边地区接连发生的多宗破门窃盗案。
in (full) spate UK
■If a river is in (full) spate, it has more water in it and is flowing faster than it usually does. （河流）水位暴涨，泛滥
n. 洪水；一阵；大雨；突然迸发
 - flood, blast

Word: unification
Front: unification
[ˌju:nɪfɪ'keɪʃn] (宝 9994/7411 -2)
Vocabulary: unification
(once / 3866 pages)
n
Unification describes the bringing together of two or more things so they become a single unit. If your marriage turns your feuding families into one big happy group, you pulled off a unification that would make Romeo and Juliet jealous.
Unification comes from the word unify, which traces back to the Middle French word unifier, meaning "to make into one." Unification often happens in the corporate world, and you might have heard the term merger used to describe this process. If two or more companies decide to become a single company in order to benefit their business, they must first go through a legal process to complete the unification.
WORD FAMILY
unification: unifications+/disunify: disunified, disunifying/subunit: subunits/ unify: disunify, unification, unified, unifies, unifying / unifying: unifyingly/ unit: subunit, unify, unitise, unitize, units/unitise: unitisation/unitize: unitization, unitized, unitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men were sent back across the de facto maritime border in two of their boats, according to the Ministry of Unification in Seoul.
BBC(Dec 19, 2016)
In fact, only 1.5 percent of Taiwanese support immediate unification with China, with even less support among young people.
New York Times(Dec 13, 2016)
The centre was founded in 1977 by the controversial Unification Church.
BBC(Dec 04, 2016)
Back: n. 统一，联合; 一致
分布：统一(97%)，一致(3%)
联合(uni+fic+ation)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
【记】源于：unify（v 统一）
【反】divergence（n 分歧）
N-UNCOUNT
合一; 联合；统一
Unification is the process by which two or more countries join together and become one country.
例：...the process of general European unification.欧洲一体化进程
n. 统一；一致；联合
 - accordance, alliance, agreement, identity, combination, union, association

Word: fever
Front: fever
[ˈfi:və(r)] (中高研四六雅 4372/5338 -K2)
Vocabulary: fever
(once / 135 pages)
1n 2n
A fever happens when the body's internal temperature is higher than normal. If you have a sore throat, a headache, and a fever, you may have the flu.
When you have a fever, your skin may feel hot, and your temperature as measured by a thermometer will be high. A fever can also make you feel achy, tired, and chilly, and it can be a sign that you've got some kind of infection. The Old English is fefor, from a Latin root, febris, also "fever." Doctors and nurses sometimes refer to a fever as a "febrile response."
WORD FAMILY
fever: feverish, feverous, fevers+/ feverish: feverishly, feverishness/feverous: feverously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its new piece, “The Fever,” pushes that conversation further.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, trouble with balance and anorexia, as well as aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 发热，发烧; 热病; 一时的狂热; 激动不安
vt. 引起发热; 使狂热; 使患热病
vi. 发热或变得发热; 狂热; 患热病
分布：发烧(71%)，发热(18%)，狂热(11%)
→来自拉丁语febris, 发烧，来自dhegh, 燃烧，词源同day,febrile.
n.发热,狂热However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-vɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a medical condition in which the body temperature is higher than usual and the heart beats very fast 发烧，发热
• He's got a headache and a slight fever. 他头痛，还有点发烧。
UK ['fi:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
EXCITEMENT 激动
uncountable
■a state of great excitement 激动，狂热，兴奋
• The whole country seems to be in the grip of football fever. 全国似乎都陷入了对足球的狂热中。
fever, heat
这组词都有“热，热度”的意思，其区别是：
fever: 通常指超过正常体温所出现的发烧、发热；可引申指情绪的激昂和兴奋。
heat: 一般指具体的热、热度、热力等，有时也应热情、激动的感情。
n. [医] 发烧， [临床] 发热；狂热
 - abandon, febricity
vt. [医] 使发烧；使狂热；使患热病
 - fanaticize
vi. [医] 发烧；狂热；患热病
 - run a temperature, go wild

Word: disdain
Front: disdain
[dɪsˈdeɪn] (研托雅宝 9653/14143 -1)
Vocabulary: disdain
(once / 426 pages)
nv
If you feel that something isn't worthy of your consideration, you may disdain it (or treat it with disdain).
In Old French, deignier meant "to treat something as worthy." To disdain something, then, is to treat it with contempt: "Management at [the company] displayed a certain disdain for safety and appeared to regard safety-conscious workers as wimps in the organization." As a verb, disdain carries an air of self-righteousness not associated with similar words like despise, abhor, detest, loathe and scorn. So if you disdain something, you might reject it with a haughty scoff, "Ha!"
WORD FAMILY
disdain: disdained, disdainful, disdaining, disdains+/ disdainful: disdainfully, disdainfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps you read that and nodded, “Done! Next!” solely based on a general disdain for reality television.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
They experienced elite disdain for Trump as evidence he might be the one to turn it around.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Playing up his Southern backwoods roots, his military career and his disdain of the political establishment, he treated politics as a form of performance art.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 鄙视，轻蔑
vt. 鄙视; 不屑于做，不愿意做
时态：disdained, disdaining, disdains
分布：蔑视(55%)，轻蔑(45%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-dain, 同-dign, 尊贵，词源同dignity, decent.即使不尊贵，蔑视。
【记】dis不，dai戴n象帽子：武警官兵不戴帽子见老江：轻视dis不，dain＝dign高贵，值得－不高贵－鄙视
【参】dignity（n 尊严；高贵）；deign（v 屈尊）；disdainful（adj 轻蔑的）
【反】treat favorably（亲切地对待）；adulation（n 阿谀奉承）
[dɪs'deɪn] formal
noun uncountable
■when you dislike someone or something and think that they do not deserve your interest or respect 轻视，蔑视，鄙视
• He regards the political process with disdain. 他对这一政治进程持鄙视的态度。
[dɪs'deɪn] formal
verb transitive
■to feel disdain for someone or something 鄙视，蔑视，轻视
• The older musicians disdain the new, rock-influenced music. 老一代音乐家鄙视新出现的摇滚风格的音乐。
disdain to do sth
■to refuse to do something because you feel too important to do it 不屑于做…
n. 蔑视
 - defiance, snotnose

Word: correlation
Front: correlation
[ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn] (六 3502/3912 -1)
Vocabulary: correlation
(once / 3547 pages)
n
Correlation is something that scientists are often trying to show––is there a correlation between smoking and poor health or between napping and productivity? How about daily flossing and good grades?
Correlation derives from the Latin cor- 'together' and -relatio 'relation'––the word is all about things that go together. But beware: just because a study shows a correlation between two variables, it doesn't mean one necessarily causes the other. There is a significant correlation between going to high school and being a teenager, but that doesn't mean that going to high school causes you to be a teenager.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
correlation / corollary
A correlation is exactly what it sounds like: a co-relation, or relationship — like the correlation between early birds waking up and the sun rising. But corollary is more like a consequence, like the corollary of the rooster crowing because you smacked it in the beak. Both words love the math lab but can hang with the rest of us, too.
A correlation is a relationship, but not a cause and effect one. In statistics, a correlation is some connection between random variables or data values. Since correlation is a kind of relation, it's often followed by "between." Here are some examples of correlations out in the world:
Correlation is not necessarily causation, so I'm sure this has nothing to do with the departure of Rahm Emanuel. (New York Times)
Their study looked only at wider geographical patterns, showing a correlation between an area's radon levels and rates of the skin cancer. (Reuters)
Corollary, on the other hand, is one thing naturally following another. In mathematics, a theorem is a statement proven true through reasoning. Its corollary is a statement so closely related that it doesn't need to be proven independently. For the rest of us, it's more like the aftermath of something. Let's look at some examples:
The corollary to this finding is that dairy products have no effect on cough, he said. (New York Times)
There is a natural foreign policy corollary: those who see America as a work in progress are less likely to view it as exceptional. (Time)
How can non-math geniuses keep the two straight? Remember that correlation has an equal, though not necessarily defined, relationship. Corollary is more like a consequence.
WORD FAMILY
correlation: correlational, correlations+/ correlate: correlated, correlates, correlating, correlation, correlative/correlated: uncorrelated/correlative: correlatively, correlatives, correlativity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The correlation was between Trump support and sluggish economic recovery in rural, mostly white areas, not just lower economic status in general.
Slate(Dec 23, 2016)
As the Israeli craft orbits the moon and moves across the surface, the magnetometer will look for correlations between magnetic field changes and impact sites.
Science Magazine(Dec 22, 2016)
Even studies showing that alterations in the microbiota correlate with disease severity, or that the microbiota normalizes with remission, fail to prove causation over correlation.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 相互关系; 相关性
分布：相关(81%)，关联(14%)，相互关系(5%)
US [ˌkɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
■a connection between two or more things, often one in which one of them causes or influences the other 相互关系；联系；相关
• There's a high correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 吸烟和肺癌有密切的关系。
n. [数] 相关， [理物] 关联；相互关系
 - relationship, associations, relevance

Word: ideally
Front: ideally
[aɪ'di:əlɪ] (六 7858/4930 -K1)
Back: adv. 完美地; 理想地; 观念上地; 理论上地
分布：理想地(47%)，完美地(33%)，观念上地(20%)
adverb
■used when describing the perfect situation 理想地；完美地
• Ideally, I'd like to work at home but it's just not practical. 对我来说最理想的是在家工作，可这根本不现实。
• She's ideally (= perfectly) suited to the job. 她非常适合这份工作。

Word: largesse
Front: largesse
[lɑ:ˈʒes] (宝 19675/21442)
Vocabulary: largesse
(once / 8461 pages)
n
Largesse is extreme generosity. If your neighbors bring you an expensive watch from Switzerland because you fed their cat while they were traveling, thank them for their largesse.
Though pronounced "lar JESS," the word largesse looks sort of like largeness. That's an easy way to remember what largesse means: think of it as largeness of spirit. Largesse can describe the generosity of someone giving gifts, or it can describe the gift itself. You could dispense largess by buying your brother a flashy car from your lottery winnings.
WORD FAMILY
largesse
USAGE EXAMPLES
The three partners of The Washington Post Helping Hand — Community of Hope, Sasha Bruce Youthwork and Homestretch — are excellent candidates for your largesse.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The student wonders if the stranger's largesse might just be motivated by the diplomatic career he plans.
Reuters(Nov 30, 2016)
United Technologies has benefited from such largesse in the past.
Washington Post(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: n. 慷慨赠与的钱或物
分布：施舍(53%)，慷慨援助(47%)
【记】large大－大方施舍
【反】parsimony（n 过度节俭；吝啬）；penury（n 贫困；贫穷）
US [lɑ:r-] noun uncountable formal
■willingness to give money, or money given to poor people by rich people 慷慨捐助，施舍；（给穷人的）善款
• The national theatre will be the main beneficiary of the millionaire's largesse. 国家大剧院将是那位百万富翁慷慨捐助的主要受益者。

Word: fascist
Front: fascist
['fæʃɪst] (12920/8136 -2)
Vocabulary: fascist
(once / 2507 pages)
nadj
If you know someone who's a fascist, that person is probably into control. A fascist is a follower of a political philosophy characterized by authoritarian views and a strong central government — and no tolerance for opposing opinions.
Fascist traces to the Italian word fascio, meaning "group, bundle." Under fascist rule, the emphasis is on the group — the nation — with few individual rights. You must support the ruling party's views on society, politics, and culture — or else. The term was used by Italian political leader Benito Mussolini under his totalitarian, anti-communist government. The word can describe someone who supports fascism — or whose behavior is so stern and controlling that it seems like he does.
WORD FAMILY
fascist: fascists+/ fascism: fascist, fascistic/fascistic: fascistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
When a fascist empire threatened, she fought back.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Wearing thick winter coats, gloves and hats, they carried signs calling Trump a “fascist thug” and “Putin’s Poodle.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 19, 2016)
More than 200 demonstrators braved freezing temperatures at Pennsylvania’s capitol, chanting, “No Trump, no KKK, no fascist USA!” and “No treason, no Trump!”
Time(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 法西斯主义者; 法西斯分子
adj. 法西斯主义的; 法西斯主义者的; 法西斯党的
分布：法西斯主义者(37%)，法西斯主义的(28%)，法西斯党员(17%)，极右分子(8%)，法西斯主义者的(5%)，极右分子的(5%)
→来自fascism, 法西斯主义。
adjective (also fascistic)
 ADVANCED
■based on or supporting fascism （基于或支持）法西斯主义的
• fascist groups 法西斯团体
• a fascist dictator/regime 法西斯独裁者／政权
['fæʃ.ɪst] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who supports fascism 法西斯主义者
■a person of the far right in politics 极右分子
■disapproving
■someone who does not allow any opposition 独断专行的人
• He reckons all policemen are fascists and bullies. 他认为所有的员警都是法西斯兼恶棍。

Word: converge
Front: converge
[kənˈvɜ:dʒ] (六托雅宝 8179/8501 -1)
Vocabulary: converge
(once / 1486 pages)
v
Use the verb converge to describe something that comes together at a common point: “Thousands of Elvis fans plan to converge on the small Arkansas town where unconfirmed sightings of the deceased superstar eating at a local barbeque restaurant had been widely reported.”
Two roads, a roomful of politicians, or a group of rabid fans — when things come together from different points they converge. Converge traces back to the Latin word vergere, meaning “to bend or to turn." The prefix con- means "with," a good way to remember that things that converge come together. Don't confuse it with diverge, which means the opposite: "move away," because the prefix “dis-” means “apart.”
WORD FAMILY
converge: converged, convergency, convergent, converges, converging+/ convergence: convergences/convergency: convergencies/ convergent: convergence, convergently, nonconvergent
USAGE EXAMPLES
And Cousins played throughout as if pass rushers were converging from all corners.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The men back away, and then others converge and fight.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In August next year, skywatchers from all over the world are expected to converge on the United States for this spectacular cosmic event.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. （线条、运动的物体等）会于一点; 聚集; 人或车辆汇集
vt. 使聚集
时态：converged, converging, converges
分布：会聚(40%)，集中(30%)，聚合(27%)，使集合(3%)
→con-, 强调。-verge, 转，词源同diverge, versus. 即转到一起，汇集。
【记】con一起，verge转－转到一起－会聚
【参】diverge（vi 道路分叉；意见分歧）
【反】spread out（展开）
US [-'vɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive
■If lines, roads or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet （几条线或道路）会合，交会，汇合
• The paths all converge at the main gate of the park. 这几条小路都在公园正门处交会。
• Due to roadworks, three lanes of traffic have to converge into two. 由于修路，三条车道不得不合并成了两条。
Compare diverge If ideas and opinions converge, they gradually become similar. （观点）趋于一致，趋同
■to come from other places to meet in a particular place 会合；聚集；集中
• Ambulances, police cars and fire engines all converged on the scene. 救护车、警车和消防车都聚集到现场。
• 100,000 people are expected to converge on the town for the festival. 预计有十万人聚集镇上庆祝节日。
vi. 聚合；集中于一点
 - group, gather together
vt. 会聚；使聚集；使向一点会合
 - cluster

Word: meaningful
Front: meaningful
[ˈmi:nɪŋfl] (六托 3769/5632 -2)
Vocabulary: meaningful
(once / 2135 pages)
adj
Use the adjective meaningful to describe something that has a purpose, like a political rally for a cause you believe in strongly.
You would probably say that your backpacking trip across Asia was meaningful, or worthwhile, but you might not describe three hours watching bad TV shows as meaningful. When something is important or significant, it is meaningful, or "full of meaning." Meaning itself comes from the word mean, which has its roots in the Old English mænan, "to signify, tell, or complain."
WORD FAMILY
meaningful: meaningfully, meaningfulness, nonmeaningful+/ mean: meaner, meanest, meaning, meaningly, meanly, meanness, means, meant/ meaning: meaningful, meaningless, meanings/meaningless: meaninglessly, meaninglessness/meanness: meannesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
To avoid a stockpile of holiday cards, “save only those that are meaningful and special,” Tova Weinstock, a professional organizer in Brooklyn, said.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Political and geographical divisions must end, and lawmakers need to focus on the final goal - passing meaningful legislation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The College Football Playoff rendered the others less meaningful.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 意味深长的; 有意义的; 有意图的; 隽
分布：有意义的(91%)，意味深长的(9%)
→meaning,意义，-ful,形容词后缀。
adjective
EXPRESSING STH 意味深长的
■intended to show meaning, often secretly 富有意义的，意味深长的
• a meaningful look 意味深长的一瞥
• He raised one eyebrow in a meaningful way. 他扬起一道眉毛，动作中富含意义。
['mi:.nɪŋ.fəl] adjective
IMPORTANT/SERIOUS 重要的／有意义的
■useful, serious or important 有用的；有意义的
• She seems to find it difficult to form meaningful relationships. 她似乎觉得很难跟他人有深入的交往。
• Having the opportunity to work would make retirement more meaningful for many pensioners. 对许多退休者来说，有机会工作会使退休生活更有意义。
adj. 有意义的；意味深长的
 - significant, eloquent

Word: litter
Front: litter
[ˈlɪtə(r)] (中高研六托雅宝 8093/6500 -2)
Vocabulary: litter
(once / 584 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
If everyone decided to litter, or drop trash on the ground, the world would be covered in garbage. Litter doesn't always have to be trashy though. When a cat has kittens, they are born as a litter.
Don't be confused when you go to England and see the word litter written all over garbage cans. That's just the Brits' way of saying trash. The word litter comes from the Old French litiere meaning "bed." Animals like dogs or cats have their offspring all in one birth, or on the same bed, making what we call a litter, or group of babies.
WORD FAMILY
litter: littered, litterer, littering, litters+/littered: unlittered/litterer: litterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nationwide, sales of kitty litter approached $2.9 billion last year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Steady demand for kitty litter helped Wyo-Ben and other bentonite miners through the downturn.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1993, the city beefed up security patrols in City Hall and other buildings to cut down on the litter.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 杂物，垃圾; （一窝）幼崽; 褥草; 轿，担架
vt. & vi. 使杂乱; 乱丢杂物; 乱扔; 使饱含
时态：littered, littering, litters
→来自拉丁语lectus,床，沙发，来自legh,躺，词源同lie.其原义为床，折叠床，担架，轿子，后来指铺床的草垫，草，猫窝，一窝猫崽，现在用于词义杂草，杂物，垃圾。拼写比较latte,lettuce.
n.垃圾,(杂乱的)废物v.使杂乱,乱丢No litter, please.请勿乱丢垃圾.
【记】litter做动词是随便乱丢的意思，引申为垃圾。
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ] noun
RUBBISH 垃圾
uncountable
■small pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public places （散落在公共场所的）小块垃圾，废弃物
• About 2% of fast-food packaging ends up as litter. 约有2%的速食包装会被人当作垃圾随手扔掉。
UK ['lɪt.ər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ] noun
BABY ANIMALS 幼崽
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the same mother 一窝幼崽
• a litter of kittens 一窝小猫
UK ['lɪt.ər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ] noun
BED 床
uncountable
■dried grass or plant stems used by animals as a bed （动物睡觉用的）褥草，草垫
UK ['lɪt.ər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ] noun
ANIMAL TOILET 动物厕所
uncountable
■a substance that is put in a container to be used as a toilet by pets （供宠物便溺的）猫沙
• cat/pet litter 猫沙
UK ['lɪt.ər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ] verb
transitive
■to spread across an area or place untidily 四处乱扔，到处乱丢
• The park was littered with bottles and cans after the concert. 音乐会结束后，公园里到处都是被人丢弃的瓶瓶罐罐。
• Dirty clothes littered the floor of her bedroom. 她的睡房地板上到处都是脏衣服。
be littered with sth
■A place, document or other object that is littered with something, has or contains a lot of that thing 布满，到处都是
• The newspaper has a reputation for being littered with spelling mistakes. 该报错字连篇，尽人皆知。
intransitive
■to drop rubbish on the ground in a public place 在公共场所乱扔垃圾
• People who litter often have no pride in the area. 经常随地乱扔垃圾的人没有地区荣誉感。
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱
 - refuse, garbage, junk, rubbish, trash
vi. 产仔；乱扔废弃物
 - give birth

Word: indulge
Front: indulge
[ɪnˈdʌldʒ] (研六雅宝 6841/5543 -2)
Vocabulary: indulge
(once / 165 pages)
v
Indulge is a verb that means "to give in to something," like when you indulge your craving for chocolate by eating a big piece of it.
The original meaning of indulge is "to treat with unearned favor." That's why it doesn't mean the same as reward. Instead, when you indulge, you enjoy or take part in something just because you want to — like indulging in a celebrity gossip magazine: you know you should be doing something more constructive, but you don't care. When you indulge someone else, you go along with whatever they want to do.
WORD FAMILY
indulge: indulged, indulgence, indulges, indulging, overindulge+/ indulgence: indulgences, nonindulgence, self-indulgence/overindulge: overindulged, overindulgence, overindulges, overindulging
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his spare time, such as it is, Okwara indulges his creative side.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Despite the countrywide restrictions, alcohol is easily available, and a large number of Muslims also indulge in it.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The only person who suffers financially if you indulge in “loafing” – a workplace vice that Taylor saw as theft – is you.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 迁就，纵容; 使满足; 使（自己）沉溺于; 使快乐
vi. 纵容; 满足; 沉溺
时态：indulged, indulging, indulges
分布：迁就(39%)，放任(31%)，纵情于(25%)，放纵自己于 ...(5%)
→回构自indulgence,爱好，纵容。
v.放任,纵容,沉溺;使(自己)纵情享受Don't indulge yourself too much.不要放纵自己.
【记】可以通过发音记，但是有点儿◎＃￥％…※×in进入，dull（adj 迟钝的），ge：进入迟钝状态，因为沉迷于酒色。
【反】eschew（vt 避开；躲避）
verb
intransitive or transitive
■to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you （使）沉溺于；（尤指）放纵
• The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs. 足球迷摇着旗唱着歌，纵情抒发他们的爱国热情。
• [R] I love champagne but I don't often indulge myself. 我爱喝香槟，但一般都有节制。
• We took a deliberate decision to indulge in a little nostalgia. 我们特意决定好好追忆一下往事。
transitive
■to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly 纵容
• My aunt indulges the children dreadfully. 我婶婶太纵容孩子了。
indulge, spoil
这组词都有“纵容，娇养”的意思，其区别是：
indulge: 指迁就或放任别人应该节制的欲望要求或感情。
spoil: 指纵容而造成对性情的扭曲。
vt. 满足；纵容；使高兴；使沉迷于…
 - meet, fulfill, fill, please, baby
vi. 沉溺；满足；放任
 - luxuriate, to satisfy

Word: commercially
Front: commercially
[kə'mɜ:ʃəlɪ] (8634/7104)
Back: adv. 商业上，通商上
分布：商业地(100%)
ADJ
商业的;贸易的
Commercial means involving or relating to the buying and selling of goods.
例：Docklands in its heyday was a major centre of industrial and commercial activity...港区在其最繁荣的时期曾是主要的工商业活动中心。
例：Attacks were reported on police, vehicles and commercial premises.据报道，警察、车辆和商业经营场所均遭到袭击。
ADJ-GRADED
(组织、活动)营利的，商业化的，偏重利润的
Commercial organizations and activities are concerned with making money or profits, rather than, for example, with scientific research or providing a public service.
例：British Rail has indeed become more commercial over the past decade...过去10年来，英国铁路确实变得更加商业化了。
例：Conservationists in Chile are concerned over the effect of commercial exploitation of forests...对森林的商业开发所带来的影响让智利的自然资源保护者们感到忧心忡忡。
ADJ
(产品)商品化的，供市场出售的
A commercial product is made to be sold to the public.
例：They are the leading manufacturer in both defence and commercial products.在军工产品和民用产品的制造方面，他们都处于领先地位。
ADJ
(车辆)商用的
A commercial vehicle is a vehicle used for carrying goods, or passengers who pay.
例：Commercial vehicles, coaches and lorries are required by law to be fitted with tachographs.法律规定商用车辆、长途汽车和卡车要安装转速计。
例：...the fastest crossing of the Atlantic by a commercial passenger vessel.商用客船最快的一次横渡大西洋
ADJ
(电视、广播)靠广告收入维持的，商业性的
Commercial television and radio are paid for by the broadcasting of advertisements, rather than by the government.
例：...Classic FM, the first national commercial radio station.国内首家商业广播电台——经典调频
ADJ-GRADED
(电影或音乐)商业化的，迎合大众口味的
Commercial is used to describe something such as a film or a type of music that it is intended to be popular with the public, and is not very original or of high quality.
例：There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has become too commercial.很多人都觉得音乐变得过于商业化了。
N-COUNT
(电视或电台的)商业广告
A commercial is an advertisement that is broadcast on television or radio.
例：The government has launched a campaign of television commercials and leaflets.政府通过电视广告和传单的形式发起了宣传活动。

Word: smack
Front: smack
[smæk] (托 7202/7839 -2)
Back: vt. 拍，打，掴
n. 掌掴（声）; 海洛因; （打的）一拳; 打巴掌
adv. 直接地; 准确地; 猛烈地; 急剧地
时态：smacked, smacking, smacks
分布：打(39%)，响吻(15%)，风味(9%)，用掌击(8%)，直接地(8%)，猛然地(5%)，劈啪声(5%)，少许(5%)，拍打(2%)，掌击声(2%)，带有 ... 风味(2%)
verb
transitive
■to hit someone or something forcefully with the flat inside part of your hand, producing a short loud noise, especially as a way of punishing a child （尤指作为惩戒孩子的方式）掌掴，打
• I never smack my children. 我从来不打孩子。
• I'll smack your bottom if you don't behave yourself. 如果你表现不好，我就打你屁股。
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something hard against something else 撞；使劲摔
• I smacked my head on the corner of the shelf. 我的头撞到架子边角。
• She smacked her books down on the table and stormed out of the room. 她啪地把书摔在桌子上，气冲冲地离开了房间。
[smæk] verb
smack your lips
■to close and open your mouth loudly to express a strong wish to eat something you like a lot 咂嘴唇
• "I adore chocolate cake, " said Susannah, smacking her lips. “我喜欢巧克力蛋糕，”苏珊娜边咂着嘴唇边说道。
[smæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  smack of sth
■If something smacks of an unpleasant quality, it seems to have that quality 带有…意味，带有…迹象
• The whole affair smacks of mismanagement and incompetence. 整件事让人觉得有点管理不善，当事人能力不足。
[smæk] noun
HIT FORCEFULLY 猛击
countable
■a hit from someone's flat hand as a punishment （作为惩戒手段的）打巴掌，掴
• You're going to get a smack on the bottom if you don't stop being such a naughty boy. 如果你再这么调皮，就该打屁股了。
countable informal
■a hit given with the fist (= closed hand) 打击（用握成拳的手施加的打击）
• I gave him a smack on the jaw. 我一拳头打在了他下巴上。
countable
■a short loud noise 呯的一声，啪的一声
• She slammed her case down on the desk with a smack. 她啪的一声把她的皮箱放到桌子上。
countable informal
■a loud kiss 响吻
• a big smack on the lips 在嘴唇上的响亮一吻
[smæk] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang
■ heroin (= a strong illegal drug) 海洛因
• How long has she been on smack? 她吸食海洛因多久了？
[smæk] adverb (UK also smack-bang) (US also smack-dab)
EXACTLY 确切地
■exactly in a place 不偏不倚地，正好
• She lives smack in the middle of London. 她就住在伦敦市中心。
[smæk] adverb (UK also smack-bang) (US also smack-dab)
DIRECTLY 直接地
■directly and forcefully, producing a short loud noise 径直，猛地；砰然作声地
• I wasn't looking where I was going and walked smack into a lamppost. 我没有看路，不偏不倚直接撞到了灯柱上。
n. 滋味；少量；海洛因；风味
 - flavor, bit, horse
adv. 猛然；直接地
 - directly, immediately, straight, fair

Word: viking

Word: mimic
Front: mimic
[ˈmɪmɪk] (托雅宝 6833/12084 -1)
Vocabulary: mimic
(once / 1112 pages)
vnadj
A mimic is someone who is good at imitating others. A gifted mimic might be able to imitate one president after another just by minimally changing facial expression and manner of speaking.
Mimic, related to mime, an entertainer who performs using gestures not speech, can be traced back to the Greek mimeisthai "to imitate." Usually when you mimic someone, you imitate them in order to make fun of them. Performers mimic famous people to get laughs, but ordinary people mimic others when they are angry at them. Who hasn't mimicked parents or a boss who has said no one too many times?!
WORD FAMILY
mimic: mimicing, mimicked, mimicker, mimicking, mimicry, mimics+/ mime: mimed, mimer, mimes, mimic, miming/mimicker: mimickers/ mimicry: mimicries
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Project ECHO’s long-distance training for physicians, their assistants and nurse practitioners mimics the mentoring that interns and residents receive at elite urban hospitals.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One little kid dressed up as him for Halloween with pipe cleaners mimicking his long dreadlocks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 巧于模仿的人; 复写品或仿制品; 摹拟笑剧的演员
vt. 模仿，学样; 摹拟; [生]拟形，拟色
adj. 模仿的，摹拟的; [生]拟态的; 假装的
时态：mimicked, mimicking, mimics
分布：模仿(55%)，模拟(38%)，模仿的(3%)，仿制品(2%)，模仿者(1%)，假的(1%)
→来自mime,模仿，-ic,形容词后缀。
模仿者(mim模仿+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
verb transitive (mimicking, mimicked, mimicked)
■to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks and moves, usually in order to make people laugh （为逗乐而）模仿，学…的样子
• She was mimicking the various people in our office. 她在学我们办公室里各人的样子。
['mɪm.ɪk] noun countable
■a person who can copy the sounds or movements of other people 善于模仿的人
• She's a brilliant mimic. 她非常擅长模仿。
vt. 模仿，摹拟
 - simulate, pattern, imitate
n. 效颦者，模仿者；仿制品；小丑
 - aper, imitator
adj. 模仿的，模拟的；假装的
 - affected, simulate, assumed

Word: confederation
Front: confederation
[kənˌfedəˈreɪʃn] (18262/8239 -2)
Vocabulary: confederation
(once / 1037 pages)
n
When a group of people or nations form an alliance, it is called a confederation, allowing each member to govern itself but agreeing to work together for common causes. Perhaps the best-known confederation was the South during the U.S. Civil War.
The noun confederation comes from the early 15th Century, meaning “an agreement.” Confederation is similar to the word "federation," but with important differences. Whereas a federation has a strong central government, a confederation is more of an agreement between separate bodies to cooperate with each other. The European alliance could be called a confederation, while the United States is a federation.
WORD FAMILY
confederation: confederations+/ confederacy: confederacies/ confederate: confederacy, confederated, confederates, confederating, confederation, confederative
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Our work will continue no matter what,” said Mohamud Noor, executive director of the Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Mexico plays its Confederations Cup opener against Portugal on June 18 in Kazan, Russia.
Washington Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Canada celebrates 150 years since its colonies were united under the Canadian Confederation, and Montreal marks its 375th anniversary.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 结盟; 联盟; 同盟国
分布：邦联(100%)
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■an organization consisting of different groups of people working together for business or political reasons 同盟，联盟
• the Confederation of British Industry 英国产业同盟
n. 联盟；邦联；同盟
 - alliance, union, association, league, federation

Word: mandarin
Front: mandarin
[ˈmændərɪn] (19671/11837 -1)
Vocabulary: mandarin
(once / 6720 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun mandarin when you're talking about a powerful member of a government, company, or cultural group. In other words, don't mess with the mandarin.
You can use mandarin to mean "bureaucrat," or an official who tends to make things complicated and who wields a lot of power. Another kind of mandarin is a respected cultural or academic figure: "My favorite philosophy professor is considered a mandarin on campus." Mandarin with a capital "M" refers to the language spoken in China. Originally, this word meant simply "Chinese official," from the Hindi root word mantrī, "counselor."
WORD FAMILY
mandarin: mandarins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tangerines were one of the first varieties of mandarins imported to the United States, arriving from Tangier, Morocco.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 16, 2016)
When I was growing up, I almost always heard Cantonese on the streets, while mandarin was the language of instruction at school.
New York Times(Nov 23, 2016)
It is inconceivable that policy mandarins in Delhi or their advisers in Kashmir could be unaware of the destructive power of “non-lethal weapons”.
The Guardian(Nov 08, 2016)
Back: n. 普通话; （旧时）中国政府的高级官员; 柑橘
adj. 官僚的; 中国式服装的; 过分文雅的
分布：国语(70%)，满清官吏(20%)，中国官话(10%)
→来自葡萄牙语mandarim,中国官员（1580年），来自马来语mantri,最终来自梵语mantra,顾问，建议，来自men,思想，思考，词源同mind,mania.用于指旧时中国的官僚，大臣。后引申词义普通话。俗词源认为其来自汉语满大人是站不住脚的，在时间上差了近100年。
US [-dɚ-] noun countable
FRUIT 水果 (also mandarin orange)
■a small sweet type of orange but with a thinner, looser skin 柑橘
UK ['mæn.dər.ɪn] US [-dɚ-] noun countable
OFFICIAL 公务员 mainly disapproving
■a person who has a very important job in the government, and who is sometimes considered to be too powerful 官僚，政界要人
• It often seems that true power lies with the Civil Service mandarins, rather than MPs and cabinet ministers. 实权似乎往往掌握在行政机构的高官手中，而不是议员或内阁部长手中。
n. 国语；官话；满清官吏
 - national language, Mandarin Chinese

Word: haggle
Front: haggle
[ˈhægl] (托宝 16766/18614 -1)
Vocabulary: haggle
(once / 3721 pages)
nv
If you want a great deal on a used TV, then you can try to haggle with the sellers to see if they’ll bring the price down. To haggle is to negotiate or argue over something, usually a price.
You can haggle at a flea market or anywhere where the price of items is flexible. But haggle doesn’t always refer to price. You can haggle over a job, a contract, or who gets to ride in the front seat. Haggling is relatively aggressive behavior, and this word is closer in meaning to wrangle than it is to negotiate. You’ll rarely hear of anyone haggling quietly. Haggle implies an argument in which both parties want the best deal for themselves.
WORD FAMILY
haggle: haggled, haggler, haggles, haggling+/ haggler: hagglers/haggling: hagglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Actually, I haggled my way to getting both the palm reading and a Tarot card reading for $30.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
In the meantime structural reforms would be put off while Italy’s lawmakers haggle over voting systems.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Google haggled for years with the previous antitrust commissioner, Joaquín Almunia, in an attempt to settle the probes against it.
Wall Street Journal(Nov 16, 2016)
Back: n. 讨价还价; 争论
vt. 乱劈; 乱砍; 使疲惫
vi. 讨价还价; 争论不休
时态：haggled, haggling, haggles
分布：讨价还价(65%)，争论(22%)，乱砍(13%)
→来自古英语haggen,劈，跺，词源同hack,-le,表反复。引申词义争论，讨价还价。
【记】读：海狗，现在市面上有一种礼品《北极参海狗油》巨贵无比，需要讨价还价。
verb intransitive or transitive
■to attempt to decide on a price or conditions which are acceptable to the person selling the goods and the person buying them, usually by arguing （对价格或条件）讨价还价
• It's traditional that you haggle over/about the price of things in the market. 传统上买卖东西时都会讨价还价。
n. [贸易] 讨价还价；争论
 - controversy, combat
vt. 乱劈；乱砍
 - cut and carve
vi. 争论；乱劈
 - debate, argue with

Word: irrigation
Front: irrigation
[ˌɪrɪ'ɡeɪʃn] (高六托雅 6974/12413)
Vocabulary: irrigation
(once / 1639 pages)
n
Irrigation is the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture. If you want to start a strawberry farm in the desert, irrigation will be necessary.
Irrigation comes from the Latin for "moist" or "wet," but it means the purposeful wetting of something. We wouldn’t really say that a storm provides irrigation (unless we were poetically trying to personify the storm). Irrigation systems are often complex combinations of canals, channels, and hoses. The word irrigation is also used in medicine to describe the process of washing out a wound before dressing it.
WORD FAMILY
irrigation: irrigations+/ irrigate: irrigated, irrigates, irrigating, irrigation
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nesson Valley Irrigation Research Farm in North Dakota is in the middle of an eight-year research project on cropping systems and tillage practices.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He operated an irrigation manufacturing company with his family until 1966, when he successfully ran for Congress at age 40 despite no political experience.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 灌溉; 水利; [医]冲洗; 冲注洗剂
分布：灌溉(100%)
VERB
灌溉
To irrigate land means to supply it with water in order to help crops grow.
例：None of the water from Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.鲍威尔湖的水一滴都没有用于灌溉该地区。
例：...strips of cultivated land irrigated by a maze of interconnected canals.由纵横交错的运河灌溉的一条条狭长耕地区域
n. [农工] 灌溉； [临床] 冲洗；冲洗法
 - watering

Word: moratorium
Front: moratorium
[ˌmɒrəˈtɔ:riəm] (宝 10339/16731 -1)
Vocabulary: moratorium
(once / 3240 pages)
n
A moratorium is the suspension of a particular activity––you could have a moratorium on fishing, baking, the use of candles, the wearing of matching socks.
Generally, moratoriums go into effect when something becomes seen as being not okay for now, but might go back to being okay later. After the water fountain started to burble up green sludge, the principal put a moratorium on drinking any water at school until the fountains were fixed and the water tested.
WORD FAMILY
moratorium: moratoria, moratoriums
USAGE EXAMPLES
The current 10-year moratorium is scheduled to expire next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most moratoriums are temporary as cities and counties await new regulations from Amendment 2’s passage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （行动，活动等的）暂停，暂禁; [法]延期偿付权，延缓偿付期
分布：暂停(82%)，延期偿付(16%)，延期偿付期间(2%)
→来自拉丁语morari,延迟，词源同demur.引申词义暂停，中止。
【记】mor死，atorium：让你慢慢死－延缓偿付
US [ˌmɔ:r.ə'tɔ:r.i-] noun countable (plural moratoriums or moratoria) formal
■a stopping of an activity for an agreed amount of time 暂停，中止
• a five-year worldwide moratorium on nuclear weapons testing 全球为期五年的核武器试验中止期
n. 暂停，中止； [金融] 延期偿付
 - hang, temporary suspension

Word: par
Front: par
[pɑ:(r)] (5807/5974 -2)
Vocabulary: par
(once / 390 pages)
nv
In golf, par is the average number of times an excellent player needs to hit the ball, either for one particular hole or for the entire course. You might describe the fourth hole, for example, as being par five.
If a golf course is par sixteen, it takes a really good golfer about sixteen strokes to get her ball into the final hole. From the sports meaning of par, it's come to also mean "average" or "equivalent," especially in phrases like "under par," or "worse than expected," and "par for the course," or "what is normal given the circumstances." This definition actually came first, in the form of the Latin par, "equal."
WORD FAMILY
par: parred, parring, pars
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first is that he’s just not statistically up to par with Ryan, Rodgers, or Brady.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Clarets remain 11th, eight points above the drop and well above par for the season so far.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Tim and I enjoy our drinks and dessert of deep-fried Snickers, which is indulgence par excellence.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标准，常规; 同等; 票面价值; [体]标准杆数
adj. 平价的; 平均的，正常的; 票面的
vt. 标准杆数得分
时态：parred, parring, pars
分布：票面价值(48%)，同等(25%)，常态(9%)，标准的(7%)，票面的(6%)，平常的(3%)，等位(2%)
→来自拉丁语par,相等的，匹配的，可能来自pere,分配，分割，切分，词源同part,pair.par 凭借，通过，为
US [pɑ:r] noun
EQUAL 同等的
on a par (with sb/sth)
■the same as or equal to someone or something 和…同样，不相上下，不相伯仲
• The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with Nice or Cannes. 市中心临码头地区重建后，该市将能与尼斯或坎城相媲美。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
STANDARD 标准
uncountable
■the usual standard or condition 一般水准；通常状况
uncountable
■the expected number of times in golf that a good player should have to hit the ball in order to get it into a hole or into all the holes （高尔夫球）标准杆数
• Tiger Woods finished the round 10 below/under par. 老虎‧伍兹以低于标准杆数十杆的成绩完成了该轮比赛。
par (value) specialized
■the original value of a share in a business （股票的）票面价值
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
be par for the course disapproving
■If a type of behaviour, event or situation is par for the course, it is not good but it is normal or as you would expect 不出所料，在预料之中
• The school budget is going to be cut again this year, but then that's par for the course. 今年学校的预算又要缩减了，不过这是预料之中的。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
be up to par
■to be of the usual or expected standard 达到一般水准，达到标准
• Her work hasn't been up to par lately. 最近她的工作一直不达标。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
below/under par
■ill 有病的，不健康的
• Are you feeling a bit under par? 你感觉有点不舒服吗？
■worse than the usual or expected standard 在一般水准以下的，达不到标准的
n. 标准；票面价值；平均数量
 - criterion, standard, norms, level, prototype
adj. 标准的；票面的
 - standard, normal

Word: unpleasant
Front: unpleasant
[ʌnˈpleznt] (高四六 6472/4722 -K2)
Vocabulary: unpleasant
(once / 284 pages)
adj
Something unpleasant is disagreeable, painful, or annoying in some way. No one likes unpleasant experiences.
Since pleasant things are enjoyable in some way, unpleasant things are hard to enjoy. Being in pain is unpleasant. So is being stuck in traffic. It's unpleasant when someone is rude. If your feelings or senses don't like something, it's likely unpleasant. The word pleasant comes from the French plaisir, "to please." If something doesn't please you, it's unpleasant.
WORD FAMILY
unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness+/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/ pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant /pleasantness: pleasantnesses/ please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure /pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They were also in response to what Washington says is the unpleasant hounding of US diplomats in Moscow over a period of years.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
To retire as a child star packs a particularly unpleasant wallop.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 使人不愉快的; 不合意的; 讨厌的; 不客气的
分布：讨厌的(60%)，使人不愉快的(24%)，不合意的(16%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not enjoyable or pleasant 令人不快的，使人讨厌的
• an unpleasant surprise 令人不快的意外
• the unpleasant truth 使人感觉不舒服的真相
[after verb]
■rude and angry 粗鲁的，不客气的
• The waiter got quite unpleasant with us. 这个服务生对我们相当不礼貌。
adj. 讨厌的；使人不愉快的
 - evil, rank, poisonous

Word: ongoing
Front: ongoing
[ˈɒngəʊɪŋ] (托雅 2970/7144 -2)
Vocabulary: ongoing
(once / 1616 pages)
adj
If something is ongoing, it is happening now. If you have an ongoing argument with your neighbor, it means you were arguing before, you’re arguing now, and it looks like you'll be arguing into the future.
If something is ongoing, it is currently in action. Often in news reports, reference will be made to an ongoing investigation because the police are in the midst of it at the moment of reporting. Ongoing reports are currently in progress as are ongoing repairs. If your teachers say that there will be ongoing testing throughout the year, you won't be done with it until you get out of school.
WORD FAMILY
ongoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those columns were prompted by the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement, the presidential campaign and disparities along racial lines in every aspect of American life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman for the NPS declined to comment, citing the ongoing investigation.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不间断的，进行的; 前进的
n. 前进，发展; 行为，举止
分布：进行的(98%)，不断发展的(2%)
UK [ˌ-'--] US ['ɑ:nˌgoʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment 持续存在的；不断发展的；继续进行的；进行中的
• an ongoing investigation/process/project 持续进行的调查／持续的过程／正在实施的工程
• No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations are still ongoing. 还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。
adj. 不间断的，进行的；前进的
 - advancing, unremitting, uninterrupted
n. 前进；行为，举止
 - behavior, dealing, advancement, going, progress

Word: castle
Front: castle
[ˈkɑ:sl] (高研四六雅 5844/1765 -K3)
Vocabulary: castle
(once / 84 pages)
1n 2nv
A castle is a huge, grand home where a king or queen might live. Almost all castles are also fortified against attacks by enemy armies.
Most castles were built in the Middle Ages by royalty or other nobility. You can still visit many historic castles in Europe, most of them built of stone and including details like towers and guardhouses. You can also call the chess piece known as a "rook" a castle, for its castle-like shape. The word has an Old English root, castel, or "village."
WORD FAMILY
castle: castled, castles, castling, forecastle+/castling: castlings/forecastle: forecastles
USAGE EXAMPLES
They also delivered a candy-studded castle and Christmas village scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps more important, he retained his office right next to the president’s in the Castle, the official palace that looms over the capital, Prague.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Those two acts will perform D.J. sets, but Crystal Castles will perform a traditional set and appeal to fans of goth music.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 城堡，堡垒; 象棋中的车
vt. 把…置于城堡中; （下国际象棋时）用车护（王）
时态：castled, castling, castles
分布：城堡(99%)，置于城堡中(1%)
→来自PIE *kes, 砍，切，进一步来自sek, 词源同saw, segment。原指自成体系的村庄，后指城堡。
n.城堡;(国际象棋中的)车The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
US ['kæs.l] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large strong building, built in the past by a ruler or important person to protect the people inside from attack 城堡；堡垒
informal for * rook (GAME PIECE)
UK ['kɑ:.sl] US ['kæs.l] noun countable
castles in the air
■plans that have very little chance of happening 空中楼阁；空想，几乎不可能实现的计划
UK ['kɑ:.sl] US ['kæs.l] verb intransitive specialized
■in chess , to make a special move which puts your king in a more protected place at the side of the board （国际象棋中）王车易位
n. 城堡；象棋中的车
 - alcazar, chateau

Word: literacy
Front: literacy
[ˈlɪtərəsi] (研六托雅 5159/5869 -1)
Vocabulary: literacy
(once / 1494 pages)
n
If you can read this sentence and write one of your own, you possess literacy.
In Latin, littera means "letter." Back in the day, a person who could read and write was described as lettered. Literacy can also mean having knowledge or ability in a more specific area. Since you bought grandma that laptop, her computer literacy has really improved: she just posted her newest exercise video.
WORD FAMILY
literacy: literacies+/ illiteracy: illiteracies/ illiterate: illiteracy, illiterately, illiterates/ literate: illiterate, literacy, literately, literates, nonliterate, preliterate, semiliterate
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The government will evaluate websites and social-media accounts for fake news and push for greater social-media literacy, officials said, without adding details.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Black children, despite starting school with the same level of maths and literacy as other ethnic groups, are most likely to fail maths GCSE.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 识字; 有文化; 能读能写; 精通文学
分布：识字(65%)，读写能力(35%)
→来自拉丁语litera,书写，字母，词源同letter.引申词义读写能力。比较numeracy.
认字,有文化(liter+acy)[liter=letter,表示"文字,字母"]
n.有文化,有教养,有读写能力He has no literacy.他是文盲.
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ-] noun uncountable
■the ability to read and write 识字，读写能力
• Far more resources are needed to improve adult literacy. 提高成年人的读写能力所需要的资源还远远不够。
■knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge （某领域或某方面的）知识，能力
• Computer literacy is becoming as essential as the ability to drive a car. 会用电脑与会开车一样将成为一种必备的技能。

Word: addict
Front: addict
[ˈædɪkt] (研六托雅宝 6091/10019 -2)
Vocabulary: addict
(once / 737 pages)
vn
If you are a cookie addict, it means you are addicted to cookies. You just can't get enough of them.
Of course there are far more serious forms of addiction out there. The word addict is usually used to refer to someone who is addicted to drugs. Even good things can get you addicted. Work addicts are called workaholics. There are no words for the dangers of being addicted to reading (well, there is "biblioholism"), to the Internet, or to exercise, but those addictions are also real.
WORD FAMILY
addict: addicted, addicting, addiction, addictive, addicts+/addicted: addictedly, unaddicted/ addiction: addictions/addictive: addictively, nonaddictive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Surely now is when we’ll finally get some forward thinking from a league addicted to its past.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a simple yet addicting game that manages to sneak into the top 10 of 2016.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Methadone clinics draw addicts from around the city.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 有瘾的人; 入迷的人; （吸毒）成瘾者
vt. 使沉溺; 使上瘾; 使自己沾染（某些恶习）
时态：addicted, addicting, addicts
分布：上瘾者(43%)，耽溺者(23%)，沉溺(23%)，使 ... 上瘾(11%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根dict, 说，声称,同dictionary。该词词义众多，此处可能用于祈祷，信奉神灵，着迷。后指上瘾。比较devout, 虔诚的，词源同voice,声音，说话。
上瘾,入迷(ad+dict说→一再说起→对...入迷)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
耽溺,上瘾(ad一再+dict说→说了还说→耽溺)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.使沉溺;使上瘾n.上瘾者She became addicted to the drug.她上了毒瘾.
【记】ad一再，dict要求，宣判－一再要求抽大烟－上瘾
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who cannot stop doing or using something, especially something harmful （尤指对有害之物）有瘾的人，入迷的人
• a drug/heroin addict 吸食毒品／海洛因成瘾的人
• a gambling addict 赌博成性的人
• humorous I'm a chocolate/shopping addict. 我是个吃巧克力成瘾的人／购物狂。

Word: discretion
Front: discretion
[dɪˈskreʃn] (托宝 7544/3677 -2)
Vocabulary: discretion
(once / 368 pages)
n
If you have the freedom to decide something on your own, the decision is left to your discretion. You're in charge.
Discretion traces back to the Latin verb discernere "to separate, to discern" from the prefix dis- "off, away" plus cernere "separate, sift." If you use discretion, you sift away what is not desirable, keeping only the good. If you have the freedom to choose, something is "at your discretion." Watch out when you hear the phrase, "viewer discretion advised" on TV or at the movies, you will be watching something quite violent or explicitly sexual.
WORD FAMILY
discretion: discretional, discretionary, discretions, indiscretion +/discretional: discretionally/ indiscretion: indiscretions
USAGE EXAMPLES
A separate entrance for emergency care directly into the hospital means a high level of discretion for trauma cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the Portuguese left, faith was a delicate issue that required discretion.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The agency shared the information with Urquhart’s department to handle at its discretion.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 慎重; 考虑周到; 判断力，辨别力; 自行决定的自由
分布：谨慎(52%)，慎重(28%)，自行决定(20%)
→来自discreet, 慎重。
谨慎,小心[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
【反】preordain（vt 预定；预先注定命运）
noun uncountable
CAREFUL BEHAVIOUR 谨慎的行为
■the ability to behave without causing embarrassment or attracting too much attention, especially by keeping information secret 慎重，谨慎；守口如瓶
• "Can you trust him with this?" "Yes, he's the soul of discretion (= he will not tell other people)." “在这件事上你能相信他吗?”“当然，他可是个守口如瓶的人。”
[dɪ'skreʃ.ən] noun uncountable
RIGHT TO CHOOSE 决定权 formal
■the right or ability to decide something 决定权
• Students can be expelled at the discretion of the headteacher (= if the headteacher decides it). 校长有权开除学生。
• I leave the decision to your discretion (= to your good judgment). 我让你来决定这件事。
[dɪ'skreʃ.ən] noun uncountable
Discretion is the better part of valour. saying
■said when you believe it is wise to be careful and avoid unnecessary risks 勇敢者贵在审慎。
n. 自由裁量权；谨慎；判断力；判定；考虑周到
 - care, caution

Word: documentary
Front: documentary
[ˌdɒkjuˈmentri] (研六托 4222/5637 -2)
Vocabulary: documentary
(once / 1057 pages)
nadj
A documentary is a film or video examining an event or person based on facts. The word can also refer to anything involving documents.
The idea of documentary as meaning "pertaining to documents" came about at the beginning of the 19th century. Later, it came to mean a factual record of something. On PBS, you'll see lots of documentaries, about everything from baseball to war. Those documentaries are nonfiction films — they're showing true life. However, lots of fictional shows are filmed in a realistic documentary style. If you make a documentary about the U.S. Library of Congress, you'll be documenting lots of historical documents.
WORD FAMILY
documentary: documentaries, documentarily+/ document: documental, documentary, documentation, documented, documenting, documents/documental: documentally/ documentation: documentations/ documented: undocumented
USAGE EXAMPLES
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The documentary shows Fisher trekking back and forth up the path to her mother’s home, where Reynolds awaits the cameras with full blow-dry and make-up.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
For months after the documentary was broadcast, I was stopped on a regular basis.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪录片
adj. 记录的; 文书的; 纪实的
分布：纪录片(97%)，纪实的(2%)，文件形式的(1%)
a.文献的n.记录片It's a documentary film.这是部记录片.
US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a film, television or radio programme that gives facts and information about a subject （电影或电视）纪录片；纪实性广播节目
• The documentary took a fresh look at the life of Darwin. 这部纪录片从一个崭新的角度介绍了达尔文的一生。
• They showed a documentary on animal communication. 他们放映了一部关于动物之间交流沟通的纪录片。
UK [ˌdɒk.jʊ'men.tər.i] US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■in the form of documents 文件的；文书的
• Human rights campaigners have discovered documentary evidence of torture. 人权活动家们已经发现了刑讯逼供的书面证据。
UK [ˌdɒk.jʊ'men.tər.i] US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■giving facts and information about a subject in the form of a film, television or radio programme （以电影、电视、无线电广播的形式）呈现某一主题的事实和资讯的
• Most of her films have a documentary style. 她的电影大多是纪实风格。
adj. 记录的；文件的；记实的
 - recorded

Word: harness
Front: harness
[ˈhɑ:nɪs] (研四六托雅宝 9768/8482 -1)
Vocabulary: harness
(once / 519 pages)
nv
A harness is a set of straps that are put on a horse so it can be hitched to a wagon or a carriage. The harness distributes the effort across larger sections of the horse's body.
Other animals and people can also wear harnesses. Your dog might have a harness for walking, with the leash attaching to the harness and not the collar, keeping the dog from choking itself when it pulls. People wear harnesses for safety, when climbing trees or bungee jumping, for example. As a verb, harness means to control or direct as if with a harness for a specific purpose, the way solar power harnesses the power of the sun.
WORD FAMILY
harness: harnessed, harnesses, harnessing, unharness+/unharness: unharnessed, unharnesses, unharnessing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cognitive behavioral therapy also harnesses the effectiveness of verbalizing positive thoughts.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But the people at the Postal Service were not the first to harness the power of the song.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Alongside public appearances, Sanders also set up the “Our Revolution” organization, which aims to harness the energy that the Vermont senator’s presidential bid created.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 马具，挽具; 背带; 系带
vt. 利用; 给（马等）套轭具; 控制
时态：harnessed, harnessing, harnesses
分布：利用(57%)，马具(11%)，控制(11%)，安全带(10%)，管理(5%)，披上甲胄(2%)，甲胄(2%)，束以马具(1%)，系在身上的绳子(1%)
→来自古法语harnois,武器，装备，可能来自herr,军队，词源同harry,here,拼写受名词后缀-ness影响俗化。后由于战马的重要性引申词义马具，换具，以及动词词义控制马或其它家畜，现多用于指控制和利用自然。
v.治理,利用n.马具,挽具I overhear that the hearty man heartily yearns for my harness in the barn.我无意中听说那个热忱的人十分向往我的牲口棚中的马具.
【反】failed to utilize/ not able to utilize（无法利用）
US ['hɑ:r-] noun countable
■a piece of equipment, with straps and belts, used to control or hold in place a person, animal or object 挽具；系带
• a safety harness 安全带
• a baby harness 婴儿学步用的系带
• a parachute harness 降落伞吊带
UK ['hɑ:.nəs] US ['hɑ:r-] noun countable
be back in harness
■to have returned to work after being away for a period of time 回到工作岗位
UK ['hɑ:.nəs] US ['hɑ:r-] noun countable
in harness with
■working together to achieve something 与…合作
UK ['hɑ:.nəs] US ['hɑ:r-] verb transitive
■to put a harness on a horse, or to connect a horse to a vehicle using a harness 给（马）上挽具
■to control something, usually in order to use its power 控制；利用…的动力
• There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. 人们对开发利用风和波浪这些新能源非常感兴趣。
vt. 治理；套；驾驭；披上甲胄
 - keep on top
n. 马具；甲胄；挽具状带子；降落伞背带
 - saddlery, coat of mail

Word: equation
Front: equation
[ɪˈkweɪʒn] (研四六托雅宝 3982/2458 -2)
Vocabulary: equation
(once / 1679 pages)
n
In an equation, the quantities on both sides of the equal sign are equal. That's the mathematical meaning of equation, but equation can also be used in any number of situations, challenges, or efforts to solve a problem.
The "equa" at the beginning of equation will be familiar from other words such as "equal," "equality," and "equate." All of these words have to do with making things balance out. An equation is a statement of the equality of two quantities. If that equation is not a mathematical one but rather, say, an interpersonal one, it's still a situation in which you might try to make the two sides equal. For example, taking marriage out of the equation might make it easier for two people to decide to stay together for a while.
WORD FAMILY
equation: equations+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/ equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, they’ve injected major oomph to the curious equation of this rematch.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
So the injuries are part of the equation.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Conspicuously missing from the equation is the United States.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 方程式; 等式; 相等; [化学] 反应式
分布：方程式(54%)，等式(28%)，相等(11%)，均衡(7%)
→来自equal, 平等的。用作数学名词。
方程式(equate+ion)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
n.(数学)等式,方程式;(with)相等;均衡equal, equator, equation, equivalent, quiver相等的赤道方程式均等颤动.
noun
STATEMENT 表述
countable
■a mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts are equal using mathematical symbols 方程式；等式
• In the equation 3x - 3 = 15, x = 6. 在方程式 3x-3 = 15中，x = 6。
countable (also chemical equation)
■a statement containing chemical symbols, used to show the changes that happen during a particular chemical reaction 化学（反应）方程式
[ɪ'kweɪ.ʒən] noun
COMPLEX SITUATION 复杂的状况
countable usually singular
■a difficult problem which can only be understood if all the different influences are considered （多种因素的）平衡，综合体
• Managing the economy is a complex equation of controlling inflation and reducing unemployment. 经济管理包括控制通货膨胀、降低失业率等复杂的因素。
[ɪ'kweɪ.ʒən] noun
THE SAME AS 等同
uncountable
■when you consider one thing to be the same as or equal to another 相等；等同
• There is a tendency in films to make the equation between violence and excitement. 电影倾向把暴力和刺激画上等号。
n. [数] 方程式，等式；相等； [化学] 反应式
 - eqs, equivalence

Word: mutation
Front: mutation
[mju:ˈteɪʃn] (托雅 8622/6291)
Vocabulary: mutation
(once / 3537 pages)
n
A mutation is a genetic change that causes new and different characteristics, like the mutation on the dog's DNA that makes its tail shorter than its ancestors' tails.
Mutation comes from the Latin word mutationem meaning "a changing." You might recognize this root in related words like mutate, mutable, and mutant. We often think of mutations as changes in an animal's genetic structure, but there are other kinds of mutations. For example, if an architect designs an award-winning building, her later designs that are similar might be called mutations of that one.
WORD FAMILY
mutation: mutational, mutations+/ mutate: mutated, mutates, mutating, mutation
USAGE EXAMPLES
A few rare genetic mutations break the thermostat.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But there’s a problem with that picture: some mutation is good for our mitochondria.
Nature(Dec 19, 2016)
The FDA also approved a companion test that screens for the mutation.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 变化; 转变; 突变; 变异
分布：突变(71%)，变异(24%)，变化(5%)
→来自mutate,变异，突变。
noun
uncountable
■the way in which genes change and produce permanent differences （基因的）突变，变异
• It is well known that radiation can cause mutation. 众所周知，辐射可以造成基因突变。
countable
■a permanent change in an organism, or the changed organism itself （生物体的）突变，变异；突变生物体
• Environmental pressures encourage genes with certain mutations to persist and others to die out. 环境的影响使某些发生了若干突变的基因存活下来，却使另一些消亡了。
• These plants carry the mutation for red flowers. 这些植物携带红花变种。
n. [遗] 突变；变化；元音变化
 - variation, shift, diversification, turn

Word: marc
Front: marc
[mɑ:k] (-/7422)
Back: n. （水果、种子等经压榨后的）榨渣
分布：榨渣(67%)，渣酿白兰地酒(33%)

Word: punter
Front: punter
[ˈpʌntə(r)] (18956/9016 -1)
Back: n. （赛马，足球赛时）下赌注者
分布：船夫(48%)，用篙撑船的人(31%)，打赌者(21%)
→来自punt,赌博，打赌。即赌客。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
GAMBLER 赌博者 UK specialized
■a person who makes a risks money guessing the result of something 赌博者
• Bookmakers are offering punters odds of 6-1 on the horse Red Devil winning the race. 对那匹叫“红色魔鬼”的马，赌马业者给下注人提出的获胜赔率是6比1。
UK ['pʌn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
CUSTOMER 消费者 UK informal
■a customer; a user of services or buyer of goods 顾客；主顾；客户
• Many hotels are offering discounts in an attempt to attract punters/pull in the punters. 许多旅馆在进行打折以吸引顾客。
■UK informal
■a person who uses the services of a prostitute 嫖客
UK ['pʌn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
BOAT 船只
■a person who travels in a punt 乘方头平底船的人
n. 船夫，用篙撑船的人
 - boatman

Word: stagnate
Front: stagnate
[stægˈneɪt] (18383/20471 -1)
Vocabulary: stagnate
(once / 2323 pages)
v
If after high school you choose to live in your parents' house, keep the same job, and spend time with the same friends, your mother might worry that you've decided to stagnate, or stop moving forward.
When water stagnates, it stops moving and then sometimes begins to smell bad and attract mosquitoes. Think of a marshy pond or an old puddle. Similarly in the figurative sense, when the economy or society stagnates, it doesn't just sit still, it loses momentum. The word carries with it a negative connotation as something that stagnates really should be moving.
WORD FAMILY
stagnate: stagnancy, stagnated, stagnates, stagnating, stagnation +/stagnancy: stagnancies/ stagnation: stagnations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Market researcher IHS Automotive expects sales to stagnate next year.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Shippers' margins are falling or stagnating, despite steady price increases, because homes are roughly three times as expensive to deliver to as business addresses.
Reuters(Dec 14, 2016)
Since the turn of the millennium, we’ve seen stagnating living standards, eroding trust in public institutions, and rising anger at the political system.
Slate(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: vi. 停滞，不流动，不发展; 变萧条
vt. （使）（水等）停滞不流; （使）不动，（使）不活动; （使）迟钝，（使）不活泼; （使）变萧条
时态：stagnated, stagnating, stagnates
分布：停滞不前(76%)，停止(15%)，不景气(9%)
→来自拉丁语 stagnare,停滞，静止，来自 stagnatum,静水，死水，可能来自 stag,滴，慢渗， 词源同 instill,distill,stalactite,stalagmite.
US ['stæg.neɪt] verb intransitive
■to stay the same and not grow or develop 停滞不前；不发展
• The electronics industry is showing signs of stagnating after 15 years of tremendous growth. 电子产业在经过15年的飞速发展之后出现了停滞不前的迹象。
vi. 停滞；淤塞；变萧条
 - stand, slow
vt. 使淤塞；使沉滞；使萧条
 - depress, land up

Word: sunlight
Front: sunlight
[ˈsʌnlaɪt] (高四六托雅 3895/4796 -2)
Back: n. 阳光
分布：阳光(92%)，日光(8%)
noun uncountable
■the light that comes from the sun 阳光，日光
• a ray/beam/shaft/pool of sunlight 一束／一片阳光
• The morning/afternoon/evening sunlight shone through the curtains. 早上／下午／傍晚的阳光透过窗帘照进来。
• The lake sparkled in the bright sunlight. 在明亮的阳光下，湖面波光粼粼。
n. 日光
 - Nikko, day light

Word: bench
Front: bench
[bentʃ] (高研四六宝 2782/2942 -2)
Vocabulary: bench
(once / 363 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
A bench is a long, flat seat that can usually accommodate several people. A city park bench is a nice place to sit and eat a sandwich.
A picnic table often has benches, and a bench is where baseball players wait for their turn to take a swing at the ball. You might have a work bench in your garage for gluing model planes together. A judge's symbolic office is known as "the bench," and to bench an athlete is to make her take a break from the court or field — if she has to do this often, she'll be known as a "bench warmer."
WORD FAMILY
bench: benched, benches, benching
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he saw the gunman, Raak dove under a bench and played dead.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
East title despite inexplicable benching of Tom Brady since October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He and a coach carried Grimes to the bench.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （木制）长凳，工作台; 法官，法官席; （英国议会的）议员席; 场边的运动员休息区
vt. 给…以席位; 为…设置条凳
时态：benched, benching, benches
分布：长凳(60%)，法官(22%)，工作台(18%)
→词源同bank, 凳子，银行，堤岸。
n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
【记】读：奔驰。一种宽体轿车，所以用的是长凳。法官特牛，一般都是做奔驰上班。
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a long, usually hard, seat for two or more people, often found in public places, or a long table for working on 长凳；工作枱
• a park bench (= a seat in a public garden) 公园中的长凳
• a work bench (= a table for working at) 工作枱
the bench
■a seat or area of seats where players sit during a game when they are not playing 运动员休息区；后备队员席
• He was injured, and spent the last few weeks of the season on the bench. 他受了伤，只能在该赛季最后数星期的比赛中在场外观战。
■the judge or magistrate , or the place where they sit, in a court of law 法官；法官席
• Kindly address your remarks to the bench, Mr Smith. 史密斯先生，请你对法官说话温和一点。
serve/sit/be on the bench
■to work as a judge or magistrate 担任法官
take the bench US
■to become a judge or magistrate 当法官
■If a judge takes the bench, they begin a formal meeting of a law court. （法官）宣布开庭
the benches
■in the British parliament building, the seats used by the members （英国议会的）议员席
• There was jeering from the Labour benches. 工党的议员席上有人发出嘲笑声。
armchair, chair, bench, stool
这组词都有“椅子”的意思，其区别是：
armchair: 指有扶手的椅子。
chair: 通常指带有靠背的椅子，有时也指有靠背有扶手的椅子。
bench: 指可供两人或更多人坐的长凳或石凳，多置于公园或划艇中。
stool: 多指方的或圆的无靠背无扶手一人坐的凳子。

Word: hijack
Front: hijack
[ˈhaɪdʒæk] (研雅 12339/14110 -1)
Vocabulary: hijack
(once / 3063 pages)
vn
To hijack a vehicle is to take control of it by force. Chances are you've seen an action movie in which some villains hijack a car or plane.
To hijack a vehicle is to take it over illegally. Such a crime is called a hijack or a hijacking. Hijack can be used more generally to mean “take over.” If your friend has a bad habit of interrupting other people to talk about himself, you can say that he tends to hijack the conversation.
WORD FAMILY
hijack: hijacked, hijacker, hijacking, hijacks+/hijacker: hijackers/hijacking: hijackings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hijackings and attempted hijackings in the Gulf of Aden, a popular shipping route, increased five-fold that year, according to statistics from the International Maritime Bureau.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In Berlin, a man hijacked a 40-ton truck and crashed it into an outdoor Christmas market, killing 12 people.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr Urban was shot by the attacker, who hijacked his lorry to kill 11 others and injure 48 at a Christmas market.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 劫持; 绑架; 拦路抢劫; 操纵（会议等，以推销自己的意图）
n. 劫持; 敲诈; 威逼
时态：hijacked, hijacking, hijacks
分布：劫持(85%)，劫机(15%)
→hi-,缩写自highway,公路，干道，-jack,词义不确定，可能来自人名Jack,代指土匪无赖，后词义通用化。
v.劫持,劫机,拦路抢劫They hijacked a car in the city.他们在城里抢劫了一辆汽车.
verb transitive
■to take control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey, especially using violence 劫持（飞机或车辆）
• Two men hijacked a jet travelling to Paris and demanded $125 000. 两名男子劫持了一架飞往巴黎的飞机，并勒索125 000美元。
■disapproving
■to take control of or use something that does not belong to you for your own advantage 把持，控制，使用（本不属于自己的东西）
• He resents the way his ideas have been hijacked by others in the department. 他对部门里其他人剽窃他的想法这件事十分不满。
['haɪ.dʒæk] noun countable or uncountable (also hijacking)
■when someone uses force to take control of an aircraft or other vehicle 劫持
• The hijack ended with the release of all the plane's passengers unharmed. 劫机事件最后以机上所有乘客获释平安落幕。
vt. 抢劫；揩油
 - rob of, spoliate
n. 劫持；威逼；敲诈
 - chantage, extortion

Word: hip
Front: hip
[hɪp] (研六 2603/3684 -K3)
Vocabulary: hip
(once / 540 pages)
1n 2n 3adj 4n
Your hip is the area of your body at the top and side of your thigh, beside your pelvis. You might have a habit of closing the refrigerator door by bumping it with your hip.
Your hips are the flesh between your waist and upper leg, and they're also the bones that make up the complex joints there — the ones that make it possible for your legs to move so you can walk. When a person is described as hip, it means they're trendy or cool, up on the latest thing. These two meanings are unrelated, with the "cool" meaning coming from the slang hep, popular with jazz musicians around 1915.
WORD FAMILY
hip: hipless, hiply, hipper, hippest, hips
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did his artificial hips put him at risk of infection when he saw the dentist?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But it is not enough for doctors just to replace a knee or a hip.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it's not like you can't be hip enough to emcee the Rose Parade.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 臀部; [建筑学]屋脊; 臀围（尺寸）; 臀部…的
adj. （衣服、音乐等方面）时髦的，赶时髦的
vt. 使…的髋关节脱臼，损伤…的髋部; [建筑学]给（房屋）建屋脊; 使知晓，使了解，告诉; 使消息灵通
级别：hipper, hippest
分布：髋(77%)，臀部(21%)，屋脊(1%)，通晓的(1%)
→来自古英语hype,臀部，来自keub,弯，转，词源同cubit,cubicle,incubus.引申词义身体的弯转部位，特别用于指臀部，髋骨。hip 时髦的，时尚的，消息灵通的
n.臀部,髋;屋脊The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■the area below the waist and above the legs at either side of the body, or the joint which connects the leg to the upper part of the body 臀部；髋部
• This exercise is designed to trim your hips and stomach. 这套运动是为了使你的臀部和腹部变得苗条而设计的。
• The skirt was a bit tight across the hips. 这条裙子臀部有点紧。
[hɪp] noun countable
FRUIT 水果 mainly UK for rose hip
[hɪp] adjective (hipper, hippest) informal
■fashionable 时髦的，时尚的
• The bars and cafés in the old part of the town are frequented by hip young students. 镇上老城区的酒吧和咖啡馆是时髦的年轻学生常光顾的地方。
[hɪp] exclamation
Hip, hip hooray/hurray!
■an expression that is called out, often by a group of people at the same time, to express approval of someone （欢呼声）万岁，万岁，万万岁！
• Three cheers for the bride and groom! Hip, hip, hooray! 为新娘新郎欢呼三声！万岁，万岁，万万岁！
n. 臀部； [植] 蔷薇果；忧郁
 - bottom, croup

Word: meter
Front: meter
[ˈmi:tə(r)] (3024/7042 -2)
Vocabulary: meter
(once / 734 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
The machine at the parking space that takes your quarters is a meter. A meter is also a way of organizing and counting beats in poetry or music, and in the metric system, a meter is roughly equal to a yard.
Despite the fact that meter has many uses, they all relate to the same things: counting and measuring. The parking meter measures how long you've been parked, while a car's speedometer measures speed. Meters and kilometers measure distance. In music and poetry, the meter is the rhythm or beat. English poetry, such as the work of Shakespeare, uses a meter called iambic pentameter, which sounds like da DUM, da DUM, da DUM, da DUM, da DUM.
WORD FAMILY
meter: metered, metering, meters, metric +/ metric: metricise, metricize, metrics, non-metric
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s actually noise registering on the decibel meter, and it’s not just for free chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Students used a sophisticated meter provided by the Hubbard Foundation to do the work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The swim was 1,500 meters and the bike was 40 kilometers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 计量器; 计量仪
v. 用仪表测量
时态：metered, metering, meters
分布：米(77%)，计量器(11%)，公尺(10%)，计时器(2%)
→来自med,测量，词源同measure,model.引申词义仪器，仪表，诗律等，并用于公制单位米。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
■a device that measures the amount of something that is used 计，仪，表
• The electricity meter is under the stairs. 电表在楼梯下面。
• You'll need some change for the parking meter. 你需要些零钱来付计时停车费。
• The man from the gas board came to read the meter (= see how much gas had been used). 煤气公司的人来抄煤气表了。
■the device in a taxi that measures the distance or the amount of time spent travelling and shows how much you have to pay （计程车的）计费表
• The taxi driver left the meter running while I helped Mum to her front door. 我扶妈妈下车走到前门期间，计程车司机一直让计费表继续运转。
UK ['mi:.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
MEASUREMENT 测量 US for metre
UK ['mi:.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
■to use meters to measure how much gas, electricity or water is used （用仪表）计，计量
• Britain's water companies are planning to meter water consumption. 英国的自来水公司正计划计量用水量。
n. 米；仪表； [计量] 公尺；韵律
 - rhythm, metre

Word: implant
Front: implant
[ɪmˈplɑ:nt] (宝 6359/14462 -1)
Vocabulary: implant
(once / 1777 pages)
vn
When you implant something, you place or embed it solidly: you might implant marbles in the damp concrete of a newly poured sidewalk, for example.
There are a couple of different ways to implant something — the first is to physically fix an item deeply, the way you might implant a croquet wicket in the ground. A more figurative way to implant is to settle an idea into someone's mind. You could accidentally implant a fear of highway driving in your younger brother's mind, for example, by telling him stories of traffic accidents. Implant comes from the French word implanter, "to insert."
WORD FAMILY
implant: implantation, implanted, implanting, implants+/implantation: implantations
USAGE EXAMPLES
That Israel never leaves the West Bank and that it implants Jewish settlers everywhere there.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The Department of Health initiative is to avoid future scandals like the PIP breast implant scare of 2010.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
The conservative group is also pushing for Trump to overturn the rule implanted by the Federal Communications Commission that treats broadband internet as a utility.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. [医]移植物，植入管; 移植的组织
vt. 移植; 灌输; 植入，插入
vi. （受精卵）着床; 被移植
时态：implanted, implanting, implants
分布：移植(33%)，灌输(26%)，嵌入(19%)，植入物(14%)，移植物(5%)，深植(3%)
→im-,进入，使，plant,种植。引申词义移植，灌输。
播种;插入(im进+plant→种进去)[Plant=plant,表示"种植"]
【记】im进入，plant（v 种植）－植入
US [-'plænt] verb transitive
OBJECT 物体
■to put an organ, group of cells, or device into the body in a medical operation （手术中）植入，移植
• The owner's name and address is stored on a microchip and implanted in the dog's body. 主人的姓名和地址都储存在晶片中，然后植入犬只体内。
Compare transplant
UK [ɪm'plɑ:nt] US [-'plænt] verb transitive
IDEA 思想
■to fix ideas, feelings or opinions in someone else's mind 灌输
• He implanted some very strange attitudes in his children. 他向他的孩子灌输了一些奇怪的看法。
• There is much debate on the issue of "therapists" implanting false memories of sexual abuse in adults. 有些“治疗师”向成年人植入有关性虐待的虚假记忆，对此人们争论不休。
UK [ɪm'plɑ:nt] US [-'plænt] noun countable UK [ˈɪm.plɑːnt] US [-plænt/
■an organ, group of cells, or device that has been put into the body in a medical operation （手术中）植入，移植
• breast/heart valve implants 乳房填充物／人工心脏瓣膜
vt. 种植；灌输；嵌入
 - crop, plant, grow, bed

Word: legend
Front: legend
[ˈledʒənd] (研四六托雅宝 3383/4020 -2)
Vocabulary: legend
(once / 194 pages)
1n 2n
A legend is a larger-than-life story that gets passed down from one generation to the next — like the legends of Beowulf, Robin Hood, or even Big Foot.
Legend comes from the Latin legere, "to read." The Latin word was originally limited to written stories, but in English, legend lost that limitation. Often a legend lives on in the stories that people tell each other. A person can be a legend too. Anne Frank is a legend for keeping a diary of hidden life in war time, and a less famous person, like a long-serving local teacher, can be a legend to neighborhood kids.
WORD FAMILY
legend: legendary, legends+/ legendary: legendarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The intertwining of madness and genius remains an essential part of his posthumous legend, and Lowell himself saw the two as related.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Tales from the stage about two Hollywood legends.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 传说; 传奇人物; 铭文; 图例
分布：传说(53%)，传奇(40%)，图例(7%)
→来自拉丁语legere,读，说，词源同lecture.原指读，讲述宗教圣徒的生平事迹，后词义引申为使徒传说或传奇。现也用于地图图例等词义。
传奇;图例(leg+end→讲出的东西→传奇故事;引申为地图的图例)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
n.传说,传奇The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【记】leg腿，end完：腿完蛋了，是因为没有看图例，所以跑路
【反】legendary（adj 传说中的；著名的）－obscure（adj 隐居的）
noun
STORY 故事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a very old story or set of stories from ancient times, or the stories, not always true, that people tell about a famous event or person 传说，传奇故事；民间故事
• The dance was based on several Hindu legends. 这个舞蹈是根据几个印度传说创作的。
• She is writing a thesis on Irish legend and mythology. 她正在写一篇关于爱尔兰民间故事和神话的论文。
• Legend has it (= People say) that he always wore his boots in bed. 传说他总是穿着靴子上床。
• This match will go into tennis legend (= it will always be remembered). 这场比赛将成为网坛传奇。
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
FAME 名声
 ADVANCED countable
■someone or something very famous and admired, usually because of their ability in a particular area 传奇；传奇人物
• Jazz legend, Ella Fitzgerald, once sang in this bar. 爵士乐坛传奇人物埃拉‧菲茨杰拉德曾经在这个酒吧唱过歌。
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
EXPLANATION 说明
countable formal
■the words written on or next to a picture, map, coin, etc. that explain what it is about or what the symbols on it mean （对图画、地图、硬币等的）说明，图例
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
be a legend in your own lifetime
■to be very famous while you are still alive 在有生之年就已成名
• Garbo was a legend in her own lifetime. 嘉宝在她的有生之年就很有名了。
n. 传奇；说明； [测] 图例；刻印文字
 - explanation, notes, romance, illustration

Word: fertile
Front: fertile
[ˈfɜ:taɪl] (研四六托雅宝 7458/7675 -2)
Vocabulary: fertile
(once / 189 pages)
adj
The word fertile means "able to reproduce," but like so many words, that's just the beginning. The fact that she gave birth to eight kids was proof that she was fertile; her fertile imagination explained their unusual names.
The distance between fertile's literal meaning (able to make babies) and its figurative ones (productive, prolific, full of potential) is small. A child's mind is a fertile place; an idea can grow there very easily. Rabbits are famously fertile creatures; they can spawn several generations in a matter of months. And "fertile ground" can be arable land or a situation that provides the perfect opportunity. The Latin root, fertilis, means "bearing in abundance, fruitful, or productive," from ferre, "to bear."
WORD FAMILY
fertile: fertilely, fertilest, fertilise, fertility, fertilize, fertily, infertile, unfertile+/fertilisation: self-fertilisation/fertilise: cross-fertilise, fertilisation, fertilised, fertiliser, fertilises, fertilising/fertilised: self-fertilised, unfertilised/fertiliser: fertilisers/ fertility: antifertility, fertilities/ fertilization: fertilizations, self-fertilization/fertilize: cross-fertilize, fertilizable, fertilization, fertilized, fertilizer, fertilizes, fertilizing/fertilized: self-fertilized, unfertilized/fertilizer: fertilizers/ infertile: infertility/infertility: infertilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
What the report highlights is the need for agriculture to continue in this fertile valley.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Turkey's climate of insecurity was fertile ground for the defining moment of this year.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
It is these ties, however, that are expected to be fertile ground of investigation for senators who must confirm his selection as Treasury secretary.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 肥沃的; 可繁殖的; 想象力丰富的
分布：肥沃的(77%)，富饶的(16%)，多产的(6%)，能繁殖的(1%)
→来自词根fer,带来，携带，词源同bring, infer. 引申词义肥沃的，多产的。
肥沃的;多产的(fert[=fer]+ile→能带来粮食→肥沃的)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
肥沃的(fert带有;繁殖+ile)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
a.肥沃的,富饶的;能繁殖的Utilize the fertilizer to keep the land fertile.利用化肥保持土地肥沃.
US ['fɝ:.tˌəl] adjective
LAND 土地
 ADVANCED
■describes land that can produce a large number of good quality crops 肥沃的；富饶的 Compare barren
UK ['fɜ:.taɪl] US ['fɝ:.tˌəl] adjective
PEOPLE/ANIMALS/PLANTS 人／动物／植物
 ADVANCED
■describes animals or plants that are able to produce (a lot of) young or fruit （动物或植物）可繁殖的，能生育的，能结果的
• People get less fertile as they get older. 随着年龄增长，人的生育能力逐渐下降。
Opposite infertile describes a seed or egg that is able to develop into a new plant or animal 受粉的；受精的，受孕的
UK ['fɜ:.taɪl] US ['fɝ:.tˌəl] adjective
IMAGINATION 想像力的
■A fertile mind or imagination is active and produces a lot of interesting and unusual ideas. 想像力丰富的；点子多的
UK ['fɜ:.taɪl] US ['fɝ:.tˌəl] adjective
fertile ground for sth
■a situation or place which produces good results or a lot of ideas …的沃土
• British politics remains very fertile ground for comedy. 英国政治依然为喜剧提供丰富的素材。
adj. 富饶的，肥沃的； [植] 能生育的
 - rich, viable
n. 肥沃，多产
 - pregnancy, enrichment

Word: nationalisation

Word: needle
Front: needle
[ˈni:dl] (高研四六宝 3804/3238 -K2)
Vocabulary: needle
(once / 343 pages)
nv
A needle is a small, pointed piece of metal that's used in medicine or sewing. When a tailor sews a button on your shirt or even when a doctor sews your skin back together, a needle is used.
Needles are sharp — when you stitch fabric with a needle, you might use a metal thimble to protect your fingertip. When a doctor or nurse uses a needle, it needs to be very sharp — it has to be able to penetrate human skin to stitch up a wound or inject a medication. When you needle someone, you don't literally poke them, but you do annoy or provoke them in some way.
WORD FAMILY
needle: needled, needlelike, needles, needling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. Why are there brown needles as well as green ones on the average evergreen?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His “Arbor Series,” at Cross MacKenzie Gallery, includes views of silhouetted pines, their branches and needles often divided among multiple frames.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The show this year on the Space Needle will be longer than usual — 10 minutes long.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 针; 针状物; <口>刺激性言行
vt. 用针缝，刺; 刺激，激怒; <俚>增加（饮料的）酒精含量
vi. 缝纫
时态：needled, needling, needles
分布：针(94%)，缝纫(2%)，激怒(2%)，用针缝(1%)，嘲弄(1%)
→来自sne-tla,针，来自*sne,缝纫，编织，词源同net,nettle,*tla,工具格后缀。引申词义缝衣针，指针等。
n.针,指针,针状物We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
【参】needlework（n 刺绣；缝纫）
noun countable
SEWING TOOL 缝纫工具
 ADVANCED
■a thin metal pin, used in sewing, which is pointed at one end and has a hole called an eye at the other end for thread 针，缝衣针
• a needle and thread 针线
• Here, your eyes are better than mine - could you thread (= put thread through) this needle for me? 来，你的眼睛比我好——帮我把线穿进这根针，好吗？
⇒ See also needlework
■a long thin metal stick used with another of the same type to knit 编织针
• a knitting needle 编织针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
MEDICAL TOOL 医用工具 (also hypodermic needle)
■a very thin hollow pointed piece of metal which is connected to a syringe and used to take blood from the body or to put drugs or medicine in 注射针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
POINTER 指示物
■on a compass or measuring device, the thin moving part which points in a particular direction or points to a particular measurement （指南针或测量仪器上的）指针
• The needle on a compass always points to magnetic north. 指南针的指针总是指向磁北极。
['ni:.dl] noun countable
LEAF 树叶
■a thin hard pointed leaf of a pine tree 松针，针叶
• pine needles 松针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 informal
■the part of a record player which touches the record as it turns round and which is made of a hard material, such as a diamond 唱针
• It sounds like the needle on your record player needs to be replaced. 听上去像是唱机的唱针该换了。
['ni:.dl] noun countable
a needle in a haystack
■something which is impossible or extremely difficult to find, especially because the area you have to search is too large 不可能（或极难）找到的东西；大海里的针
• looking for/trying to find a needle in a haystack 大海捞针
['ni:.dl] verb transitive informal
■to annoy someone, especially by repeated criticism 惹恼，激怒；（尤指）不断地数落
• His mother was always needling him about getting a job. 他母亲总是数落他，要他去找份工作。
n. [轻] 针；指针；刺激；针状物
 - stimulus, incentive, index, finger, excitement
vi. 缝纫；做针线
 - sew
vt. 刺激；用针缝
 - stimulate, fan, motivate, activate

Word: stray
Front: stray
[streɪ] (六托宝 9258/9489 -2)
Vocabulary: stray
(once / 404 pages)
vnadj
Little Red Riding Hood strayed from the path and ended up getting eaten by the Big Bad Wolf. When you stray, you wander off without paying attention to where you're going, and sometimes you get in trouble.
Stray can be used as a verb or as a noun. Your attention may stray when you're tired and listening to a very boring lecture. You may be the kind of person who brings home strays, the dogs and cats that have wandered away from their homes and are lost and hungry. When you're organizing your sock drawer and you've got one sock without a mate, you might find the stray sock left behind in the dryer.
WORD FAMILY
stray: strayed, strayer, strayest, straying, strays+/strayer: strayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They watched mortar shells or stray bullets kill their relatives and neighbors.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So apparently it is only when his bending over backward results in a broken back does he stray from his false-balance goal.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A stray backpack prompted the partial evacuation of the tower Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 走失; 偏离正题; 走入歧途; （已婚者或有固定关系者）有外遇
n. 走失的动物，离群者; 迷路的孩子; 不在原位置的东西
adj. 独自的，零散的; （常指宠物）走失的; 无主的; 意外的
时态：strayed, straying, strays
分布：偏离(40%)，迷路(28%)，迷途的(17%)，走失的家畜(8%)，浪子(5%)，偏离的(2%)
→来自古法语 estraier,漫游，流浪，偏离，可能来自通俗拉丁语*estragare,缩写自 estravagare, 来自拉丁语 extra vagari,漫游，偏离，词源同 extravagant,vagary.拼写比较 strange,extraneous.
【记】源于：street（n 街道）
verb intransitive
■to travel along a route that was not originally intended, or to move outside a limited area 偏离原路；越过限定区域
• A herd of cattle had strayed into the road. 一群牛迷途，上了公路。
• They got lost when they strayed too far from the footpath. 他们偏离小路太远，迷了路。
• The ship strayed off course during the storm. 船在暴风雨中偏离了航道。
■to start thinking or talking about a different subject from the one you should be giving attention to 偏离主题；离题
• I think we've strayed too far from our original plan. 我想我们偏离原来的计划太远了。
• Sorry - I've strayed from the subject. 对不起——我离题了。
[streɪ] noun countable
■a pet that no longer has a home or cannot find its home 流浪宠物；走失的宠物
• a stray dog 流浪狗
• "Who owns that cat?" "I don't know. I think it must be a stray." “那只猫是谁的？”“我不知道。我觉得它肯定是只流浪猫。”
[streɪ] adjective [before noun]
■Stray things have moved apart from similar things and are not in their expected or intended place 零星的，零落的
• There are still a few stray spots of paint on the window pane. 窗户玻璃上还有零星的几个油漆点。
• Several journalists have been killed or injured by stray bullets while reporting on the civil war. 有几位记者在报导内战时因被流弹打中而丧命或负伤。
vi. 流浪；迷路；偏离
 - lose oneself, vagabondize
adj. 迷路的； [动] 离群的；偶遇的
 - astray
n. 走失的家畜；流浪者
 - Vagabonds, Nads

Word: availability
Front: availability
[əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ] (六 4777/3746)
Vocabulary: availability
(once / 2087 pages)
n
Something with availability is easy to get or to access. If you work at an ice cream shop, the availability of ice cream might make it hard to stick to a diet.
The noun availability indicates that something is easily obtainable and ready for use. If you are thinking about renting a certain apartment, you might want to ask about the availability of parking spaces in the neighborhood before you sign a lease. You can use availability and accessibility almost interchangeably, as with this sentence: "The accessibility of the Internet has increased the availability of information."
WORD FAMILY
availability: availabilities+/ avail: available, availed, availing, avails/ available: availability, availableness, availably, unavailable /availing: unavailing/ unavailable: unavailability/unavailing: unavailingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts attribute the increase to greater availability of video evidence and political pressure.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
NOTES: Seattle CB Richard Sherman did not hold his normal weekly availability in the team’s auditorium, rather speaking briefly to reporters at his locker.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 有效; 有益; 可利用性; 可得到的东西（或人）
分布：可用性(76%)，有效(22%)，有益(1%)，有用(1%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■the fact that something can be bought, used or reached, or whether or how much it can 可得性
• The ready availability of guns has contributed to the escalating violence. 人们太容易得到枪械，这也成了暴力事件激增的一个诱因。
• Abortion rates are high because the availability of contraceptives is limited. 由于避孕药物的获得途径有限，堕胎率居高不下。
■the fact that someone is free to work, be contacted, go to meetings, etc., or whether or how much they can 有空与否，出席／参加与否，可联络上与否等
• I shall check the availability of my staff for that date. 我会去看看那天我的员工的值勤情况。
n. 可用性；有效性；实用性
 - validity, practicality

Word: salesman
Front: salesman
[ˈseɪlzmən] (高研四六 5573/6889 -2)
Back: n. 推销员; 售货员，店员
分布：推销员(90%)，销售人员(10%)
n.售货员,推销员The pale salesman wholesales scales on a large scale.面色苍白的推销员大规模批发比例尺(天平,鱼鳞).
noun countable
■a man whose job is selling things in a shop or directly to customers 男售货员；男推销员
• a car salesman 汽车销售员
• a travelling salesman 巡回推销员
• a door-to-door salesman 上门兜售的推销员
n. 推销员； [贸易] 售货员
 - seller, runner

Word: facilitate
Front: facilitate
[fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] (研六托雅宝 3568/4044 -1)
Vocabulary: facilitate
(once / 913 pages)
v
To facilitate means to make something easier. If your best friend is very shy, you could facilitate her efforts to meet new people.
Facilitate comes from the Latin facilis, for easy. It means to make something easier or more likely to happen. You facilitate growth or a process, as opposed to, say, dinner. Often in business meetings someone will be assigned to facilitate a discussion so people don't just sit in awkward silence. Synonyms are ease, simplify, expedite, and assist.
WORD FAMILY
facilitate: facilitated, facilitates, facilitating, facilitation, facilitative, facilitator, facilitatory+/ facilitation: facilitations/ facilitator: facilitators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In July Griffiths contacted comedienne and mental health advocate Mike King, begging him to travel north and facilitate a straight-up conversation about suicide in Kaitaia.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s an important revenue source, and we see Assad’s people continuing to facilitate.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Another way that government facilitates the functioning of markets is by helping consumers get clear information.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 促进，助长; 使容易; 帮助
时态：facilitated, facilitating, facilitates
分布：促进(76%)，帮助(23%)，使 ... 容易(1%)
→来自facile, 简单的。即使简单，简化，促进。
使容易(fac+ilitale能够→使能够做→使容易)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
v.使变得(更)容易;使便利;推动;帮助;促进Modern devices facilitate domestic work.现代设备使家务活便利了.
【记】facile（adj 易做到的；不花力气的；性格温和的）face，le乐：想让脸乐还不容易吗？Fac＝face，ilit，ate吃：用脸吃饭还不容易吗？
【参】facility（n 容易；简易；便利设备、工具）
【反】hamper（v 妨碍）；thwart（v 阻碍）；obstruct（v 阻隔；阻塞）obstructionist（n 阻碍者）－one who facilitates（促进者）；impede（v 阻止）；thwart（vt 反对；阻碍）
[fə'sɪl.ɪ.teɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to make possible or easier 促进；促使；使便利
• The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs. 新的坡道将可方便轮椅进入。
• The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow. 当前的体系不利于实施高效的工作流程。
vt. 促进；帮助；使容易
 - promote, boost, further

Word: cathedral
Front: cathedral
[kəˈθi:drəl] (高研四六托雅宝 7382/2894 -2)
Vocabulary: cathedral
(once / 243 pages)
nadj
On a trip to Europe, many visitors appreciate the stunning architecture of large churches known as cathedrals.
The word cathedral comes from a Latin word meaning “seat.” The seat referred to is the seat of the bishop, who is the leader of a group of churches related to the cathedral. The bishop’s seat is both a metaphor for the cathedral as the bishop’s “seat of power” and his actual chair, the "cathedra," inside the cathedral. Originally a cathedral was called a “cathedral church,” with cathedral as an adjective, but it is now a noun.
WORD FAMILY
cathedral: cathedrally, cathedrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the attacks happened in and around Cologne's main railway station, near the cathedral.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
About 50,000 people rang in the new year in front of Cologne Cathedral, officials said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He returned to Coventry where he became a clergyman in its cathedral, which was destroyed by the Luftwaffe during World War Two.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 总教堂，大教堂
adj. 权威的; 教堂的
分布：大教堂(100%)
→cata-, 向下。-hed, 坐，词源同sit, seat. 指主教教堂，圣座，chair原型。
n.大教堂In the Catholic cathedral the athlete shouted out his wrath in the athletic oath.在天主教大教堂,选手在体育誓言中喊出了他义愤.
【记】cathed＝chair椅子－有主教座位的总教堂cat猫，he他，dral读：桌：猫和他站在桌子前讲经－大教堂
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship, which is the largest and most important church of a diocese (= area) （一个教区内的）总教堂，大教堂
• Salisbury Cathedral 索尔斯堡主教堂
church, cathedral
这组词都有“教堂”的意思，其区别是：
church: 普通用词，指顶礼膜拜上帝之地，也是西方人举行婚、丧等活动的场所。
cathedral: 指一个教区内最大的教堂，即主教堂或总教堂，通常是装饰精良，宏伟肃穆。
n. 大教堂
 - minster, duomo

Word: presentation
Front: presentation
[ˌpreznˈteɪʃn] (高六雅宝 2898/2313 -K2)
Vocabulary: presentation
(once / 407 pages)
1n 2n
The noun presentation means the official giving, or presenting, of something. The presentation of diplomas at a graduation ceremony is the part that makes many of the parents in the audience cry.
A presentation can be a ceremony of giving some gift or award, and it can also be a demonstration or show — like a dog training presentation at your local pet store. Another meaning of presentation is a style of displaying something — like the presentation of plants and flowers in the florist's window or the presentation of food on a buffet table. In the 1600s, presentation was commonly used to mean "show or play," as in "a theatrical presentation."
WORD FAMILY
presentation: presentational, presentations+/ presence: presences/ present: presence, presentable, presentation, presented, presenter, presenting, presently, presentment, presentness, presents/ presentable: presentably, unpresentable/presenter: presenters/presentment: presentments/unpresentable: unpresentably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The January meeting will focus on early parenting and include presentations from coalitions on their plans for the legislative session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of the publishers’ unease is rooted in Google’s presentation of AMP stories, which appear as if they are Google articles.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 提交; 演出; 陈述，报告; 颁奖仪式
分布：介绍(42%)，报告(34%)，陈述(23%)，赠送物(1%)
→来自present,介绍，展示。
【记】pre前，sent感觉，ation：表演之前要提前进入感觉源于：present（v 介绍；上演）
【参】presenter（n 推荐者；主持人）
noun
EVENT 演讲
 IMPROVER countable
■a talk giving information about something 报告，演讲，陈述
• The speaker gave an interesting presentation on urban transport. 演讲者针对城市交通发表了有趣的谈话。
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when prizes, qualifications, etc. are formally given to those who have won or achieved them 授予，颁发
• The presentation of prizes and certificates will take place in the main hall. 奖品和证书的颁发仪式将在大厅举行。
[ˌprez.ən'teɪ.ʃən] noun
APPEARANCE 外观
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the way something looks when it is shown to other people, or the way someone looks 外观；呈现方式；外貌
• Presentation is important if you want people to buy your products. 如果想要人们购买你的产品，包装非常重要。
n. 描述，陈述；介绍；赠送
 - description, statement, representation, characterization

Word: baffle
Front: baffle
[ˈbæfl] (六雅宝 11775/11102 -1)
Vocabulary: baffle
(once / 524 pages)
1v 2nv 3v
To baffle is to confuse. If you are completely puzzled as to what baffle means, you might say that this word baffles you.
Baffle means "confuse," but it can also mean "amaze." A magician might baffle you with an impressive magic trick. Additionally, this verb can mean "to spoil, thwart, or defeat by means of confusion." In a debate, you might baffle the opposition by introducing new information that your opponents are not familiar with. Baffle can also be used like stump. If you are stumped by a question on a test, then you’ve been baffled by that question.
WORD FAMILY
baffle: baffled, bafflement, baffles, baffling +/ baffled: unbaffled/bafflement: bafflements/ baffling: bafflingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But sometimes the Patriots do things that will baffle you until suddenly everything becomes obvious.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not only his awakening that baffles medical science; he is also in fine physical shape despite a dozen years of immobility.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Finding it would solve one of science’s most baffling mysteries and explain why galaxies are not ripped apart by stars flying off into deep space.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使受挫折; 使困惑，使迷惑; 用隔音板隔音; 挡住（水流等）
n. 隔板，挡板; 迷惑; 遮护物，阻碍体; [军]迷彩
时态：baffled, baffling, baffles
分布：挡板(61%)，困惑(16%)，阻碍(9%)，隔音板(5%)，反射板(5%)，受挫(2%)，难倒(2%)
→拟声词。
【记】ba爸，ff两个一样的夫人，le乐。如果你爸的旁边突然出现两个一模一样的夫人在冲着他乐。你是不是会很迷惑，会被这种情况难倒。因为你不知道那个才是你妈，那个才是…。
verb transitive
■to cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something 使困惑，使迷惑
• She was completely baffled by his strange behaviour. 她完全被他怪异的举动弄迷糊了。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使…困惑；使…受挫折；用挡板控制
 - puzzle, set back
n. [建] [机] [电子] 挡板；困惑
 - confusion, checkboard

Word: serial
Front: serial
[ˈsɪəriəl] (研雅宝 6852/7913 -2)
Vocabulary: serial
(once / 1871 pages)
adjn
Serial means arranged in a series. If you get a serial number with your new phone, that's a number assigned to the phone when it was made, to distinguish it from all the other phones.
Serial has nothing do to with breakfast (that's cereal). It means "in regular succession." If you make a deposit into your savings every week without fail, those are serial payments. You might not recognize grandma after her serial plastic surgeries. A serial killer kills multiple times in similar ways. If you publish a magazine that comes out periodically, you could call it a serial. And your favorite recurring show on TV is a serial too.
WORD FAMILY
serial: serialise, serialism, serialize, serially, serials+/serialise: serialisation, serialised, serialising/serialization: serializations/serialize: serialization, serialized, serializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Simmons, whose brother is the serial entrepreneur Russell, is widely recognized as “Reverend Run.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For some, calling a serial killer a psychopath is somehow excusing them.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Rumors spread in town that a serial killer was on the loose.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 连续的; 连载的; 顺序排列的; 分期偿付的
n. 连载小说; 电视连续剧; 定期刊物; [军]行军梯队
分布：序列(62%)，连续剧(13%)，连续的(12%)，一系列的(8%)，连载小说(5%)
→来自 series,连续，系列，-al,形容词后缀。
n.连载小说,连续剧;连载刊物a.连续的My favourite serial is on the programme.节目单上有我喜爱的连播节目.
US ['sɪr.i-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■describes a person who repeatedly commits the same serious crime, often using the same method, or a serious crime that is committed repeatedly by one person （重罪案犯或重案）连环的，连续的
• She wrote a thriller about a brutal serial killer. 她写了部有关一名冷血连环杀手的惊悚小说。
• a serial rapist 连续犯案的强奸犯
• serial murders/killings 连环谋杀案
UK ['sɪə.ri.əl] US ['sɪr.i-] noun countable
■a story on television or radio or in a newspaper, etc. which is broadcast or printed in separate parts （电视或广播）连续剧；（报纸上的）连载故事
• Most of her novels have been made into television serials at some time. 她的大多数小说都已在某个时候被拍成了电视连续剧。
adj. 连续的；连载的； [会计] 分期偿还的
 - continuing, straight, endless, running, successive
n. 电视连续剧； [图情] 期刊；连载小说
 - TV series, periodical

Word: certificate
Front: certificate
[səˈtɪfɪkət] (高研四六雅 5237/2341 -K2)
Vocabulary: certificate
(once / 675 pages)
nv
A certificate is a paper or document that proves some fact. Your most prized possession might be the certificate you got when you became a black belt in karate.
Your fastidious friend might need to check the health inspection certificate before she'll agree to eat in a restaurant, and you'll need a copy of your birth certificate before you can apply for a passport. A certificate certifies or documents the fact that you are who you say you are, that you're licensed to drive, or authorized to practice dentistry, for example. You can trace the word certificate back to the Latin certus, "sure, fixed, settled."
WORD FAMILY
certificate: certificated, certificates, certificating+/certifiable: certifiably/certification: certifications/certified: uncertified/ certify: certifiable, certificate, certification, certificatory, certified, certifies, certifying, decertify/decertify: decertified, decertifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once your emergency fund is solidified, Cox said, start saving money in a certificate or IRA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The so-called bathroom bill in North Carolina includes a provision that requires people to use public bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 证明书; 文凭，结业证书
vt. 发给证明书; 用证书证明（或认可）
时态：certificated, certificating, certificates
分布：执照(51%)，认可(23%)，批准(19%)，发证书给 ...(7%)
→来自certify, 证明，证实。
证明书;执照(certify+icate→证明的东西)[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
n.证(明)书,执照It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US [sɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official document which states that the information on it is true 证书；证明
• a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生／结婚／死亡证明
• a doctor's/medical certificate 医生／医疗证明
■the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an examination 成绩合格证书；毕业证书
• She has a Certificate in Drama Education. 她有戏剧教育资格证书。
certificate, license
certificate: 证书，如产品合格证明书
license: 执照，如驾照；
n. [管理] 证书；执照，文凭
 - license, letter, patent, permit

Word: similarity
Front: similarity
[ˌsɪməˈlærəti] (六 4655/3998 -2)
Vocabulary: similarity
(once / 1043 pages)
n
You might get annoyed if people keep saying there is a similarity between you and your older sister, particularly if you're tired of being compared to her. A similarity is a sameness or alikeness.
When you are comparing two things — physical objects, ideas, or experiences — you often look at their similarities and their differences. Difference is the opposite of similarity. Both squares and rectangles have four sides, that is a similarity between them. Just because two things share similarities doesn't mean they are the same.
WORD FAMILY
similarity: similarities, unsimilarity+/ similar: similarity, similarly
USAGE EXAMPLES
We spoke to the 33-year-old by phone recently about the differences — and some surprising similarities — between the films.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That’s where the similarities between their card and other cards end.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
But it is impossible to miss the similarities now.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 类似; 相像性; 相仿性; 类似性，相似物
分布：相似(92%)，类似(8%)
→similar,相似的，-ity,名词后缀。
类似(similar相似的+ity)[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
【记】similar（adj 相似的）；根：simi相似
【参】simian（n 猿）simi像，mian＝man；simile（n 明喻）
US [-ə'ler.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people or things look or are the same 类似；相似
• I can see the similarity between you and your mother. 我能看出你和你母亲的相似之处。
• The book bears several striking similarities to last year's bestseller. 这本书和去年的畅销书有几个方面惊人地相似。
likeness, similarity, resemblance, analogy
这组词都有“相似，类似”的意思，其区别是：
likeness: 普通用词，指人或物从外观看去，有很明显的相似之处，或完全相似。
similarity: 指不同的人或事物在外表、特征、程度或性质等方面有某些相似之处。
resemblance: 指外观或性质有相似之处。
analogy: 指外表或实质均不相同的事物对比之下的类似之处。
n. 类似； [数] 相似点
 - analogy, kinsmanship

Word: comrade
Front: comrade
[ˈkɒmreɪd] (高研四六 7425/6545 -1)
Vocabulary: comrade
(once / 324 pages)
n
Your close friend or associate is your comrade. Teenagers often prefer seeing movies with a comrade or two, rather than with their parents.
Comrade sometimes refers to a fellow soldier, and it is found in the phrase "comrade-in-arms." Movies about World War II comrades-in-arms often show them risking their lives to rescue each other. Comrade is also the form of address for members of the Communist party. If Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin ran into other at a party, Stalin would say, "Hello, Comrade Lenin!" The root is the Latin camera, or vaulted room, and originally comrade meant someone who shares a room.
WORD FAMILY
comrade: comradely, comradery, comrades, comradeship+/comradely: comradeliness/comradeship: comradeships
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was petrified of being separated from her child but even more terrified of appearing timid before her comrades, whose approval she craved.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
"The bodies of our comrades are still under the hotel rubble," he added.
Reuters(Dec 21, 2016)
When he was serving in Vietnam, he applied a shaving-cream beard to distribute gifts to his comrades, he said.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 同志; 战友; 忠实伙伴
分布：同志(100%)
→来自法语。词源同camera, chamber, 即同处一室的人。
n.同志,同事,同伴,朋友The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
US ['kɑ:m.ræd] noun countable
FRIEND 朋友 (UK comrade-in-arms) old-fashioned
■a friend, especially one who you have been involved in difficult or dangerous, usually military, activities with （尤指共患难过的）朋友，同志；（通常指）战友
• Many of his comrades were killed in the battle. 他的许多战友死在战场上。
UK ['kɒm.reɪd] US ['kɑ:m.ræd] noun countable
POLITICAL MEMBER 政治成员
■a member of the same political group, especially a communist or socialist group or a trade union （尤指共产主义、社会主义组织或工会的）同志
• I know my opinion is shared by many of my comrades in the Labour movement. 我知道许多参加劳工运动的同志都和我有相同的观点。
• [as form of address] Welcome to the conference, comrades. 各位同志，欢迎你们参加本次大会。
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
n. 同志；伙伴
 - partner, mates

Word: ebb
Front: ebb
[eb] (研托宝 14957/13680)
Vocabulary: ebb
(once / 847 pages)
1nv 2v
When something ebbs, it is declining, falling, or flowing away. The best time to look for sea creatures in tidal pools is when the tide is on the ebb — meaning it has receded from the shore.
Ebb is often used in the phrase, "ebb and flow," referring to the cyclical changing of the tides from low to high and back to low again. This sense of cyclical change can also be applied to other things. If you want to make money investing, you have to weather the ebb and flow of the stock market.
WORD FAMILY
ebb: ebbed, ebbing, ebbs+/ebbing: ebbings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Clark’s fury seemed to ebb when she was with her daughter.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Whitlock’s running career ebbed late in college when he sustained an injury to the Achilles’ tendon in his right foot.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Political capital ebbs with each day beyond Jan. 20.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. （指潮水）退; 跌落; 减少; 衰落
n. 退潮; 落潮; 衰退; 减少
时态：ebbed, ebbing, ebbs
分布：退潮(35%)，落潮(23%)，衰退(23%)，衰落(19%)
→来自apo-, 离开，词源同apo-, apogee.
vi.衰退,减退n.处于低潮,处于衰退状态The tide was on the ebb.潮水正在退落.
【记】读：爱波。虽然爱的波浪在我们这一代有越演越烈之趋势，但那是时间上的提前，而非强度的增高；尤其是对于考G一族，更是需要降降温，退退潮，专心于本职工作。
verb intransitive
WATER 水
■When the sea or tide ebbs, it moves away from the coast and falls to a lower level. （潮）退，（潮）落
[eb] verb intransitive
FEELING 感觉
■If a physical or emotional feeling ebbs, it becomes less strong or disappears 衰退；逐渐减少；衰竭
• He could feel his strength ebbing (away). 他能感觉到自己逐渐体力不支。
[eb] noun
the ebb
■the tide when it is moving away from the coast 落潮，退潮
• We'll sail on the ebb. 我们将在退潮时启航。
[eb] noun
at a low ebb
■in a bad or weak state 处于低潮；处于衰退状态
• Consumer confidence is currently at a low ebb. 目前人们对消费的信心降到了谷底。
• I was recently divorced and feeling at a very low ebb. 我刚离了婚，情绪非常低落。
[eb] noun
ebb and flow
■the way in which the level of something regularly becomes higher or lower in a situation （有规律的）涨落，起伏
• You have to accept the ebb and flow of love in a relationship. 你得承受恋爱过程中爱情的起起伏伏。
n. 衰退；退潮；衰落
 - recession, decline
vi. 衰退；减少；衰落；潮退
 - fail, flag, decline

Word: ram
Vocabulary: ram
(once / 1133 pages)
1n 2nv
A male sheep or goat is called a ram. If you're a fan of reading your horoscope, you might notice that Aries, usually considered the first sign of the zodiac, is represented by a ram.
Another kind of ram is a "battering ram," a tool for forcing a heavy door open or breaking a hole in a wall. This kind of ram comes from the male sheep and his powerful horns — and so does the verb ram: "I watched the rams ram their heads into each other as they battled over territory." Some word experts think the word stems from the Old Norse rammr, "strong."
WORD FAMILY
ram: rammed, rammer, ramming, rams+/rammer: rammers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say he crashed after trying to ram a sheriff’s vehicle early Jan. 1.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Germany suffered its worst terror attack in years on Dec. 19 when Tunisian migrant Anis Amri rammed a truck into a busy Christmas market.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
He said he used them “sort of like a ram would use its horns” to fight other males over territory.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)

Word: soothe
Front: soothe
[su:ð] (托宝 8996/10177 -2)
Vocabulary: soothe
(once / 287 pages)
v
To soothe is to relieve or to bring comfort. If the pounding in your head is driving you mad, it sounds like you might need an aspirin or two to soothe your headache.
Soothing is meant to make you feel better, both physically and emotionally. Spend too many hours on the beach without sunblock? You'll need some aloe to soothe that sunburn. Had a bad breakup with a boyfriend? Soothing that broken heart might take something stronger — chocolates, a gabfest with good friends, and sappy movies are usually just what the doctor ordered.
WORD FAMILY
soothe: soothed, soothes, soothing +/ soothing: soothingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Olalia’s chicken and rice bowl is fragrant and soothing, spiked with chile leaves, ginger, garlic and fish sauce.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
We start with a gift that soothed the most wrenching of human trials, a solitary battle against a fearsome illness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Jane Austen’s self-enclosed world enveloped me, soothing in its contours and assumptions.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 安慰; 缓和; 使平静; 减轻痛苦
时态：soothed, soothing, soothes
分布：安慰(53%)，缓和(42%)，使安静(5%)
→来自 sooth 的动词形式，词性比较 bath,bathe.
【记】读：速死－要想速死就得吃安眠药，它可以起到soothe的作用。读：酥死－浑身酥软而死－因为被抚慰过分了
【反】agitate（v 搅动；煽动）；grate（v 使烦躁）；vex（v 使烦恼）；smart（v 刺痛）；ruffle（v 滋扰）
verb transitive
ANGER 发怒
■to make someone feel calm or less worried 使平静，安慰
• to soothe a crying baby 让哭闹的婴儿安静下来
[su:ð] verb transitive
PAIN 疼痛
■to make an injury less painful 减轻，缓解（疼痛）
• I had a long hot bath to soothe my aching muscles. 我洗了个热水澡，泡了很长时间以纾缓肌肉的疼痛。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 安慰；使平静；缓和
 - comfort, calm, quiet, relax, compose

Word: abstract
Front: abstract
[ˈæbstrækt] (高研四六托雅宝 4007/3729 -2)
Vocabulary: abstract
(once / 249 pages)
1adjvn 2nv 3v
Use the adjective abstract for something that is not a material object or is general and not based on specific examples.
Abstract is from a Latin word meaning "pulled away, detached," and the basic idea is of something detached from physical, or concrete, reality. It is frequently used of ideas, meaning that they don't have a clear applicability to real life, and of art, meaning that it doesn't pictorially represent reality. It is also used as a noun, especially in the phrase "in the abstract" (a joke has a person laying down a new sidewalk saying "I like little boys in the abstract, but not in the concrete"), and as a verb (accented on the second syllable), meaning "to remove."
WORD FAMILY
abstract: abstracted, abstracter, abstracting, abstraction, abstractive, abstractly, abstractness, abstractor, abstracts, semiabstract+/abstracted: abstractedly, abstractedness/ abstraction: abstractionism, abstractions, semi-abstraction/abstractionism: abstractionist/abstractionist: abstractionists/abstractive: abstractively/abstractor: abstractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
From then on, slightly abstract, sometimes surreal touches are added to this realistic backdrop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There also are small abstract paintings — and lots of gold leaf, symbolic of divinity in many cultures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 抽象的，理论上的; 难解的; 抽象派的; 茫然的
n. 抽象概念; 抽象派艺术作品; 摘要; [化]萃取物
vt. 提取，分离; 转移（注意等）; 概括，摘录; <婉辞>剽窃
时态：abstracted, abstracting, abstracts
→前缀abs-为ab-变体，离开。词根tract,拉，见attract，吸引。
抽象的;心不在焉的(abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
抽出a.抽象的(abs离开+tract→拉出,抽出)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
a.抽象的n.摘要,梗概vt.提取;摘录要点The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【参】intractable（adj 倔强的）；contract（n 合同，v 收缩）
【反】elaborate（adj 详细阐述的）
adjective
GENERAL 笼统的
 ADVANCED
■existing as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object 抽象的；纯理论的，纯概念的
• Truth and beauty are abstract concepts. 真和美都是抽象的概念。
 ADVANCED
■describes an argument or discussion that is general and not based on particular examples （辩论或讨论）抽象的，空泛的，空洞的
• This debate is becoming too abstract - let's have some hard facts! 这场辩论变得太空洞了——拿出一些具体的事实根据来吧！
the abstract
 ADVANCED
■general ideas 抽象概念；理论
• I have difficulty dealing with the abstract - let's discuss particular cases. 我难以理解抽象概念，我们讨论一些具体的事例吧。
• So far we've only discussed the question in the abstract (= without referring to any real examples). 目前我们只是笼统地讨论过这个问题。
['æb.strækt] adjective
ART 艺术
■describes a type of painting, drawing or sculpture which tries to represent the real or imagined qualities of objects or people by using shapes, lines and colour, and does not try to show their outer appearance as it would be seen in a photograph 抽象（派）的
• abstract art 抽象艺术
• an abstract painter 抽象派画家
['æb.strækt] noun countable
SHORT DOCUMENT 简短文献
■a shortened form of a speech, article, book, etc., giving only the most important facts or ideas 摘要；梗概；概要
• There is a section at the end of the magazine which includes abstracts of recent articles/books. 杂志的最后一部分收录了近期发表的文章／出版的书籍的摘要。
['æb.strækt] noun countable
ART 艺术
■a painting which represents the qualities of something, not its outer appearance 抽象画；抽象派艺术作品
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
abstract, subtract, contract, attract
abstract: vt 抽取；
subtract: vt 减去
contract: vt 使缩小（招致，染上（疾病等））；
attract: vt 吸引；
n. [图情] 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念
 - brief, summary, resume
adj. 抽象的；深奥的
 - deep, nonobjective
vt. [图情] 摘要；提取；使……抽象化
 - extract, brief

Word: utterly
Front: utterly
['ʌtəli:] (托雅 5570/4708 -2)
Vocabulary: utterly
(once / 154 pages)
adv
Utterly is an intensifying word: something utterly delicious is very, very delicious.
One thing people love to do is exaggerate. You often hear people talking about how awesome or awful things are. When you're laying it on thick, utterly is an utterly useful word: it means something similar to completely, totally, or very. Something utterly disappointing is extremely disappointing. Something utterly wonderful is wonderful times ten. When you get tired of writing very, utterly is a good word choice.
WORD FAMILY
utter: utterable, utterance, uttered, utterer, utterest, uttering, utterly, uttermost, utterness, utters+/unutterable: unutterablest, unutterably/utterable: unutterable, utterably/ utterance: utterances/uttered: unuttered/utterer: utterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some cases, the lies he told were so utterly, demonstrably false that they were almost funny.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Typically, the focus is on security for the Israeli occupier, not for the occupied Palestinians who are in fact utterly insecure.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
As street wear continued asserting its dominance over suiting, one garment became utterly ubiquitous: the bomber jacket.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 全然，完全地; 彻底地，绝对的; 十足地; 十分
分布：全然(51%)，完全(31%)，绝对(18%)
ADV
全然；完全地；彻底地
You use utterly to emphasize that something is very great in extent, degree, or amount.
例：Everything about the country seemed utterly different from what I'd experienced before...这个国家的一切似乎与我以前的经历完全不同。
例：The new laws coming in are utterly ridiculous...新颁布的法律荒唐至极。
entirely, utterly
entirely: 用于说法持肯定态度的场合，we should work entirely in the interests of the people.
utterly: 用于说法持否定态度的场合，I am utterly dissatisfied.
adv. 完全地；绝对地；全然地；彻底地，十足地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, fully, strictly

Word: whiff
Front: whiff
[wɪf] (宝 12029/14450 -1)
Vocabulary: whiff
(once / 2245 pages)
1nv 2n
A whiff can mean the hint of something you smell. When you drive past the sewage treatment plant and suddenly roll up your car windows, it's usually because you've gotten a whiff of the plant's special odor.
Whiff can be used as either a noun or verb, and it implies a brief or small puff or sniff. A person can have "a whiff of the exotic," which means they are living like the rest of us, but there is a little something about them that seems foreign or different. Sometimes, of course, odors are so overpowering that a small sniff is all you need: "Take a whiff of this," your friend might say to you, holding out a carton of sour milk. In that case, one whiff will be more than enough.
WORD FAMILY
whiff: whiffed, whiffer, whiffing, whiffs+/whiffer: whiffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
For some of the candidates, that carries a whiff of insiderism.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But the Austrian Culture Ministry’s decision to replace the company’s current director, Dominique Meyer, added a whiff of intrigue.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
The persuasion, it seems, was a whiff of scandal such as the tales of corruption that are now surfacing.
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 吸气或吹气; 一种比目鱼; <口>难闻的气味; 小雪茄烟
vt. 吸; 喷出; 击球失败
vi. 喷气; 垂钓; 轻吹
时态：whiffed, whiffing, whiffs
分布：一阵香气(33%)，一吹(23%)，香烟的一口(11%)，吹送(11%)，轻轻地吹(11%)，使被三阵出局(11%)
→拟声词。
【记】读：微抚，轻微的抚摸－轻吹
noun countable usually singular
■a slight smell, carried on a current of air 一阵气味，一股味道
• He leaned towards me and I caught/got a whiff of garlic. 他向我靠过来，我闻到一股大蒜的味道。
• During the first few months of pregnancy the slightest whiff of food cooking made my stomach turn. 怀孕的最初几个月，闻到一点点做饭的味道就会让我反胃。
a whiff of sth
■a slight sign of something 一点点，些许
• They regularly hold elections without a whiff of corruption or violence. 他们定期举行选举，其中毫无腐败或暴力的成分。
vt. 吸；喷出
 - inhaust, belch out
n. 一点点； [船] 单人小划艇；琴鲆属鱼；吸气或吹气
 - little bit, just a little
vi. 喷气；垂钓；轻吹
 - air injection

Word: hobble
Front: hobble
[ˈhɒbl] (宝 11703/14802 -1)
Vocabulary: hobble
(once / 1356 pages)
vn
When you hobble, you walk awkwardly or unsteadily because you're in pain. You might wipe out on your bike and then hobble back home, pushing it in front of you.
People who hobble, walking with a limp or a shuffle, have most often been injured in some way, though a disabled or elderly person might hobble as well. You can call the walk itself a hobble as well: "I knew that football tackle hurt when I saw your hobble as you left the field." The root of hobble is Old English — it's related to the Dutch hobbelen, "rock from side to side."
WORD FAMILY
hobble: hobbled, hobbler, hobbles, hobbling+/hobbler: hobblers
USAGE EXAMPLES
His right leg got caught beneath him, and he stayed on the ground, then hobbled off with help, putting no pressure on his left leg.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From age 23 to 41, I ran 2 to 3 miles every single morning, until torn menisci and arthritis hobbled my knees.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Sometimes technology, though it hobbles us, also helps.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 跛行; 蹒跚
vt. 使跛行; 阻碍; 捆缚（马等）之两腿（以防走失）
n. 跛行; 蹒跚; <口，方〉困境
时态：hobbled, hobbling, hobbles
分布：蹒跚(58%)，跛行(42%)
→词源同hop,跳，-le,表反复。即跳来跳去的，引申词义蹒跚，跛行。
【记】没有一个人的hobby（n 业余爱好）是hobble读：好ball－好一个ball把李洪志摔了一个狗吃屎（gaucherie n 笨拙），使他hobble了。
US ['hɑ:.bl] verb
WALK 行走
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk in an awkward way, usually because the feet or legs are injured 一瘸一拐地行走，跛行
• The last time I saw Rachel she was hobbling around with a stick. 上次我见到雷切尔的时候，她拄着拐杖一瘸一拐的。
• Some of the runners could only manage to hobble over the finishing line. 有些跑者只是勉强蹒跚支撑到终点。
UK ['hɒb.l] US ['hɑ:.bl] verb
LIMIT 限制
transitive
■to limit something or control the freedom of someone 约束，限制
• A long list of amendments have hobbled the new legislation. 一长串的修正案限制了这项新立法。
transitive literary
■If you hobble an animal, especially a horse, you tie two of its legs together so that it cannot run away. 捆缚（动物，尤指马等的）两条腿
vi. 蹒跚；跛行
 - titubate, totter

Word: disgust
Front: disgust
[dɪsˈgʌst] (研四六托雅宝 7464/7868 -K2)
Vocabulary: disgust
(once / 211 pages)
nv
Disgust is a strong feeling of dislike. If you can't stand peas, you might wrinkle your nose in disgust when you are served a bowl of pea soup.
Disgust is both a noun and a verb. As a noun, it's a reaction to something you think is gross or terrible, like showing your disgust at a movie by getting up and leaving. As a verb, disgust means "to offend," like when your class's bad behavior at the assembly disgusts all the teachers, or "to gross out or revolt." If you pick your nose in public, you will disgust everyone around you.
WORD FAMILY
disgust: disgusted, disgustful, disgusting, disgusts, self-disgust+/ disgusted: disgustedly/disgustful: disgustfully/ disgusting: disgustingly, disgustingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe you don’t find that disgusting, in which case you probably like performance art.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
As he walked off the pitch, he ripped off his armband in disgust at himself.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He would look in the mirror and call himself “fat” and “disgusting.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 反感，厌恶，嫌恶
vt. 使反感，厌恶
时态：disgusted, disgusting, disgusts
分布：厌恶(72%)，反感(17%)，憎恶(7%)，使厌恶(2%)，使作呕(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-gust, 口味，品尝，词源同choose, gustatory.即不合口味，后引申为憎恶。
n.厌恶,恶心v.使厌恶The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗.
【记】dis不，gust吃－使作呕
noun uncountable
■a strong feeling of disapproval and dislike at a situation or person's behaviour, etc. 厌恶，憎恶，反感
• She walked out in disgust. 她厌恶地走了出去。
• We are demonstrating to show our anger and disgust at the treatment of refugees. 我们示威是对难民受到的待遇表示愤怒和憎恶。
• He resigned from the committee in disgust at the corruption. 出于对腐败的憎恶，他辞去了在该委员会的职务。
• Beresford, much to his disgust, was fined for illegal parking. 贝雷斯福特因非法停车受到罚款处理，这让他很恼火。
[dɪs'gʌst] verb transitive not continuous
■to make you feel extreme dislike or disapproval 使厌恶，使憎恶，使反感
• Doesn't all this violence on TV disgust you? 电视中的暴力场面不让你反感吗?
disgust, hate, dislike
这组词都有“不喜欢”的意思，其区别是：
disgust: 指对令人不快、生厌或坏的东西或行为怀有强烈的憎恶。
hate: 指因对某人或某事强烈不满或反感，或因利害关系等而产生憎恨。
dislike: 普通用词，指任何程度的憎恶，但永远指正面的憎恶和反对。
n. 厌恶，嫌恶
 - aversion, abomination
vt. 使厌恶；使作呕
 - indispose, repel

Word: jain

Word: militarism
Front: militarism
[ˈmɪlɪtərɪzəm] (20450/23521)
Vocabulary: militarism
(once / 3358 pages)
n
Places where armed government forces have a strong presence are usually under militarism. A system of militarism would probably buy weapons and outfit soldiers before anything else.
Some countries govern through militarism to keep their territories under strong and often bullied rule and to let other countries know that they have guns and bombs and they're not afraid to use them — even on their own people. Militarism often is paired with other nouns like dictatorship showing the strict power of the leadership.
WORD FAMILY
militarism: militarisms, militarist, militaristic+/demilitarise: demilitarised/demilitarize: demilitarized, demilitarizes, demilitarizing/militarise: demilitarise, militarisation, militarised, remilitarise/militarist: militarists/militaristic: militaristically/militarize: demilitarize, militarization, militarized, militarizes, militarizing, remilitarize/ military: militaries, militarily, militarise, militarism, militarize, nonmilitary, unmilitary/remilitarise: remilitarisation/remilitarize: remilitarization, remilitarized, remilitarizes, remilitarizing/unmilitary: unmilitarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
After the experience of the Great Depression and the militarism it empowered, both political parties supported a world order based on free trade.
Seattle Times(Dec 03, 2016)
"Under him, the military has operated outside the institutional plane, and as a result militarism in our policy has increased," Ms Siddiqa says.
BBC(Nov 22, 2016)
Another declares, “To plaster ‘Jesus’ on heterosexism, sexism, racism, classism, militarism, or transantagonism is to betray all that he did and is.”
Salon(Nov 18, 2016)
Back: n. 职业军人的精神，军国主义; 尚武精神
分布：军国主义(90%)，好战态度(6%)，尚武精神(4%)
→来自military,军事的，军队的，-ism,主义，思想。引申词义军国主义。
US [-tˌɚ-] noun uncountable disapproving
■the belief that it is necessary to have strong armed forces and that they should be used in order to win political or economic advantages 军国主义
n. 军国主义；尚武精神，好战态度；职业军人的精神
 - martialism, kultur

Word: outbid
Front: outbid
[ˌaʊtˈbɪd] (26458/33085)
Back: vt. 出价高于（别人）
时态：outbid, outbidding, outbids
分布：动词(100%)
→out-,超过，bid,投标，报价。
出价多于(他人)(out+bid出价→出价超出)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
[ˌaʊt'bɪd] (outbidding, outbid, outbid)
verb transitive
■to offer to pay a higher price for something than someone else, especially at an auction (= public sale) （尤指在拍卖会上）出价高于
• The retail group outbid all three competitors for space in the shopping centre. 这家零售集团在竞投购物中心铺位时，出价高于另外三家竞争者。

Word: kunming

Word: pilfer
Front: pilfer
[ˈpɪlfə(r)] (宝 24927/33480)
Vocabulary: pilfer
(once / 4567 pages)
v
To pilfer is to steal something, typically of small value. Minor thefts, like taking a roll of toilet paper out of a public bathroom or napkins from the Early Bird Buffet are what your grandfather, for example, might pilfer.
The verb pilfer comes from the Old French noun pelfre, meaning “booty,” or “spoils.” Now pilfer is used when talking about the act of stealing loot: you may find that you have to really restrain yourself from the desire to pilfer your friend’s new fur-lined gloves, even though you're pretty sure she pilfered your headphones. Robin Hood was able to pilfer from the rich to give to the poor. How romantic!
WORD FAMILY
pilfer: pilferage, pilfered, pilferer, pilfering, pilfers+/pilferer: pilferers
USAGE EXAMPLES
When detectives capture a theft suspect, they often find piles of pilfered packages inside their home.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Some of the pilfered goods were reunited with their intended recipients on Thursday at a police station in Germantown.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The reaction of teams who received Elrod’s pilfered game plans, though, may be more complicated.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 偷窃（小东西），小偷
vi. 偷窃（一般指小偷小摸）
时态：pilfered, pilfering, pilfers
分布：偷(42%)，窃(33%)，盗(25%)
→来自古法语pelfre,抢劫，战利品，词源不详，可能同pillage.
【记】pelf赃物，战利品pil＝pill（n 药丸），fer带来：偷药丸－小偷小摸
US [-fɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to steal things of small value 小量地偷窃；一点一点地偷窃
• He was caught pilfering (sweets) from the shop. 他在商店里偷窃（糖果）被抓住了。
vi. [法] 偷窃；小偷小摸
 - boost, pick pocket
vt. 窃； [法] 偷窃；小偷小摸
 - steal, scrump

Word: flatter
Front: flatter
[ˈflætə(r)] (研六托雅宝 9933/8558)
Vocabulary: flatter
(once / 189 pages)
v
When you flatter someone, you praise and compliment him or her — but you aren't totally sincere. You flatter your friend by telling her she's the best driver in the world. Because you want her to offer you a ride.
The Old French flater originally meant "to stroke or caress," which is what you do to people's egos when you flatter them. When you flatter, you probably want something — it could be as simple as wanting someone to like you. That's why people who meet celebrities tell them they're the greatest. More positively, if your hairstyle flatters your face, it emphasizes your best features.
WORD FAMILY
flatter: flattered, flatterer, flattering, flatters, flattery +/flatterer: flatterers/ flattering: flatteringest, flatteringly, unflattering / flattery: flatteries/ unflattering: unflatteringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apparently midi-skirts elongate the figure and flatter the wearer, so this must be a good fall.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Mom would tell me how flattering the shirt was on me “now.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, flattered as he was, Saban declined the offer initially because he didn’t want to spend another year in school.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 奉承; 自命不凡; 使显得更漂亮
时态：flattered, flattering, flatters
分布：奉承(63%)，恭维(25%)，取悦(8%)，显得好看(4%)
→flat, 平的。-er, 表反复。引申词义俯伏在地，拜倒，奉承等。
vt.奉承;使高兴;使满意;胜过With a clatter, the flatterer shattered the chattering wattmeter in the chaos.当啷一声,马屁精在混乱中打碎了格格作响的瓦特表.
【参】flatterer（n 奉承者）
【反】excoriate（v 批判）
US ['flætˌ.ɚ] verb transitive
■to praise someone in order to make them feel attractive or important, sometimes in a way that is not sincere 奉承；讨好
• I knew he was only flattering me because he wanted to borrow some money. 我知道他只是在讨好我，因为他想借些钱。
flatter yourself
■to believe something good about yourself although it might not be true 自命不凡
• [+ that] Clive flatters himself that he's an excellent speaker. 克莱夫自认为是个优秀的演说家。
flatter to deceive
■to give the appearance of being better than the true situation 以假像蒙人，掩人耳目
• I suspect these statistics flatter to deceive. 我怀疑这些资料是掩人耳目的。
be/feel flattered
■to feel very pleased and proud because someone has said good things about you or has made you feel important 被奉承得高兴；感到荣幸
• She was flattered by his attention. 他的关注使她格外高兴。
• They were flattered to be invited to dinner by the mayor. 市长邀请他们共进晚餐，他们深感荣幸。
• We felt flattered that so many people came to our party. 这么多人来参加我们的派对，我们感到十分荣幸。
■to make someone look more attractive than usual 使（某人）显得更吸引人
• That new hairstyle really flatters her. 那个新发型让她显得漂亮多了。
• Short skirts don't flatter me at all. 我穿短裙根本不好看。
vt. 奉承；谄媚；使高兴
 - please, glad, satisfy

Word: feather
Front: feather
[ˈfeðə(r)] (高研四六 4531/4798 -K2)
Vocabulary: feather
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v
A feather is one of the soft, fringed plumes that cover the bodies of birds. Some feathers are tiny and downy, while others are large and brilliantly colored.
Feathers are the main characteristic that separates birds from all other animals. Scientifically, feathers are described as growths or appendages that form on a bird's skin — but this definition can't capture how lovely feathers are. When feather is a verb, it usually means to turn or rotate an oar, paddle, or propeller so that it's parallel to the surface of the water.
WORD FAMILY
feather: feathered, feathering, featherless, featherlike, feathers, feathery+/feathered: unfeathered/feathering: featherings/feathery: featheriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At first it was pretty standard fare: She posed, framed by feathers, as a glittering pop princess through a pristine, apparently lip-synced “Auld Lang Syne.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Reliefs that once displayed gods and mythical creatures are reduced to random chunks showing a hand or a few feathers of a genie’s wing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 羽毛，翎毛; 状态，心情; 种类; 桨叶的水平运动
v. 给装上羽毛，用羽毛装饰; 使（桨）与水面平行; 长羽毛
时态：feathered, feathering, feathers
分布：羽毛(91%)，用羽毛装饰(4%)，翎毛(2%)，种类(2%)，长出羽毛(1%)
→来自pet,展开，伸展，词源同fathom, compete.
n.羽毛Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■one of the many soft light things which cover a bird's body, consisting of a long thin central part with material like hairs along each side 羽毛；翎毛
• peacock/ostrich feathers 孔雀／鸵鸟羽毛
• feather pillows (= those containing feathers) 羽绒枕头
• The bird ruffled its feathers. 这只鸟竖起了羽毛。
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
be (as) light as a feather
■to be very light in weight 轻如鸿毛
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
a feather in your cap
■an achievement to be proud of 可引以为傲的成就
• It's a real feather in our cap to be representing Britain in this contest. 代表英国参加这次比赛是真正让我们引以自豪的事。
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive specialized
■to turn oars (= poles with flat ends used to move a boat) so that the flat parts are horizontal above the water while you prepare for the next pull （桨叶与水面平行地）划（桨）
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive specialized
feather your own nest mainly disapproving
■to make yourself rich, especially in a way that is selfish or dishonest 中饱私囊
n. 羽毛
 - plume
vt. 用羽毛装饰
 - plume
vi. 长羽毛
 - fledge

Word: shark
Front: shark
[ʃɑ:k] (高研六 4438/7971 -1)
Back: n. 鲨鱼; 坑蒙拐骗的人，诈骗者; [俚]老手
v. 骗取; 榨取; 用不正当手段攫取; 勒索
vi. 诈骗
时态：sharked, sharking, sharks
分布：鲨鱼(95%)，诈骗(2%)，老手(1%)，放高利贷的人(1%)，诈取(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自加勒比某土著语言 xok,由 16 世纪英国海军将军 Sir John Hawkins 引入 英语，并引申比喻义诈骗者，骗子。也有观点认为该词本来词义就是诈骗者，骗子，后用于 指这种凶猛的鱼。shark （鲨鱼）：美洲土著对鲨鱼的称呼
n.鲨鱼,骗子v.敲诈The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [ʃɑ:rk] (plural shark or sharks)
noun countable
FISH 鱼
 ADVANCED
■a large fish that has sharp teeth and a triangular fin on its back which can sometimes be seen above the water 鲨鱼
• a great white shark 大白鲨
• a basking shark 晒太阳的鲨鱼
• The movie 'Jaws' is about a man-eating shark. 电影《大白鲨》讲的是一条食人鲨。
UK [ʃɑ:k] US [ʃɑ:rk] (plural shark or sharks)
noun countable
PERSON 人
   informal disapproving
■a dishonest person, especially one who persuades other people to pay too much money for something 骗子；（尤指）奸商
• People who need a place to live can often find themselves at the mercy of local property sharks. 需要住房的人常常会发现自己被当地那些奸诈的房地产商人所摆布。
n. 鲨鱼；骗子
 - fraud, swindler
vi. 诈骗
 - con game
vt. 敲诈
 - extort, black mail

Word: laptop
Front: laptop
[ˈlæptɒp] (研 5866/25826)
Vocabulary: laptop
(once / 2320 pages)
n
Laptop is short for laptop computer. The big computer on your desk is a desktop, and the small one on your lap is a laptop. See what they did there? Now shoo that lapdog and get to work!
There are other kinds of portable computers, but a laptop usually has a screen that folds over the keyboard when you’re not using it. The earliest versions of laptops were made in the 1970s, and they've become lighter, thinner, more portable, and much more popular since then. The word laptop was coined in 1984, based on — you guessed it — desktop, which describes the heavier, non-portable computer.
WORD FAMILY
laptop: laptops
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said in its statement that the laptop was not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This time, he says, concerning the newly discovered emails on Anthony Weiner’s laptop: never mind.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Lethem’s archive also includes two computer hard drives, a laptop and other digital materials, especially from more recent years.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 便携式电脑
分布：笔记本电脑(94%)，便携式电脑(6%)
→lap,大腿，top,上面。引申词义笔记本电脑。
n.膝上型电脑
N-COUNT
便携式电脑；膝上（或手提）电脑
A laptop or a laptop computer is a small portable computer.
例：She used to work at her laptop until four in the morning.她从前经常用手提电脑一直工作到凌晨4点。
例：...a laptop computer he called Magic Slate.一台被他称作“魔幻书写板”的便携式电脑

Word: prose
Front: prose
[prəʊz] (研六托宝 7468/6124 -2)
Vocabulary: prose
(once / 318 pages)
n
Prose is so-called "ordinary writing" — made up of sentences and paragraphs, without any metrical (or rhyming) structure.
If you write, "I walked about all alone over the hillsides," that's prose. If you say, "I wondered lonely as a cloud/that floats on high o'er vales and hills" that's poetry. See the difference? (Let's not get into prose poetry!) From prose we get the term prosaic, meaning "ordinary" or "commonplace," or lacking the specially delicacy and beauty of its supposed opposite — poetry.
WORD FAMILY
prose: prosaic, proses+/ prosaic: prosaically, prosaicness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s 55 minutes of poetry and prose, at the Public Theater.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Following Ms. Fisher’s death on Tuesday, some novelists praised her prose as being as blunt, funny and honest — much like Ms. Fisher.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Ms. Fisher’s vivid prose, wicked humor and striking performances inevitably led many people, including herself, to wonder whether bipolar mania fuels creativity.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 散文; 单调，平凡; 枯燥无味的话，无聊的议论
vt. 用散文写，把…改写成散文; 平淡无趣地写; 啰啰唆唆地讲
分布：散文(89%)，散文的(11%)
→来自古法语prose,故事，叙述，来自拉丁语prosa oratio,直白的叙述，没有诗意的话，来自
n.散文a.散文的The prose author's diagnosis discloses that the hose is damaged.散文作者的诊断透露软管被损坏.
【参】prosaic（adj 散文的；平凡的）
US [proʊz] noun uncountable
■written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry 散文
• I've always preferred reading prose to poetry. 我一直偏好读散文而不是诗歌。
Compare verse
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
n. 散文；单调
 - essay, monotony
adj. 散文的；平凡的；乏味的
 - ordinary, stock, stupid

Word: injustice
Front: injustice
[ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs] (托 6053/6876 -2)
Vocabulary: injustice
(once / 372 pages)
n
Life isn’t fair, and that quality is exactly what defines injustice: something unfair that happens, often in violation of a basic human right.
In the early 19th century in the United States, women could not legally vote, but they fought back against this injustice and eventually won voting rights. The word comes from a Latin phrase that literally means “not right,” and injustice is the opposite of justice, which is a fair and righteous act. Injustice can be general or specific, like the injustice suffered by poor people everywhere, or an individual act of injustice committed by some unkind person.
WORD FAMILY
injustice: injustices+/ justice: injustice, justices
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday, the Vatican released the text of a letter that Francis sent last week to bishops about injustices to children.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Vatican on Monday released the text of a Dec. 28 letter Francis sent to bishops about injustices to children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement concluded, “I am hoping to undo the injustice that I was unfortunately and involuntarily a part of.”
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 不公平; 非正义; 待…不公正; 冤枉
分布：不公正(92%)，不公正的行为(8%)
→in-,不，非，justice,公正，正义。
不公正(in+justice公正)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
noun countable or uncountable
■(an example of) a situation in which there is no fairness and justice 不公正；不正义
• The sight of people suffering arouses a deep sense of injustice in her. 看到人们身陷苦难，她深感世道不公。
• They were aware of the injustices of the system. 他们知道这种体制的不公正之处。
⇒ See also unjust
n. [法] 不公正；不讲道义
 - wrong, iniquity

Word: streak
Front: streak
[stri:k] (托宝 4552/7739 -2)
Vocabulary: streak
(once / 364 pages)
nv
A streak is a mark or characteristic. What makes you keep trying to wipe the streak of permanent marker off the white couch — your clean streak or your stubborn streak?
Like a mark or stain, a streak in a person is a characteristic or strain that runs through them — like a mean streak. The noun streak can also refer to an unbroken chain of events — you’ll want a lucky streak to keep going and a losing streak to come to a quick end. As a verb, to streak means to dash, sometimes without clothes. If you talk a blue streak, you’ve got a lot to say, very quickly.
WORD FAMILY
streak: streaked, streaker, streaking, streaks, streaky+/streaked: streakeder/streaker: streakers/streaky: streakily
USAGE EXAMPLES
That includes a three-game losing streak to end the year in which the Lions were outscored by the Giants, Cowboys and Packers 90-51.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The line remained intact Monday at practice with all three carrying streaks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That launched a streak in which Baltimore won six of eight, including a 38-6 rout of Miami .
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （与周围有所不同的）条纹; （通常指不好的）特征（倾向）; （不断经历成功或失败的）一段时期
vi. 快速移动; 加上条纹
vt. 使布满条纹
时态：streaked, streaking, streaks
分布：倾向(41%)，条痕(16%)，痕迹(8%)，一系列(8%)，闪现(6%)，斑纹(6%)，快速移动(6%)，加条纹(3%)，夹杂着(3%)，少许(3%)
→来自古英语 strica,条纹，线痕，笔划，来自 Proto-Germanic*strikon,轻触，轻击，来自 streig, 击，打，刮，词源同 strike,stroke.streak 疾行，疾驰，裸奔
【记】源于：stream（n 小溪流）呈现streak的形状。
noun countable
MARK 痕迹
■a long thin mark which is easily noticed because it is very different from the area surrounding it 条纹；条痕
• The window cleaner has left dirty streaks on the windows. 擦窗工人在窗户上留下了一条条污痕。
• I dye my hair to hide my grey streaks. 我染发是为了遮住花白的头发。
• Meteors produce streaks of light as they burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. 流星在地球大气层中燃烧时会产生一道光痕。
[stri:k] noun countable
CHARACTERISTIC 特点
■an often unpleasant characteristic which is very different from other characteristics （常指不好的）特点，个性特征
• Her stubborn streak makes her very difficult to work with sometimes. 她固执的性格有时候使人很难和她共事。
• You need to have a competitive streak when you're working in marketing. 你做行销工作时需要有竞争意识。
[stri:k] noun countable
SHORT PERIOD 短期
■a short period of good or bad luck 一阵好运；一阵霉运
• I just hope my lucky streak continues until the world championships. 我只是希望我的好运能延续到世界锦标赛。
• Their longest losing streak has been three games. 他们最低迷的时候连输过三场。
• After winning a couple of bets, he thought he was on a winning streak. 下注赢了几回后，他以为自己鸿运当头。
[stri:k] noun countable
like a streak of lightning informal
■extremely quickly 飞快地
• She grabbed the money and ran out of the shop like a streak of lightning. 她一把抓起钱，飞也似的跑出商店。
[stri:k] verb
MOVE FAST 快速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move somewhere extremely quickly, usually in a straight line （通常指沿直线）飞奔，疾驰
• The motorbike streaked off down the street. 摩托车沿街疾驰而去。
• Did you see that bird streak past the window? 你看见掠过窗外的那只鸟吗？
[stri:k] verb
RUN NAKED 裸奔
intransitive
■to run naked through a public place in order to attract attention or to express strong disapproval of something （在公共场所）裸奔
[stri:k] verb
MARK 痕迹
be streaked
■to have long thin noticeable lines of a different colour 带有条纹；带有条痕
• Doesn't Chris look good with her hair streaked? 克里斯的头发挑染后看起来不错吧？
• Her clothes were streaked with mud. 她的衣服上全是一条条泥痕。
• White marble is frequently streaked with grey, black or green. 白色大理石上经常有灰色、黑色或绿色的条纹。
[stri:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  streak ahead
■to be much more successful than your competitors 遥遥领先
• The study revealed that Asian youngsters are streaking ahead in the race to get into university. 研究显示，亚洲年轻人在争取就读大学的竞争中遥遥领先。
n. 条纹，线条；倾向
 - tendency, liability, trend, preference, disposition
vi. 飞跑，疾驶；加上条纹
 - drive
vt. 飞跑，疾驰；加条纹于
 - tear away

Word: beneficial
Front: beneficial
[ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl] (高研四托雅 4991/4578 -2)
Vocabulary: beneficial
(once / 781 pages)
adj
If it's beneficial, then it's good for you — or for something. Studying is beneficial to your grades. Exercise is beneficial to your health.
Spend any time with Italians and you will hear the word bene over and over. It comes straight from Latin, and Italians use it as often as we use "good;" it can mean "fine," "okay," "yummy," or "kind and well behaved." Bene gives us beneficial, but also benefit, beneficent, benevolent and more well-meaning words.
WORD FAMILY
beneficial: beneficially+/ beneficence: beneficences/ beneficent: beneficence, beneficently/ benefit: beneficent, beneficial, benefited, benefiting, benefits, benefitted, benefitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
As he cleared trail, he said people understand that recreational use of forests is financially beneficial for communities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some report that sunlight and saltwater are beneficial.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有利的，有益的; [法]可享受利益的
分布：有益的(80%)，有利的(20%)
→词根bene, 好。fic, 做，同fact.
有好处的(bene好+fic做+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.(to)有利的,有益的The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
【反】invidious（adj 招人嫉妒的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■helpful, useful or good 有益的，有用的，有利的
• The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect /influence on the company as a whole. 销售额的上升使整间公司受益。
• A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health. 在乡下生活一段时间，对他的健康有利。
profitable, beneficial, advantageous
这组词都有“有益的，有利的”的意思，其区别是：
profitable: 多用于指能获得实用的或可获利的事。
beneficial: 侧重对健康、身心或事业有益。
advantageous: 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。
adj. 有益的，有利的；可享利益的
 - helpful, useful, favorable, advantageous, conducive

Word: clamp
Front: clamp
[klæmp] (六托雅宝 8228/8614 -2)
Vocabulary: clamp
(once / 1943 pages)
1nv 2v
A clamp is a tool that's used to secure two things tightly together. When you repair a chair, it's best to use a clamp to hold the glued pieces together firmly.
Carpenters, woodworkers, and plumbers all use clamps when they want to hold things together while they wait for glue to dry or need their hands free. When you use this kind of device, you can also say you clamp something: "Clamp that board down for me before I turn the saw on." Clamp most likely shares a Germanic root with the word clam — *klam-, "to press together."
WORD FAMILY
clamp: clamped, clamping, clamps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throughout the mini-farm, PVC pipes and wires run here and there, connecting to clamps and switches.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But the Raiders clamped down on defense and allowed two baskets over the ensuing five minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Did Dallas clamp down on Young, or did the Lakers get away from the game plan?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 夹紧，夹住; 锁住; 把（砖等）堆高，堆存; 脚步很重地走
n. 钳，夹子; 压板，压铁; 车轮锁; （砖等的）堆
vt. 紧紧抓住; 紧夹住; 被抓住; 被夹紧
时态：clamped, clamping, clamps
分布：夹子(49%)，夹住(25%)，压制(10%)，螺丝钳(10%)，强加(6%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,glue.词义外延至夹子，夹具等，比较clam,clasp,clip.
【记】clam（n 蛤蛎）作为词根：夹紧－钳子
noun countable
■a device, made of wood or metal, which is used to hold two things together tightly 夹具；夹钳；夹子
• Carefully tighten the clamp until it firmly supports the pipette in a vertical position. 小心翼翼地把夹子夹紧，直到能把移液管牢牢地垂直固定好为止。
[klæmp] verb
FASTEN 夹紧
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten two things together, using a clamp （用夹具）夹紧，夹住
• Clamp the two pieces of wood (together) for 15 minutes. 把两块木片夹紧，夹15分钟。
transitive mainly UK
■If the police or another person in authority clamps a vehicle, they fix a metal device to one of its wheels, usually because it is parked illegally. The device is usually only removed when the owner pays an amount of money 用夹锁锁住（违例停泊车辆的车轮）
• When I finally got back, I found my car had been clamped. 等我终于赶回来时，发现我的车已被车轮夹锁给锁住了。
⇒ See also wheel clamp
[klæmp] verb
HOLD TIGHTLY 紧紧抓住
transitive + adverb or preposition
■If you clamp something in a particular place, you hold it there tightly 紧紧抓住；牢牢固定住
• He clamped his hand over her mouth. 他用手死死地捂住她的嘴巴。
• A heavy iron chain was clamped around his wrists. 沉重的铁铐紧紧地锁住了他的手腕。
[klæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clamp down on sth
■to take strong action to stop or limit a harmful or unwanted activity 取缔；严禁；强行限制；压制
• The government is clamping down on teenage drinking. 政府严禁青少年喝酒。
vt. [机] 夹紧，固定住
 - keep in place, grip

Word: disability
Front: disability
[ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti] (高 2558/3323 -2)
Vocabulary: disability
(once / 1522 pages)
n
A disability is a physical or mental condition that makes you unable to function in some way. Deafness is a disability.
Break down this word and you get dis and ability — literally, "the opposite of ability." So having a disability means you're unable to do something, incapacitated or at some kind of disadvantage. Being blind (unable to see) is a physical disability. A lack of kitchen experience could be considered a disability in a cooking contest. A common word for a person with physical disabilities used to be handicapped, but that's a little old-fashioned now.
WORD FAMILY
disability: disabilities+/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling / inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten of them are adopted children with significant disabilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The disability charity Scope said it was a "staggering" number.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Rogers works alongside those without disabilities as part of Linen Works’ inclusionary model.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 无力，无能; 残疾; [法]无能力，无资格
分布：残疾(87%)，无能(7%)，无力(5%)，不利条件(1%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do 残疾，缺陷，残障
• a physical/learning disability 身体残疾／学习障碍
• She is deaf, but refuses to let her disability prevent her from doing what she wants to do. 虽然她的耳朵听不见声音，但她却并没有让这一残疾妨碍她去做自己想做的事情。
• Trying to change attitudes to disability is an uphill struggle. 改变对待残疾的态度是一项艰苦的工作。
Compare inability
n. 残疾；无能；无资格；不利条件
 - physical disabilities, drawback

Word: distributor
Front: distributor
[dɪˈstrɪbjətə(r)] (7443/5851 -2)
Vocabulary: distributor
(once / 2668 pages)
n
It's great that you've got something amazing to sell, but without a distributor you're not going to be able to get it to the people who want to buy it. To distribute it, you need a distributor.
A dealer at a card table is as much a distributor as is the Coca-Cola Bottling Company. Both of them share the job of getting their product into the hands of the folks who want it. Whether you're handing out a dozen flyers on the street or shipping a million books to shoppers nationwide, you're a distributor. In the world of electrical engineering, a distributor is a device that sends an electrical current from one contact to another. It distributes the electricity, just like that dealer dealing cards.
WORD FAMILY
distributor: distributors+/distributary: distributaries/ distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute / distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distribution: distributional, distributions/ distributive: distributively/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution / redistribution: redistributions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Distributors do not want to risk alienating more customers by continuously raising their rates.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I was told that the problem with the book was not so much the sensitivities, but the difficulty in finding a distributor.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
In Amran, the cement factory’s closure affected hundreds of truck drivers, and distributors as well.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 批发公司，批发商; 分发者，分配者; [电]配电盘
分布：经销商(98%)，配电器(2%)
US [-jə.tˌɚ] noun countable
GOODS 物品
■a person or organization that supplies goods to shops and companies 发行人；分销商；经销商
• a film distributor 电影发行公司
UK [dɪ'strɪb.jʊ.tər] US [-jə.tˌɚ] noun countable
ENGINE 引擎
■a device in a petrol engine which sends electricity to each of the spark plugs (= devices which cause the engine to start) in the necessary order 配电盘
n. 经销商； [纺] [电] 分配器；分配者；散布者；配电盘
 - dealer, franchiser

Word: deride
Front: deride
[dɪˈraɪd] (研托宝 14315/18730 -1)
Vocabulary: deride
(once / 650 pages)
v
The verb deride means to show a low opinion of someone or something. The jerk would deride the other kids on the bus by calling them names or pulling their hair until the driver decided to de-ride him by kicking him off the bus.
To "ride" people is to get on their case or give them a hard time, and to deride is to do the same with insulting language or poor treatment. Deride comes from the Latin root dērīdēre, meaning "to ridicule, to scorn," and it's often used to express dislike or even hatred. Criticizing something with words is a common way to deride, and politicians often deride each other in their speeches during election campaigns.
WORD FAMILY
deride: derided, derides, deriding, derision, derisive, derisory+/ derision: derisions/ derisive: derisively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yaro, the government auditor, said corrupt, rich civil servants often derided him as a loser.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Friday afternoon, I was texting with a friend from California who derided the “arrogance” Sherman showed in his most recent postgame interview.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
If there was one group Trump repeatedly derided on the campaign trail, it was the establishment.
Seattle Times(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: vt. 嘲笑，愚弄; 嘲弄
时态：derided, deriding, derides
分布：嘲笑(80%)，愚弄(20%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-rid, 嘲笑，词源同ridiculous, risible.
嘲笑(de向下+ride→贬低的笑→嘲笑)[Rid,ris=laugh,表示"笑"]
【记】de坏，ride笑－嘲笑de下，ride骑：骑在马上向下看人－嘲弄，愚弄
【参】ridiculous（adj 可笑的）；risible（adj 可笑的；爱笑的）
【反】show respect for（表示尊敬）；praise（v 赞扬）
[dɪ'raɪd] formal
verb transitive
■to laugh at someone or something in a way which shows you think they are stupid or of no value 嘲笑，讥笑
• He derided my singing as pathetic. 他嘲笑说我的歌声不堪入耳。
• This building, once derided by critics, is now a major tourist attraction. 这座曾被评论家嘲笑的建筑如今已成为一个主要的旅游景点。
vt. 嘲笑；嘲弄
 - guy, jeer at

Word: lever
Front: lever
[ˈli:və(r)] (研四六雅宝 7487/6923 -1)
Vocabulary: lever
(once / 561 pages)
nv
A lever is a handle, sticking out at an angle, that allows you to operate a machine or close a door . When you pull the lever of a voting booth, you both cast your ballot and open the curtain.
All kinds of things — particularly machines — have levers. The word is also used to describe anything that you are able to use to move or influence someone else: think leverage. A headline in the New York Times said the government would use its contracts with private companies as a "wage lever," meaning the government would try to improve wages by giving work and money to companies that paid well and provided generous benefits. Levers get things done.
WORD FAMILY
lever: leverage, levered, levering, levers+/ leverage: leveraged, leverages, leveraging
USAGE EXAMPLES
But even Fitzgerald would be flummoxed by Midwest voters pulling the lever for Obama twice and then Donald Trump last month.
MSNBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But while the hacking focused attention on one particularly stealthy, intrusive way of influencing other states, it is just one lever that the Kremlin pulls.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Replace doorknobs with lever handles that are easier to open.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 杠杆; 操作杆; 工具
vt. 用杠杆撬动
时态：levered, levering, levers
分布：杠杆(84%)，控制杆(8%)，手段(5%)，使用杠杆(2%)，撬开(1%)
→来自拉丁语levare,升起，举起，来自legwh,轻的，可举起的，词源同light,levitate.引申词义杠杆。
杠杆(lev+er→举起［重东西］的东西→杠杆)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
n.杆,杠杆,手段,途径,工具However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US ['lev.ɚ] noun countable
BAR/HANDLE 棍棒／手柄
■a bar or handle which moves around a fixed point, so that one end of it can be pushed or pulled in order to control the operation of a machine or move a heavy or stiff object 杠杆，操纵杆，控制手柄
UK ['li:.vər] US ['lev.ɚ] noun countable
ADVANTAGE 优势
■something you use, often unfairly, to try to persuade someone to do what you want （用以说服别人的）手段，把柄
n. [机] 杠杆；控制杆
 - Control arm, heaver

Word: excellence
Front: excellence
[ˈeksələns] (5804/6989 -2)
Vocabulary: excellence
(once / 429 pages)
n
Excellence means greatness — the very best. Achieving excellence is never easy to do.
Excellence is a quality that people really appreciate, because it's so hard to find. Excellence is the quality of excelling, of being truly the best at something. Getting an A+ shows excellence. Michael Jordan's basketball career was filled with excellence. We love Picasso and Shakespeare for their excellence. When you see excellence, you should appreciate the work that went into it. So much in the world falls short of excellence.
WORD FAMILY
excellence: excellences+/ excel: excelled, excellent, excelling, excels/excelled: unexcelled/excellency: excellencies/ excellent: excellence, excellency, excellenter, excellentest, excellently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tim and I enjoy our drinks and dessert of deep-fried Snickers, which is indulgence par excellence.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Competitive excellence, which sort of speaks for itself.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As the two-time president of the agency, his extraordinary talent and personal pragmatism burnished Magnum’s reputation as an agency of excellence.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 优秀，卓越; 优点; 美德
分布：卓越(59%)，优秀(34%)，优点(7%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the quality of being excellent 卓越；优秀；杰出
• The school is noted for its academic excellence. 这间学校因其学生成绩优异而闻名。
n. 优秀；美德；长处
 - virtue, strength, morality

Word: eminent
Front: eminent
[ˈemɪnənt] (研托雅宝 11109/8632 -1)
Vocabulary: eminent
(once / 177 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anyone highly regarded or prominent is eminent. Eminent people are very successful at their jobs. If you’ve heard of Neil deGrasse Tyson, it’s probably because he’s an eminent astrophysicist.
Every field has eminent — impressive, famous, or accomplished — people. Two of the most eminent coaches in the history of professional basketball are Red Auerbach and Phil Jackson because they've won the most championships. Beethoven was an eminent musician. Frank Lloyd Wright was an eminent architect. Eminent people loom over a field because they're influential and you can't avoid hearing about them. It's not easy to be eminent because you have to be extremely successful.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
eminent / imminent / immanent
No, it's not the name of the latest rapper from Detroit, but it could describe one — eminent describes anyone who's famous. Imminent refers to something about to happen. And anything immanent (with an "a" in there) is inherent, like that good attitude you were born with.
Someone who's eminent is totally rocking out. This eminent person is distinguished, grand, soaring high above the rest of us. In legalese, eminent domain is when the government takes over private property for public use. Here are examples of both:
"Johnson, Dr. Samuel: An eminent English essayist, poet, and lexicographer." (James Baldwin)
"Eminent domain laws generally allow for the confiscation of private property if taking it is judged to serve a larger public good." ( New York Times)
Imminent describes something that's about to happen, and it's not always good. It can be positive, like a talented musician's imminent rise to stardom, but it's often bad, like a sick person's imminent death, or a city's imminent bankruptcy:
"One official said that unless the city 'hit the jackpot,' bankruptcy was imminent." (New York Times)
"At one point, some 750,000 Somalis had faced imminent starvation." (Scientific American)
The less common word, immanent, often sneaks in where it doesn't belong. Immanent comes from the Latin immanens for "to remain in." It refers to a natural part of an organism or organization. When people talk about God as immanent, it means something closer to "omnipresent," as opposed to transcendent for "unknowable." It's a formal word, popular with philosophers and religious people:
"God is in all; He is over all; He is both immanent and transcendent. " (Kaufmann Kohler)
"But the naturalist sees the creative energy immanent in matter." (John Burroughs)
To keep them straight, remember that an eminent person is successful, like that rapper Eminem. Something imminent is going to happen in a minute. And immanent (with an "a") is all in your head.
WORD FAMILY
eminent: eminence, eminenter, eminentest, eminently, preeminent +/ eminence: eminences/eminently: pre-eminently/ preeminence: preeminences/ preeminent: preeminence, preeminently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ruth Gruber, an eminent photojournalist and writer, devoted her life to documenting the struggle of Jewish refugees.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
I lauded Mattis’s eminent qualifications and leadership skills while affirming that this central tenent of our democracy should matter more than any single individual.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
One of America’s most eminent scientists is Francis Collins, an evangelical Christian who is director of the National Institutes of Health.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. （指人）知名的，杰出的，卓越的; （指品质、特性）明显的，显着的，突出的; 显赫的; 闻达
分布：著名的(68%)，卓越的(32%)
杰出的,突出的(e出+min伸+ent)[min=project,表示"伸出,突出"]
a.显赫的;杰出的;有名的;优良的He is an eminent painter.他是一位著名的画家.
adjective
■famous, respected or important 显赫的；卓越的；著名的
• an eminent historian 声名显赫的历史学家
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
imminent, eminent
这是一组形近易混词。
imminent: a.即将发生的，迫在眉睫的，临近的。
 • The wedding date of CalmSky is imminent, so we must send invitations. CalmSky   婚礼迫近，所以我们必须发放请柬了。
eminent: a.著名的，卓越的，接触的。
 • Majia is eminent in the field of linguistics.   马甲在语言学领域很有名。
adj. 杰出的；有名的；明显的
 - outstanding, excellent, obvious, prominent, brilliant

Word: kiss
Front: kiss
[kɪs] (中高研四 2302/2408 -K3)
Vocabulary: kiss
(once / 67 pages)
1vn 2n
To kiss is to touch someone's face or lips with your own lips. Most people kiss each other as a way of saying "Hello!" or because they love each other.
You might kiss your grandma on the cheek, kiss your girlfriend on the mouth, or kiss your dog on his furry head. In each case, you're using an ancient human practice that anthropologists believe evolved either from a basic instinct, or perhaps from the habit of mothers feeding their babies pre-chewed food, mouth-to-mouth. Colloquially, you can "kiss something goodbye," or accept the fact that you'll lose it — and "the kiss of death" is something sure to bring failure.
WORD FAMILY
kiss: kissed, kisser, kisses, kissing+/kisser: kissers/kissing: kissings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bar, a candy named for his New York Yankees pal Reggie Jackson, and a wine called French Kiss.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A cute kiss on the cheek at the end of the night – but not before exchanging numbers.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A new single mother, she kissed her infant daughter goodbye that morning, promising to be home soon.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: vt. 接吻; 轻拂; 轻微碰撞
vi. 接吻; 轻触
n. 吻; 轻触; 小糖果; 蛋白甜饼，球形饼干
时态：kissed, kissing, kisses
分布：吻(97%)，轻触(3%)
→来自古英语cyssan,亲吻，来自Proto-Germanic*kuss,吻的声音。比较osculate.
n./v.吻,接吻The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to touch with your lips, especially as a greeting, or to press your mouth onto another person's mouth in a sexual way 吻；接吻
• There was a young couple on the sofa, kissing passionately. 沙发上一对年轻人正在热吻。
• She kissed him on the mouth. 她吻了一下他的嘴唇。
• [+ two objects] He kissed the children good night/goodbye (= kissed them as a part of saying good night/goodbye). 他吻了孩子们，道了晚安／他和孩子们亲吻道别。
transitive literary
■to gently touch something 轻拂；轻触
• The breeze/sun kissed her bare shoulders. 微风轻拂／阳光洒照她裸露的肩膀。
kiss sth better
■If you tell a child you will kiss a part of the body that hurts better, you mean you will make it feel better by kissing it 吻（孩子的伤痛处）以示安慰；以吻消除疼痛
• "Mummy, I hurt my knee." "Come here, darling, and let me kiss it better." “妈妈，我的膝盖受伤了。”“过来，宝贝，我亲一下就不痛了。”
[kɪs] verb
kiss sb's arse UK (US kiss sb's ass) offensive
■to be very nice to someone in order to get an advantage 拍（某人）的马屁，谄媚巴结（某人）
[kɪs] verb
kiss sth goodbye (also kiss goodbye to sth) informal
■to accept that you have lost something or that you will not be able to have something 放弃；丧失获得…的希望；承认对…无能为力
• If France lose this game, they can kiss their chances of winning the cup goodbye. 如果法国队输掉这场球赛，他们就休想捧杯了。
[kɪs] verb
kiss and tell
■to talk on television, in a newspaper, etc. about a sexual relationship you have had with a famous person, especially in order to get a lot of money （尤指为钱而在电视或报纸等上）泄露与名人的私情
⇒ See also kiss-and-tell
[kɪs] verb
kiss ass mainly US offensive
■to be very nice to someone in authority because you want them to help you 拍马屁；谄媚
[kɪs] verb
Kiss my arse! UK (US Kiss my ass!) offensive
■used to tell someone that you will not do what they want you to do 不要妄想了！（表示拒绝按别人的意志行事）
[kɪs] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an act of kissing someone 吻
• Give your granny a kiss. 吻一下你祖母。
• a kiss on the lips 在唇上吻一下
[kɪs] noun countable
kiss of death informal
■If you describe something as the kiss of death, you mean that it is certain to cause something else to fail 必然会导致其他事物失败的事物
• Rain is the kiss of death for a barbecue. 下雨就肯定不能烤肉了。
[kɪs] noun countable
the kiss of life mainly UK informal
■ artificial respiration
vi. 接吻；（风等）轻触
 - light touch
n. 吻；轻拂
 - proboscis

Word: storey
Front: storey
['stɔ:rɪ] (研四六雅 32282/7721 -1)
Back: n. <英>楼层; 叠架的一层; “story”的变体
分布：楼层(100%)
→来自 story 拼写变体。
n.(story)楼,层The story about the six-storeyed dormitory tells a glorious history.关于六层楼宿舍的故事讲述一段光荣历史.
US ['stɔ:r.i] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a level of a building 楼层，层
• a three-storey house 三层高的房子
• Their new house has four storeys including the attic. 他们的新房子有四层楼，包括阁楼。
floor, storey
这组词都有“楼层”的意思，其区别是：
floor: 指某一座高层建筑物的某一层。
storey: 通常仅用以表示某一建筑的高度。
n. [建] 楼层；叠架的一层
 - floor

Word: tentative
Front: tentative
[ˈtentətɪv] (高研六托雅宝 7722/7552 -2)
Vocabulary: tentative
(once / 1267 pages)
adj
Choose the adjective tentative to describe something you are unsure or hesitant about. On Monday, you can make tentative plans for the weekend, but it's too early to commit to one party or another.
Tentative, from the Latin tentātīvus "testing, trying," always describes something that is uncertain. If you make a tentative appointment, write it down in pencil, not pen, because it might have to be changed. Here the opposite of tentative is definite or set. If someone gives you a tentative smile or nod, the person feels hesitant or unsure about something. In this case, its opposite is confident.
WORD FAMILY
tentative: tentatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
For there is nothing tentative about “La La Land,” especially concerning its exuberant dance numbers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Though intriguing, the small number of artists involved in the study means the findings are highly tentative.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
She is free yet guarded, proud yet insecure, forceful yet tentative, cynical yet naive.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 试探性的; 试验的; 尝试性的; 不确定的
n. 假设; 实验; 尝试
分布：暂时的(51%)，不确定的(22%)，犹豫不决的(15%)，试验性质的(12%)
→tent-,接触，触摸，-ative,形容词后缀。即接触性的，引申词义暂定的，不确定的。
a.试探性的,暂时的;犹豫不决的I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents.我热衷于潜在专利权的暂时保留.
【记】tent（n 帐篷），ative－住帐篷是因为房子还末完全完工的－测试性的
US [-ə.ɪv] adjective
■(of a plan or idea) not certain or agreed, or (of a suggestion or action) said or done in a careful but uncertain way because you do not know if you are right （计划、想法、建议、行动等）试验（性）的，试探（性）的，暂时的
• I have made tentative plans to take a trip to Seattle in July. 我暂定七月去西雅图旅行。
adj. [试验] 试验性的，暂定的；踌躇的
 - experimental, cut-and-try
n. 假设，试验
 - hypothesis, proof, experiment, try

Word: pulse
Front: pulse
[pʌls] (高研四六托宝 4331/4379 -2)
Vocabulary: pulse
(once / 366 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The word pulse has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve something characterized by short, rhythmic bursts. If you’re angry, the muscles in your jaw might pulse — meaning they contract quickly in short bursts.
Pulse can be a noun that describes the rhythmic pumping of blood through your veins and arteries. You’ve probably had a nurse take your pulse as a way to measure your heart rate. Pulse can refer to other things that have a rhythmic beat, like the pulse of dance music or a pulse of flashing light. The verb describes something that throbs, literally or figuratively. Your blood will pulse through your veins, or a busy city may pulse with life.
WORD FAMILY
pulse: pulsate, pulsed, pulseless, pulses, pulsing+/ pulsate: pulsated, pulsates, pulsating, pulsation/pulsation: pulsations/pulsing: pulsings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was originally published by Pulse — Voices From the Heart of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Thomas and the bride formally met one day earlier, when he suggested she grip his wrist, where his pulse is strongest.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Back: n. 脉搏; [无线电]（电磁波等）脉动; 活力; 有节奏的跳动（或拍打）
vi. （心脏）跳动; 脉动; 搏动; 震动
vt. 使跳动; 有节奏地驱动（机器等）; [电子学]施以脉冲; [无线电]脉冲地调节（电磁波）
时态：pulsed, pulsing, pulses
分布：脉冲(62%)，脉搏(29%)，跳动(7%)，搏动(2%)
→来自拉丁语pulsus,击，撞，脉搏，来自pellere的过去分词形式，来自pellere,击，打，冲击，来自pel,击，打，冲击，词源同impel,compel,propel.pulse 豆子，荚果
脉搏[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
n.脉搏,脉冲I also heard of the false pulses elsewhere.我在别处也听说过这些虚假脉冲.
noun
REGULAR BEAT 规律跳动
countable
■the regular beating of the heart, especially when it is felt at the wrist or side of the neck 脉搏
• The child's pulse was strong/weak. 那个孩子的脉搏很有力／虚弱。
• Exercise increases your pulse rate. 运动能加快你的脉搏。
take sb's pulse
■to hold someone's wrist and count how many times their heart beats in one minute 测（某人的）脉搏
countable
■a short period of energy which is repeated regularly, such as a short loud sound or a short flash of light （声波或光波的）脉冲
• The data, normally transmitted electronically, can be changed into pulses of light. 这一资料通常是电子传送的，现在可被改为光波脉冲。
[pʌls] noun
FOOD 食物
pulses
[plural] specialized
■seeds such as beans or peas which are cooked and eaten 豆类植物的种子；荚果；豆子
• Pulses include peas, lentils and chickpeas. 豆类包括豌豆、小扁豆和鹰嘴豆。
[pʌls] noun
have / keep your finger on the pulse
■to be/stay familiar with the most recent changes or improvements 了解最新变化（进展）
• The situation changes daily, so you've got to keep your finger on the pulse. 情况每天都在变，所以你得保持消息灵通。
[pʌls] noun
set your pulse racing (also quicken your pulse)
■to make you excited 使激动
• This is a movie that will set your pulse racing. 这是一部激动人心的电影。
[pʌls] verb intransitive
■to move or beat with a strong, regular rhythm （以规律且强有力的节拍）跳动，搏动，振动
• I could feel the blood pulsing through my veins. 我能感觉到血液在我的血管里翻腾。
n. [电子] 脉冲； [生理] 脉搏
 - impulse, pluse
vi. 跳动，脉跳
 - jitter

Word: upstart
Front: upstart
[ˈʌpstɑ:t] (宝 15398/20694 -1)
Vocabulary: upstart
(once / 2880 pages)
1nadj 2n
An upstart is someone who's cocky and arrogant, and who doesn't show much respect for other people.
There are many ways of starting up trouble — one is by being an upstart. Upstarts are people who are full of themselves and dismissive of others. Often, an upstart is a young person or newcomer. A new employee who acts like he knows more than everyone else is an upstart. An arrogant rookie on a sports team is an upstart. In the 1500s, upstart and start-up were both used to mean the same thing, "one newly risen in importance."
WORD FAMILY
upstart: upstarts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His most highly rated restaurants are a mix of reliable standbys and relatively young upstarts.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
But a group of upstart long-haul budget carriers are doing away with that tradition to lower their fares and attract budget travelers.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
The stop in Orlando was meant to salute Trump’s Election Day victory in a must-win state for his upstart presidential bid.
Seattle Times(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 暴发户，新贵; 傲慢自负的人
adj. 暴富的; 自命不凡的，傲慢无礼的
vi. 突然跳起，突然发起
分布：暴发户(66%)，暴富的(12%)，突然跳起(10%)，傲慢的(7%)，傲慢自负之人(5%)
→比喻用法。
【记】up上，start开始－开始向上－暴发户－自命不凡的
US [-stɑ:rt] disapproving
noun countable
■a person, especially a young one, who has suddenly got power or an important position and takes advantage of this in an unpleasant way （尤指年轻的）突然发迹的人，暴发户；新贵
n. [经] 暴发户；自命不凡的人；傲慢自负的人
 - nouveau riche, bounder
adj. 暴富的；自命不凡的
 - self-glorifying, pretentious

Word: mentor
Front: mentor
[ˈmentɔ:(r)] (托宝 4561/11506 -1)
Vocabulary: mentor
(once / 1796 pages)
nv
A mentor is a person who trains and guides someone, like the second-grade English teacher who saw the spark of creativity in your writing and encouraged you to become a professional author.
The original Mentor was a character in Homer's long poem Odyssey who looked after Odysseus's family, particularly his son Telemachus, while Odysseus was off fighting in the Trojan War. Today the word is used to describe any person who acts as an advisor or teacher. As a noun, mentor describes the coach who taught you to play baseball. As a verb, mentor is what the coach does to help you improve your swing.
WORD FAMILY
mentor: mentored, mentoring, mentors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mixed-age classrooms allow students at higher levels and ages to mentor younger students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also provides anti-poverty, summer youth mentoring and work experience programs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Early in Fernyhough’s career, his mentors told him that studying inner speech would be fruitless.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （无经验之人的）有经验可信赖的顾问
vt. 做…的良师；指导
时态：mentored, mentoring, mentors
分布：指导(69%)，指导者(31%)
→来自希腊语Mentor,导师，指导者，来自men,思考，思想，词源同mind,mania.来自荷马史诗《奥德赛》，雅典娜化身Mentor指导奥德赛儿子学习和思考，后词义通用化。
导师(ment精神)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】ment精神，or－在精神上指导的人－导师
【源】孟托mentor奥德赛的忠实顾问，雅典娜通过装扮成他而成为忒勒马科斯的保护人及老师
【参】mental（adj 精神的）
US [-tɔ:r] noun countable
■a person who gives another person help and advice over a period of time and often also teaches them how to do their job 导师，指导者，顾问 Compare protégé
UK ['men.tɔ:r] US [-tɔ:r] verb transitive
■to help and give advice to someone who has less experience that you, especially in your job 以导师身分协助指导（尤指在工作中为经验较浅者提供帮助和建议）
n. 指导者，良师益友
 - guider, instructor

Word: grateful
Front: grateful
[ˈgreɪtfl] (高研四六托宝 3672/2887 -K2)
Vocabulary: grateful
(once / 148 pages)
adj
A person who is grateful feels or shows gratitude. If your neighbor brings you soup when you're sick, you'll be very grateful (unless you hate soup).
Grateful comes from gratus, Latin for pleasing. Originally it meant pleasing, or agreeable (Walter Scott wrote of "the grateful and cooling shade"), but now means thankful. Usually you are grateful to someone for a particular thing she's done. If you're complaining about all your problems, someone might remind you of what you have to be grateful for.
WORD FAMILY
grateful: gratefuler, gratefulest, gratefully, gratefulness, ungrateful +/ grate: grated, grateful, grater, grates, grating/grater: graters/grating: gratingly, gratings/ ungrateful: ungratefulest, ungratefully, ungratefulness/ungratefulness: ungratefulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernandez says the wallet contains only the old permit and seven dollars, but he’s grateful.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But mostly she’s just grateful she survived the rollover.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s so grateful for the help. It’s amazing. It truly is.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 感激的，感谢的; 令人愉快的; 宜人的; 荷
分布：感激的(71%)，令人愉快的(29%)
→来自词根grat, 感谢，词源同grace, gratitude.
感谢的;愉快的(grate+ful多...的)[grat,gree=pleasing,表示"感激,高兴"]
感激的(grate感激)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
a.(to,for)感激的;感谢的I am grateful to you for your help!非常感谢你的帮助!
【记】不要和上面的grate（磨碎）相混；ingrate（n 忘恩负义者）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person （尤指对其他人）感激的，表示感谢的
• I'm so grateful (to you) for all that you've done. 你为我做了这一切，我（对你）真是感激不尽。
• If you could get that report finished by Thursday I'd be very grateful. 如果你能在星期四之前完成那份报告，我将感激不尽。
• After the earthquake we felt grateful to be alive. 地震后，我们大难不死，真是应该感谢上苍。
• I'm just grateful that I'm not still working for him. 真是谢天谢地，我现在不用再为他工作了。
• formal I would be most grateful if you would send me the book immediately. 如果你能马上把书寄给我，我将感激不尽。
Opposite ungrateful
['greɪt.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  grateful Warning: Check your spelling! Grateful is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.Remember : the correct spelling has 'ate', and not 'eat'.
['greɪt.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  gratefulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'gratefull', write grateful.
appreciative, grateful
这组词都有“感谢的、感激的”的意思，其区别是：
appreciative: 与greatful基本同义，但语气较强，侧重以行动或言语来感谢。
grateful: 普通用词，侧重因对方的恩惠、好意或帮助，从内心产生的感激之情。
adj. 感谢的；令人愉快的，宜人的
 - pleasant, lovely, thankful

Word: antibiotic
Front: antibiotic
[ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk] (托雅宝 5080/7295 -2)
Vocabulary: antibiotic
(once / 4641 pages)
nadj
An antibiotic is a substance used to kill bacteria. If you're coughing up green stuff, the doctor might give you an antibiotic to fight the infection.
Since the prefix anti- means fighting, opposing, or killing, and bios is the Greek word for "life," antibiotic literally means life-killing. But doctors prescribes them primarily to kill the bacteria responsible for infections in the body. (A virus, on the other hand, cannot be treated with an antibiotic, so doctors are always making a distinction between a virus and a bacterial infection.) You can also use antibiotic as an adjective. Some plants have natural antibiotic effects when eaten.
WORD FAMILY
antibiotic: antibiotics+/ biotic: antibiotic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everything is natural, and they don’t use antibiotics to treat their animals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The price of Mutual’s generic antibiotic doxycycline soared more than 4,700% in the past five years, the report said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Is Burger King's antibiotic policy less than meets the eye?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 抗生素; 抗菌素
adj. 抗生的; 抗菌的; 抗菌作用的; 抗生素的
分布：抗生素(99%)，抗菌的(1%)
→前缀anti-, 相对。词根bio, 生命。
抗生素的(anti抗+bio生命+t+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
抗生素(anti反+bio+生命+tic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
【记】anti反，bio生命－反生命－抗生素
US [-tˌi.baɪ'ɑ:.tˌɪk] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth 抗生素，抗菌素
• I'm taking antibiotics for a throat infection. 因为喉咙发炎我正服用抗生素。
• a one-month course of antibiotics 一个月疗程的抗生素
• Some types of antibiotic are used to promote growth in farm animals. 某些种类的抗生素用于促进牲畜的生长。
• He's on antibiotics for an ear infection. 他耳朵发炎，正服用抗生素。
adj. [药] [微] 抗生的；抗菌的
 - germproof
n. [药] 抗生素， [微] 抗菌素
 - microbiotic, bacteriophage

Word: stalemate
Front: stalemate
[ˈsteɪlmeɪt] (宝 13412/14312 -1)
Vocabulary: stalemate
(once / 5460 pages)
nv
A stalemate is an impasse in a contest, a point where neither player — usually in chess — can win or lose.
Stalemate is from an Old French word, estal, which means “place,” “position,” or “stand.” To be in a stalemate with an opponent is to be in a locked position, or a stalled place, where neither player can make a profitable move. Chess is the most common context for a stalemate, but any contest or negotiation can result in a stalemate: "The discussions about buying their competitor’s waffle house reached a stalemate and the deal died."
WORD FAMILY
stalemate: stalemated, stalemates, stalemating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overall, experts stressed the need for transparency and communication on a range of issues that are now at a stalemate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Ambrose accuses President Obama of breaking “records in polarizing the country” by stirring up class antagonisms, heightening racial tensions and helping instigate political stalemate.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The reasons people leave are no secret to Illinoisans: high taxes, the state budget stalemate, crime, the unemployment rate and the weather.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 僵局; [游戏]王棋受困
vt. 使陷入僵局
时态：stalemated, stalemating, stalemates
分布：僵局(86%)，和棋(4%)，使陷入僵局(3%)，陷于困境(3%)，使陷入困境(2%)，僵持状态(2%)
→来自古义 stale,固定的，僵持的，mate,杀，将军，词源同 checkmate.引申比喻义僵局。
【记】stale（adj 陈腐的；陈旧的），mate（n 配偶；对手）：原指在下国际象棋中使对手陈腐，也就是其它棋子不能移动而只有把王移到被将军位置的局面－僵局
noun countable or uncountable
■a situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken （争论的）僵局，僵持局面
• Tomorrow's meeting between the two leaders is expected to break a diplomatic stalemate that has lasted for ten years. 明天两位领袖之间的会面有望打破长达十年的外交僵局。
• Despite long discussions, the workers and the management remain locked in stalemate. 尽管进行了长时间的磋商，工人和资方仍僵持不下。
■in chess , a position in which one player is unable to move, but their king is not being attacked, which means that neither of the two players wins （国际象棋中的）逼和（指一方在王棋未被将军的情况下无子可动） Compare checkmate
n. 僵局；陷于困境
 - impasse, logjam
vt. 使僵持；使陷入困境
 - embog

Word: tragic
Front: tragic
[ˈtrædʒɪk] (研六 4259/4967 -2)
Vocabulary: tragic
(once / 127 pages)
adj
Tragic means sad on a grand scale. Rain on your parade? Sad. Weeks of rain leading to the destruction of a small town and the lives of those in it? Tragic.
Though the word tragic has come to be used for common sorrows, it's best reserved for the kind of sad, unavoidable situations that Shakespeare would have written about. In a staged tragedy, the main character comes to a sad end due to his or her one tragic flaw –– this lead is called a tragic hero.
WORD FAMILY
tragic: tragedy, tragically, tragicly+/ tragedy: tragedies, tragical/tragical: tragicalest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mark Caldwell, one of the hotel’s managers, read a prepared statement calling the incident “a tragic accident.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A manager at the Dupont Circle Hotel called the incident “a tragic accident” in a prepared statement.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The tragic lesson of Syria is that when the eagle flies away, the vultures move in.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 悲剧的; 悲惨的
分布：悲惨的(69%)，悲剧的(31%)
→来自 tragedy,悲剧（戏剧），-ic,形容词后缀。词义由戏剧的悲剧通俗化。
a.悲剧的,悲惨的His brother died in a tragic accident.他的兄弟死于不幸的事故.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■very sad, often involving death and suffering 哀痛的；悲惨的
• His friends were deeply shocked and saddened by the tragic news of his death. 朋友得知他不幸去世的消息都深感震惊和哀痛。
• The bomb explosion resulted in a tragic loss of life. 炸弹爆炸造成人员丧生的惨剧。
• Hospital authorities admitted that a tragic mistake/error had taken place. 医院管理方承认出现了造成悲惨后果的错误／失误。
• It is tragic that the theatre has had to close. 不幸的是，这家剧院不得不关闭。
■belonging or relating to literature about death or suffering 悲剧的
• During his acting career, he has played all Shakespeare's great tragic heroes. 在他的演员生涯中，他扮演过莎士比亚戏剧中所有著名的悲剧主人翁。
adj. 悲剧的；悲痛的，不幸的
 - evil, unfortunate

Word: trivial
Front: trivial
[ˈtrɪviəl] (研六托雅宝 8180/5940 -1)
Vocabulary: trivial
(once / 613 pages)
adj
Something that is trivial is not important or significant, such as the trivial details you shared with me about your trip to the post office this morning.
Trivial can also describe something that isn't deep or meaningful, like a trivial movie that you'll forget about after the credits roll. It comes from the Latin word trivium: tri means "three" and via is "road." So a trivium is a "place where three roads meet," meaning a crossroads — just something ordinary. So something that is trivial is not worth remembering; it just isn't important.
WORD FAMILY
trivial: trivialest, trivialise, triviality, trivialize, trivially+/ trivia: trivial /trivialise: trivialised/triviality: trivialities/ trivialize: trivialized, trivializes, trivializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trivial pursuits don’t follow serious endeavors, they precede them and, crucially, inspire them, even if unintentionally.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Chatter about Israeli-Palestinian negotiations is nothing but a truism, equally applicable to the U.S. and Canada, or to any nations resolving trivial border disputes.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Mr. Chait informed his followers on Twitter that, “The distinction between a president and a king is not trivial,” while Mr. Drezner said, “OMFG.”
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 琐碎的，无价值的; 平常的，平凡的; 不重要的; [生]种的
分布：琐碎的(74%)，不重要的(26%)
→trivia,琐事，小事，-al,形容词后缀。
琐碎的(tri三+vi+al→三条路→没有一个目标→琐碎的)[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
a.琐碎的;无足轻重的Don't waste your time on trivial things.不要把你的时间浪费在琐事上.
【记】tri三，vial：三流的－琐碎的
【反】gist（n 要点）－trivial point（不重要的点）substantive（adj 实质的）；massive（adj 厚重结实的）；grandiose（adj 宏伟的）；indispensable（adj 不可缺少的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having little value or importance 微不足道的，琐碎的；没有价值的
• I don't know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial. 我不明白他因何为芝麻大的事也如此烦恼。
• Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter. 工作场所的性骚扰可不是件小事。
 ADVANCED
■describes a problem that is easy to solve 容易解决的，不费吹灰之力的
• Getting computers to understand human language is not a trivial problem. 令电脑懂得人类语言可不是一个容易解决的问题。
petty, trivial
这组词都有“琐细的，不重要的”的意思，其区别是：
petty: 指在同类中是最小最微不足道的人或事物。
trivial: 指无特别价值或重要意义的普通小事。
adj. 不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的
 - small, unimportant

Word: chew
Front: chew
[tʃu:] (高研四六雅 4631/5661 -K2)
Vocabulary: chew
(once / 657 pages)
vn
When you chew, you use your teeth to grind up food before you swallow it. It can be pretty unpleasant to watch your brother chew his pizza with his mouth open.
Usually when people chew, they chew up a bite of food or chew on a candy bar. You can also chew your nails or chew your lower lip — you're not actually eating something, but just using your teeth to gnaw or bite. You can also use the word chew figuratively, to mean "think or mull over." It comes from an Old English root, ceowan, "to gnaw or chew."
WORD FAMILY
chew: chewable, chewed, chewer, chewing, chews, chewy+/chewable: unchewable/chewer: chewers/chewing: chewings/chewy: chewier, chewiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The thick slices of overnight-smoked brisket in the Stacked sandwich are tender enough to chew through without dragging the whole pile off the bun.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Instead, it’s both virtuosic and ambiguous, yielding more to chew on than most videos of its era or ours.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
A red squirrel sat in the feeder, chewing with gusto.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 咀嚼，咬; 深思，考虑
n. 咀嚼; 咀嚼物
时态：chewed, chewing, chews
分布：咀嚼(76%)，深思(10%)，嚼碎(9%)，咀嚼物(5%)
→来自gyeu, 咀嚼，词源同cheek.
v.咀嚼;思量The crew unscrewed the screws from the sewing-machine and chewed them.船员们从缝纫机上旋下螺钉并咀嚼它们.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so that it can be swallowed 咀嚼；嚼碎
• This meat is difficult to chew. 这肉很难嚼。
• You don't chew your food enough - that's why you get indigestion. 你没把食物嚼碎——这就是你患上消化不良的原因。
 ADVANCED
■to bite something with your teeth, usually in order to taste its flavour （为品尝味道而）嚼，咬
• Would you like some gum to chew? 你想吃口香糖吗？
• She gave the children some sweets to chew (on) during the long car journey. 在漫长的汽车旅程途中，她给了孩子糖果嚼着吃。
• She sat in the dentist's waiting room, nervously chewing (at) (= biting) her nails. 她坐在牙医的候诊室里，紧张地咬着指甲。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
chew the fat informal
■to talk with someone in an informal and friendly way 闲聊，闲谈
• We sat in a bar most of the evening just chewing the fat. 那天晚上大部分时间我们坐在酒吧里聊天。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sb out US informal
■to tell someone angrily that they have done something wrong 怒斥，严厉责备（某人）
• The coach chewed his team out for playing so badly. 教练责备球队表现太差。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sth over informal
■to think about or discuss something carefully for a long time 深思，细想；仔细讨论
• I've been chewing the problem over since last week. 从上个星期我就一直在仔细考虑这个问题。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sth up
■If a machine chews up something that you have put inside it, it damages or destroys it （机器）绞坏，咬坏，损坏
• Your tape deck has chewed up my cassette! 你的录音机把我的磁带绞坏了！
[tʃu:] noun countable
■an act of chewing something 嚼，咀嚼
■a hard sweet that gets softer the more you chew it （越嚼越软的）硬糖；口香糖
bite, snap, gnaw, chew
这组词都有“咬、啃”的意思，其区别是：
bite: 指用牙齿钳住或切断，或咬一口。
snap: 指突然猛咬。
gnaw: 指连续不断用齿咬。
chew: 指用牙磨碎。
n. 咀嚼；咀嚼物
 - mastication, quid
vt. 嚼碎，咀嚼
 - masticate
vi. 细想，深思
 - consider, pore, reflect

Word: electrode
Front: electrode
[ɪˈlektrəʊd] (六 10607/12910 -1)
Back: n. 电极; 电焊条
分布：电极(98%)，电焊条(2%)
→electro, 电。-od, 路，见method, anode.
US [-troʊd] noun countable
■the point at which an electric current enters or leaves something, for example, a battery 电极
n. [电] 电极；电焊条
 - electric pole, terminal post

Word: claw
Front: claw
[klɔ:] (高研四六托 6934/8058 -1)
Vocabulary: claw
(once / 523 pages)
nv
The word claw is all about grabbing. It could be a lobster claw or even an ambitious worker clawing his way up the corporate ladder.
As a noun, a claw is the pointy finger-like grabbers that birds, insects, and some lizards and mammals have. Machines can have claws too, and maybe you’ve seen the game at an arcade where you make a metal claw pick up a toy. Claw can be a verb as well, meaning to grab, scratch, or pull in a painful and jolting way. Should someone bury you up to your neck in a hole, you’ll have to claw your way out. And you can accidentally claw your date if you grab her arm during a scary movie.
WORD FAMILY
claw: clawed, clawing, clawlike, claws, declaw+/declaw: declawed, declawing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stocks are opening slightly higher on Wall Street as the market claws back some of the ground it lost a day earlier.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Natural selection is heinously immoral,” he said, invoking Tennyson’s view that nature is “red in tooth and claw.”
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
The new year will yield more such clawing.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. （动物的）爪; （蟹等的）钳; 爪形器具
vt. & vi. 用爪抓（或挖）
时态：clawed, clawing, claws
分布：爪(64%)，抓(17%)，钳(6%)，撕(6%)，螯(4%)，爪状物(3%)
→来自skel,弯，钩，词源同close,scoliosis（脊柱侧弯）。
n.爪,脚爪The lawyer's son-in-law likes hawk's claws and jaws.律师的女婿喜欢鹰爪和下颌.
US [klɑ:] noun countable
■one of the sharp curved nails at the end of each of the toes of some animals and birds （某些兽类或鸟类的）爪，脚爪
• Our cat likes to sharpen her claws on the legs of the dining table. 我们的猫喜欢在餐桌腿上磨爪子。
■one of the two pointed parts, used for holding things, at the end of the legs of some insects and sea creatures （某些昆虫、海洋动物的）螯，钳
• Keep your fingers away from the crab's claws when you pick it up. 抓螃蟹时，别用手指触碰它的钳子。
UK [klɔ:] US [klɑ:] noun countable
get your claws into sb informal disapproving
■to find a way of influencing or controlling someone 让（某人）落入你的掌控之中
• If the loan company gets its claws into you, you'll still be paying off this debt when you're 50. 要是落入了贷款公司的魔掌，那你到50岁的时候还在还债。
■If a woman gets her claws into a man, she manages to start a relationship with him, often because she wants to control him or get something from him （女子）死死缠住（男人）
• If she gets her claws into that young man, she'll ruin his political career. 要是她对那年轻人死缠不放，会毁掉他的政治前途。
UK [klɔ:] US [klɑ:] verb intransitive or transitive
■to use claws to tear something or someone （用爪子）抓，撕，挠
• He was seriously injured when one of the lions clawed his back. 他的后背被其中一只狮子严重抓伤了。
• When our cat is hungry, she starts clawing at my legs. 我们家的猫饿了就开始抓我的腿。
UK [klɔ:] US [klɑ:] verb intransitive or transitive
claw your way (somewhere)
■to move forwards with difficulty, especially by using stiff curved fingers to remove the things that are in your way （尤指用弯曲硬实的手指）扒出一条路前行，艰难地移动
• The rescuers could hear the sound of the trapped people desperately trying to claw their way through the rubble. 救援人员听到被困者的动静，他们拚命想从废墟中用手扒出一条生路来。
• figurative Sidney ruthlessly clawed his way (up) from the position of junior clerk to chairman of the company (= He achieved success with effort and by hurting other people). 悉尼无情地杀出一条血路，从底层职员爬到了公司总裁的位置。
UK [klɔ:] US [klɑ:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] claw sth back
■to get possession of something again with difficulty 费力夺回；设法捞回
• The airline is beginning to claw back some of the business it lost after the bomb explosion. 航空公司开始着手夺回在炸弹爆炸事件后损失的一些业务。
■mainly UK
■If the government, for example, claws back money, it takes money back in one way that it has already given in another way （政府）收回（款项）
• We got a government grant for setting up our business, but they clawed it all back again in taxes. 我们得到了一项政府拨款开办了公司，可是他们以税收的形式把钱全收回去了。
n. [动] 爪；螯，钳；爪形器具
 - talon, unguis

Word: snake
Front: snake
[sneɪk] (中高研四六托 3481/5064 -K2)
Back: n. 蛇; 奸险的人; 卑劣的人; 蛇形浮动汇率制
vt. 沿…曲折前进（或延伸）; <美>/<口>拖，拉（木材等）
vi. 曲折前进（或延伸）; 蛇行，悄悄地爬行
时态：snaked, snaking, snakes
分布：蛇(96%)，蜿蜒(3%)，拖曳(1%)
→来自古英语 snaca,蛇，来自 Proto-Germanic*snakon,蛇，来自 sneg,爬，蜷缩，词源同 snail,sneak.
n.蛇The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a reptile with a long cylindrical body and no legs 蛇
• He's terrified of being bitten by a snake. 他很害怕被蛇咬。
• a snake bite 蛇咬
• snake venom 蛇毒
a snake (in the grass)
■an unpleasant person who cannot be trusted 阴险小人，暗藏的敌人
[sneɪk] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move along a route that includes a lot of twists or bends 蜿蜓伸展
• The river snakes through some of the most spectacular countryside in France. 这条河蜿蜒穿过法国一些最美丽的乡村地区。
• The queue for tickets snaked all the way around the block. 买票的队伍弯弯曲曲地一路排到了与这条街交叉的另一条街上。
[sneɪk] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
snake its way
■Something that snakes its way moves or is arranged in a twisting way 蜿蜒行进，弯曲延伸
• A long queue had formed, snaking its way downstairs and out into the street. 长长的队伍排到楼下后又一直延伸到了街上。
n. [脊椎] 蛇；阴险的人
 - serpent, rat-face
vi. 迂回前进
 - wind one's way
vt. 拉（木材等）；迂回前进
 - pull, draw

Word: manipulation
Front: manipulation
[məˌnɪpjʊ'leɪʃn] (5754/5744)
Vocabulary: manipulation
(once / 2035 pages)
n
Manipulation is the skillful handling, controlling or using of something or someone. Whether it's the sculpture you made in art class or how you convinced your friend to do your homework — both are considered manipulation.
From the Latin word for "handful," manipulation certainly has much to do with using your hands to move or shape something, like a good DJ manipulating two totally different tunes into the perfect mashup. But this word also has some negative connotations — a manipulative person knows how to twist words, play on emotions and otherwise manage a situation in a sneaky fashion to get what he wants.
WORD FAMILY
manipulation: manipulations+/manipulable: manipulability/ manipulate: manipulable, manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulative, manipulator/ manipulative: manipulatively/manipulator: manipulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Individuals respond differently to diet manipulations — low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diets, for example — and to exercise and weight-loss drugs, among other interventions.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
He describes the Hollywood-set film as “all shadow work, paranoia, fear, conspiracy, manipulation and poison.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
To the contrary, free markets frequently teem with manipulation, exploitation and deception.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （熟练的）操作; 操纵; 控制; （对账目等的）伪造
分布：操纵(83%)，控制(15%)，篡改(2%)
noun countable or uncountable
INFLUENCE 影响 mainly disapproving
■controlling someone or something to your own advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly 操纵（为了个人利益而控制某人或某事，尤指利用不公平或不诚实的方式）
• They have been accused of fraud and stock market manipulations. 他们被控欺诈和操纵股市。
• There's been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of the matter. 媒体操控得太厉害，没有人知道事情的真相。
• The opposition party claims the president returned to power through political manipulation. 反对党声称总统透过政治操纵重新执政。
[məˌnɪp.jʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
BODY TREATMENT 身体护理
■treatment of a part of the body using the hands 推拿（运用双手来治疗身体某一部分的不适）
• Osteopathy involves massage and manipulation of the bones and joints. 整骨术包括对骨头和关节进行按摩和推拿。
n. 操纵；操作；处理；篡改
 - operation, transactions, management, settlement, disposal, treatment

Word: tuesday

Word: mourn
Front: mourn
[mɔ:n] (高研四六雅宝 6768/9545 -1)
Vocabulary: mourn
(once / 146 pages)
v
To mourn is to grieve for someone who has died, especially a loved one. One of the hardest experiences of childhood is when you mourn the loss of a beloved pet.
You can also mourn for things that you've lost, not only pets and people who have died. If your local library branch is forced to close, you might mourn its loss, missing being able to walk there from your house. The Old English root word of mourn is murnan, which means not only to mourn, but also to be anxious. Related words include "mourner" and "mournful."
WORD FAMILY
mourn: mourned, mourner, mournful, mourning, mourns+/mourned: unmourned/ mourner: mourners/ mournful: mournfulest, mournfully, mournfulness/ mourning: mourningly, mournings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a difficult year for first responders, who also mourned the death of Prince George’s County firefighter John “Skillet” Ulmschneider, 37.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
No one mourns the death of a fund.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 哀痛; 服丧; 咕哝
vt. 表示深深的遗憾; 哀悼; 悲哀地说
时态：mourned, mourning, mourns
分布：哀悼(86%)，忧伤(9%)，服丧(5%)
→来自古英语murnan,哀悼，悲伤，焦急，可能来自smer,记忆，词源同memory,martyr.可 能来自比喻用法，即由记忆引申回想，哀伤，哀悼等。
v.哀悼,忧伤By courtesy of the mourner, he endeavours to devour the nourishing odour.承蒙哀悼者同意,他努力吞食滋养气味.
US [mɔ:rn] verb intransitive or transitive
■to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death （尤指因某人的亡故而）哀悼，悲伤
• Queen Victoria mourned Prince Albert/Prince Albert's death for 40 years. 维多利亚女王为亚伯特亲王的去世服丧40年。
• She was still mourning for her brother. 她还在悼念她的哥哥。
• They mourned the passing of traditional folk dancing (= felt sad because it had stopped existing). 他们为传统民间舞蹈的消亡而感到痛心。
mourn, grieve
这组词都有“悲伤，伤心”的意思，其区别是：
mourn: 正式用词，含义与grieve很相近，但侧重因某种原因而表现于外表的悲伤、哭泣。
grieve: 通常指因死亡、损失或失败等所造成的内心痛苦。可以是公开表达的，也可以是压抑于内心的。
v. 哀悼；忧伤；服丧
 - grieve over, grieve for

Word: bangalore
Front: bangalore
[bæŋgə'lɔ:] (-/38034)
Back: n. 炸药桶
分布：爆破筒(100%)

Word: cliff
Front: cliff
[klɪf] (研四六托雅 4312/3551 -2)
Vocabulary: cliff
(once / 188 pages)
n
A cliff is a steep and often sheer rock face. If you stand on the edge of a cliff and peer over, you'll be able to see the waves crashing on the rocks below. But if you don't watch your step, you could fall right off that cliff.
So many action movies feature a scene in which a car chase leads to a car full of villains plunging spectacularly off a steep rock wall, or cliff. As the car hurtles over the edge of the cliff and smashes onto the rocks below, it invariably explodes in a shower of flames and a cloud of smoke.
WORD FAMILY
cliff: cliffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their bodies were discovered at Langdon Cliffs on Sunday during a search for another man, whose body was also found.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 悬崖，峭壁
分布：悬崖(80%)，峭壁(20%)
→词源同cleave,cleft.
n.悬崖;峭壁In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast （常指海岸的）悬崖，峭壁
• Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall. 离悬崖边远一点——小心不要掉下去。
• the cliff edge 峭壁边缘
n. [地理] 悬崖；绝壁
 - precipice, escarpment

Word: enzyme
Front: enzyme
[ˈenzaɪm] (托雅宝 7064/5221 -2)
Vocabulary: enzyme
(once / 5198 pages)
n
An important element in human chemistry, an enzyme is a protein manufactured by a cell, and is a catalyst in various biological functions. For example, enzymes help break down larger molecules of starch, fat, and protein during digestion.
The word enzyme was coined by a German physiologist in the late 1800's to name a digestive process that scientists had been observing. The word was later given to the actual agents discovered to spark the reactions, taken from the Greek énzymos, which meant "leavened." (Leavening makes bread rise.) Remember that the word enzyme is spelled with a y and not an i, which makes sense, since when scientists observe chemical processes, they often ask "why?"
WORD FAMILY
enzyme: coenzyme, enzymatic, enzymes+/enzymatic: enzymatically, nonenzymatic
USAGE EXAMPLES
They included chest pain, shortness of breath, an elevated electrocardiogram and elevated cardiac enzyme levels.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Initial blood tests showed some troubling indicators, such as elevated readings of liver enzymes.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Rubraca is part of an emerging class of drugs that blocks an enzyme that helps cells - including those affected by cancer - repair themselves.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. [生化]酶
分布：酶(100%)
→en-, 进入，使。-zym, 发酵，词源同eczema, zymurgy.
酶[zym=ferment(发酵)]
【记】zyme（n 酶）＝leaven＝yeast读：安在旭－中韩娱乐界的催化剂
【参】zymurgy（n 酿造学）；zymic（adj 发酵的；酵母的）
noun countable
■any of a group of chemical substances which are produced by living cells and which cause particular chemical reactions to happen while not being changed themselves 酶
• An enzyme in the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking down the food. 由于唾液中酶的作用，食物进入口腔时就开始了分解过程。
n. [生化] 酶
 - zyme

Word: ample
Front: ample
[ˈæmpl] (高研六托雅宝 6289/6351 -2)
Vocabulary: ample
(once / 251 pages)
adj
Ample describes an abundance of something. An ample supply of apple muffins at the bake sale is a good thing, as is ample legroom in your new van, but you probably don't want your ample waistline spilling over the top of your jeans.
Like amplify (crank up the volume), ample is from the Latin word amplus, meaning "large or spacious" and has the word plus in it, like plus-sized models. Ample can be enough or even too much of something. It's great when there's ample parking or water for the hike, but there are things that some people don't want more of, like extra pounds. It's a cheeky insult to tell someone he or she has ample thighs, but we'd all be happy if we had ample time and money.
WORD FAMILY
ample: ampleness, ampler, amplest, amply
USAGE EXAMPLES
In our state, a free, ample and equitable education is a birthright, a civil right and our state’s paramount duty.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It is fairly new, with 3,500 square feet and an ample backyard for their young son, they said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
In some ways, he’s carried Miami on his ample shoulders into the playoffs with a 10-5 record and nine wins in its last 10 outings.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 足够的; 充足的，丰富的; 宽敞的，广大的; 富裕的
级别：ampler, amplest
分布：充足的(63%)，丰富的(23%)，宽敞的(14%)
→来自词根amp, 大。
充足的(拿得多,很充足)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
宽大的;充足的[ampl=large,表示"大"]
a.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的We don't have ample money for the journey.我们没有足够的钱去旅游.
【记】1）ampl大，多－充足的2）象apple在我国一样充足
【参】amplify（vt 放大，增强）；amplitude（n 广阔，充足）
adjective
ENOUGH 足够
 ADVANCED
■more than enough 足够的，充足的，充裕的
• You'll have ample opportunity to ask questions after the talk. 演讲结束后你们会有足够的时间提问。
• There's ample evidence that the lawyer knew exactly what she was doing. 有充分的证据显示，该律师十分清楚她自己在做甚么。
• They had ample warning of the factory closure. 对于工厂的倒闭，他们早就得到了大量警告。
['æm.pl] adjective
FAT 肥胖 humorous
■If the shape of someone's body or part of their body is ample, it is large （身躯）肥大的，粗壮的，丰满的
• her ample bosom 她丰满的胸部
• His ample girth (= His big stomach) was clear evidence of his passion for food. 从他那大腹便便的样子一眼就能看出，他是个非常好吃的人。
abundant, ample, plentiful
这组词都有“充分的、丰富的”的意思，其区别是：
abundant: 着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应。
ample: 指某物不仅满足了需要而且有余。
plentiful: 普通用词，指某物的数量多得称心如意，不过剩，但较少用于描写抽象之物。
adj. 丰富的；足够的；宽敞的
 - abundant, sufficient, competent, full, plenty

Word: posture
Front: posture
[ˈpɒstʃə(r)] (研托雅宝 5406/7029 -2)
Vocabulary: posture
(once / 719 pages)
1nv 2n
Posture is the way you position your body or arrange your limbs. So stand up straight, put your shoulders back, and lift that chin up.
Ballerinas have an elegant, graceful posture, and soldiers tend to display a rigid, strong posture. If you sit hunched over your desk every day you'll end up with terrible posture. This noun describes the way you carry yourself, but can also describe a certain body position you take, like the different postures in yoga. If you're accused of posturing though, that's a different story — that means you're behaving unnaturally to impress someone.
WORD FAMILY
posture: postural, postured, postures, posturing+/posturing: posturings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Reactive hyperbole may not be the best posture from which to intelligently and strategically fight Trumpism.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 姿势; 看法; 态度; 立场
vt. 做出某种姿势
时态：postured, posturing, postures
分布：姿势(83%)，态度(13%)，情形(2%)，摆架子(1%)，作 ... 姿势(1%)
→来自拉丁语positura,姿势，位置，来自ponere,放置，词源同position.
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度v.作出某种姿势Good posture is important for health.好的姿势对健康是重要的.
【记】源于pose摆姿势
【反】behave naturally（举止自然）
US ['pɑ:s.tʃɚ] noun
POSITION OF BODY 身体姿态
countable or uncountable
■the way in which someone usually holds their shoulders, neck and back, or a particular position in which someone stands, sits, etc 姿态，仪态；姿势
• She's got very good/bad posture. 她仪态优美／极不优美。
• He always adopts/assumes (= moves into) the same posture for the cameras. 他在镜头前总是摆出同样的姿势。
UK ['pɒs.tʃər] US ['pɑ:s.tʃɚ] noun
OPINION 观点
countable usually singular
■a way in which a government or other organization thinks about and/or deals with a particular matter 态度；立场；处理方式
• For the third time this week the opposition has attacked the government's posture on defence. 本周反对派已是第三次攻击政府的国防政策了。
• The tone of the feminist speakers suggested they were adopting a rather defensive posture. 女权主义发言人的口气显示她们的戒心相当重。
n. 姿势；态度；情形
 - behavior, status
vi. 摆姿势
 - pose

Word: bloated
Front: bloated
[ˈbləʊtɪd] (宝 11214/15331 -1)
Back: adj. 发胀的; 浮肿的; 傲慢的
v. 使膨胀，使肿胀( bloat的过去式和过去分词); 用盐腌
分布：浮肿的(33%)，傲慢的(26%)，发胀的(26%)，熏制的(10%)，动词bloat的过去式和过去分词形式.(5%)
【记】blo＝blow吹，at在－对着吹气球－肿胀的
US ['bloʊ.tˌɪd] adjective
SWOLLEN 膨胀
■swollen and rounded because of containing too much air, liquid or food 膨胀的；肿胀的；臃肿的
• a bloated stomach 鼓起的肚子
• a bloated (= uncomfortably full) feeling 饱胀感
UK ['bləʊ.tɪd] US ['bloʊ.tˌɪd] adjective
VERY RICH 富贵的 disapproving
■larger or richer than necessary 过于庞大的；富有的
• a bloated bureaucracy 臃肿的官僚机构
• a bloated capitalist 有钱到不像话的资本家
adj. 发胀的，浮肿的；傲慢的
 - arrogant, swollen
v. 肿胀，得意（bloat的过去时形式）
 - to swell, glory in

Word: riddle
Front: riddle
[ˈrɪdl] (中高研四六托宝 11712/13883 -1)
Vocabulary: riddle
(once / 705 pages)
1vn 2nv
What's a question or problem that requires a bit of thought before you answer? It's a riddle, of course. The verb riddle can mean to speak in a puzzling fashion, though that use is not very common.
The word riddle might put you in mind of such brain-teasers as "Why did the chicken cross the road?", but riddles actually have a distinguished history in English literature going back to the 10th century. Today, you often find riddle used to mean a hard problem or question to figure out. Is it a riddle to you why you have to go to school? In an unrelated use, if something is riddled with holes, there are many holes in it, quite possible from bullets!
WORD FAMILY
riddle: riddled, riddles, riddling
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the end they passed billions of dollars in taxes and balanced a budget riddled with holes.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
However, the tax is riddled with so many exemptions, deductions and credits that most corporations pay much less.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
That’s the riddle confronting investors in Pershing Square Holdings Ltd., the closed-end fund run by the prominent activist investor Bill Ackman.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 粗筛; 谜语; 猜不透的难题，难解之谜
v. 用筛分选（卵石等），筛分; 用子弹把耙子打成蜂窝似的; 精查（证据）; 解（谜），猜
时态：riddled, riddling, riddles
分布：谜(74%)，谜语(21%)，解谜(2%)，出谜题(1%)，充满(1%)，筛选(1%)
→词源同 read,读，理解，猜测，-le,小词后缀。引申词义谜，谜语。
n.谜,谜语The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
noun
QUESTION 问题
countable
■a type of question which describes something in a difficult and confusing way, and which has a clever or funny answer, often asked as a game 谜；谜语
countable usually singular
■something which is confusing, or a problem which is difficult to solve 奥秘；费解之事
• Scientists may have solved the riddle of Saturn's rings. 科学家们或许已经揭开了土星环的奥秘。
['rɪd.l] noun
talk/speak in riddles
■to say things in a confusing way 说话令人莫名其妙，说话像打哑谜
['rɪd.l] verb transitive
■to make a lot of holes in something 使布满洞孔
• The anti-aircraft guns riddled the plane's wings with bullets. 高射炮炮弹把机翼打得千疮百孔。
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
n. 谜语； [矿业] 粗筛；谜一般的人、东西、事情等
 - brainteaser, conundrum

Word: demolish
Front: demolish
[dɪˈmɒlɪʃ] (托雅宝 9728/5530 -1)
Vocabulary: demolish
(once / 895 pages)
v
Demolish means “completely destroy,” as a wrecking ball might demolish a building, or as hanging out with one’s parents might, supposedly, demolish a teenager’s reputation.
In casual speech, demolish can also mean “devour,” as a group of hungry teenagers might demolish a pizza. The noun form of demolish is demolition, which often implies destruction by means of explosives. Demolish combines the prefix de-, which can mean “undo,” with the Latin verb moliri, meaning “to build" — which makes sense if you are thinking of 'undoing a building' with explosives!
WORD FAMILY
demolish: demolished, demolishes, demolishing, demolition +/ demolition: demolitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carandiru was Latin America’s largest jail before it was demolished in the aftermath of that uprising.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
His hope, however far-fetched, was that Trump, by demolishing traditional Party ideologies, might somehow help people move beyond hardened partisan positions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The current stadium will be demolished after the move is completed.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 摧毁，拆毁（建筑物等）; 毁坏，破坏; 推翻; 驳倒（论点、理论等）
时态：demolished, demolishing, demolishes
分布：拆毁(46%)，破坏(39%)，驳倒(15%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-mol, 建造，大块，词源同mole, molecule. 即拆除已建造的。
US [-'mɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
DESTROY 毁坏
 ADVANCED
■to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else （尤指为利用土地而）拆除，拆毁
• A number of houses were demolished so that the supermarket could be built. 为了修建超级市场，很多房屋被拆除了。
■to say or prove that an argument or theory is wrong 推翻（论点），颠覆（理论）
• He completely demolished all her arguments. 他彻底推翻了她的全部论点。
UK [dɪ'mɒl.ɪʃ] US [-'mɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
DEFEAT 击败
■to easily defeat someone 轻易击败，轻取
• In a surprise result, Hibs demolished Rangers 5-0. 希伯尼安队出人意料地以5比0的比分轻易击败流浪者队。
UK [dɪ'mɒl.ɪʃ] US [-'mɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
EAT 吃 humorous
■to quickly eat all the food you have been given 狼吞虎咽地吃；很快吃光
• Joe demolished an enormous plateful of sausages and chips. 祖狼吞虎咽地吃光了满满一大碟香肠和薯条。
vt. 拆除；破坏；毁坏；推翻；驳倒
 - destroy, undermine

Word: lest
Front: lest
[lest] (研四六 8827/9641 -1)
Back: conj. 唯恐; 以免; 惟恐; 生怕
分布：以免(78%)，担心(15%)，惟恐(7%)
→来自古英语短语les te,少于某某的情况下，les,即less,te,即that.比较unless,despite.
conj.惟恐,免得Boil the oil soiled by the coil in the toilet lest it spoil.把被盥洗室里的线圈弄脏的油煮开,免得它变质.
[lest] literary
conjunction
■in order to prevent any possibility that something will happen 以免，唯恐
• They were afraid to complain about the noise lest they annoyed the neighbours. 他们不敢对噪音有任何抱怨，唯恐惹恼了邻居。

Word: fist
Front: fist
[fɪst] (高研四六托雅 3881/4178 -2)
Back: n. 拳，拳头; 〈口〉笔迹; 掌握; [印]指标参见号
vt. 紧握; 握成拳; 用拳打
分布：拳头(90%)，紧握(8%)，用拳头打(2%)
→来自penkwe, 五，词源同five, finger. 用于指拳头。
n.拳头vt.用拳头打;紧握On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
noun countable
■a hand with the fingers and thumb held tightly in 拳，拳头
• She clenched her fists. 她紧握双拳。
• Protestors were shaking their fists at the soldiers. 抗议者向士兵们挥舞着拳头。
n. 拳头；掌握；笔迹
 - writing, calligraphy
vt. 紧握；拳打；握成拳
 - squeeze, grip

Word: borough
Front: borough
[ˈbʌrə] (11872/3150 -2)
Vocabulary: borough
(once / 986 pages)
n
A borough is a town that has its own government. It also can be a part of a big city that has powers of self-government. Manhattan is just one of the five boroughs that make up New York City.
When a borough is part of a big city, it represents a more formal division than just a neighborhood. It’s a separate town, often one that has its own government. When you move from one borough to another, you might notice different tax rates or different parking regulations. In England the word often refers to a town that has a representative in Parliament. Pronounce the second syllable in borough with a long “o” sound, like the donkey (burro).
WORD FAMILY
borough: boroughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
His death was confirmed by his niece Ruth W. Messinger, the former Manhattan borough president.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Fairbanks North Star Borough is about the size of New Jersey, most of it wooded, wild and dazzlingly beautiful in winter.
New York Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Fairbanks North Star Borough is about the size of New Jersey, most of it wooded, wild and beautiful in winter.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 自治的市镇; 有议员选举权的市镇; 纽约市五个行政区之一
分布：区(89%)，自治的市镇(11%)
→来自PIE *bhergh(2), 高，高山。原指建于山上的城堡。参照电影《魔戒》建于高山的壮观的钢铎城。词源同burg, 城镇。
US ['bɝ:.oʊ] noun countable
■a town, or a division of a large town 市镇；大城市中的行政区
n. 区；自治的市镇
 - sanjak, tehsil

Word: dignity
Front: dignity
[ˈdɪgnəti] (高研六托雅宝 4100/4745 -2)
Vocabulary: dignity
(once / 123 pages)
n
If someone has dignity, it means they are worthy of respect. If you really want the lead role in a play and you try to bribe the director to give it to you, she might say, “Have you no dignity?”
Someone with dignity carries herself well. If you lose an election, and you say nasty things about your opponent and try to undermine her, you are acting without dignity. But if you graciously congratulate her and accept the results, then you are behaving in a dignified manner. We also talk about human dignity, which is an idea of what separates humans from animals. Human Rights activists believe that everyone has the right to live with dignity.
WORD FAMILY
dignity: dignities, indignity +/ indignity: indignities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration, in line with its predecessors, is right to be doing its duty to advance dignity for both peoples’ stability and security.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“All that we strive for as a human family — dignity and hope, progress and prosperity — depends on peace,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 尊严; 高尚; 自豪; 自尊
分布：尊严(88%)，高贵(9%)，端庄(3%)
→来自deik, 接受，体面，得体，词源同decent, doctor.
威严,庄严(dign+ity)[dign=worthy,noble,表示"值得,高贵"]
n.(举止,态度等的)庄严,端庄;尊贵,高贵His ignorance of her dignity ignited her indignation.他对她的高贵的无知点燃了她的愤怒(之火).
【记】dign值得，高贵，ity表示状态－尊贵
【参】indignant（adj 愤慨的）；dignify（vt 使尊荣；使高贵）；dignitary（n 权贵；高官；高僧）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■calm, serious and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you 庄重，端庄；尊严
• He is a man of dignity and calm determination. 他是个沉稳、冷静而果断的人。
• She has a quiet dignity about her. 她身上有一种恬静端庄的气质。
• He longs for a society in which the dignity of all people is recognized. 他渴望看到一个人人都有尊严的社会。
• I think everyone should be able to die with dignity. 我认为每个人都应该死得有尊严。
 ADVANCED
■the opinion that you have of the standard of your own importance and value 自尊，自尊心
• How could you wear something so indecent? Have you no dignity? 你怎么能穿这种不正经的东西呢？你还有没有一点自尊？
• In hospital, she felt stripped of all her dignity. 她感觉自己在医院里被剥夺了所有的自尊。
UK ['dɪg.nɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
beneath your dignity
■If something is beneath your dignity, you feel that you are too important to do it 有失体面，有失身份；有损形象
• Cleaning of any description he felt was beneath his dignity. 他觉得干任何清洁工作都有失自己的体面。
n. 尊严；高贵
 - sanctity, nobility

Word: violation
Front: violation
[ˌvaɪə'leɪʃn] (六托 2870/6104)
Vocabulary: violation
(once / 480 pages)
n
Anytime a person crosses a boundary — a legal boundary, a moral boundary, a physical boundary, or a binding business deal — that's a violation. When a burglar picks the lock on your door, that's a violation of your property.
A violation can be a disrespectful act or the crossing of someone’s physical boundaries. When you're forced to shake hands with your boss's wife, the way her perfume stings your eyes might feel like a violation. Violation is often used to describe an action that disregards an agreement or a basic right, such as a violation of a global climate treaty or a human rights violation.
WORD FAMILY
violation: violations+/ inviolable: inviolably/ inviolate: inviolately/violable: inviolable / violate: inviolate, violable, violated, violates, violating, violation, violative, violator / violator: violators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Charges against the 14-year-old include attempted murder and weapons violations.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
That was one of a string of settlements with states for similar licensing violations, including a $7 million fine levied by California on Monday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
That was for minor violations of election laws, to which Roh had already admitted.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 违反，妨碍，侵犯; 违犯，违背; [体]违例，犯规; 强奸，亵渎，污辱
分布：违反(86%)，违背(13%)，妨碍(1%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an action that breaks or acts against something, especially a law, agreement, principle or something that should be treated with respect 违反，违背，违犯（尤指法律、协议、原则等）
• He claimed that the way he'd been treated was a gross violation of his civil/constitutional/human rights. 他声称他们如此对待他是对他的公民权／宪法所赋予的权利／人权的粗暴侵犯。
• The takeover of the embassy constitutes a flagrant/blatant violation of international law. 占领大使馆是公然违反国际法的行为。
• It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules. 很显然他们的行为并没有违反规章。
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；强奸
 - intervention, prevention, infringement, breach

Word: myriad
Front: myriad
[ˈmɪriəd] (托雅宝 7106/11178 -1)
Vocabulary: myriad
(once / 882 pages)
nadj
If you've got myriad problems it doesn't mean you should call a myriad exterminator, it means you've got countless problems; loads of them; too many to count. Welcome to the club.
Myriad is one of those words rarely used in speech but only in written form. You would usually use a phrase like "lots of" or "loads of" instead. I mean, you could say "I've got myriad problems," but everyone would probably just laugh at you, and rightly so. Originally from ancient Latin and Greek words meaning "ten thousand" — so perhaps you can put a number on myriad, after all.
WORD FAMILY
myriad: myriadly, myriads
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are myriad accounts of why large segments of the electorate in many developed democracies are rebelling against the status quo.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Currently, the clinical criteria for a diagnosis of concussion are largely subjective, involving myriad neurological and cognitive tests.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
It is very time consuming but tremendously rewarding in myriad ways.
New York Times(Mar 27, 2013)
Back: adj. 无数的; 多种的，各式各样的
n. 无数，极大数量; [古语] 一万
分布：无数的(92%)，极大数量(8%)
→来自希腊语myrias,大量的，无数的，一万，可能来自meu,流动，流出，水流，词源同emanate,marine.即由流动的水引申词义丰饶的，许多的，无数的。需注意的是，该词在古希腊语为单个词所表示的最大数。词义演变比较abundant.
许多,无数(myri多+ad)[-ad表名词"…东西,状态"]
【记】my我的，riad＝raid（n /v 袭击）：我的袭击是无数的，因为我是暴徒。
【反】few（adj 很少的）；scarce（adj 缺乏的）；scanty（adj 缺乏的）
noun countable literary
■a very large number of something 无数，极大数量
• a myriad of choices 无数种选择
• And now myriads of bars and hotels are opening up along the coast. 目前有数不胜数的酒吧和饭店在沿岸开张营业。
adj. 无数的；种种的
 - thousand, countless, million, infinite, innumerable
n. 无数，极大数量；无数的人或物
 - million, innumerability

Word: hover
Front: hover
[ˈhɒvə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5041/6116 -2)
Vocabulary: hover
(once / 433 pages)
1v 2v
A hover craft flies low over the ground or water — it hovers. Hover can also mean waver. Think of someone that can’t decide exactly where to land.
To help remember the meaning of hover, think of it as containing the preposition over: things that hover hang over. A temperature can hover around forty degrees, a grade in a class can hover around a B.
WORD FAMILY
hover: hovered, hovering, hovers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The moniker was ridiculed by Republicans as the unemployment rate still hovered around 9.5%.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Last year, a Kentucky man did just that to a neighbor’s drone after it hovered over his property one too many times.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
From an “airborne fulfillment center” hovering near the stadium, Amazon would dispatch a drone with your purchase.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 盘旋; 徘徊; 犹豫
n. 徘徊; 盘旋
时态：hovered, hovering, hovers
分布：盘旋(55%)，徘徊(45%)
→可能来自中古英语hoven,逗留，等待，招待，词源同hovel,简陋的住所。由逗留引申词义盘旋，翱翔。
vi.(鸟)盘旋,翱翔,(人)逗留在附近徘徊A hawk was hovering over its prey.一只老鹰在其猎物上空盘旋.
【参】hovercraft（n 气垫船）
US ['hɑ:.vɚ] verb
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stay in one place in the air, usually by moving the wings quickly 盘旋；翱翔；悬停
• A hawk hovered in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its prey. 一只老鹰在天空中盘旋，要伺机俯冲捕捉猎物。
• I heard the noise of a helicopter hovering overhead. 我听到头顶上直升机盘旋的声音。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stand somewhere, especially near another person, eagerly or nervously waiting for their attention 徘徊；守候
• A waiter hovered at the table, ready to take our order. 一名侍者守在桌子旁，等着我们点菜。
• I could sense him behind me, hovering and building up the courage to ask me a question. 我能感觉到他在我身后犹豫徘徊，想鼓起勇气问我一个问题。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stay at or near a particular level （在某一个标准附近）徘徊
• Inflation is hovering at 3%. 通货膨胀率在3%左右徘徊。
vi. 盘旋，翱翔；徘徊
 - plane, orbit
n. 徘徊；盘旋；犹豫
 - vibration, spinning around
vt. 孵；徘徊在…近旁
 - brood, hatch

Word: mortar
Front: mortar
[ˈmɔ:tə(r)] (托宝 8303/7187 -2)
Vocabulary: mortar
(once / 817 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A mortar is a bowl-shaped container that you can grind things in using a pestle. You probably buy your spices pre-ground at the store, but if you wanted to be old-school, you could grind them yourself with a mortar and pestle.
Mortar is an old word — it comes from Old English, and using a mortar to smash things up is old way of cooking. It's also the builder's paste used between bricks. If you've heard the phrase "brick and mortar," that's a style of building, as well as a general phrase for something with a real building (as opposed to an internet business). And it's also a gun that fires high bullets that land short-range.
WORD FAMILY
mortar: mortared, mortaring, mortars
USAGE EXAMPLES
The older woman is instructing the younger one, who is lost in thought in the midst of crushing garlic with a copper mortar and pestle.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
But he says too often people who discover old grenades or a mortar shell will haul it to the police station.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They watched mortar shells or stray bullets kill their relatives and neighbors.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 迫击炮; 砂浆; 房产; 研钵
vt. & vi. 用迫击炮攻击（或袭击）; 用灰泥涂抹[结合]
时态：mortared, mortaring, mortars
分布：灰泥(31%)，灰浆(23%)，臼(21%)，研钵(15%)，用灰泥结合(5%)，用灰泥涂抹(5%)
→来自拉丁语mortarium,研钵，捣药罐，搅拌碗，词源不详。可能来自mer,捣碎，伤害，来自smi,砍，劈，词源同smith.后引申词义捣灰池，灰泥，砂浆等。
【记】mor死，tar：使里面的东西被碾死的东西－臼
US ['mɔ:r.tɚ] noun
MIXTURE 混合物
uncountable
■a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime that is used to fix bricks or stones to each other when building walls （砌砖等用的）砂浆，灰浆
UK ['mɔ:.tər] US ['mɔ:r.tɚ] noun
GUN 炮
countable
■a large gun with a short wide barrel (= part shaped like a tube) which fires bombs or other explosives very high into the air, or an explosive device shot from such a gun 迫击炮（弹）
UK ['mɔ:.tər] US ['mɔ:r.tɚ] noun
BOWL 碗
countable
■a hard strong bowl in which substances are crushed into a powder by hitting or rubbing them with a pestle (= heavy tool) 臼，研钵
• Use a pestle and mortar to crush the spices. 用杵和研钵将香料研碎。
n. [军] 迫击炮；臼，研钵；灰泥
 - minnie, plaister

Word: inland
Front: inland
[ˌɪnˈlænd] (高研六托雅 11233/5084 -2)
Vocabulary: inland
(once / 547 pages)
adjadv
Inland means far away from the ocean, or in the very middle of a country. If you were born and grew up in Kansas, you're familiar with inland living.
The opposite of inland is coastal. When you travel to the rocky coast of Maine or the soft sandy beaches of Florida, you're far from being inland — you return to your inland home town when you fly back to Gary, Indiana. Inland comes from the Old English inn lond, "land around the mansion of an estate," and it began to mean "land far from the coast" in the 16th century.
WORD FAMILY
inland: inlander, inlands
USAGE EXAMPLES
Being inland limits the number of internationally touring artists we get, and country and Americana music sometimes overshadow all else.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Detectives are investigating whether the thief is connected to fires in Irvine and the Inland Empire as well, Bertagna said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The Inland Empire city started 2016 mourning the losses from a shocking terrorist attack.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 内地的，内陆的; 国内的
adv. 向内地，在内地; 向内陆，在内陆
n. 内地，内陆; 国内
分布：内陆(79%)，内陆地(9%)，内陆的(8%)，国内的(4%)
→in-,在内，在里，land,陆地。
a./ad.国内,内地,内陆Seabirds sometimes fly inland.海鸟有时飞向内陆.
adjective [before noun]
■in the middle of a country, away from the sea 内陆的，内地的
• The Black Sea is a large inland sea. 黑海是一个很大的内海。
['ɪn.lənd] [-lænd] [ˌ-'-] adverb
■towards the middle of a country, away from the sea 向（或在）内陆，向（或在）内地
• Seabirds often come inland to find food. 海鸟经常到内陆觅食。
n. 内地； [地理] 内陆
 - hinterland, outback
adj. [地理] 内陆的；内地的；国内的
 - internal, domestic, home
adv. 在内地；向内地； [地理] 向内陆；在内陆
 - inwardly, inclusively

Word: intimidation
Front: intimidation
[ɪnˌtɪmɪ'deɪʃn] (托 9693/11881)
Vocabulary: intimidation
(once / 3805 pages)
n
Intimidation is when you try to frighten a weaker person into doing what you want. You might use intimidation to get your brother to mow the lawn for you.
Intimidation can refer to the act of making someone feel timid or afraid — like what you sometimes do to your brother — or it can also refer to that fearful feeling itself. Intimidation might make members of a jury hesitate to convict a defendant. Intimidation can also refer to feeling threatened, discouraged, or afraid because you're facing something stronger or superior. You might feel a sense of intimidation right before your soccer team plays the undefeated state champs.
WORD FAMILY
intimidation: intimidations+/ intimidate: intimidated, intimidates, intimidating, intimidation / intimidated: unintimidated/ intimidating: intimidatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Rest assured, any demonstration or threat of intimidation against any Montanan’s religious liberty will not be tolerated,” they added.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
They argue that legal intimidation is hurting their ability to collect.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
"She clearly stated knowledge of alleged intimidation of female colleagues, yet with no apparent discharge of her duty of care to intervene," Mr Nesbitt said.
BBC(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 恫吓，恐吓，胁迫
分布：恐吓(59%)，威胁(41%)
恐吓[tim=fear,表示"害怕"]
【记】intimidate（v 胁迫）；in使，timid（adj 胆小的），ate
VERB
恫吓;恐吓;威胁
If you intimidate someone, you deliberately make them frightened enough to do what you want them to do.
例：Jones had set out to intimidate and dominate Paul...琼斯开始恐吓并控制保罗。
例：Attempts to intimidate people into voting for the governing party did not work.胁迫人们为执政党投票的企图没有成功。
n. [法] 恐吓，威胁
 - threat, danger

Word: punitive
Front: punitive
[ˈpju:nətɪv] (8916/12051 -1)
Vocabulary: punitive
(once / 3500 pages)
adj
Punitive describes inflicting a punishment. If someone takes punitive action against you, you'll probably whine and complain — you're in trouble and you're about to get punished.
An easy way to remember the meaning of punitive is that it looks like the word punish — both come from the Latin root word punire, "to inflict a penalty on." Punitive doesn't always refer to a person-to-person punishment, like a mom disciplining a child. It can also describe the unpleasant result of an action on a large scale, like the punitive effect higher taxes will have on the middle class.
WORD FAMILY
punitive: punitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The conditions, Mr. Mo added, “really amounted to punitive measures to punish him, or to break down his will to fight this case.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s not a clear-cut case, even when there is a punitive result.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It did not include talk of sanctions or any other punitive measures against Israel.
Time(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 处罚的，惩罚性的; 令人受苦的
分布：惩罚的(56%)，刑罚的(44%)
→来自拉丁语punire,惩罚，处罚，纠正，来自 poena,处罚，罚金，词源同pain,penal.-itive,形容词后缀。
US [-tˌɪv] adjective formal
■intended as a punishment 惩罚性的
• punitive action 惩罚措施
• The UN has imposed punitive sanctions on the invading country. 联合国对侵略国实施了惩罚性制裁。
• legal She is suing the newspaper for $5 million punitive damages claiming they knew the article about her was untrue. 她声称这家报纸知道有关她的那篇文章不属实，起诉该报社，要求其支付500万美元的惩罚性损害赔偿。
■used to describe costs which are so high they are difficult to pay, and which are often used to punish someone or limit their activities （费用）过高的，苛刻的，严厉的
• The President has threatened to impose punitive import duties/tariffs on a range of foreign goods. 总统已威胁说要对一批外国货物征收高额进口税。
adj. [法] 惩罚性的；刑罚的
 - penal

Word: skyscraper
Front: skyscraper
[ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)] (高研六托宝 10626/20049 -1)
Vocabulary: skyscraper
(once / 4247 pages)
n
A skyscraper is a very tall building, like New York City's Empire State Building, which held the title of "World's Tallest Building" for many years.
You're most likely to see a skyscraper in a large city like New York or Hong Kong. You can spot the tourists in these cities because they are often gazing up at the tops of the skyscrapers. The designation of a building as a skyscraper was originally an Americanism, but the earliest recorded use of skyscraper was for a triangular sail set topmost on a square-rigged ship, and at other times in the past the word was used to designate a very tall man and a high-flying bird, among other things.
WORD FAMILY
skyscraper: skyscrapers
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the setting is now Los Angeles instead of an iconic Manhattan skyscraper.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Donald Trump is from New York City and likes to be associated with skyscrapers.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Skyscraper lawsuit names Curtis Fresch, a former City of Industry employee, as a defendant.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 摩天大楼，超高层大楼; 特别高的东西
分布：摩天大楼(100%)
n.摩天大楼The skyscrapers is high.摩天大楼很高.
【记】sky天空，scrape（n /v 刮；擦），r：擦到天空的楼－摩天大楼
【参】sky-rocket（v （物价等）猛涨）
US [-pɚ] noun countable
■a very tall modern building, usually in a city 摩天大楼

Word: outcry
Front: outcry
[ˈaʊtkraɪ] (六托雅 11550/11445 -1)
Vocabulary: outcry
(once / 1167 pages)
nv
An outcry is an outburst or shout — either by one person, or by a group of people. Faced with the outcry of three kids under the age of ten, a frustrated babysitter may give in, letting them stay up past bedtime.
When a teacher promises his class a pizza party at the end of the week, he can expect an outcry if the pizzas don't show up on Friday. This kind of outcry is a form of protest, a group of angry or passionate people raising their voices together. The older, fourteenth century meaning of outcry is simply "crying out." The "public protest" meaning was first used around 1910.
WORD FAMILY
outcry: outcried, outcries, outcrying
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is an outcry for data about the havoc wreaked in Yemen by Saudi bombing.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The White House sparked a bipartisan outcry Friday by refusing to veto a U.N.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The outcry against the change forced the company to reconsider.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 高声叫喊，尖叫; 公开反对，强烈抗议; 拍卖，叫卖
时态：outcried, outcrying, outcries
分布：强烈抗议(92%)，拍卖(4%)，大声喊叫(4%)
noun countable
■a strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public 呐喊；大声疾呼；强烈抗议
• The release from prison of two of the terrorists has provoked a public outcry. 释放两名恐怖分子激起了公众的强烈抗议。
n. 强烈抗议；大声疾呼；尖叫；倒彩
 - big bird

Word: unofficial
Front: unofficial
[ˌʌnəˈfɪʃl] (9256/7790 -2)
Back: adj. 非官方的，非正式的; 不作为官方活动的
分布：非官方的(69%)，非正式的(31%)
非官方的(un+official官方的)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
adjective
■not official; not from a person in authority, the government, etc. 非正式的；非官方的
• unofficial estimates/figures/reports 非官方的估计／数位／报道
adj. [经管] 非官方的；非正式的
 - informal, imperscriptible

Word: vulnerability
Front: vulnerability
[ˌvʌlnərə'bɪlətɪ] (5951/7848)
Vocabulary: vulnerability
(once / 4407 pages)
n
Vulnerability is the quality of being easily hurt or attacked. Some seniors think it's funny to pick on the ninth graders because of their vulnerability.
Vulnerability comes from the Latin word for "wound," vulnus. Vulnerability is the state of being open to injury, or appearing as if you are. It might be emotional, like admitting that you're in love with someone who might only like you as a friend, or it can be literal, like the vulnerability of a soccer goal that's unprotected by any defensive players.
WORD FAMILY
vulnerability: vulnerabilities+/ invulnerable: invulnerability, invulnerably/ vulnerable: invulnerable, vulnerability, vulnerably
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said she found “around 10 vulnerabilities in just a few hours.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It says the breach “represents a potentially serious vulnerability.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Huppert brings her ever-present cool elegance, which she slowly peels away to reveal a devastating vulnerability, and Depardieu hasn’t been this great in years.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 弱点，攻击; 易伤性; 致命性; 脆弱性
分布：易受攻击(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
脆弱的;易受伤害的
Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without protection, with the result that they are easily hurt physically or emotionally.
例：Old people are particularly vulnerable members of our society.老年人是社会中尤为明显的弱势群体。
ADJ-GRADED
易感染（某种疾病）的；易患病的
If a person, animal, or plant is vulnerable to a disease, they are more likely to get it than other people, animals, or plants.
例：People with high blood pressure are especially vulnerable to diabetes...有高血压的人尤其易患糖尿病。
例：Plants that are growing vigorously are less likely to be vulnerable to disease.生命力强的植物不容易得病。
ADJ-GRADED
易受伤害的;易受影响的
Something that is vulnerable can be easily harmed or affected by something bad.
例：Their tanks would be vulnerable to attack from the air...他们的坦克易受到空袭。
例：...a table showing which cars are most vulnerable to theft...易被盗车辆一览表
n. 易损性；弱点
 - weakness, failing

Word: reclaim
Front: reclaim
[rɪˈkleɪm] (研六托雅宝 7452/8480 -1)
Vocabulary: reclaim
(once / 1095 pages)
1v 2v
To reclaim something is to get it back. If a divorced couple remarries, they reclaim their marriage.
To claim is to declare or take ownership of something. To reclaim is to retake something lost. An injured quarterback must reclaim the starting position from his replacement. Two countries fighting over territory may lose and reclaim an area of land. A bank can reclaim a house if you don't make mortgage payments. Reclaim comes from the Old French reclamer, "to call back," which is rooted in the Latin word reclamare, "cry out against, or appeal."
WORD FAMILY
reclaim: reclaimable, reclaimed, reclaiming, reclaims, reclamation +/ claim: claimant, claimed, claiming, claims, counterclaim, reclaim /claimant: claimants/claimed: unclaimed/counterclaim: counterclaimed, counterclaims/irreclaimable: irreclaimably/reclaimable: irreclaimable/ reclamation: reclamations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democrats reclaimed control of the House in November.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s how we win – by reclaiming the notion of a better future from the reactionaries and demagogues.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The BNF keeps vigil over a riverbank that’s vibrant with life once again as Parisians reclaim the quays once monopolized by industry.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 开拓，开垦; 感化; 取回; 沙化
n. 改造，感化; 教化; 回收再利用; 收回，取回
时态：reclaimed, reclaiming, reclaims
分布：回收(49%)，收回(33%)，开垦(17%)，纠正(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，claim,声称，主张，要求。引申诸相关词义。
取回,回收(re+claim喊→喊回来→取回,引申为开垦荒地)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
收回[claim,clam=cyrout,shout,表示"呼喊,叫喊"]
v.要求归还,收回;开垦The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
【记】re反，claim喊一喊回来－回收；开垦
verb transitive
■to take back something that was yours 取回；拿回；收回
• You'll be able to reclaim the tax on all equipment that you buy. 你们采购所有设备所付的税款以后都可以退回。
• I reclaimed my suitcase from the left luggage office. 我从行李寄存处领回了我的手提箱。
■to make land, such as desert or areas covered by water, suitable for farming or building （对土地等）开垦，开拓，改造
■to treat waste materials in order to get useful materials, such as glass or paper, that can be used again （从废品中）回收（有用的东西）
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 开拓；回收再利用；改造某人，使某人悔改
 - exploit, carve out
vi. 抗议，喊叫
 - protest against sth, exclaim at
n. 改造，感化；再生胶
 - reconstruction, influence

Word: improbable
Front: improbable
[ɪmˈprɒbəbl] (托 10684/9661 -1)
Vocabulary: improbable
(once / 637 pages)
adj
Your parents might tell you it's improbable that they'll buy you a car when you turn 16. Since improbable means something is unlikely but not impossible, your optimism allows you to keep hoping.
The adjective improbable also means statistically unlikely to happen. You might be afraid to fly, but the odds of a plane crash are so low that such an event is improbable. Improbable also means something that is so outrageous that you'd never admit you believed in it. You know the existence of the Loch Ness Monster is improbable, but that doesn't stop you from looking for it when you travel to Scotland.
WORD FAMILY
improbable: improbability, improbableness, improbably+/improbability: improbabilities/probabilism: probabilistic/probabilistic: probabilistically/ probability: probabilities/ probable: improbable, probabilism, probability, probables, probably / probably: probablys
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday, his team will meet Penn State in an improbable Rose Bowl game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But those two plays illustrated the improbable task of toppling the Crimson Tide.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
But Leicester’s improbable championship reportedly cost the bookies somewhere in the neighborhood of $15 million.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不大可能是真实的，不大可能的; 未必确实的; 未必会发生的; 非概然
分布：不大可能的(76%)，似不可信的(16%)，不像会发生的(8%)
→im-,不，非，probable,可能的。
US [-'prɑ:.bə-] adjective
■not likely to happen or be true 不大可能发生的；未必确实的
• It 's highly improbable that Norris will agree. 诺里斯很可能不会同意。
• an improbable-sounding excuse 听上去不大可信的借口
illegal, improbable, illogical, improper
illegal: 非法的
improbable: 不大可能发生的
illogical: 不符合逻辑的
improper: 不适当的
adj. 不大可能的，未必确实的；不可信的；未必会发生的
 - suspect, unbelievable

Word: toss
Front: toss
[tɒs] (研四六雅宝 2396/4799 -2)
Vocabulary: toss
(once / 197 pages)
vn
When you lightly throw something, you toss it. You might toss your lifejacket and backpack into a canoe before climbing in with the paddles.
You can toss a baseball to your friend in the backyard, or toss your trash in a wastebasket when you're finished with lunch. You can also toss a coin or toss a salad. Another way to toss is to move back and forth — or thrash — like an insomniac in bed or a boat on a stormy ocean.
WORD FAMILY
toss: tossed, tosser, tosses, tossing+/tosser: tossers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proposals to limit early voting times and locations, following a federal judge’s tossing of a state law that did just that, are also expected.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the next play, Booker T.’s quarterback, who last year suffered a concussion that left him foaming at the mouth, tossed an interception.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Washington won the coin toss and chose to receive the opening kick.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （轻轻或漫不经心地）扔; （使）摇荡; 摇匀; （为…）掷硬币决定
n. 掷硬币决定; 向上甩头; 猛仰头（尤指表示恼怒或不耐烦）; （尤指比赛或游戏中）投掷
时态：tossed, tossing, tosses
分布：投掷(41%)，辗转(36%)，摇荡(19%)，震荡(4%)
→词源不详。
v.向上掷/扔;摇摆,颠簸n.投,扔;摇动The gossip tossed the mossy blossom fossil.爱讲闲话者向上抛长满苔藓的花化石.
【记】美语发音：他死－因为被漫不经心地扔了。
US [tɑ:s] verb
THROW 抛
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to throw something carelessly （随意地）扔，掷，抛
• He glanced at the letter and then tossed it into the bin. 他扫了一眼信就把它丢进了垃圾箱。
• The bull tossed him up into the air. 公牛把他顶到了半空中。
• [+ two objects] Andrew tossed him the ball. 安德鲁将球抛给他。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
FOOD 食物
transitive
■When you toss food you shake or mix small pieces of it together with a sauce or dressing 摇匀，搅拌（食物）
• a tossed salad 拌沙拉
• carrots tossed in butter 奶油拌胡萝卜
toss a pancake UK
■to quickly and suddenly lift the pan in which a pancake (= thin, flat round cake) is cooking so that the pancake goes up into the air and turns over before falling back into the pan 把煎饼颠起翻面
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
MOVE 移动
transitive
■If you toss your hair or a part of your body you move it up and back suddenly 向后甩（头发或身体部位）
• She tossed her head in annoyance. 她生气地将头向后一甩。
• She tossed back her hair. 她向后甩了甩头发。
toss and turn intransitive
■to move about from side to side or turn a lot in bed, especially because you cannot sleep （尤指因无法入睡而）翻来覆去，辗转反侧
• I was tossing and turning all night. 我整晚辗转反侧，无法入睡。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
COIN 硬币
intransitive or transitive (also toss sb for sth) (also toss up)
■to throw a coin up into the air and guess which side will land facing up, as a way of making a decision 掷硬币决定
• Let's toss a coin /Let's toss up to see who'll go first. 我们掷硬币来决定谁先去吧。
• "I'll toss you for it - heads or tails?" “我和你掷硬币来决定——你要正面还是反面？”
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth about/around informal
■If you toss ideas, suggestions or phrases about, you mention them and discuss them with other people. 抛出，提出（想法、建议或说法）
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth aside literary
■to throw away or get rid of something 丢弃，抛弃
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth away informal
■to spend or lose something carelessly 随随便便地花掉（或丢掉）
• That much money is not to be tossed away lightly. 那么多钱，不应该随随便便地花掉。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth off informal
■to do something quickly, especially in a careless way or with little effort （尤指粗枝大叶或轻而易举地）快速做
• She tossed off a reply to the letter before she left for the meeting. 她去开会之前草草回了这封信。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  toss (sb) off UK offensive
■to give someone sexual pleasure by rubbing their sex organs, or to do this to yourself （替某人）手淫，自慰
• [R] Is that your idea of a sex-life - tossing off over porn mags? 那就是你所谓的性生活——看成人杂志自慰？
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
countable usually singular
■a sudden quick movement 掷；甩
• "I don't care," she replied with a toss of her head. “我不在乎，”她甩了甩头回答道。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
THROW 掷
a toss of a coin
■when you throw a coin in the air and guess which side will land facing upward as a way of deciding something 掷硬币决定
win/lose the toss
■to guess correctly/wrongly which side of a coin will be facing up when it lands on the ground after being thrown 在掷硬币中猜对了／猜错了
countable
■when you throw something in a careless or relaxed way 漫不经心地（或不小心地）投掷
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
not give/care a toss UK very informal
■to not be worried at all by something 毫不介意；一点也不担心
• I don't give a toss what he thinks. 我根本不在乎他的想法。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
n. 投掷；摇荡；投掷的距离；掷币赌胜负
 - putting, cast, throw
vt. 投掷；使…不安；突然抬起；使…上下摇动；与…掷币打赌
 - wap
vi. 辗转；被乱扔；颠簸；掷钱币决定某事
 - wallow

Word: album
Front: album
[ˈælbəm] (高研六雅 2215/2991 -4)
Vocabulary: album
(once / 442 pages)
1n 2n
An album is a book of photographs, mementos, or a collection of some other kind — like music. As digital forms of photographs and music become more popular, albums are becoming a thing of the past.
A photo album is full of pictures, and a stamp collector's album contains stamps from different countries. Another kind of album is a collection of songs, either on a record or a CD. In Latin, album means "white," and in ancient times it referred to a blank tablet. 16th century German academics kept what they called an album amicorum, or a collection of colleagues' signatures, and from there album came to mean "souvenir book."
WORD FAMILY
album: albums
USAGE EXAMPLES
And with the release of the new album, he posted his thoughts about the end of 2016 on Facebook, in a widely shared post.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now she’s 20 and is just finishing off her sophomore album.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Q: Was that album an effort to return to your roots?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 相册; 集邮簿; 签名册; 唱片
分布：相册(45%)，唱片(35%)，唱片集(12%)，集邮册(6%)，纪念册(2%)
→来自词根alb, 白色。原指古时候用来登记姓名，记录重大事件的白板。
相册;集邮册(alb+um表示物→空白的东西→用来放东西的册子)[alb=white,表示"白色"]
n.(同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片;集邮册,相册I want to show you the album of my college life.给你看看我大学时的相册吧.
noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a CD or record, etc. that has several pieces of music on it （CD或唱片上的）音乐专辑
• Have you heard their new album? 你听过他们的新专辑吗？
['æl.bəm] noun countable
BOOK 书
■a book with plain pages, typically used for collecting together and protecting stamps or photographs 集邮册；相册；影集
• a stamp/photograph album 集邮册／相册
• We've put the best wedding photos into an album. 我们已经把婚礼上拍得最好的照片放进了相册。

Word: enlighten
Front: enlighten
[ɪnˈlaɪtn] (研六托雅宝 11536/13682 -1)
Vocabulary: enlighten
(once / 362 pages)
v
To enlighten someone means to explain something clearly to him. If your friend is behaving strangely but insists she has a reason for it, you could ask her to enlighten you.
Enlighten comes from the metaphor that ignorance is a state of being "in the dark," and that knowledge is illuminating. We use enlighten as a verb meaning to clear up, to remove confusion. Light is also a powerful metaphor for spiritual insight. If you have a great revelation about the divinity of the world, you could say you have been enlightened. The era known as the "Age of Reason" is also called the Enlightenment.
WORD FAMILY
enlighten: enlightened, enlightening, enlightenment, enlightens+/ enlightened: enlightenedest, enlightenedly, unenlightened/enlightening: enlighteningly, unenlightening/ enlightenment: enlightenments, unenlightenment/ light: light-colored, lighted, lighten, lighter, lightest, lighting, lightless, lightly, lightness, lights, lightsome /lighted: unlighted/ lighten: enlighten, lightened, lightening, lightens/lightening: lightenings/lighter: lighterage, lightered, lightering, lighters/lighting: lightings/lightless: lightlessness/lightness: lightnesses/ lightsome: lightsomely, lightsomeness, lightsomer, lightsomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
In it, he called himself Joseph Lumbroso — Joseph the Enlightened.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But don’t assume this is simply a clash between the ignorant and the enlightened.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
At the age of fifty-seven, Sisi replaced a seventy-six-year-old general, and the appointment seemed to reflect a transition to a younger, more enlightened officer corps.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. 启发，启蒙; 开导，教导; 〈古〉照耀
时态：enlightened, enlightening, enlightens
分布：启发(72%)，开导(19%)，教导(9%)
启发,开导(en+ligh光＋en→给人光明→启发)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
v.启发,启蒙,教导The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
【记】en进入，light光亮－启发
【参】enlightening（adj 有启发作用的；使人领悟的）
US [-tˌən] verb intransitive or transitive
■to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone 启发，启迪；开导；阐明
• Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? 儿童电视节目的作用应该是娱乐还是启蒙？
• I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? 这个我不懂。你能帮我解释一下吗？
vt. 启发，启蒙；教导，开导；照耀
 - suggest, channel, wise

Word: proliferate
Front: proliferate
[prəˈlɪfəreɪt] (托宝 12185/14314 -2)
Vocabulary: proliferate
(once / 2811 pages)
v
When something proliferates, it's growing, spreading or multiplying really quickly. Bunny rabbits have a habit of proliferating, as do dandelions in untended gardens and funny YouTube videos on the internet.
Proliferate was originally a biological term used to describe the growth of cells and producing offspring. It wasn’t until 1961 that we started to use proliferate more generally to talk about everything from the spread of nuclear weapons to the wide growth of Walmart. Other similar words include expand, reproduce, snowball, and spawn.
WORD FAMILY
proliferate: proliferated, proliferates, proliferating, proliferation +/ proliferation: non-proliferation, nonproliferation, proliferations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As pests proliferate, scientists seek to contain them.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Versions of the story and speculation over its origins proliferate on the internet.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Financial firms are increasingly appointing "chief data officers" as cooperation agreements between financial firms and data providers proliferate, the regulators said.
Reuters(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: vi. 增生，增殖; 激增; 扩散
vt. 使激增; 使扩散
时态：proliferated, proliferating, proliferates
分布：繁殖(56%)，增生(34%)，使 ... 激增(5%)，使 ... 扩散(5%)
→来自拉丁语proles,子孙，后代，-fer,带来，生育，词源同bear,bring.后用于生物学指繁殖，增殖。
繁殖,增殖(pro+lifer带来+ate→带来很多生命→繁殖)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
繁殖;激增(proli+fer带来+ate→带来后代→繁殖)[prol=offspring,表示"后代,子孙"]
【记】pro前，lifer生命，ate吃－生命吃饭－繁殖
【反】dwindle（v 缩小）；decrease in mount（减小数目）
US [-ə.reɪt] formal
verb intransitive
■to increase a lot and suddenly in number 激增
• Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years. 在过去的十年里，小型企业大量涌现。
vi. 增殖；扩散；激增
 - surge, sharp rise
vt. 使激增
 - balloon

Word: monday

Word: sociologist
Front: sociologist
[ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒɪst] (8529/6741)
Back: n. 社会学家
分布：社会学家(100%)
US [ˌsoʊ.si'ɑ:.lə-] noun countable
■someone who studies or is an expert in sociology 社会学家，社会关系研究者

Word: scrape
Front: scrape
[skreɪp] (研四六托雅宝 5494/5968 -2)
Vocabulary: scrape
(once / 415 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To scrape something is to scratch or remove its surface. If you scrape your knee, you'll probably need a Band Aid.
You can scrape the toe of your favorite boots, or scrape your arm on a branch. This might cause a scrape on your skin or your shoe, a mark that shows. There is also a kind of scrape you can hear, like the scrape of a chair on a floor, and the kind of scrape, or awkward situation, you suddenly find yourself in. People also scrape things together, or gather up as much as they can find.
WORD FAMILY
scrape: scraped, scraper, scrapes, scraping+/scraper: scrapers/scraping: scrapings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are so few staff that Studdard, the superintendent, helps scrape food from lunch trays and mop the bathroom floors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s the quintessential American mall, once flush with people, now scraping along as national retailers shudder.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
His father scraped together the $90 tuition — a small fortune — to let him stay on as Otis’ youngest student.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，刮; 擦去; 擦伤，刮破; 挖空
vi. 刮，擦; 搔，抓; 掏; 发出刺耳的声音
n. 擦，刮; 刮痕; 刮擦声; 刮胡子，修面
时态：scraped, scraping, scrapes
分布：擦伤(39%)，刮掉(32%)，刮擦声(22%)，擦掉(7%)
→来自古英语 scrapian,刮，擦，来自 Proto-Germanic*skrapona,刮，擦，来自 skerb,扩大形 式自 sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 share,shear,scribe.引申诸相关词义。
v.刮(掉),擦过,勉强通过n.刮,擦痕,刮擦声The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
verb
REMOVE 去除
transitive
■to remove an unwanted covering or a top layer from something, especially using a sharp edge or something rough 去除；刮；擦
• [+ obj + adj] Scrape your boots clean before you come in. 进来前先把靴子擦干净。
• We'll have to scrape the snow off the car before we go out in it. 我们开车出去之前必须先扫除车上的积雪。
• Emily scraped away the dead leaves to reveal the tiny shoot of a new plant. 艾蜜莉把枯叶扫去，使新苗的嫩芽露了出来。
[skreɪp] verb
RUB 擦
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) rub against a surface so that slight damage or an unpleasant noise is produced 刮坏；擦伤；蹭破
• Jackie fell over and scraped her knee (on the pavement). 杰基跌倒了，（在路面上）擦伤了膝盖。
• I was woken up by the noise of branches scraping against my bedroom window. 我被树枝刮擦卧室窗子的声音吵醒了。
[skreɪp] verb
SUCCEED 成功
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to succeed in getting or achieving something, but only just or with great difficulty 勉强获得；费尽千辛万苦
• She scraped into university on very low grades. 她以很低的分数勉强进入大学。
[skreɪp] verb
scrape (the bottom of) the barrel informal
■to use the worst people or things because that is all that is available （因别无选择）将就，凑合用
• Richard's in the team? - You really are scraping the barrel! 理查进队了？你真是没人可用了！
[skreɪp] verb
scrape a living UK
■to only just earn enough money to provide yourself with food, clothing and a place to live 勉强度日
• He settled in Paris, where he scraped a living writing short stories and magazine articles. 他定居巴黎，以写短篇小说和杂志文章勉强度日。
[skreɪp] verb
scrape home UK
■to win by a very small amount in a competitive situation 险胜
• The reigning champion scraped home just 2.9 seconds ahead of his nearest rival. 卫冕冠军仅以2.9秒的微弱优势险胜第二名选手。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scrape by/along
■to manage to live when you do not have enough money and other necessary things 勉强维持生计
• He lost his job, so the family had to scrape along on £95 a week. 他丢了工作，所以一家人只好靠每周95英镑勉强过活。
■to manage with difficulty to get a successful result or to reach an acceptable standard 艰难成功；勉强达到标准
• I only learnt Spanish for a year but I can just scrape by in most situations. 我只学了一年的西班牙语，但在大多数情况下我都能够勉强应付。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scrape through (sth)
■to succeed in something but with a lot of difficulty （在…中）艰难成功；勉强通过
• He managed to scrape through his exam with 52%. 他考了52分，勉强通过了考试。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scrape sth/sb together/up informal
■to manage with great difficulty to collect enough of something, especially money, or to find the things or people that you need 勉强凑足（尤指金钱）；历经艰难才找到
• I finally scraped together enough money for a flight home. 我终于凑足了搭机回家的旅费。
• Do you think we can scrape up a team for the match on Saturday? 你认为我们可以凑足一支球队参加星期六的比赛吗？
[skreɪp] noun
SITUATION 处境
countable informal
■a difficult or slightly dangerous situation which you cause by your own silly behaviour （由于自身愚蠢而招致的）困境，危境
• She's always getting into silly scrapes - I do wish she'd think before she does things. 她老是做些蠢事——我真希望她做事之前能先考虑一下。
• He had a couple of scrapes with the police and ended up in court. 他跟警方有了点小争执，最后上了法庭。
[skreɪp] noun
RUB 擦
countable or uncountable
■a slight injury or an unpleasant noise produced by rubbing against a surface 擦伤；摩擦声
• "It's just a scrape, " said the boy looking down at his bleeding knee. “只是小擦伤，”男孩低头看看流血的膝盖说。
• I hate the scrape of chalk on a blackboard. 我讨厌粉笔在黑板上的摩擦声。
n. 刮掉；擦痕；困境；刮擦声
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, fix
vt. 刮；擦伤；挖成
 - raw, brush burn
vi. 刮掉；刮出刺耳声
 - shave off

Word: robin
Front: robin
['rɒbɪn] (15954/3695)
Back: n. 知更鸟，鸫; （签名者不分先后，以避免受责的）圆形签名抗议书（或请愿书）
分布：知更鸟(90%)，欧鸲(10%)
→代称，来自人名 Robin.比较 petrel,来自人名 Peter.
US ['rɑ:.bɪn] (literary robin redbreast)
noun countable
■a small brown European bird with a red front, or a similar but slightly larger brown bird of North America （产于欧洲的）鸲，知更鸟；（产于北美的）旅鸫，美洲知更鸟
• Robins mostly appear in the winter and are commonly pictured on Christmas cards. 知更鸟在冬季最常见，经常被画在圣诞咭上。
n. 知更鸟
 - redbreast

Word: snag
Front: snag
[snæg] (托 9696/11441 -1)
Back: n. 小困难或障碍; 突出物; 钩丝
vt. 戳坏; 抓住; 清除暗桩
vi. 妨碍; 被戳坏
时态：snagged, snagging, snags
分布：困难(60%)，划破(8%)，划破处(8%)，抽丝处(8%)，迅速抓到(8%)，残桩(8%)
→来自古诺斯语 snagi,晾衣架，挂衣钩。引申词义树桩，树枝，后用于指河道中被河水浸没的 树桩，暗桩，因而引申比喻义潜在问题，困难，障碍，引申词义被勾住，被挂住等。
noun countable
PROBLEM 问题 slightly informal
■a problem, difficulty or disadvantage 麻烦，问题，困难
• We don't anticipate any snags in/with the negotiations. 我们预料谈判不会出现任何麻烦。
• The drug is very effective - the only snag is that it cannot be produced in large quantities. 这种药很有效——唯一的问题就是，它不能大量生产。
[snæg] noun countable
DAMAGE 损坏
■a tear, hole or loose thread in a piece of clothing or cloth caused by a sharp or rough object （衣物的）钩破处，钩破的洞，抽丝
• This sweater's full of snags. 这件毛衣被钩得全是洞。
[snæg] noun countable
FOOD 食物 Australian informal for
■ sausage
[snæg] verb (-gg-)
DAMAGE 损坏
transitive
■If you snag something, it becomes caught on a sharp object and tears 钩破，挂破（衣物）
• Be careful not to snag your coat on the barbed wire. 小心别让铁丝网钩破衣服。
[snæg] verb (-gg-)
PROBLEM 问题
intransitive or transitive mainly US
■to cause problems or difficulties for someone or something 出现麻烦（或问题）；给…带来困难
• Financial problems have snagged the project for the past six months. 过去六个月里，财务问题一直困扰着这项工程。
• The negotiations have snagged on a dispute about who should chair them. 关于由谁来主持而引起的争议妨碍了谈判的进行。
[snæg] verb (-gg-)
GET 获得
transitive US informal
■to get or catch something by acting quickly 攫取，抓到
• They'd have gone bust if they hadn't snagged that contract from their rivals. 要不是他们从对手那里抢到了合约，他们早就破产了。
• The ball was hit well, but Silverman snagged it for the final out of the inning. 这个球击得很好，但西尔弗曼还是一下子抓到了，使局中最后一人出局。
n. 障碍；意外障碍；突出物
 - obstacle, let, bar, dam, stop
vt. 抓住机会；造成阻碍；清除障碍物
 - jump at the chance, take your chance

Word: buoy
Front: buoy
[bɔɪ] (宝 14024/21059 -1)
Vocabulary: buoy
(once / 645 pages)
nv
A buoy is a floating marker that indicates the presence of underwater hazards, channels, or places for tying up boats. When buoy is a verb, it can mean to float like a buoy, literally or figuratively. Winning an award could buoy your spirits as if you are floating with pride.
The verb buoy can mean "boost or increase." There aren't many things that will buoy your confidence as much as repeated compliments on how great your new haircut looks. Imagine seeing water buoy up an enormous swan, or the wind buoy up a kite. A more figurative meaning of buoy is to cheer or lift someone's spirits. One way to remember buoy's unusual spelling is the phrase, "Boats usually opt to steer around a buoy."
WORD FAMILY
buoy: buoyant, buoyed, buoying, buoys+/ buoyancy: buoyancies/ buoyant: buoyancy, buoyantly, chirpily, non-buoyant
USAGE EXAMPLES
To be fair, it isn’t only the cheerfulness of the film that buoys me and provides newfound emotional strength.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Economic fundamentals and many analysts point to positive signs that buoy the case for a continued march upward.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Those results were partially buoyed by a burst of spending in the final days before Christmas, when sales rose 6.5%, according to RetailNext.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 浮标; 救生圈; 航标
vt. 使浮起; 支持，鼓励
时态：buoyed, buoying, buoys
分布：浮标(62%)，救生圈(17%)，支持(7%)，浮筒(5%)，鼓励(5%)，使浮起(2%)，救生衣(1%)，用浮标指示(1%)
→词源同beacon, 灯塔。来自PIE *bha, 照明，闪光。
【记】boy＋u（象大水坑）：男孩掉进大水坑－需要救生圈。
【参】buoyancy（n 浮动，快乐）
【反】unsupported（adj 无支持的）－buoyed（adj 支持的）；sink（v 沉下）
US ['bu:.i] noun countable
■a floating object on the top of the sea, which is used for directing ships and warning them of possible danger 浮标，航标
UK [bɔɪ] US ['bu:.i] verb
FLOAT 浮
transitive
■to prevent someone or something from sinking 使浮起
• The very salty water buoyed her (up) as she swam. 她游泳时正是碱水使她漂浮了起来。
UK [bɔɪ] US ['bu:.i] verb
MAKE HAPPIER 鼓舞
transitive usually passive
■to make someone feel happier or more confident about a situation 鼓舞；鼓励，使…更自信
• She was buoyed (up) by the warm reception her audience gave her. 观众们热烈的欢迎使她倍受鼓舞。
UK [bɔɪ] US ['bu:.i] verb
MAKE SUCCESSFUL 使更成功
transitive usually passive
■to support something and make it more successful 支持；使更成功
• House prices have been buoyed (up) in the area by the possibility of a new factory opening. 因为可能有一家新工厂即将开工，所以该地区的房价一直居高不下。
n. [水运] 浮标；浮筒；救生圈；航标
 - dan, drogue
vt. 使浮起；支撑；鼓励
 - encourage, support, heart, uphold, sustain

Word: cake
Front: cake
[keɪk] (中高研四 2540/2309 -K3)
Vocabulary: cake
(once / 218 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4v
A cake is a baked dessert that's often topped with frosting or decorations. For many people, it's not a proper birthday without a birthday cake.
Most cakes are made with flour, fat, a sweetener, and something to make the cake rise — like eggs or baking powder. You might prefer denser, richer cheesecakes or tiny, delicate cupcakes, or even a savory version made of potatoes and vegetables. If someone says, "Well, that takes the cake," they're expressing their surprise at something, and if you say, "That exam was a piece of cake," it as easy as eating a piece of cake.
WORD FAMILY
cake: caked, cakes, caking
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sweet cakes and breads will be avoided because you grew up without them.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Only there does he discover that his face is caked with blood and that there is a long, gaping laceration on his right temple.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At a recent celebration, friends used one cake to congratulate Bill Word on his retirement and compliment Matt Word on his new job.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 蛋糕; 糕饼; 块状物; 沉积物
vt. & vi. （使）结块; （使）胶; 涂厚厚的一层
时态：caked, caking, cakes
分布：蛋糕(98%)，块状物(2%)
→来自PIE *gog，圆块，块状，词源同cog, cudgel.原指圆块状的物体或块状面包，而非现在所理解的蛋糕。与cook同词源性已被否定。
n.饼,糕,蛋糕;扁平的块状物The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun
FOOD 食品
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a sweet food made with a mixture of flour, eggs, fat and sugar 蛋糕
• Would you like a piece of/a slice of/some cake? 你想来块／片／点蛋糕吗？
• chocolate/sponge cake 巧克力／海绵蛋糕
• a birthday/christmas cake 生日／圣诞蛋糕
• cream cakes 鲜奶油蛋糕
• He made/baked a delicious cake. 他做／烤了个美味的蛋糕。
⇒ See also oatcake,pancake
[keɪk] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■a small flat object made by pressing together a soft substance 饼状物
• fish/potato cakes 鱼／马铃薯饼
• a cake of soap 一块肥皂
[keɪk] noun
have your cake and eat it
■to have or do two good things at the same time that are impossible to have or do at the same time 两者兼得
• You can't have your cake and eat it - if you want more local services, you can't expect to pay less tax. 你不能二者兼得——想获得更多的地方服务就不能指望少付税金。
[keɪk] noun
the slice/share of the cake
■the amount of money, goods, etc., available 可得到的一份钱财（或货物等）
• Everyone should have a fair slice of the cake. 每个人都应公平地分到一份。
[keɪk] verb transitive usually passive
■to cover something or someone thickly with a substance that then dries out （用会变干的东西厚厚地）覆盖
• The men were caked in layers of filth and grime. 他们身上积了一层层污垢。
• boots caked with mud 黏着泥巴的靴子
n. [食品] 蛋糕；块状物；利益总额
 - Swiss roll, torta
vt. 使结块
 - agglomerate

Word: mismanagement
Front: mismanagement
[ˌmɪs'mænɪdʒmənt] (13227/15075)
Back: n. 管理不善，经营不当，处置失当; 处置失当
分布：管理不善(97%)，处理不当(3%)
N-UNCOUNT
处置不当;管理不善
Some-one's mismanagement of a system or organization is the bad way they have dealt with it or organized it.
例：...the Government's economic mismanagement...政府对经济的管理不当
例：His gross mismanagement left the company desperately in need of restructuring.他管理上的重大失误使公司陷入亟须重组的境地。
n. [管理] 管理不善；处置失当
 - maladministration, poor management

Word: pearl
Front: pearl
[pɜ:l] (研四六托 45772/6574 -2)
Vocabulary: pearl
(once / 235 pages)
nv
A pearl is a white, round gem formed inside an oyster or clam. Pearl can also refer to something that resembles the gem in color or shape, like a pearl of sweat that forms on your forehead when you're hot.
Why is a pearl called a pearl? It isn't clear where the Medieval Latin word perla comes from. Some believe it refers to the shape of the shell in which pearls are found: either pear, like the shapely fruit, or perna, literally "ham," because the shell is shaped like a pig's leg.
WORD FAMILY
pearl: pearled, pearler, pearling, pearls, pearly+/pearler: pearlers/pearly: pearlies, pearliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than 50 of Pearl’s 80 or so employees worked for the Cupertino, Calif., tech giant at some point.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is like reacting to Pearl Harbor by not eating sushi.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s like hearing the day of Pearl Harbor that some imperial Japanese airplanes crashed before reaching Pearl Harbor,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 珍珠; 珍品; 人造珍珠; 珠状物
vi. 采珍珠
vt. 使成珠状; 用珍珠装饰
时态：pearled, pearling, pearls
分布：珍珠(99%)，珍珠般的(1%)
→来自古法语perle,来自拉丁语perla,珍珠。
n.珍珠She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠.
US [pɝ:l] noun
countable or uncountable
■a small round object, usually white, that forms around a grain of sand inside the shell of especially an oyster (= a sea animal with a large flat shell) which is very valuable and is used to make jewellery 珍珠
• a string of pearls 一串珍珠
• a pearl necklace 珍珠项炼
pearls [plural]
■jewellery made from pearls 珍珠首饰
• He gave her pearls for her birthday. 他送珍珠首饰给她作为生日礼物。
countable
■an artificially made pearl 人造珍珠
• cultured pearls 养殖的珍珠
countable literary
■a small drop of liquid 液态珠状物
• There were pearls of dew on the grass. 草地上有点点露珠。
uncountable
■the creamy white shiny colour of pearl or a pale colour 珠灰色，银白色
uncountable * mother-of-pearl
• pearl buttons 珍珠钮扣
UK [pɜ:l] US [pɝ:l] noun
a pearl of great price UK formal
■something that is very rare and is considered very important 珍贵罕见之物
• Inexhaustible patience is a pearl of great price. 无尽的耐心是难能可贵的。
n. [水产] 珍珠；珍珠色；杰出者；珍品
 - treasure, perla
adj. 镶珍珠的；珍珠状的
 - perlitic
vt. 使成珠状；用珍珠装饰；使呈珍珠色
 - impearl

Word: axe
Front: axe
[æks] (研托 11388/7056 -2)
Back: n. 斧子; <俚>解雇
vt. 用斧砍; 削除，解雇; 大量削减（经费），精简（机构）
时态：axed, axeing, axes
分布：斧(90%)，解雇(6%)，用斧砍(2%)，大量削减(1%)，倒闭(1%)
→词源略。
n.(ax)斧子;削减vt.用斧砍He felled the tree with an axe.他用斧头砍树.
(US also ax) [æks] noun countable
■a tool used for cutting wood and which consists of a heavy iron or steel blade at the end of a long wooden handle 斧，斧子
• Julian used an axe to chop down the old apple tree. 茱利安用斧子砍倒了那棵老苹果树。
the axe UK (ALSO US also the ax)
■when someone loses their job 解雇；裁员；开除
• Over 500 staff are facing the axe at the Nottingham factory. 在诺丁汉的工厂有500多位员工面临被解雇的命运。
get the axe UK
■When a service or plan gets the axe, it is stopped or prevented from happening （业务、计划等）被取消，被撤销，被砍掉
• Religious programmes will be the first to get the axe if she's put in charge of the station. 如果她负责电台工作，宗教节目将首先被删掉。
(US also ax) [æks] noun countable
have an axe to grind
■to have a strong opinion about something, which you often try to persuade other people is correct 想说服别人；想争个对错
• Environmentalists have no political axe to grind - they just want to save the planet. 环境保护主义者并非想在政治上争个对错——他们仅仅想拯救这个星球而已。
(US also ax) [æks] verb transitive
■to reduce services, jobs, payments a lot or completely without warning or in a single action （突然）裁减，撤销，取消，砍掉
• Because of the recession the company is to axe 350 jobs. 因为经济不景气，公司将裁员350人。
• The TV series will be axed owing to a decline in popularity. 因为收视率下降，这出电视连续剧会被删掉。
vt. 削减；用斧砍
 - cut to the bone, cut down to

Word: robbery
Front: robbery
[ˈrɒbəri] (四六 6012/6078)
Vocabulary: robbery
(once / 556 pages)
n
A person who steals money from a convenience store by claiming to have a gun under his shirt is guilty of robbery, or using a violent threat to take something that doesn't belong to him.
Whether a criminal wields a weapon or just threatens to hurt someone while stealing from that person, he is committing robbery. Robbery is different from burglary — breaking into a house or building to steal — because it involves a threat of danger to a person. Carjackings, stick-ups, and muggings are all different kinds of robbery.
WORD FAMILY
robbery: robberies+/ rob: robbed, robber, robbery, robbing, robs/ robber: robbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A Democratic National Committee staffer, age 27, shot during an apparent robbery.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The robbery led to the killings of two police officers and a security guard.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 抢劫案; 明抢; 敲竹杠; 明目张胆地索取高价
分布：抢劫(100%)
→来自 robber,劫匪，-y,名词后缀。
抢劫(rob抢+ery)[-ery 1.表名词"场所,地点"2.表名词"行为,情况"]
US ['rɑ:.bɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone 抢劫；盗窃
• The gang admitted they had committed four recent bank robberies. 这个犯罪团伙承认最近发生的四宗银行抢劫案是他们做的。
• He is in prison for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫而被捕入狱。
n. [法] 抢劫，盗窃；抢掠
 - theft, despoliation

Word: whopping
Front: whopping
[ˈwɒpɪŋ] (12747/33972)
Back: adj. 巨大的，庞大的
adv. 非常地，异常地
v. 打( whop的现在分词 ); 抽出; 打败; 征服
分布：巨大的(51%)，非常地(18%)，非常大的(13%)，动词whop的现在分词.(9%)，异常的(9%)
US ['wɑ:.pɪŋ] (also whopping great) informal
adjective [before noun]
■extremely large 极大的
• She had a whopping great bruise on her arm. 她胳膊上有一大片瘀伤。
• a whopping 35% pay rise 35%的巨大工资涨幅
• a whopping lie 弥天大谎
adj. 巨大的；天大的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro
adv. 非常地；异常地
 - considerably, remarkably, finely, tremendously

Word: timid
Front: timid
[ˈtɪmɪd] (研四六托宝 11301/11482 -1)
Vocabulary: timid
(once / 261 pages)
adjn
Timid means "overly cautious or fearful," like a timid driver who drives very slowly or avoids highways altogether.
Timid comes from the Middle French word timide, meaning "easily frightened, shy." Those who are timid often worry that things will go wrong: a timid eater orders bland food to avoid the possibility not liking the flavor of something new, just as a timid partygoer talks to people he already knows, afraid that he won't be able to talk to strangers.
WORD FAMILY
timid: timider, timidest, timidity, timidly, timidness+/ timidity: timidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is no job for impulsive, timid or inattentive souls.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
She was petrified of being separated from her child but even more terrified of appearing timid before her comrades, whose approval she craved.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
“I was a little timid about telling parents about it because I thought some would be worried,” Falwell said.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 胆小的; 羞怯的; 怕人; 羞手羞脚
分布：胆怯的(76%)，害羞的(24%)
→来自拉丁语 timere,使恐惧，可能来自 teme,黑暗的，词源同 temerity,tenebrous.
胆怯的[tim=fear,表示"害怕"]
a.胆怯的,怯懦的He is timid of action.他战战兢兢地行动.
【记】tim胆小，id：胆小的。参：timorous（adj 胆子小的）
【反】audacious（adj 大胆的；卤莽的）
adjective
■shy and nervous; without much confidence; easily frightened 羞怯的；胆小的，胆怯的
• Lucy is a rather timid child. 露西是个非常羞怯的孩子。
• My horse is a bit timid and is easily frightened by traffic. 我的马有点胆小，容易受到来往车辆的惊吓。
adj. 胆小的；羞怯的
 - modest, harehearted

Word: optical
Front: optical
[ˈɒptɪkl] (研四六托雅 5497/6151 -1)
Vocabulary: optical
(once / 2597 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anything that's optical has something to do with sight. You could call your glasses an optical aid, since they help you see things more clearly.
Optical assistance comes in many forms, from glasses and contacts to binoculars and telescopes. All of these optical devices help magnify or clarify your vision. Using a big telescope to view the stars is known as optical astronomy, as opposed to the kind of astronomy that's practiced using radio signals or math. An optical illusion is a trick played on your eyes, when what they perceive is different from what is actually there.
WORD FAMILY
optical: optically+/ optic: optics / optics: optical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Well they were sunglasses but I swapped in optical lenses because I liked the frames.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Eighty-seven optical scanners broke in the Democratic stronghold on Election Day, causing erroneous vote counts.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
According to their manifesto, “shooting must be done on location”; “the camera must be hand-held”; “optical filters are forbidden.”
New York Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 视觉的，视力的; 眼睛的; 光学的
分布：光学的(63%)，视觉的(37%)
→来自optic,眼的，眼睛的，引申词义视力的，光学的。
a.眼的,视力的;光学的He has an optical defect.他有种视力缺陷.
US ['ɑ:p-] adjective
■relating to light or the ability to see 光学的；视觉的；视力的
• an optical effect 视觉效果
• an optical microscope 光学显微镜
adj. 光学的；眼睛的， [生理] 视觉的
 - visual, ocular

Word: stride
Front: stride
[straɪd] (研六托雅宝 6056/5190 -2)
Vocabulary: stride
(once / 267 pages)
vn
The noun stride means "significant progress." You might make a huge stride towards making peace with the rival school by hosting a block party and inviting their students.
The noun stride also means "a step made while running or walking." If you are bored, you can count your strides between home and the bus stop. As a verb, stride means "to walk or run by taking long steps." Elite runners stride, making it look easy. But even if you are a slow jogger, don't give up — you make great strides to improve your health when you exercise regularly.
WORD FAMILY
stride: stridden, strided, strider, strides, striding, strode+/strider: striders
USAGE EXAMPLES
The three of them stride over and look down at me.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It was only beginning to find its stride when the network unceremoniously cancelled it.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
The maple floorboards were bubbled, and my twelve-year-old stride activated a creak.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 大步，阔步; 步幅; 进展; 一跨（的宽度）
vt. & vi. 大踏步走; 跨过
vi. 跨
vt. 跨坐在…
时态：strode, striding, strides
分布：跨(33%)，步伐(25%)，一大步(13%)，进步(10%)，跨过(8%)，大步走(5%)，迈大步走(4%)，跨骑(1%)，分腿站立(1%)
→来自古英语 stridan,跨坐，上马，来自 Proto-Germanic*stridanan,斗争，争斗，词源同 strife,strive. 可能来自 ster,展开，铺开，伸展，词源同 strew,structure,strand.该词在其大多数日耳曼同 源词中都保留原义斗争，争斗，吵架，争吵，在英语中引申词义大步走，阔步走可能是取其 奋勇向前之意。
vi.大踏步走;跨越n.一大步(pl.)长足进步To abide the abiding bidding, the oxide bidder strides on the seaside.为了忍耐无休止的吩咐,氧化物投标者在海滨阔步行走.
【记】是street和ride的组合：在street上ride（v 骑）－大步走
noun
DEVELOPMENT 发展
countable
■an important positive development 进展，进步
• The West made impressive strides in improving energy efficiency after the huge rises in oil prices during the seventies. 20世纪70年代石油价格大幅上涨之后，西方国家在提高能源使用效率方面有了显著进步。
• The group has made strides to expand internationally. 这个集团在拓展国际市场方面获得很大的进展。
[straɪd] noun
STEP 步幅
countable
■a long step when walking or running 大步，阔步
• She attributes her record-breaking speed to the length of her stride. 她认为她的速度之所以能打破纪录是因为步幅大。
[straɪd] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
strides [plural] Australian informal
■trousers
• a new pair of strides 一条新裤子
[straɪd] noun
get into your stride mainly UK (US usually hit your stride)
■to become familiar with and confident at something you have recently started doing 逐渐进入状态；开始上轨道
• Let's wait until she's got into her stride before we ask her to negotiate that contract. 让我们等她熟悉情况进入状态之后，再和她就那份合约进行磋商。
[straɪd] noun
not break your stride
■to not stop walking or running at the same speed 并不放慢脚步
• Without pausing for breath or breaking her stride, she pushed open the door of his private office. 她既没有停下来喘口气，也没有放慢脚步，而是直接推开他的私人办公室的门。
[straɪd] noun
put sb off their stride/stroke mainly UK
■to take someone's attention away from something they are doing for a short time, making it more difficult to do 使（某人）分心，打乱（某人）的步调
• The slightest noise puts him off his stride when he's performing. 他表演时，再细小的声响也会使他分心。
[straɪd] noun
take sth in your stride UK (US take sth in stride)
■to deal with a problem or difficulty calmly and not to allow it to influence what you are doing 从容处理，对…处之泰然
• When you become a politician, you soon learn to take criticism in your stride. 等你成了政治家，很快就会学会对他人的批评处之泰然。
[straɪd] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (strode, strode, stridden)
■to walk somewhere quickly with long steps 大步快走，阔步行进
• She strode purposefully up to the desk and demanded to speak to the manager. 她果断地大步走到桌前，要求跟经理说话。
• He strode across/into/out of the room. 他大步走过／进／出房间。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
n. 大步；步幅；进展
 - evolution, steps
vt. 跨过；大踏步走过；跨坐在…
 - step over
vi. 跨；跨过；大步行走
 - step over

Word: pat
Front: pat
[pæt] (研四六 4539/3881 -2)
Vocabulary: pat
(once / 265 pages)
1vn 2adjadv 3adj
When you pat, you tap lightly with your hand. A sad friend might be comforted by a kind pat on the shoulder. But that sad friend would not be comforted by a pat, insincere, comment.
Your grandfather might pat you on the head just like when you were little, even though you're taller than he is now. Dogs like getting a pat on the head, or maybe a pat of butter from the dinner table. When it's an adjective, pat means "way too simple" or "glib," as in "I asked a serious question — please don't give me a pat answer." To "have something down pat" is to know it by heart.
WORD FAMILY
pat: pated, patly, patness, pats, patted, patting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pat MacDowell, 70, who travels the country in an RV, stopped by to buy tickets for four of her grandchildren.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s on your watch now,’” recalled GOP Rep. Pat Tiberi, chairman of a pivotal health subcommittee.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s on your watch now,'” recalled GOP Rep. Pat Tiberi, chairman of a pivotal health subcommittee.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 轻拍，爱抚; 拍成，拍至
n. 轻拍; 轻拍某物发出的声音; 小团，小块
adj. 恰好的，适当的; 熟练的; 过于巧合的，人为的; 快活的，活泼的
vt. 表扬，称赞（某人/自己）
时态：patted, patting, pats
分布：轻拍(60%)，轻打(15%)，拍打(11%)，小块(10%)，抚摸(4%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿轻拍的声音。引申词义鼓励，表扬。
v./n.轻拍,轻打,抚摸On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
verb transitive (-tt-)
 ADVANCED
■to touch someone or something gently and usually repeatedly with the hand flat 轻拍，轻打
• He patted my head/patted me on the head affectionately. 他慈爱地拍了拍我的头。
• I bent down to pat the little puppy. 我弯腰拍了拍那只小狗。
[pæt] verb transitive (-tt-)
pat sb on the back
■to praise someone for doing something good 称赞，赞扬（某人）
[pæt] noun countable
TOUCH 触摸
■when you pat a person or animal 轻拍，轻打
• I gave the little boy a pat on the head. 我轻轻地拍了拍小男孩的头。
[pæt] noun countable
PIECE 一块
■a small flat piece, especially of butter （尤指牛油）小块
[pæt] noun countable
a pat on the back
■praise 称赞，赞扬
• I got a pat on the back from (= was praised by) my boss. 我得到了老板的称赞。
[pæt] adjective usually disapproving
■describes an answer or remark that someone has previously prepared, so that they say it quickly and without any real thought （回答或说话）预先准备好的，脱口而出的
• The minister came out with a pat answer/response. 那位部长作出了一个预先准备好的答覆。
[pæt] adjective usually disapproving
have/know sth off pat UK (US have/know sth down pat)
■to know something so well that you can say or do it without having to try or think 对…滚瓜烂熟，对…了若指掌
• I'd given the talk so many times I had it off pat. 这个讲座我讲的次数太多了，都滚瓜烂熟了。
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
adj. 恰好的；熟练的；合适的
 - experienced, applicable, skilled, becoming, shaped
adv. 恰好；熟记地
 - just, spot
n. 轻拍；小块；轻拍声
 - tablet, nubble
vt. 轻拍
 - chuck
vi. 轻拍
 - tap

Word: aeroplane
Front: aeroplane
[ˈeərəpleɪn] (高研四六 30278/6392 -2)
Back: n. 飞机
分布：飞机(100%)
→词根aero, 空气。plane, 展开，飞翔，同plan。后缩写为plane.
n.(airplane)(英)飞机An aeroplane is roaring overhead.一架飞机在头顶轰鸣.
US ['er-] UK (US airplane)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a vehicle designed for air travel, which has wings and one or more engines 飞机
• She has her own private aeroplane. 她拥有私人飞机。
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 飞机（等于airplane）
 - plane, airplane

Word: wooden
Front: wooden
[ˈwʊdn] (高研四六 2512/2452 -K3)
Back: adj. 木制的; 木头的; 僵硬的; 呆板的
分布：木制的(95%)，生硬笨拙的(5%)
木制的(wood木头)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
a.木制的;呆笨的The goodness of the wooden goods gives me good mood.木制商品的精华给我一个好心情.
adjective
WOOD
 IMPROVER
■made of wood 木制的
• The house was surrounded by a tall, wooden fence. 这所房子被一道高高的木制篱笆围了起来。
• Stir the mixture with a wooden spoon. 用木勺搅打混合物。
['wʊd.ən] adjective
AWKWARD 笨拙的 disapproving
■describes behaviour that is awkward or shows little expression （行为）僵硬的，呆板的
• She gave a wooden smile to the camera. 她向相机不自然地笑了一下。
• I thought the lead actor gave rather a wooden performance. 我觉得那个主角的表演相当呆板。
adj. [木] 木制的；僵硬的，呆板的
 - mechanical, rigid, dead

Word: harass
Front: harass
[ˈhærəs] (研托雅宝 7135/9456 -3)
Vocabulary: harass
(once / 621 pages)
v
When you harass someone, you bother them to the point of exhaustion. It’s not that each attack is so severe, it’s the constant small attacks that wear someone out. If you harass your boss for a raise, you might end up getting fired instead!
Harass probably comes from the Old French word harer meaning "to set a dog on." Think of someone being hounded when you use this word. You can harass your parents with questions or requests, but in turn, they can also harass you to clean your room! While this is annoying, it's much worse if you are harassed in the sense of being verbally abused. The bully at school who harasses some poor kid will be subject to disciplinary action if a complaint is filed.
WORD FAMILY
harass: harassed, harasser, harasses, harassing, harassment +/harassed: harassedly/harasser: harassers/ harassment: harassments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The parents say the documents are irrelevant and that the repeated demands for them are harassing and invasive.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mr. Fernandez’s daughter was harassed as she arrived home from school.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Their job is to follow and sometimes harass operatives working for Russian intelligence agencies, as well as to try to recruit them as American agents.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. [军]扰乱，骚扰; 使烦扰，折磨; 反复袭击
时态：harassed, harassing, harasses
分布：骚扰(95%)，使疲乏(5%)
→来自法语harer,纵狗咬人，纵狗行凶，可能来自拟声词，纵狗的声音。引申词义侵扰，骚扰。
【源】原指：通过反复地攻击使敌人受到阻碍或筋疲力尽
【记】har＝hard，ass（n 驴）－强硬的驴－不断地激怒
【参】harassment（n 折磨；烦扰）；sexual harassment性骚扰
verb transitive
■to continue to annoy or upset someone over a period of time 骚扰；使烦恼；打扰
• Stop harassing me! 别烦我！
vt. 使困扰；使烦恼；反复袭击
 - trouble, irk

Word: magistrate
Front: magistrate
[ˈmædʒɪstreɪt] (研六雅 11049/2844 -2)
Vocabulary: magistrate
(once / 235 pages)
n
A magistrate is a person who lays down the law — a judge or other civil authority who conducts a court. Minor offenses are often brought before a magistrate.
Magistrate goes back to the Latin magistratus, meaning "administrator." Lawmakers and judges might have a role in making and changing laws; magistrates focus on carrying out the laws on a case-by-case basis. A magistrate doesn't usually make final rulings on murders or high-level cases. He or she might hear cases about things like property damage or traffic violations.
WORD FAMILY
magistrate: magisterial, magistracy, magistrates+/ magisterial: magisterially/ magistracy: magistracies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lee Parker, 33, of Britton Gardens, appeared before Bristol Magistrates' Court on Wednesday to face the single charge.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Federal Magistrate Judge Michael Merz in Dayton cited the 6th Circuit case earlier this month when he put executions on hold.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The Brazil international is due to appear at Liverpool Magistrates Court on 31 January.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 地方法官，治安官; 文职官员; 治安推事
分布：地方法官(89%)，行政官(11%)
→来自拉丁语magister,行政长官，首长，来自meg,巨大的，威严的，词源同magnate,master.
n.地方行政官,地方法官,治安官The magistrate fined him ￡50 for driving too fast.他因为开车太快,法官罚了他五十英镑.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who acts as a judge in a law court that deals with crimes that are not serious （审理轻微案件的）地方法官
• He will appear before the magistrates tomorrow. 明天他要在地方法院出庭。
• Greenway appeared at Bow Street Magistrates' Court to face seven charges of accepting bribes. 格林韦在博街治安法庭出庭，面临七项受贿指控。
n. 地方法官；文职官员；治安推事
 - jurat

Word: harris
Front: harris
[ˈhæris] (-/3714)
Back: 哈里斯（英国苏格兰西北部一地区）tweed（纺）海力斯粗花呢

Word: periphery
Front: periphery
[pəˈrɪfəri] (托雅宝 10065/11699 -1)
Vocabulary: periphery
(once / 3023 pages)
n
When something is on the periphery of your vision, you can only see it when you’re looking sideways. Periphery means outside the boundary of something.
If you’re on the periphery of a group, you’re close to it but not part of it. A band on the periphery of a particular scene might have opened for another band a few times, but it's never headlined or gotten their big break. Periphery comes from a Greek word meaning "to carry around."
WORD FAMILY
periphery: peripheral, peripheries+/ peripheral: peripherally, peripherals
USAGE EXAMPLES
With croplands on the periphery of these urban hubs in peril, ensuring food security is set to become an important part of that mandate, too.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Which groups are marginalized or at the periphery?
Salon(Dec 24, 2016)
But the 2016 season knocked Washington off that course, leaving Taylor, who turns 26 in March, on the periphery again entering 2017.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 边缘; 圆周; 外围; 边缘地带
分布：外围(50%)，周边(28%)，边缘(22%)
→peri-,在周围，-pher,带来，词源同bring,pheromone.引申词义外围，边缘。
外围,不重要部分(peri+pher带有＋y→带到周围→外围)[peri-表示"周围,靠近"]
周边,周围环境(peri四周)[pher=bring(带来)]
【反】center（n 中心）；essence（n 基本；本质）；core（n 果核；中心）；important part（重要部分）；central area（中心地带）
US [-'rɪf.ɚ-] noun countable usually singular
■the outer edge of an area 周边，边缘，外围
• Houses have been built on the periphery of the factory site. 厂址的周边地区盖起了房子。
• The ring road runs around the periphery of the city centre. 环状道路把市中心的周边地带连接起来。
■the less important part of a group or activity （某一团体或活动的）次要部分，边缘
• Many women feel they are being kept on the periphery of the armed forces. 许多女性感到她们在武装部队中被边缘化了。
n. 外围， [地理] 边缘；圆周；圆柱体表面
 - margin, suburb

Word: evaporate
Front: evaporate
[ɪˈvæpəreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 7887/8428 -1)
Vocabulary: evaporate
(once / 994 pages)
1v 2v
To evaporate is to fade away or to literally turn into vapor. If you leave a glass of water out and the water slowly disappears, it's not being consumed by elves; it's evaporating.
People often use the word evaporate metaphorically because it produces a strong image of something disappearing like vapor. When the economy goes through a rough patch, funding for projects like education and the arts tends to evaporate or disappear. Your feelings for a mate might evaporate after you spend too much time with him or her.
WORD FAMILY
evaporate: evaporable, evaporated, evaporates, evaporating, evaporation, evaporative+/ evaporation: evaporations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Simmer over medium-low heat until the liquid evaporates and the hibiscus flowers are soft and thickly coated, about 40 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Cook, stirring occasionally, until most of the moisture released from the mushrooms evaporates, about 5 minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
“Leonard is still under contract with the Navy, and tens of millions of dollars are continuing to evaporate into thin air.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使某物）蒸发掉
vi. 消失; 发散气体; 蒸发
vt. 使脱水; 使蒸发; 使挥发; 使沉淀
时态：evaporated, evaporating, evaporates
分布：蒸发(74%)，消失(24%)，失去水分(2%)
→e-, 向外。vapor, 蒸气，蒸发。
蒸发(e出+vapor+ate→以蒸汽的方式出来→蒸发)[vapor=steam,表示"蒸汽"]
v.蒸发,挥发;沉淀;发射;消失Our last hope has evaporated.我们最后的希望已消失了.
【记】e出，vapor（n 水蒸气；水汽）－出水汽－蒸发
US [-ɚ-] verb
BECOME GAS 变成气体
intransitive or transitive
■to cause a liquid to change to a gas, especially by heating （尤指透过加热）（使）挥发，蒸发
• The high concentration of sugars forms a syrup when the sap evaporates. 当树汁中的水分蒸发时，糖分就浓缩成糖浆。
• Plants keep cool during the summer by evaporating water from their leaves. 夏天植物透过叶子蒸发水分保持清凉。
UK [ɪ'væp.ər.eɪt] US [-ɚ-] verb
DISAPPEAR 消失
intransitive
■to disappear 消失；消散
• Halfway through the film reality evaporates and we enter a world of pure fantasy. 电影看到一半，我们就离开现实世界，完全进入了幻境中。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
vt. 使……蒸发；使……脱水；使……消失
 - vapor
vi. 蒸发，挥发；消失，失踪
 - disappear, blank

Word: extinction
Front: extinction
[ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn] (六托宝 6977/7889)
Vocabulary: extinction
(once / 1230 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Extinction is when all members of a particular group die. Most often, we use it to discuss animal species. Many fear that the tiger is headed for extinction because of development and hunting.
People are still trying to figure out what caused the extinction of the dinosaurs: many think it was because of an asteroid. When people cut down rain forests, it can lead to the extinction of many species. Although extinction can be natural or unintended, the word can also mean forced, planned killing. Many people refer to the Holocaust as Hitler's attempt to bring about the extinction of the Jews. Languages also face extinction when no one speaks them anymore.
WORD FAMILY
extinction: extinctions
USAGE EXAMPLES
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some of the species captured by the Photo Ark are on the verge of extinction.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But for an international  group of scientists determined to save the species from near-certain extinction, it represents a final hope.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 熄灭; 消灭，灭绝; 废除; [物]消光，自屏，衰减
分布：消失(79%)，废止(14%)，消减(7%)
灭绝[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
【反】perpetuation（n 永存；不朽）
noun uncountable
■a situation in which something no longer exists 灭绝；绝种
• The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago. 恐龙在几百万年前已经绝种
• Many species of plants and animals are in danger of/threatened with extinction (= being destroyed so that they no longer exist). 多种动植物都面临绝种的危机。
• Some people predict the extinction of family life as we know it today. 一些人预言我们现在熟知的家庭生活方式将会消失。
n. 消失；消灭；废止
 - evaporation, disappearance

Word: macau
Front: macau
[mə'kaʊ] (-/38878)
Back: n. 澳门
分布：澳门(100%)

Word: lurch
Front: lurch
[lɜ:tʃ] (托宝 9145/10501 -1)
Vocabulary: lurch
(once / 1269 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv
To lurch is to suddenly move — usually forward. If you are on a ship that lurches a lot during a storm, you may find your body lurching in one direction and your stomach going in the opposite one.
The verb lurch can refer to any abrupt movement, but it often has the sense of a sharp turn up, down, or sideways. If you invest in the stock market, you have to be prepared for sudden losses and gains as the stock market can lurch up or down on a whim. The verb also means to make sudden jerking movements when walking, as if you cannot control your movements.
WORD FAMILY
lurch: lurched, lurcher, lurches, lurching+/lurcher: lurchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meryl Streep received an Oscar nomination for playing Suzanne Vale, an aspiring actress whose life lurched from emergency to emergency.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
This month its 31 million people lurched a big step closer to that breaking point, thanks to another senseless decree by its autocratic populist government.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
His hand jerked and the chopper lurched downward.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 蹒跚而行，颠簸着行进; 摇晃
n. 突然倾斜; 挫折
时态：lurched, lurching, lurches
分布：突然倾斜(80%)，举步蹒跚(12%)，蹒跚地走(8%)
→来自中古英语lurch,一种棋盘游戏，来自luren,等待，潜藏，埋伏，词源同lour,lurk.比较poke.lurch 倾斜，摇晃，蹒跚而行
【记】读：乐吃－一边乐一边吃一边走就会蹒跚而行
【反】progress smoothly（平滑前进）
US [lɝ:tʃ] verb
intransitive
■to move in a way that is not regular or normal, especially making sudden movements backwards or forwards or from side to side 摇晃，晃动；（尤指）突然倾斜
• The train lurched forward and some of the people standing fell over. 火车突然向前晃动了一下，一些站着的人跌倒了。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to act or continue in away that is uncontrolled and not regular, often with sudden changes 蹒跚，踉跄，磕磕绊绊
• We seem to lurch from crisis to crisis. 我们似乎总是跌跌撞撞，危机不断。
• She just lurches from one bad relationship to another. 她情路坎坷，一次次地失恋。
UK [lɜ:tʃ] US [lɝ:tʃ] noun countable
■a sudden movement or change that is not smooth or normal 突然的倾斜、摇晃或改变
• The truck gave a sudden lurch as it was hit by a strong gust of wind. 一阵强风袭来，货车突然摇晃了一下。
• The party's lurch (= sudden change) to the left will lose it a lot of support. 该党突然转向左派将会失去很多人的支持。
n. 突然倾斜；蹒跚；挫折
 - frustration, setback
vi. 倾斜；蹒跚
 - pitch, slope, lean
vt. 击败
 - defeat, down

Word: enrage
Front: enrage
[ɪnˈreɪdʒ] (托宝 12957/14359 -1)
Vocabulary: enrage
(once / 867 pages)
v
Things that enrage you make you mad. Really mad. People are not typically enraged by annoying things like paper cuts or long lines. They are more likely to become enraged by evil or injustice.
Something that enrages you makes you incredibly angry. The news that their favorite teacher has been fired might enrage a group of students, and witnessing someone mistreating an animal might also enrage them. The 14th century verb enrage combines the prefix en-, "make or put in," and rage, with its Latin root rabies, "madness, rage, or fury."
WORD FAMILY
enrage: enraged, enragement, enrages, enraging+/ enraged: enragedly/ rage: enrage, raged, rages, raging/raging: ragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday's riot involved dozens of locals enraged by the killing of a 21-year-old Polish man, identified only as Daniel R, outside a kebab restaurant.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In doing so, however, Mr. Obama also solidified his reputation for using public lands to reward his friends and enrage his enemies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was clear from all the enraged comments on the YouTube trailer that a certain segment of the population wouldn’t be satisfied no matter what.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 激怒，使暴怒
时态：enraged, enraging, enrages
分布：激怒(78%)，使暴怒(22%)
→en-, 进入，使。rage, 狂怒。
使发怒(en使+rage→使人疯狂→使发怒)[roge=mad,表示"疯狂"]
【记】rage（n /v 狂怒；精神错乱）
verb transitive often passive
■to cause someone to become very angry 使非常愤怒；激怒；触怒
• Plans to build a new nightclub in the neighbourhood have enraged local residents. 在附近地区新建一家夜总会的计划激怒了当地居民。
• He was enraged at the article about him. 关于他的那篇报道使他大为光火。
vt. 激怒；使暴怒
 - anger, rub the wrong way

Word: logo
Front: logo
[ˈləʊgəʊ] (5920/6999 -2)
Vocabulary: logo
(once / 855 pages)
n
A logo is a simple design that represents a company, organization, or product. Your college might have a logo composed of a picture of your mascot in your school colors.
Just about any company you can think of has a logo, whether it's Apple and its apple or Coca-Cola and its signature red Coke bottle lettering. A logo is meant to immediately convey what the brand is and be memorable enough that you'll think of that brand every time you see the logo. The word has been around since the 1930's, when it's thought to have been shortened from logogram, which combines the Greek logos, "word," with gram, "something written."
WORD FAMILY
logo
USAGE EXAMPLES
The parent-teacher organization just recently raised the money to put a school logo decal on the gym floor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The banner, which read “Divest #NoDAPL” and carried the US Bank logo, was hung in the US Bank Stadium by two people.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Enrollees receive large signs emblazoned with the program’s logo - a silhouette of a saluting soldier.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （某公司或机构的）标识，标志，徽标; logotype 的缩略形式; [计算机] LOGO 教学语言; 儿童教学语言
分布：标识(48%)，商标(44%)，图形(8%)
→可能缩写自logogram,代表字词的标记，图标，logo-,字，词，词源同logos,-gram,写。后用于代表公司或组织的标识或徽标。
US ['loʊ.goʊ] (plural logos)
noun countable
■a design or symbol used by a company to advertise its products （公司的）标志，标识
• a corporate logo 公司标志
• The players wore shirts with the sponsor's logo. 运动员身穿带有赞助商标志的衬衫。
n. 商标，徽标；标识语
 - brand, label

Word: fume
Front: fume
[fju:m] (研托雅宝 9606/7590 -1)
Vocabulary: fume
(once / 832 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
To fume is to feel or express great anger. You would fume if your teacher accused you of cheating when you didn't.
As a verb, fume is usually used figuratively to mean "to feel very angry," whereas as a noun, it is used more as its Latin root fumus "smoke, steam, vapor." A strong-smelling gas, smoke or vapor is also called a fume. In cartoons, when a character is fuming, it is often drawn with fumes coming out of its ears. You may fume about the inconsiderate person who sits in the car with the engine running, spewing clouds of exhaust fumes.
WORD FAMILY
fume: fumed, fumes, fumigate, fuming+/ fumigate: fumigated, fumigates, fumigating, fumigation, fumigator/fumigation: fumigations/fumigator: fumigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Listening from another room in the team’s football building, players fumed.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
They also said their supervisors would often wait outside while bleach fumes filled the room.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Down echoing hallways are labs packed with fume hoods and high-tech machines sprouting tubes and wires.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 烟气，烟雾; 愤怒，烦恼
vi. 冒烟; 发怒
vt. 用烟熏; 烘制（木材等）
时态：fumed, fuming, fumes
分布：烟(76%)，冒烟(11%)，愤怒(7%)，汽(6%)
→来自拉丁语fumus, 烟，蒸气，dheu, 烟，雾，尘，词源同dust, dusk, thyme.
冒烟;发怒[fum=smoke,表示"烟"]
n.(浓烈或难闻的)烟,气,汽He is really fuming this time.这一次他气得七窍生烟.
verb intransitive
■to be very angry, sometimes without expressing it 发怒；生闷气
• I saw her a week after they'd had the argument and she was still fuming. 他们吵架一周后我见到了她，她还在生气。
• The whole episode left me fuming at the injustice of it all. 整个事件毫无正义可言，我感到非常愤怒。
vi. 冒烟；发怒
 - smoke, anger
n. 烟；愤怒，烦恼
 - smoke, anger, worry, trouble, wrath

Word: shelf
Front: shelf
[ʃelf] (中高研四六托雅 2947/2930 -K2)
Back: n. 架子，搁板; 棚; 沙洲，暗礁; 格，层
分布：架子(81%)，搁板(11%)，搁板状物(5%)，搁置(2%)，闲置(1%)
→来自古英语 scylfe,架子，搁架，船板，甲板，来自 Proto-Germanic*skelf,分开，切开，来自 skel,切，分，词源同 scale,shell.引申诸相关词义。
n.架子,搁板The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
[ʃelf] (plural shelves)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long flat board fixed horizontally, usually against a wall or inside a cupboard so that objects can be stored on it （通常指固定在墙上或橱柜中的）架子
• a glass shelf 玻璃架子
• on the top/bottom shelf 在顶层／底层架子上
• One wall had shelves from floor to ceiling, crammed with books. 一面墙是高及天花板的书架，上面塞满了书。
⇒ See also bookshelf specialized
■a flat area of rock under water or on a cliff 陆架，陆棚；岩棚
off the shelf
■If a product can be bought off the shelf, it does not need to be specially made or requested （产品）现成的，不需订制的
• It's often cheaper if you buy wallpaper off the shelf, rather than having to order it. 如果你买现成的壁纸，通常会比订购的要便宜。
• off-the-shelf goods/clothes 现成的货物／衣服
remove sth from your shelves
■When a shop removes something from its shelves, that product stops being available for sale there. 将…下架，不再出售
[ʃelf] (plural shelves)
noun countable
on the shelf
■not noticed or not used 被忽视的；被搁置的；废弃的
• It's important to apply research in a practical way and not leave it on the shelf. 重要的是，要把研究运用于实际当中，而不是束之高阁。
mainly UK informal
■describes someone, usually a woman, who is not married and is considered too old for anyone to want to marry them （通常指女子）年龄太大而找不到结婚对象的
• In those days, if you hadn't married by the time you were 30, you were definitely on the shelf. 在那个时代，如果你到30岁还未结婚，那就肯定嫁不出去了。
n. 架子； [家具] 搁板；搁板状物
 - etagere, bink

Word: assertion
Front: assertion
[əˈsɜ:ʃn] (5339/5380)
Vocabulary: assertion
(once / 374 pages)
n
An assertion is a declaration that's made emphatically, especially as part of an argument or as if it's to be understood as a statement of fact.
To assert is to state with force. So if someone makes an assertion, they’re not just trying out an idea — they really mean it. An assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words. When your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory."
WORD FAMILY
assertion: assertions, self-assertion +/ assert: assertable, asserted, asserter, asserting, assertion, assertive, asserts, reassert /asserted: assertedly/asserter: asserters/asserting: assertingly, self-asserting/ assertive: assertively, assertiveness, nonassertive, self-assertive, unassertive/assertiveness: self-assertiveness/ reassert: reasserted, reasserting, reassertion, reasserts/reassertion: reassertions/unassertive: unassertively, unassertiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson’s assertion, for instance, that the extravagant draper’s shops of early 18th-century London “helped create the industrial revolution” is intriguing but not wholly convincing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Wednesday’s comments repeated Mr. Trump’s assertion that American policy toward Israel will change drastically once he replaces Mr. Obama in the Oval Office.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
A spokeswoman for the city said the assertion that Oakland tolerates illegal warehouse conversions is "untrue in concept."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 声称; 使用; 主张; 明确肯定
分布：断言(73%)，主张(19%)，论断(7%)，被维护的东西(1%)
US [-'sɝ:-] noun countable + that
■a statement that you strongly believe is true 断言；明确肯定
• I certainly don't agree with his assertion that men are better drivers than women. 他言之凿凿地说男人比女人更擅长驾驶，对此我当然不能赞同。
n. 断言，声明；主张，要求；坚持
 - statement, opinion, requirement, assurance, profession

Word: molecular
Front: molecular
[mə'lekjələ(r)] (六托 6323/4902)
Vocabulary: molecular
(once / 2829 pages)
adj
Use the adjective molecular to describe something that has to do with or is made up of molecules. If you're studying molecular biology, you're focusing on the molecules that make up living things.
When a scientist studies things on a molecular level, she's looking at them up close, examining their cells. The adjective molecular comes up most often in biology and chemistry, and it always describes the very smallest units that make up organisms or elements. Molecular comes from the noun molecule, which means "extremely minute particle," from the Latin molecula, "tiny mass."
WORD FAMILY
molecular: bimolecular, intermolecular, intramolecular, molecularly+/intramolecular: intramolecularly/ molecule: molecular, molecules, supermolecule
USAGE EXAMPLES
But among the runners, the molecular blockade was much less effective.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Climate science is rooted in physics and chemistry—weather is energy, and the atmosphere is a stew of molecular interactions.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
She returned to teaching after her resignation and led an undergraduate course for the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology last spring.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 分子的，由分子组成的
分布：分子的(100%)
ADJ
分子的;与分子有关的
Molecular means relating to or involving molecules.
例：...the molecular structure of fuel.燃料的分子结构

Word: fond
Front: fond
[fɒnd] (高研四六 6241/4954 -2)
Vocabulary: fond
(once / 103 pages)
1adj 2adj
To be fond of something is to like it. Sports fans are fond of sports. Oddly, this adjective can also mean foolish and silly.
We're all fond of some things and people: the things and people we like. Being fond can mean anything from liking something a little ("I'm fond of that band") to be extremely, almost absurdly interested in something ("He's a little too fond of football"). This word sometimes implies foolishness and absurdity: almost like you love something so much that you've lost your mind. But usually being fond is a good thing: it just means you enjoy something.
WORD FAMILY
fond: fonder, fondest, fondly, fondness, overfond+/ fondness: fondnesses/overfond: overfondly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The whole thing is more like the compulsive re-enactment of a trauma than the inscription of a fond reminiscence.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Owner Mike Brown is fond of Lewis, who is under contract through 2017.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
I still like them all, especially her girlfriend, whom I am really fond of.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 喜欢的; 多情的; 溺爱的，宠爱的; 盲目轻信的
级别：fonder, fondest
分布：喜欢的(52%)，溺爱的(30%)，愚蠢的(13%)，渴望的(5%)
→来自古英语fon, 傻，简单，词源同fun. 词义由傻引申为发狂，喜爱，溺爱等。类似词义演变比较infatuation.
a.(of)喜爱的,爱好的The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [fɑ:nd] adjective
LIKING 喜爱
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■having a great liking for someone or something 喜爱的，喜欢的；深情的
• She was very fond of horses. 她非常喜欢马。
• "I'm very fond of you, you know," he said. 他说：“你知道吗，我很喜欢你。”
• My brother is fond of pointing out my mistakes. 我哥哥喜欢给我挑错。
• Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods. 我们许多人都对童年怀有美好的记忆。
• We said a fond farewell to each other (= We said goodbye in a loving way) and promised to write. 我们深情告别，答应给彼此写信。
UK [fɒnd] US [fɑ:nd] adjective
FOOLISH 愚蠢的
a fond belief/hope
■something that you would like to be true but that is probably not 难以实现的信念／期望
• I waited in all evening in the fond hope that he might call. 我等了一整晚，满心期望他会打电话来。
adj. 喜欢的；温柔的；宠爱的
 - pleased, tender, soft, favorite, pet

Word: attendance
Front: attendance
[əˈtendəns] (研六托雅 4433/3503 -2)
Vocabulary: attendance
(once / 453 pages)
n
Attendance has to do with being present at something, like work or school. If you never miss a day, you have perfect attendance.
The concept of attendance has to do with showing up: if you show up for school, then your attendance is not in question. When people miss school or work, they usually need a note from a doctor, explaining why they weren't in attendance. We can also say "The attendance was 100" if 100 people showed up to a meeting. If only three people out of 100 showed up though, you'd say, "Wow. Attendance was terrible."
WORD FAMILY
attendance: attendances, nonattendance+/ attend: attendance, attendant, attended, attender, attending, attends, attention, attentive / attendant: attendants/attended: unattended/attender: attenders, nonattender/ attention: attentional, attentions, inattention / attentive: attentively, attentiveness, inattentive / inattention: inattentions/ inattentive: inattentively, inattentiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those in attendance drifted in under a yellow-and-white striped awning, the men dressed in tuxedos, the women in ballgowns, many with their hair swept high.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The U.S. officials in attendance said they were still in “consultations” over the resolution, the diplomat said.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Also in attendance were three Pearl Harbor survivors, now in their nineties and cheerfully dressed in bright green, red and white Hawaiian aloha shirts.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 出席，参加; 出席率; 出席者，出席人数
分布：出席(73%)，出席人数(15%)，出席率(12%)
n.出席;出席人数;护理,照料There was a large attendance at the ceremony.参加典礼的人数很多.
noun
BEING PRESENT 出席
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you go somewhere such as a church, school, etc. regularly （有规律地）出席，参加；到场（如去教堂，学校等）
• Attendance at lectures is compulsory. 这些讲座必须去听。
■the number of people who go to an event, meeting, etc. 出席（活动、会议等）的人数
• Attendances at church are falling. 去教堂做礼拜的人越来越少了。
[ə'ten.dənts] noun
PROVIDING HELP 提供帮助
in attendance
■present with someone and helping or taking care of them 帮助或照顾某人
• He never goes out without his security men in attendance. 他出门必有保镖跟随左右。
n. 出席；到场；出席人数
 - presence

Word: counterfeit
Front: counterfeit
[ˈkaʊntəfɪt] (托雅宝 17208/22883 -1)
Vocabulary: counterfeit
(once / 1141 pages)
adjnv
A counterfeit is a fake or a forgery. If you painted an uncanny copy of the "Mona Lisa" and tried to pass it off as the original, you'd have a counterfeit on your hands.
An exact imitation of anything — a work of art, a ten dollar bill — is a counterfeit, and the act of creating the fake copy is the verb to counterfeit. You can also describe the forgery using the adjective form of counterfeit: a counterfeit Rolex watch. In Old French, the word contre, "counter or against", together with the word faire, "to make," joined together to mean "to make in imitation," which led to our counterfeit.
WORD FAMILY
counterfeit: counterfeited, counterfeiter, counterfeiting, counterfeitly, counterfeits+/counterfeiter: counterfeiters
USAGE EXAMPLES
But many of those areas didn’t hold the high-value artifacts prized by collectors, fueling a rise in an industry of counterfeit antiquities.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“In and of itself, it can’t end black money, stop terrorism funding and the counterfeiting of notes.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Prosecutors said they used stolen credit card numbers to create counterfeit credit cards that they used for purchases and cash advances in north Alabama.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 仿制品，伪造物; 肖像，画像
vt. & vi. 仿制，造假; 假装，伪装
adj. 仿造的，假冒的; 虚伪的
时态：counterfeited, counterfeiting, counterfeits
分布：假冒的(34%)，仿造(23%)，假装(13%)，伪造品(13%)，伪装(9%)，膺品(5%)，假装的(3%)
→counter-, 相对。-feit, 同fact, 做。
【记】counter反，feit＝fact做－反着法律做东西－伪造
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective
■made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes 伪造的；仿造的；假冒的
• counterfeit jewellery/passports/coins 假珠宝／护照／钱币
vt. [法] 伪造，仿造；假装，伪装
 - simulate, doctor, come
vi. 仿造；假装
 - act, put on
n. 赝品；冒牌货； [法] 伪造品
 - stumour, shoddy
adj. 假冒的， [法] 伪造的；虚伪的
 - artificial, false

Word: originate
Front: originate
[əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt] (研四六托雅 5287/4384 -2)
Vocabulary: originate
(once / 413 pages)
1v 2v
Originate is a verb that means to start or create something. You can originate the idea of adding a fancy new coffee machine to your company's break room, and before long, your entire office could be happily drinking mocha lattes.
Originate is the place or point at which any new thing or idea starts. It usually doesn't end there, though. A carpet that originates in Turkey can travel all the way to an apartment in New York. A rumor can originate during first period, but by lunchtime it will have made its way around the entire high school.
WORD FAMILY
originate: originated, originates, originating, origination, originative, originator+/ origin: originate, origins/origination: originations/originator: originators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the salmon and steelhead that now return to spawn each year, experts say, about 70 to 90 percent originate in hatcheries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
These albums, like “The Epic,” originated in a monthlong recording marathon five years ago.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Geological Survey, the epicenter of the quake appeared to originate in the Spring Mountains.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 引起; 创始，创作; 开始，发生; 发明
vi. 起源于，来自; 产生; 起航
时态：originated, originating, originates
分布：起源于(69%)，开始(17%)，发起(14%)
→来自origin,起源，发源。
起源,发生(origin起源+ate)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
v.(in,from)起源,发生;首创,创造The original Organ Organization was originated with an original man.最初的风琴组织是由一个有创见的人发起的.
verb
intransitive
■to come from a particular place, time, situation, etc 起源，发源，发端；产生
• Although the technology originated in the UK, it has been developed in the US. 尽管这项技术起源于英国，但它在美国得到了发展。
• The game is thought to have originated among the native peoples of Alaska. 据认为，这项运动始于阿拉斯加的土著人。
transitive
■to start something or cause it to happen 最早开始；创始，开创
• Who originated the saying 'Small is beautiful'? “小即美”这句话最早是谁说的？
arise, result, originate
这组词都有“起源，源自”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。
result: 侧重变化的最终结果。
originate: 强调产生变化的起源。
vt. 引起；创作
 - attract, produce, cause, occasion, operate
vi. 发源；发生；起航
 - happen, occur, proceed

Word: ivory
Front: ivory
[ˈaɪvəri] (六雅宝 6654/6491 -2)
Vocabulary: ivory
(once / 501 pages)
n
Ivory is a hard, white substance found in the tusks of animals such as elephants. Ivory also refers to a white-ish color, like the ivory keys on a piano.
One of the most prized animal products is ivory, which comes from the tusks of elephants and walruses. Ivory — which is extremely hard dentine — is used in many objects, especially expensive, decorative ones such as statues. Unfortunately, the elephant population is endangered due to hunting elephants for their ivory, so this pretty substance comes at a high price. Ivory is also the name of a color that is close to the shade of bleached bones or pearl.
WORD FAMILY
ivory: ivories
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Jacksonville Jaguars are without running back Chris Ivory, leaving Denard Robinson to start after missing the last three games with an ankle injury.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But conservationists believe that the Chinese government is sincere in not allowing any significant domestic ivory market.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 象牙; 象牙制品; 象牙色; 象牙质
adj. 象牙制的; 象牙色的
分布：象牙(95%)，乳白色(5%)
→来自拉丁语ebur,象牙。
【记】I的最后一个单词是象牙。
US [-vɚ-] noun
uncountable
■the hard yellowish-white substance that forms the tusks of some animals such as elephants, used especially in the past to make decorative objects 象牙
• intricately carved ivory earrings 精雕细琢的象牙耳饰
• a ban on ivory trading 象牙交易禁令
countable usually plural
■an object made from ivory 象牙制品
• a collection of Japanese ivories 日本象牙制品藏品
UK ['aɪ.vər.i] US [-vɚ-] noun
tickle the ivories old-fashioned humorous
■to play the piano 弹钢琴
n. [脊椎] 象牙；乳白色；长牙
 - ivoire, oyster white
adj. 乳白色的； [轻] 象牙制的
 - milky, opalescent

Word: livestock
Front: livestock
[ˈlaɪvstɒk] (四托雅 6173/6146 -1)
Vocabulary: livestock
(once / 2290 pages)
n
The animals you find on a farm are collectively called livestock. Your herd of dairy goats are livestock, but your toy poodle is just a pet.
Livestock are distinguished from other animals by the fact that they're domesticated and raised for food or money — if you get wool, milk, meat, or eggs from animals, they're livestock. The word comes from the sense of stock that means "supply for future use" or "sum of money; from the 1500s, this word was also used to mean "movable property of a farm."
WORD FAMILY
livestock
USAGE EXAMPLES
The declaration says a significant amount of livestock was lost in the storm.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Some livestock fares poorly, though other domesticated animals romp happily into the wild.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet the president’s order allows locals who currently use the area to graze their livestock or extract minerals to keep their resource privileges.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 家畜，牲畜
分布：牲畜(57%)，家畜(43%)
→live,活的，stock,家畜。
US [-stɑ:k] plural noun
■animals, such as cows and sheep, and birds, such as chickens, kept on a farm 牲畜；家畜；家禽
n. 牲畜； [畜牧] 家畜
 - cattle, dumb things

Word: medal
Front: medal
[ˈmedl] (高研四六雅宝 3451/4212 -3)
Vocabulary: medal
(once / 378 pages)
n
A medal is an award for some contest or achievement. You might win a medal for coming in third place at the cupcake baking championship.
A medal is often a flat piece of metal that's stamped with an inscription or design and is given in honor of winning a race, serving in battle, or another remarkable accomplishment. Scholars, athletes, and soldiers all might win medals. Originally, a medal was a "trinket," and it wasn't until the 18th century that it began to mean "reward for merit."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
medal / meddle / mettle
Here we have a trio of words that sound the same (at least in American English) but mean very different things: medal, meddle, and mettle.
A medal is a disc made of metal with an inscription or image. It is generally used as an award or a commemoration of an event:
‎Maplewood Officers Receive Medal Of Valor
Special Olympics duo wins gold medal in golf‎
To meddle is to interfere with someone or something:
Belarus will not let any other country meddle in its December presidential election.
Politicians meddle with existing taxation arrangements at their peril.
Finally, mettle is a quality or qualities that help a person in a difficult situation. Those qualities might include courage, ardor, and stamina:
Madison native tests his mettle in "Hell's Kitchen"
Test of mettle: How the Steelers can win without Roethlisberger
‎If you don't speak American English, you might be wondering why mettle makes this list. In American English, when a t appears in an unstressed syllable between two vowels—or between a vowel and an l, as is the case here—that t is said with a flap of the tongue similar to how we say d. Linguists call it a "medial flap." The same thing happens in betting, metal, noted, writing and many other words.
WORD FAMILY
medal: medalist, medalled, medalling, medals+/medalist: medalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also recently finished a career as the United States men’s national team coach, winning three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Medal Myth will be broadcast on BBC One Scotland on Monday 2 January at 20:30.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The medals and Team USA garb are packed in boxes in her mother’s North Dakota home.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 奖章，奖牌; 勋章; 纪念章; 证章
vi. 获奖：赢得一枚奖章
vt. 授予…奖章
分布：奖章(53%)，勋章(34%)，纪念章(10%)，获得奖章(3%)
→来自拉丁语metallum,金属，金属制品，词源同metal.原义为小金属制品或金银装饰品，后用于指奖牌。
n.奖章,勋章,纪念章His pride lies in the fact that he is the gold medal winner.他的骄傲来自于他是冠军.
【记】源于：metal（n 金属），因为奖牌是金属做的
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small metal disc, with words or a picture on it, which is given as a reward for a brave action, for winning in a competition, or to remember a special event 奖章；奖牌；勋章；纪念章
• He was awarded a medal for bravery. 他因表现英勇而获授勋章。
• She won three Olympic gold medals. 她获得了三块奥运金牌。
['med.əl] verb intransitive (-ll- or -l-)
■to win a medal in a sports competition （体育比赛中）获得奖牌
• She's medalled in both the heptathlon and the long jump. 她在七项全能和跳远两个项目中都获得了奖牌。
n. 勋章， [劳经] 奖章；纪念章
 - decoration, gong

Word: verify
Front: verify
[ˈverɪfaɪ] (研四六托宝 5634/7592 -1)
Vocabulary: verify
(once / 663 pages)
v
When you verify something, you show that it's true. Do you have a photograph to verify your claim that there's a dinosaur in your backyard?
Physical evidence and records are often used to verify what's happened. Your receipt verifies that you purchased the tall, striped hat you'd now like to return. You can also verify something verbally. Can you verify that your cat was home all evening on the night of the canary's "accident"?
WORD FAMILY
verify: verifiable, verification, verificatory, verified, verifier, verifies, verifying+/ verifiable: unverifiable, verifiably/ verification: verifications/verified: unverified/verifier: verifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other debris hadn’t been verified as from the plane.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Check the links on all articles to verify that those links actually back up what the original article is saying with source material.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Identities must be verified and travel documents obtained.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 核实; 证明; 判定
时态：verified, verifying, verifies
分布：核实(63%)，证明(37%)
→来自拉丁语verus,真实的，词源同very.
核实,证实(ver+ify→使真实→核实)[uer=true,表示"真实"]
vt.证实,查证;证明Has the fact been verified?事实已被证实了吗?
【记】ver真实，ify：证明…的真相
verb transitive
■to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct 证明；证实
• Are you able to verify your account/allegation/report/theory? 你能证明你的陈述／指控／报告／理论吗？
• These figures are surprisingly high and they'll have to be verified. 这些数字高得令人吃惊，必须加以查证。
• [+ (that)] Under interrogation, she verified (that) the tapes were authentic. 经过审问，她证实那些录音带是真实的。
verify, confirm
这组词都有“证实”的意思，其区别是：
verify: 强调以具体的事实和细节为证据。
confirm: 侧重以事实或以不容置疑的陈述来证实某事的正确与真实。
certify, testify, verify, rectify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify: v.证明，声称是真的。
 • He certified it was his wife's handwriting.   他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
testify: v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。
 • He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.   由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify: v. (用事实)证实或核实。
 • I verified the store's address by calling to check it.   我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
rectify: v.改正，纠正；整顿。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
vt. 核实；查证
 - touch bottom, check on

Word: retaliation
Front: retaliation
[rɪˌtæliˈeɪʃn] (宝 8470/11827)
Vocabulary: retaliation
(once / 1750 pages)
n
Retaliation is an act of revenge. Before you initiate retaliation on someone who has wronged you, consider whether he or she might have a ninja alter ego and a set of nunchucks stashed away.
The noun retaliation stems from the Latin retaliare, meaning “pay back in kind.” Notice the word kind in that definition. Retaliation used to have both good and evil connotations. Now, though, it’s important to read that kind as synonymous with type or sort because retaliation has since lost its positive sense. Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, “Man must evolve for all human conflict a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love.”
WORD FAMILY
retaliation: retaliations+/ retaliate: retaliated, retaliates, retaliating, retaliation, retaliator, retaliatory /retaliator: retaliators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group repeatedly struck at Turkish cities in 2016 in retaliation for Ankara’s support for international efforts to suppress its activities in Syria and Iraq.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
He alleges he was fired 2014 in retaliation for complaining about a hostile work environment.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Russian President Vladimir Putin decided not to expel anyone in retaliation, saying he would consider the actions of Trump when deciding on further steps.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 报复，反击
分布：报复(90%)，反击(10%)
VERB
报复;反击
If you retaliate when someone harms or annoys you, you do something which harms or annoys them in return.
例：I was sorely tempted to retaliate...我非常想报复。
例：Christie retaliated by sending his friend a long letter detailing Carl's utter incompetence...为了报复，克里斯蒂给他朋友寄了一封长信，细述卡尔完全不称职。
n. 报复；反击；回敬
 - revenge, reprisal

Word: scary
Front: scary
[ˈskeəri] (3979/14507 -1)
Vocabulary: scary
(once / 2749 pages)
adj
If something is scary, it makes you afraid, or scared. Horror films — scary movies — are a very popular genre. Apparently people like to be frightened.
Scary is more a more casual way to say "frightening," and you can also use it to describe something that's just bizarre or odd or exceptional: you've become such a good golfer, it's scary; or, you cleaned up you room so fast, it's scary. Note that there is no "e" in scary, even though the verb to scare ends in one.
WORD FAMILY
scary: scarier, scariest, scarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like the kid said, before crazy, there was scary.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, Clemson, which repeated as Atlantic Coast Conference champion, looks at least as scary.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 使人惊慌的; 胆小的，容易受惊的; 可怕的，吓人的
级别：scarier, scariest
分布：可怕的(88%)，容易受惊的(10%)，引起恐慌的(2%)
→来自 scare,惊吓，恐惧，-y,形容词后缀。
US ['sker.i] adjective
 ADVANCED informal (ALSO UK also scarey)
■frightening 骇人的
• a scary movie/story 恐怖电影／故事
adj. 提心吊胆的；引起惊慌的；胆小的
 - timid, tremulous

Word: soak
Front: soak
[səʊk] (研四六雅宝 4835/5630 -2)
Back: vt. 浸泡，浸透; 吸入; 沉浸在（工作或学习中）; 湿透
vi. 浸泡; 渗透或浸透，渗出; 讲话者暂停了一下; [俚语] 酗酒
n. 湿透; 酒鬼; 浸湿性; [俚语]醉汉
时态：soaked, soaking, soaks
分布：浸(53%)，浸泡(34%)，湿透(4%)，渗透(3%)，吸入(2%)，使浸透(2%)，渗入(1%)，敲竹杠(1%)
→来自古英语 socian,浸泡，字面意思为吮吸，来自 Proto-Germanic*sukana,吮吸，来自 sug, 吮吸，来自 seue,汁液，液体，词源同 suck,soup.引申诸相关词义。
v.浸泡,浸湿,浸透;(常与in,up连用)吸收,吸入(液体,知识等);(与in,into,through连用)浸透,淋湿Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸
US [soʊk] verb
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to make very wet, or (of liquid) to be absorbed in large amounts 浸湿，把…湿透；（液体）渗入，渗透
• The wind had blown the rain in and soaked the carpet. 雨被风吹进了屋里，打湿了地毯。
• You'd better wipe up that red wine you've spilt before it soaks (= is absorbed) into the carpet. 你最好把洒在地毯上的红酒擦掉，免得渗进地毯里。
• Blood had soaked through both bandages. 血已经把两条绷带都浸透了。
intransitive or transitive
■to leave something in liquid, especially in order to clean it, soften it, or change its flavour 浸泡，泡
• You can usually soak out a stain. 通常情况下你可以把污渍浸泡掉。
• Leave the beans to soak overnight./ Let the beans soak overnight. 把豆子浸泡一夜。
• Soak the fruit in brandy for a few hours before you add it to the mixture. 先把水果放在白兰地中浸泡几个小时，然后再把它加入混合料中。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] soak sth up
LIQUID
■If a dry material or substance soaks up a liquid, it absorbs the liquid through its surface 吸收，吸掉（液体）
• I tried to soak up most of the spilt milk with a cloth. 我试图用布把洒出来的牛奶大致吸干净。
EXPERIENCE
■to enjoy the effects or experience of something as much as possible 尽情享受，充分体验
• I love to lie on the beach and soak up the sun. 我喜欢躺在海滩上尽情享受阳光。
• Just stroll around the bazaar and soak up the atmosphere. 在市集上随便走走，充分体验一下那里的气氛。
INFORMATION informal
■to understand and remember information well 吸取，吸收（资讯）
• Given the right environment, children are like sponges and will soak up information. 在适当的环境中，孩子们就会像海绵一样消化吸收接触到的资讯。
USE ALL
■to use up all or most of a supply of something, especially a supply of money 用完，耗尽（尤指金钱）
• The repairs on our house soaked up all our savings. 整修房子花光了我们所有的积蓄。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] noun countable
MAKE WET 湿
■when something is put into a liquid for a long period of time 浸泡，浸透
• Most dried beans need a soak before they're cooked. 大多数干豆子在烹饪之前都要经过浸泡。
• Showers are all right but there's nothing like a good long soak in the bath. 淋浴也不错，但根本不能跟在浴缸中舒舒服服地泡澡相比。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] noun countable
PERSON 人 old-fashioned informal
■a person who is often drunk 酒鬼，酗酒者
damp, soak, wet
这组词都有“使潮湿”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指全部弄湿，侧重状态。
soak: 多指浸没，侧重最后结果。
wet: 普通用词，一般指水所发挥的作用。
vt. 吸收，吸入；沉浸在（工作或学习中）；使……上下湿透
 - absorb, drink in
vi. 浸泡；渗透
 - dip in, sink
n. 浸；湿透；大雨
 - drenching, downfall

Word: martyr
Front: martyr
[ˈmɑ:tə(r)] (六雅宝 8377/8636 -1)
Vocabulary: martyr
(once / 300 pages)
nv
Someone who suffers, or is even killed, for his or her political or religious beliefs is called a martyr.
Martin Luther King Jr. is often called a martyr in connection with the American civil rights movement. A martyr is also someone who chooses to be put to death rather than renounce his or her religious beliefs, as the story of Saint Stephen tells. In the figurative sense, if you are a martyr to headaches, you suffer from them. Sometimes, martyr is used negatively to refer to someone who chooses to suffer when there is no need to do so.
WORD FAMILY
martyr: martyrdom, martyred, martyring, martyrise, martyrize, martyrs+/ martyrdom: martyrdoms/martyrise: martyrised, martyrising/martyrize: martyrized, martyrizes, martyrizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Palestinian authorities venerate such “martyrs” and compensate their families financially.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In it he called his attack vengeance for airstrikes against Muslims and said he wished to become a martyr.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
The high-stakes question — for them and consequently for Christianity’s future in Asia — is whether to renounce Jesus or die a martyr.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 烈士; 殉道者; （因病等）长期受痛苦的人
vt. 牺牲; 折磨; 杀害
时态：martyred, martyring, martyrs
分布：殉道者(60%)，折磨(22%)，杀害(18%)
→来自拉丁语martyr,来自希腊语martys,见证者，-r,所有格后缀，来自smer,mer,记住，记忆，词源同memory,remember.后引申词义殉道的人，为教而牺牲的人。
US ['mɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their political or religious beliefs, and is often admired because of it 烈士；殉道者，殉教者
• a Christian/Islamic/religious martyr 基督教／伊斯兰教／宗教殉道者
• She fought against racism all her life and died a martyr to the cause. 她毕生都在反抗种族主义，直到最后为这一事业英勇献身。
■disapproving
■someone who tries to get sympathy from others when they have a problem or too much work, usually having caused the problem or chosen to do the work themselves （夸大所受痛苦的）乞怜者
• She offers to do extra work, then plays the martyr! 她主动提出做额外的工作，然后又装可怜！
UK ['mɑ:.tər] US ['mɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
be a martyr to sth humorous
■to often suffer from an illness 经常受（疾病）折磨
• She's a martyr to migraine! 她深受偏头痛的折磨！
UK ['mɑ:.tər] US ['mɑ:r.tˌɚ] verb transitive often passive
■to kill someone because of their religious or political beliefs 处死（坚持信仰者）；使受难
vt. 牺牲；折磨；杀害
 - harry, worry, trouble, tear

Word: darkness
Front: darkness
[ˈdɑ:knəs] (高 2649/2508)
Back: n. 黑暗; 阴郁; 模糊; 无知
分布：黑暗(100%)
黑暗(dark黑暗的)[-ness表名词"性质,状态,"通常加在形容词后面]
ADJ-GRADED
黑暗的;昏暗的;天黑的
When it is dark, there is not enough light to see properly, for example because it is night.
例：When she awoke it was evening and already dark...她醒来时已是晚上，天已经黑了。
例：It was too dark inside to see much...里面太暗，看不太清。
N-SING
黑暗;昏暗;暗处
The dark is the lack of light in a place.
例：Her mother was sitting in the dark by the stove in her rocking chair...她母亲坐在炉边暗处的摇椅里。
例：I've always been afraid of the dark.我一直很怕黑。
ADJ-GRADED
黑色的;深色的;暗色的
If you describe something as dark, you mean that it is black in colour, or a shade that is close to black.
例：He wore a dark suit and carried a black attaché case...他身穿暗色西服，手提黑色公文包。
例：The heavy dark table is inlaid with lighter wood.笨重的深色桌子上嵌有颜色较浅的木头。
COMB in COLOUR
(颜色)深的，暗的
When you use dark to describe a colour, you are referring to a shade of that colour which is close to black, or seems to have some black in it.
例：She was wearing a dark blue dress.她穿着一件深蓝色的礼服。
ADJ-GRADED
(头发、眼睛或肤色)棕色的，黑色的
If someone has dark hair, eyes, or skin, they have brown or black hair, eyes, or skin.
例：He had dark, curly hair...他有一头卷曲的黑发。
例：Leo went on, his dark eyes wide with pity and concern.利奥接着说下去，他的黑眼睛瞪得大大的，充满怜悯和关切。
ADJ-GRADED
(白人）有着棕色（或黑色）头发（且皮肤略带棕色）的，肤色深的
If you describe a white person as dark, you mean that they have brown or black hair, and often a brownish skin.
例：Carol is a tall, dark, Latin type of woman...卡萝尔身材高大，黑发棕肤，是个有着拉丁风情的女子。
例：The driver was very dark. Maltese, maybe.司机一头乌发、肤色黝黑，可能是个马耳他人。
ADJ-GRADED
(时期）黑暗的，恐怖的，悲惨的
A dark period of time is unpleasant or frightening.
例：Once again there's talk of very dark days ahead...又有传言说以后的日子会非常艰难。
例：This was the darkest period of the war.这是那次战争中最黑暗的时期。
ADJ-GRADED
(地方)神秘的，隐秘的
A dark place or area is mysterious and not fully known about.
例：The spacecraft is set to throw new light on to a dark corner of the solar system.这艘宇宙飞船可能会让人们对太阳系中的一个神秘角落有更新的认识。
例：...the dark recesses of the mind.隐秘的思想深处
ADJ-GRADED
(想法）忧郁的，悲观的
Dark thoughts are sad, and show that you are expecting something unpleasant to happen.
例：Troy's chatter kept me from thinking dark thoughts.特洛伊的喋喋不休让我暂时收起了阴郁思绪。
ADJ-GRADED
(眼神或话语）阴险的，邪恶的，不祥的
Dark looks or remarks make you think that the person giving them wants to harm you or that something horrible is going to happen.
例：Garin shot him a dark glance, as if in warning.加林恶狠狠地瞪了他一眼，似乎是在警告。
例：...dark threats.恶毒的威胁
ADJ-GRADED
（指与严肃或令人不快的事物相关的)黑色的
If you describe something as dark, you mean that it is related to things that are serious or unpleasant, rather than light-hearted.
例：Their dark humor never failed to astound him...他们的黑色幽默总能让他咋舌。
例：Nina took a kind of dark pleasure in being the focus of the tension between her father and her brother.对成了父亲和哥哥紧张关系的焦点，尼娜有点幸灾乐祸。
PHRASE
天黑后
If you do something after dark, you do it when the sun has set and night has begun.
例：They avoid going out alone after dark.他们避免在天黑以后独自外出。
PHRASE
天黑前
If you do something before dark, you do it before the sun sets and night begins.
例：They'll be back well before dark.他们会在天黑前早早返回。
PHRASE
（对…）一无所知，毫不知情
If you are in the dark about something, you do not know anything about it.
例：The investigators admit that they are completely in the dark about the killing...调查人员承认他们对这起谋杀一无所知。
例：I managed to keep my parents in the dark about this...我设法对父母瞒下了此事。
PHRASE
瞎猜;盲干
If you describe something someone says or does as a shot in the dark or a stab in the dark, you mean they are guessing that what they say is correct or that what they do will be successful.
例：Every single one of those inspired guesses had been shots in the dark.所有那些凭直觉的猜测都是无根据的瞎猜。
n. 黑暗；模糊；无知；阴郁
 - night, ignorance

Word: chuck
Front: chuck
[tʃʌk] (8786/7259 -2)
Vocabulary: chuck
(once / 907 pages)
1v 2n 3n 4n 5v 6v
To toss something is to chuck it. You might kill some time in your yard before dinner, where you and your sister can chuck a football back and forth.
When you chuck a tennis ball to your dog, you throw it casually and loosely. You could chuck pieces of bread in the direction of some ducks on a pond, or chuck a Frisbee around with friends after class. You can also chuck something away, or throw it away: "My old diaries? Oh, I decided to chuck those out." If a butcher talks about a chuck or a chuck roast, he means a shoulder cut of meat.
WORD FAMILY
chuck: chucked, chucking, chucks
USAGE EXAMPLES
United Steelworkers local president Chuck Jones says the union wasn’t involved in any of Trump’s negotiations with Carrier.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Delaware North general manager Chuck Kilroy says demolition and construction crews discovered wiring problems at the site along with other repair issues.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Previously he served as chief counsel to New York Sen. Chuck Schumer, the incoming Senate Democratic leader.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. （牛）颈部到肩部的肉; 咕咕（呼鸡声），砸砸（呼马声）; 抛出; 亲爱的
vt. [机械工程]用卡盘夹紧; （口语）抛出，扔出; 咕咕（咯咯、嘟嘟）地叫; （美国）辞职
时态：chucked, chucking, chucks
分布：扔(47%)，卡盘(29%)，撵走(9%)，抛掷(7%)，咯咯叫(4%)，咯咯声(4%)
verb
THROW 扔
transitive often + adverb or preposition informal
■to throw something carelessly （随便地）扔，抛，甩
• Chuck it over there/into the corner. 把它扔到那里／角落里就行了。
• [+ two objects] Chuck me the keys. 把锁匙扔给我。
[tʃʌk] verb
END 结束
transitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to end your romantic relationship with someone 结束（恋爱关系）；甩掉（某人）
• He's just chucked his girlfriend. 他刚甩了女朋友。
[tʃʌk] verb
chuck sb under the chin
■to touch especially a younger person in a friendly way under the chin （友好地）轻抚（尤指年少者）的下巴
• "Cheer up, " she said and chucked the little girl under the chin. “高兴起来，”她说着轻抚了一下小女孩的下巴。
[tʃʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chuck sth away/out informal
■to throw something away 扔掉；抛弃
• I've chucked out all my old clothes. 我把旧衣服全扔了。
[tʃʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chuck sth in informal
■to stop doing something which was a regular job or activity 停止，放弃，终止（规律性的工作或活动）
• I've decided to chuck in my job. 我决定辞职不做了。
[tʃʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chuck sb out informal
■to force someone to leave a place 赶走（某人），撵走（某人）
• He'd been chucked out of a club for fighting. 他因为打架被赶出了夜总会。
[tʃʌk] noun
PERSON 人 (also chuckie) Northern informal
■a friendly form of address （友好的称呼）宝贝
• "All right, then, chuck?" “那么，行吗，宝贝？”
[tʃʌk] noun
MACHINE 机器
countable specialized
■a device for holding an object firmly in a machine （机器上固定某物的）卡盘，夹盘
vt. 丢弃，抛掷；驱逐；轻拍
 - slough off, reject
n. [机] 卡盘；抚弄；赶走；咯咯声
 - drove out
vi. 咯咯叫
 - cluck

Word: neat
Front: neat
[ni:t] (高研四六托雅 4683/3823 -K3)
Vocabulary: neat
(once / 200 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're neat, you're clean and tidy. A neat roommate is usually easier to live with than a sloppy one. And a neat mustache is probably better than a big bushy one.
Your neat handwriting might have made you the pride of your third-grade teacher, and your neat hairstyle will pass muster with your ballet instructor (who insists on a very tidy bun on every dancer's head). You can also use the word neat to mean "great," "cool," or "super." Neat comes from the Old French net, "clear or pure," from the Latin nitidus, "gleaming." Since the 1930s, it's also meant "very good."
WORD FAMILY
neat: neaten, neater, neatest, neatly, neatness +/ neatness: neatnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s kind of cool and neat in itself,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cue a UN summit about cyberwarfare, and the development of some code of conduct, or an anti-cyberwarfare treaty that provides historians with a neat endpoint.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The restaurant owner says if a guest orders an angel shot neat, a bartender will escort them to their car.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 整洁的，干净的; 灵巧的; 匀整的; 未搀水的
级别：neater, neatest
分布：整洁的(69%)，简洁的(15%)，利索地(6%)，整洁地(5%)，利索的(5%)
→来自拉丁语nitere,照耀，光照，来自nei,照耀，词源同拉丁语eniteo,发光，杰出的。引申词义整洁的，干净的。比较clean.
a.整洁的,干净的,优美的,精致的The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
adjective
TIDY 整洁的
 IMPROVER
■tidy, with everything in its place 整洁的，整齐的；有序的
• Your house is always so neat - how do you manage it with three children? 你的房子总是这么整洁——你有三个孩子，是怎么做到的？
• She likes everything neat and tidy. 她喜欢一切都井井有条。
• You've got such neat handwriting. 你的字写得真工整。
• They did a very neat job stitching up your knee - there's hardly a scar there. 他们非常巧妙地缝合了你的膝盖——几乎没有留下伤疤。
 ADVANCED
■A neat person likes to keep themselves, their house and their possessions tidy and in good order （人）爱整洁的，有条理的
• Hassan is the neatest child I've ever met - even his shoes are clean! 哈桑是我见过的最爱整洁的孩子——就连他的鞋子都很干净！
• I try to be neat, but my husband is a slob. 我努力保持整洁，但我丈夫是个邋遢鬼。
[ni:t] adjective
GOOD 好的
 ADVANCED mainly US informal
■good 好的，妙的
• That video game is really neat! 那个电子游戏实在太棒了！
• Kyle has the neatest mom - she lets him stay up late on the weekends. 凯尔的妈妈最开通——允许他周末晚睡。
[ni:t] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的
■clever and simple 简单而聪明的
• It would be a neat solution to the problem. 这会是一个巧妙的解决方法。
[ni:t] adjective
NOTHING ADDED 不添加任何东西
■(of a strong alcoholic drink) without anything, such as water or ice or another drink, added to it （烈性酒）纯的，不掺水的
• I'll have a neat gin, please. 请给我来一杯不掺水的杜松子酒。
• She likes her whisky neat. 她喜欢喝纯威士卡。
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；齐整的；未搀水的；平滑的
 - elegant, flowing, graceful

Word: morality
Front: morality
[məˈræləti] (研六雅 5115/4740 -2)
Vocabulary: morality
(once / 341 pages)
n
Morality is a concern with what’s right or wrong. Your sense of morality prevents you from cheating on your school exams, on your taxes, or on your spouse.
You’ll notice the word moral is in morality. And you might remember reading fairy tales that ended with the phrase, “The moral of the story is…” That’s because stories for children are often intended to instruct kids as to what the good or right decision is in a situation. For example, Cinderella teaches kids that if their foot fits the glass slipper, they can end up marrying a prince. How's that for morality?
WORD FAMILY
morality: moralistic, moralities+/amoral: amoralism, amorality, amorally /amoralism: amoralist/amoralist: amoralists/ immoral: immorality, immorally/ immorality: immoralities/ moral: amoral, immoral, moralise, moralism, morality, moralize, morally, morals /moralisation: moralisations/moralise: moralisation, moralised, moralises, moralising/moralism: moralisms, moralist / moralist: moralists/moralistic: moralistically/moralization: moralizations/ moralize: moralization, moralized, moralizes, moralizing/moralizing: moralizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They toured the Soviet sphere, and even further, and they projected a certain clean-cut morality and proper decorum, patriotism.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It did not matter because Allardyce is a traghettatore, and ultimately money trumps what ghosts of morality survive in elite soccer.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It is a scam admirable for its complexity, if not its morality.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 道德; 道德准则; 品德高尚的行为; 道德观
分布：道德(88%)，道德观(6%)，品行(3%)，美德(3%)
→来自moral,道德的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义道德，准则。
n.道德,美德We talked about the morality of euthanasia.我们谈论了安乐死的道德性.
【参】mores（n 风俗习惯；道德观念）
US [mɔ:'ræl.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behaviour and character, or the quality of being right, honest or acceptable 道德体系；道德观；道德；道义
• They argued for a new morality based on self-sacrifice and honesty. 他们大力宣扬一种以自我牺牲和诚实为基础的新道德观。
• I have to question the morality of forcing poor people to pay for their medical treatment. 对逼迫穷人自付医疗费是否符合道义原则，我不得不提出质疑。
morals, morality, ethics
这些名词均含“道德”之意。
morals: 多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。
morality: 指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。
ethics: 多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
n. 道德；品行，美德
 - virtue, excellence

Word: calamity
Front: calamity
[kəˈlæməti] (雅宝 12502/18552 -1)
Vocabulary: calamity
(once / 413 pages)
n
Use the word calamity to describe an event that causes great harm and misery, or a general state of distress or misery: the calamity of war.
Near synonyms are catastrophe and disaster. The noun calamity is from Middle English calamytey, from Latin calamitas, a word which might be related to Latin clades "destruction." Calamity Jane was the nickname of a 19th-century woman living on the U.S. frontier. She claimed to have some very exciting adventures.
WORD FAMILY
calamity: calamities, calamitous +/ calamitous: calamitously
USAGE EXAMPLES
So much of the time the NFL is about surviving calamity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The “Point in Time” numbers also exposed a generational calamity.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Before the calamity, Tepco was a frequent bond issuer with a credit rating as high as the government, and considered a corporate benchmark.
Reuters(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 灾祸，灾难; 不幸之事; 困苦; 不幸
分布：灾难(95%)，不幸事件(5%)
→来自calamus, 芦苇。指不结实，豆腐渣。
灾难,不幸[calam=misfortune(不幸)]
【记】calam破坏－大灾祸cal＝call打电话，amity（n 友好，亲善关系）－发生大灾祸才会给家人打电话。联想：911事件
【参】calamitous（adj 多灾难的）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable
■a serious accident or bad event causing damage or suffering 灾难，灾祸
• A series of calamities ruined them - floods, a failed harvest and the death of a son. 洪水、歉收、丧子——一连串的灾难毁了他们。
disaster, misfortune, calamity, catastrophe
这组词都有“灾难”的意思，其区别是：
disaster: 普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
misfortune: 普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
calamity: 多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
catastrophe: 语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。
n. 灾难；不幸事件
 - disaster, tragedy, meltdown

Word: geographical
Front: geographical
[ˌdʒi:ə'ɡræfɪkl] (六 6716/4234 -2)
Back: adj. 地理学的，地理的
分布：地理的(52%)，地理学的(42%)，=geographic.(6%)
adjective (mainly US geographic)
■relating to geography, or to the geography of a particular area or place 地理的；地理学的
• a geographical region 地理区域
• geographical features 地理特征

Word: clamour
Front: clamour
[ˈklæmə(r)] (托 -/14466 -1)
Back: n. 喧哗声，喧闹; 大声的要求或抗议
vi. &vt. 喧哗，吵闹; 大声地要求或抗议
时态：clamoured, clamouring, clamours
分布：喧闹(43%)，喧哗(34%)，大声地要求(23%)
US [-ɚ] verb intransitive
■to make a loud complaint or demand 大声（或吵闹）地抱怨，大声地要求
• The children were all clamouring for attention. 孩子都吵吵嚷嚷希望引起注意。
• [+ to infinitive] She clamours to go home as soon as she gets to school. 她一到学校就吵着要回家。
UK (ALSO US clamor) UK ['klæm.ər] US [-ɚ] noun [S or U]
■a loud complaint about something or a demand for something 大声的抱怨；提出要求的强烈呼声
• After the bombing, there was a public clamour for vengeance. 爆炸过后，公众一致嚷着要报仇。
■formal
■loud noise, especially made by people's voices 吵闹；喧嚷；嘈杂声
• the clamour of the city 城市的喧嚣
• a clamour of voices 人声鼎沸
vt. 吵闹；大声地要求
 - make a noise
vi. 叫喊；大声地要求
 - bawl out, yelp
n. 喧闹
 - rumpus, whoop-up

Word: memo
Front: memo
[ˈmeməʊ] (研托 5129/8888 -1)
Vocabulary: memo
(once / 1724 pages)
n
A memo is a written message. Your boss may send around a memo in your office warning employees to not spend so much time socializing by the water cooler and to get back to work.
The intent of most memos is to help you remember something, or to remind another person of something. In a business or government setting, it's particularly important to keep written notes on decisions and communications between people. A written or emailed memo is one way to keep such a record. The word is short for memorandum, "thing to be recorded" in Latin, and a close linguistic relative of memory.
WORD FAMILY
memo: memos
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s when The Des Moines Register got its hands on internal memos and emails between state officials and the insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She wrote in the suggestion by hand three times on a memo of 10 April listing options.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The memo of the incident listed several failings, including:
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 备忘录; （美）内部通知
分布：备忘录(100%)
→缩写自memorandum.
n.(memorandum)备忘录
US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural memos) (formal memorandum)
 ADVANCED
■a message or other information in writing sent by one person or department to another in the same business organization 备忘录；备忘便条
• Did you get my memo about the meeting? 你收到我的会议备忘录了吗？
n. 备忘录
 - minute, notandum

Word: inhabit
Front: inhabit
[ɪnˈhæbɪt] (研四六托雅宝 6052/6908 -2)
Vocabulary: inhabit
(once / 82 pages)
v
When you inhabit a place, you live there. When actors inhabit their roles, they seem to become the characters, no longer actors reciting their lines. It is like they live the life of the character.
The verb inhabit comes from the Old French enhabiter, meaning “dwell in.” You can inhabit an actual place, like a home, a cave, or a neighborhood. You can also inhabit an imaginary world, like those who choose to inhabit cyberspace with a made-up persona, telling about experiences that are nothing like the person's real life. Actors who truly inhabit their roles sometimes struggle to return to reality after a movie or television show wraps.
WORD FAMILY
inhabit: inhabitable, inhabitancy, inhabitant, inhabitation, inhabited, inhabiting, inhabits+/ inhabitable: uninhabitable/ inhabitant: inhabitants/inhabitation: inhabitations/inhabited: uninhabited/uninhabitable: uninhabitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But both the show’s protagonist and the world she inhabits are underdeveloped.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The movie is inhabited by a cinematic spirit as well.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Actually, it’s something of a return to the world Ms. Peevey inhabited as a cute, blond 10-year-old from Oklahoma City.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 居住; 在…出现; 填满
vi. 居住
时态：inhabited, inhabiting, inhabits
分布：栖息(61%)，居住于(23%)，占据(16%)
→in-,进入，使，-habit,持有，握住，词源同habitable,habitat.引申词义居住，栖息。
居住(in里面+habit→住里面→居住)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
vt.居住于,存在于;栖息于They inhabit the tropical forests.他们居住在热带森林中.
【参】inhabitant（n 居民；居住者）
verb transitive often passive
■to live in a place 居住于
• These remote islands are inhabited only by birds. 这些偏僻的岛屿上只有鸟类栖息。
dwell, inhabit, reside, settle, lodge, live
这组词都有“居住、定居”的意思，其区别是：
dwell: 文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替。
inhabit: 强调人或动物居住在某个地区并已适应某种特殊环境。
reside: 书面用词，指合法的永久性居住，也指在豪华的住宅里居住。
settle: 侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。
lodge: 指短时间或临时住宿。
live: 最普通用词，指固定的居住，可以是长期的，也可以是临时的。
vt. 栖息；居住于；占据
 - people, occupy, bag
vi. （古）居住；栖息
 - belong, room, harbor, live, dwell

Word: jewellery
Front: jewellery
[ˈdʒu:əlri] (六 34122/4762 -K2)
Back: n. 首饰，饰物; 等于jewelry; 珍宝
分布：首饰(100%)
UK (ALSO US jewelry) ['dʒu:.əl.ri] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■decorative objects worn on your clothes or body which are usually made from valuable metals, such as gold and silver, and precious stones （总称）珠宝，首饰
• a jewellery box 首饰盒
• a piece of gold/silver jewellery 一件金饰／银饰
jewel, jewellery, stone, gem
这组词都有“宝石”的意思，其区别是：
jewel: 多指贵重的宝石，是经过切削打磨，通常镶嵌在胸针、项链或其它装饰物上的玉。
jewellery: 是珠宝的总称，泛指各类珠宝，既指佩带或衣服的珠宝饰物，又指用普通金属、塑料或假宝石制作的装饰物。
stone: 特别强调稀少罕见或值钱的矿物。
gem: 指经切割、磨光的宝石，引申指珍品、佳作。

Word: tin
Front: tin
[tɪn] (高研四六托 5424/2956 -K2)
Back: n. 锡; 罐头盒; 马口铁; 镀锡薄钢板
adj. 锡制的; 假冒的; 无价值的; 蹩脚的
vt. 镀锡，包锡; 给…包马口铁; 包白铁
时态：tinned, tinning, tins
分布：锡(79%)，罐头(15%)，锡制的(5%)，听头(1%)
→来自古英语 tin,锡，来自 Proto-Germanic*tinom,锡。
n.罐头;锡a.锡制的vt.镀锡于From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a silvery-coloured metal, often combined with other metals or used to cover and protect other metals 锡
[tɪn] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED countable UK (UK AND US ALSO can)
■a closed cylindrical metal container in which food is sold 罐头盒，罐
• a tin of beans 一罐豆子
• piles of soup tins 一大堆汤罐头盒
 ADVANCED countable UK (US can)
■the contents of a tin, or the amount of something a tin contains 罐头；盒装之物；桶装之物；听（或盒、桶）所装之量
• The children ate two tins of beans. 孩子们吃了两罐豆子。
• We used four tins of paint when we painted the ceiling. 我们漆天花板用了四桶涂料。
 ADVANCED countable UK (US cookie jar)
■a metal container with a lid used for keeping cakes or biscuits （用于储存糕点或饼干的）有盖金属盒
• a biscuit tin 饼干盒
 ADVANCED countable UK (US can)
■a cylindrical metal container with a lid used for keeping liquid substances such as paint （用于储藏涂料等液体的）有盖金属桶
• a tin of paint 一罐油漆
 ADVANCED countable UK (US pan)
■a metal container without a lid used for cooking food in the oven （无盖的）烤模，烤盘
• Put both cake tins in the oven for half an hour. 把两个蛋糕烤模都放在烤箱里烤半小时。
can, tin
这两个名词均有“罐头”之意。
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
tin: 为英国英语。
n. [化学] 锡；罐头，罐； [材] 马口铁
 - pot, stannum

Word: abn

Word: beware
Front: beware
[bɪˈweə(r)] (研六 9885/7615 -1)
Vocabulary: beware
(once / 738 pages)
v
To beware is to be cautious and on your guard. The riskier the situation, the more you need to beware.
A "Beware of the dog" sign means there's a dog in the house who doesn't care for visitors or new people. When you beware, you become very cautious. You look both ways and use extreme caution. This word can be remembered if you break it into two parts: to beware is the same as "to be wary." When you're wary, you're concerned and careful. People in dangerous jobs like the police and fire department need to beware every day.
WORD FAMILY
beware: bewared, bewares, bewaring
USAGE EXAMPLES
But beware of how this game might affect your wallet.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Beware the parallel: The death of the Russian ambassador in Turkey on Monday is nothing like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
Slate(Dec 19, 2016)
Musk, Gore, Gates and the other so-called climate champions who choose to collaborate with Trump should beware.
The Guardian(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: v. 当心; 提防
时态：bewared, bewaring, bewares
分布：小心(72%)，谨防(28%)
→前缀be-, 强调。ware, 看，意识到，见aware.
注意(be+ware注意)[be-①构成动词"使…成为"②构成一些介词]
v.当心,谨防"Beware the software in the warhouse during the warfare," hare said glaring at me.兔子怒视着我说："战争期间当心仓库里的软件."
US [-'wer] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■used to warn someone to be very careful about something or someone 当心，小心；注意，提防
• Beware salespeople who promise offers that seem too good to be true. 要提防那些满口承诺的推销员，他们说得越天花乱坠，便越不可信。
• You should beware of undercooked food when staying in hot countries. 留在气候炎热的国家里，小心别吃未煮熟的食物。
• Beware of falling asleep while sunbathing. 晒日光浴时当心睡着。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■used on signs to warn people of something dangerous （用于警告标志）当心，小心
• Beware of the dog. 小心有狗。
• Beware - poisonous chemicals. 小心——化学品有毒。
vi. 当心，小心
 - take care, mind your eye
vt. 注意，当心；提防
 - watching, take care of

Word: swede

Word: independently
Front: independently
[ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ] (5654/4568 -K)
Vocabulary: independently
(once / 1008 pages)
adv
If something happens independently, it happens totally on its own: there was no help from anyone or anything else.
To be independent is to be on your own, making your own decisions and doing what you want to do. America became an independent country when it rebelled against England. Similarly, things that occur independently happen on their own. If the President makes a decision independently, no one else was consulted. If a student finished a project independently, it was a solo effort.
WORD FAMILY
independent: independence, independency, independently, independents+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“My father once told me, ‘Son, unless you’re independently wealthy and you want things in life, you better learn to do them yourself.’
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His conviction that central banks should conduct their policies independently of politics affected Germany and its European neighbors alike.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 独立地，自立地，无关地
分布：独立地(53%)，自立地(47%)
ADJ
相互独立的;彼此不关联的
If one thing or person is independent of another, they are separate and not connected, so the first one is not affected or influenced by the second.
例：Your questions should be independent of each other...你的问题应该彼此无关。
例：We're going independent from the university and setting up our own group...我们马上就将从大学分离出去,成立我们自己的团体。
ADJ-GRADED
自立的;不需外援的
If someone is independent, they do not need help or money from anyone else.
例：Phil was now much more independent of his parents...菲尔现在不那么依赖父母了。
例：She would like to be financially independent...她希望在经济上能够自立。
ADJ-GRADED
(国家)独立的
Independent countries and states are not ruled by other countries but have their own government.
例：...a fully independent state...一个完全独立的国家
例：Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia in 1975.巴布亚新几内亚 1975 年脱离澳大利亚正式独立。
ADJ
(组织)独立的，不受他人控制的
An independent organization or other body is one that controls its own finances and operations, rather than being controlled by someone else.
例：...an independent television station.独立电视台
例：...the Office of Government Ethics, an independent agency.政风处,一个独立的机构
ADJ
(学校)私立的
An independent school does not receive money from the government or local council, but from the fees paid by its students' parents or from charities.
例：He taught chemistry at a leading independent school.他在一所重点私立中学教化学。
ADJ
(调查、意见)独立的，不偏不倚的
An independent inquiry or opinion is one that involves people who are not connected with a particular situation, and should therefore be fair.
例：The government ordered an independent inquiry into the affair...政府下令对该事件进行独立调查。
例：An independent opinion poll published today shows growing discontent with the government.今天发表的一项独立民意测验表明民众对政府的不满正与日俱增。
ADJ
无党派的
An independent politician is one who does not represent any political party.
例：There's been a late surge of support for an independent candidate.最近一位无党派候选人的支持率迅速上升。
例：...the most powerful independent politician in France.法国最有影响力的无党派政治家
adv. 独立地；自立地
 - off one's own bat, on one's own

Word: fort
Front: fort
[fɔ:t] (六托雅宝 7497/7202 -2)
Vocabulary: fort
(once / 74 pages)
nv
A fort is a place that's made strong and secure enough to be defended during a war. Although it’s usually a military word, you can also make a fort with chairs and a blanket to defend against annoying little siblings.
A fort can also be called a fortress or a fortification, although typically a fortress describes a larger structure or a series of structures, while a fort is usually only one. All of these words come from the Latin word fortis for "strong, mighty, or brave.” Traditionally, forts have been strongly defended, with thick stone walls and other elements protecting them from invaders. Today in the US, some forts are simply military bases. Others are simply in the living room.
WORD FAMILY
fort: forted, fortify, forting, forts+/fortification: fortifications/ fortify: fortification, fortified, fortifies, fortifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the crisis at Fort Sumter escalated, threatening to engulf the nation.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Officers say 27-year-old Carrington Carter II of Fort Washington died at a hospital after being found with a gunshot wound.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He eventually would do his basic training at Fort Chaffee.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 堡垒，要塞; <美>边界贸易站
v. 设要塞保卫
分布：堡垒(61%)，要塞(39%)
→来自拉丁语fortis, 坚固的，坚强的，来自bhergh, 高的，坚固的，词源同borough, hamburg,bourgeois.
要塞,堡垒[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
【记】ford（n 浅滩v 徒水）后到达fort
【区】fortress（n 比较大的凹形堡垒）－女城堡fortress like（adj 像堡垒一样安全的）
US [fɔ:rt] noun countable
■a military building consisting of an area surrounded by a strong wall, in which soldiers live and which is designed to be defended from attack 堡垒，城堡；要塞
• The remains of the Roman fort are well preserved. 这个罗马要塞的遗址保存完好。
n. 堡垒； [军] 要塞；（美）边界贸易站
 - tower, bastion

Word: sow
Front: sow
[səʊ] (高研四六托雅宝 10366/6893 -2)
Vocabulary: sow
(once / 296 pages)
1v 2n
When you plant seeds in the ground, you sow them. You can also sow things like doubts or ideas, simply by spreading them around. If your ideas (or your seeds) develop and grow, you've successfully sown them.
The verb sow is pronounced completely differently from the noun sow, which means "a female pig." When you sow flower seeds, it rhymes with "go." When you admire an enormous, muddy sow in a pig pen, it rhymes with "cow." When two words are spelled the same but sound different, they're called heteronyms.
WORD FAMILY
sow: sowed, sower, sowing, sown, sows+/sowed: self-sowed/sower: sowers/ sown: self-sown, sowner, unsown
USAGE EXAMPLES
Austin Wilson, environmental health program manager for As You Sow, said the company’s new plan represented progress.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Facebook’s activation of the feature sowed confusion, however, because the platform also promoted a link to a false news report of a major “explosion”.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
His key argument focuses on sowing doubt about the accuracy of climate models.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 播（种），播种于
vt. 灌输; 激起; 散布; 煽动
n. 母猪
时态：sowed, sown, sowing, sows
分布：播种(48%)，母猪(44%)，散布(8%)
→来自古英语 sawan,播种，播撒，授精，来自 Proto-Germanic*sean,播种，来自 se,播种， 词源同 seed,semen,season.sow 母猪
v.播种Bowing its elbow, the owl sows in the bowl.猫头鹰弯着肘在碗中播种.
【记】外部sow说，李宏志是sow！
noun countable
■an adult female pig 母猪
vt. 播种；散布；使密布
 - seed, distribute, spread
vi. 播种
 - seed

Word: penetrate
Front: penetrate
[ˈpenɪtreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5392/5036 -2)
Vocabulary: penetrate
(once / 167 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To penetrate is to force into or pierce through. If the fog is thick as pea soup, your flashlight won’t penetrate it. If you stubbornly ignore good advice, people might say nothing can penetrate that thick skull of yours.
We get penetrate from the Latin word penetrare, which combines penes ("within") and intrare ("to enter"). Penetrate crops up most often to describe entering or permeating. Blaring music penetrated every corner of the dorm and we wondered how anyone could study with that racket. Penetrate can also mean to decipher or understand: "Careful study allowed us to penetrate the mysteries of Pig Latin." Finally — no surprise, given its Latin roots — the word can be used to describe sexual intercourse.
WORD FAMILY
penetrate: interpenetrate, penetrable, penetrated, penetrates, penetrating, penetration, penetrative, penetrator+/impenetrability: impenetrabilities/ impenetrable: impenetrability, impenetrableness, impenetrably/interpenetrate: interpenetrated, interpenetrates, interpenetrating, interpenetration/interpenetration: interpenetrations/penetrability: penetrabilities/ penetrable: impenetrable, penetrability/penetrating: penetratingly/ penetration: penetrations/penetrator: penetrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The filmmaker’s questions are sensitive yet penetrating, the musician’s responses thoughtful, eloquent and pained.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
That means Spice can operate in darkness, and can penetrate smoke and fog.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
“Their success is that they have penetrated their agenda, that they have become an issue for the West. And this is exactly what happened.”
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 穿透，刺入; 渗入; 秘密潜入; 洞悉，明了
vi. 穿透，穿过; 进入，渗入; 洞悉
时态：penetrated, penetrating, penetrates
分布：穿透(51%)，渗透(38%)，了解(6%)，看穿(5%)
→来自拉丁语penetrare,穿过，进入，来自penes,在里面，进入，词源同penates.-tra,比较级后缀，词源同intra-,interior.字面意思即进入，引申词义穿过，穿透，性交等。
v.穿过,渗入,看穿The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
【记】pen笔，etr＝enter进入，ate吃－把笔吃了－刺穿
【参】penetrating（adj 敏锐的）
verb
MOVE INTO 进入
intransitive or transitive
■to move into or through something 穿透；进入；渗入
• Amazingly, the bullet did not penetrate his brain. 令人惊讶的是，子弹并未射入他的脑部。
• In a normal winter, the frost penetrates deeply enough to kill off insect eggs in the soil. 在正常的冬季里，霜会深深渗入土壤，足以杀死昆虫的卵。
• The organization had been penetrated by a spy. 一名间谍渗入了该组织。
• The company has been successful in penetrating overseas markets this year. 今年，该公司成功地打入了海外市场。
transitive
■If your eyes penetrate somewhere dark, you manage to see through it 透过…看见；看透
• Our eyes couldn't penetrate the dark/ the gloom of the inner cave. 洞内一片黑暗／昏暗，我们甚么也看不见。
['pen.ɪ.treɪt] verb
UNDERSTAND 理解
intransitive or transitive
■to study or investigate something in order to understand 洞察，了解；深入研究
• It's hard to penetrate her mind. 了解她的内心很难。
• He penetrates deeper into the artist's life in the second volume of his autobiography. 他透过这位艺术家自传的第二册对其生平作了更深入的探究。
thrust, pierce, penetrate, prick, stab
这组词都有“刺入，穿透”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 本义是使某物进入或把某物刺进或使之穿透某物，有时侧重穿透、刺入。
pierce: 多指人为地用刀刺、剑等尖锐东西刺穿或刺入某物。
penetrate: 较正式用词，可指用任何工具穿入或穿透，也可指光线、声音等透过物体。
prick: 一般指用针等刺穿。
stab: 主要指利器刺入、刺伤，如用匕首、短刀等。
penetrate, cross
penetrate: 穿透、渗透
cross: 越过，穿越
vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察
 - filter, permeate
vi. 渗透；刺入；看透
 - sink, osmose

Word: minus
Front: minus
[ˈmaɪnəs] (高研四六雅 8628/4789 -2)
Vocabulary: minus
(once / 1709 pages)
adjn
Use the word minus to mean "less" or "with the subtraction of." When it's minus fifteen degrees outside, it's fifteen below zero — or fifteen degrees less than zero.
Whenever you talk about negative numbers, whether they relate to temperature or your bank account, the adjective minus always applies. If you have minus fifty dollars in the bank, you're below zero on the money scale. You can also use minus as noun, to mean "subtraction," or a subtraction mark: "Put a minus in front of that three before you add the columns." Minus means "less" in Latin, and it's closely related to minor, or "smaller."
WORD FAMILY
minus: minuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two rushes for minus-8 yards against the New England Patriots the next week put him back in the red.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The margin of sampling error for all respondents is plus or minus 3 percentage points.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Also to be discovered: Trump’s reaction to the show minus him.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: prep. （表示否定）没有; 缺少; （表示运算）减去; （表示数目）在零度以下
n. 减号; 负号; 不利; 不足
adj. 负的; 不利的; 略低于某标准的
分布：减去(65%)，减号(19%)，负的(7%)，负数(5%)，减的(2%)，缺点(2%)
→来自拉丁语minus,较小的，较少的，来自minor的中性格，词源同minute,minimum.后引申词义减号，负值。
减去(min+us→变少→减去)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
a.负的,减的prep.减去n.负号,减号The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
preposition
 ADVANCED
■reduced by a stated number 减（去）
• What is 57 minus 39? 57减39是多少？
• That will be £1500, minus the deposit of £150 that you have already paid. 减去你已付的150英镑的订金，那就是1500英镑。
Compare plus informal
■without; lacking 没有，缺少
• We're minus a chair for Ian - could you get one from the other room? 我们没有椅子给伊恩坐了——你能从另一个房间拿一张过来吗？
['maɪ.nəs] noun countable (plural minuses)
DISADVANTAGE 不利
■a disadvantage or a bad feature 缺点；不利条件
• Having to travel such a long way to work is a definite minus. 上班的路程这么远无疑是一个不利之处。
['maɪ.nəs] noun countable (plural minuses)
SUBTRACTION 减少 (also minus sign)
■the - sign, written between two numbers to show that the second number should be subtracted from the first, or in front of one number to show that it has a value of less than 0 减号；负号
['maɪ.nəs] adjective
SUBTRACTION 减少
[before noun]
■A minus number or amount is less than zero. （数字）负的
⇒ See also negative
[before noun]
■used to show that temperatures are less than zero 零下的
• Temperatures could fall to minus eight tonight. 今晚气温可能会下降到零下八度。
[after noun]
■used after a mark given to written work to mean that it is of a slightly lower standard than that mark 略差一些的，稍差的
• I got A minus for my English homework. 我的英语作业得了 A-。
['maɪ.nəs] adjective
DISADVANTAGE 不利
[before noun]
■describes a disadvantage or bad point 不利的；不好的
• One of the minus points of working at home is not having social contact with colleagues. 在家工作的一个缺点是欠缺和同事的交往。
prep. [数] 减，减去
 - less
n. [数] 负号，减号；不足；负数
 - shortage, short of, lack, insufficient
adj. 减的；负的
 - negative, nonpositive

Word: abolition
Front: abolition
[ˌæbəˈlɪʃn] (托宝 13737/5158)
Vocabulary: abolition
(once / 533 pages)
n
Abolition is the act of getting rid of something, like the abolition of slavery.
One of the greatest moments in the history of the United States was the abolition of slavery: when we ended slavery as an institution. That's a dramatic and important case, but abolition can refer to getting rid of any system, practice, or institution. Sports leagues would love to achieve the abolition of performance-enhancing drugs. Everyone would probably like to see the abolition of rats from all cities. When there's an abolition, something is abolished — it's gone.
WORD FAMILY
abolition: abolitionism, abolitions+/ abolish: abolishable, abolished, abolishes, abolishing, abolishment, abolition /abolitionism: abolitionist / abolitionist: abolitionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In many countries, the abolition of the Catholic cult of saints drove St. Nicholas away, and Christmas itself disappeared in some places.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
It includes information on the underground railroad, the Coffins, and other important figures in the abolition movement.
Washington Times(Dec 13, 2016)
He was the first West Virginia official to demand total abolition and was increasingly angry when his proposals got nowhere on Capitol Hill.
Washington Post(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 废除; 废止; （常用A-）<美史>废除死刑; 〈美〉废除黑奴制度
分布：废除(85%)，废止(15%)
【源】源于动词abolish（v 废除）
【反】persist in slavery（坚持奴隶制）
N-UNCOUNT
（制度、习俗等的）废除，废止
The abolition of something such as a system or practice is its formal ending.
例：...the abolition of slavery in Brazil and the Caribbean.巴西及加勒比地区奴隶制的废除
n. [法] 废除；废止
 - destoolment, abrogation

Word: disarray
Front: disarray
[ˌdɪsəˈreɪ] (托雅宝 12019/13777 -1)
Vocabulary: disarray
(once / 5869 pages)
nv
If something is confused or disorganized, use the noun disarray, like the disarray that follows your little brother everywhere he goes because he spills everything and never puts away his toys.
Combine the prefix dis-, meaning “lack of,” with array, which derives from the Old French word areer ("to put in order"), and... you’ve got a mess on your hands — or a lack of order. That's disarray. Whether it’s your plans, your kitchen, your workplace, or your hair, the noun disarray can be used to describe anything that is characterized by disorder, untidiness, or confusion.
WORD FAMILY
disarray: disarrayed, disarraying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The battalion’s hockey accounts were not the only ones in disarray.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It ended in a criminal complaint and several salt-in-the-wound news stories about a party in disarray.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Park Geun-hye’s impeachment Friday formalizes Seoul’s state of political disarray.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 混乱，紊乱; 衣冠不整
vt. 使混乱; 弄乱; 使脱去衣服
时态：disarrayed, disarraying, disarrays
分布：混乱(88%)，弄乱(5%)，无秩序(4%)，使混乱(3%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。array, 安排，布置。引申义使紊乱。
【记】dis消除，array（n 排列）－漫无秩序
formal
noun uncountable
■the state of being confused and having no organization or of being untidy 凌乱，混乱，杂乱
• Ever since the oil crisis, the industry has been in (a state of) disarray. 自石油危机以来，该行业就一直处于混乱状态。
• The news had thrown his plans into disarray. 这个消息打乱了他的计划。
• Her clothes were in disarray (= were untidy). 她的衣服凌乱不堪。
n. 无秩序；杂乱；衣冠不整
 - messing, disorderliness
vt. 使混乱；弄乱；使脱去衣服
 - cloud, confuse

Word: basin
Front: basin
[ˈbeɪsn] (高研四六托 6174/4357 -2)
Vocabulary: basin
(once / 399 pages)
1n 2n
A basin is a container that holds water and is used for washing, but you probably just call it your bathroom sink.
You can think of basinas something shaped like a bowl. If you're going for an old-fashioned ring, say "wash basin." If you’re in England, you might use a basin for cooking. The word basin also has various geological senses, particularly a depression in the ground or ocean floor. A basin is also the spot where a river drains — like the famed Mississippi River Basin. That’s one big bowl!
WORD FAMILY
basin: basinful, basins+/basinful: basinfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
The herd typically summers northwest of Meeteetse and migrates into the Bighorn Basin in winter.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Much of the sand is used for construction in Shanghai, about 400 miles east, and other Chinese cities along the lower Yangtze River basin.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
They are expanding reserves with acreage purchases, particularly in prolific fields such as the Permian Basin in Texas.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 盆; 盆地; 流域; 水坑，池塘
分布：盆地(64%)，流域(24%)，脸盆(7%)，水池(5%)
→来自拉丁词bacca, 酒杯，容器，形容盆地如装水容器。来自词根fasc, 编织，捆，词源同basket, fascism.
n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地Based on the basic case, the purchaser found the vase in the basin in the basement.根据这个基本情况,购买者在地下室的盆子里找到了花瓶.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■an open round container shaped like a bowl with sloping sides, used for holding food or liquid 盆；水盆
• a pudding basin 布丁盆
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■the amount of something that a basin can hold 一盆（的量）
• a basin of water 一盆水
 ADVANCED mainly US * a washbasin
• I've cleaned the basin and scrubbed the bath. 我已经清洗了脸盆，还刷了浴缸。
['beɪ.sən] noun countable
AREA 区域 mainly UK the area of land from which streams run into a river, lake or sea 流域
mainly UK
■a sheltered area of deep water where boats are kept 船坞；内湾
n. 水池； [水文] 流域； [地理] 盆地；盆
 - valley, pot

Word: admirer
Front: admirer
[ədˈmaɪərə(r)] (9570/8685)
Vocabulary: admirer
(once / 549 pages)
n
An admirer is a fan, supporter, or lover. If you're an admirer of Jane Austen, you are enthusiastic about her novels and appreciate her writing.
The president of a pop star's fan club can describe himself as the star's admirer, and a college student who is crazy about her psychology professor is also an admirer. If there's someone in your life who leaves unsigned love notes in your mailbox, you can call that person your "secret admirer." In the 1700s, the word was primarily romantic, and it comes from a Latin root, admirari, "to wonder at."
WORD FAMILY
admirer: admirers+/ admirable: admirability, admirableness, admirablest, admirably/ admiration: admirations/ admire: admirable, admiration, admired, admirer, admires, admiring/admiring: admiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the photographer and many of his admirers, these portraits were an ode to the “age of innocence.”
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
"I'm a massive Star Wars fan and a big admirer of her work battling mental health."
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
A suggestion to grieving admirers: Honor her not by watching her movies again, but by reading her books.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 赞赏者; 羡慕者; 崇拜者; （女子的）爱慕者
分布：仰慕者(75%)，钦佩者(18%)，求爱者(7%)
US [-'maɪr.ɚ] noun countable
■someone who finds someone else sexually attractive, or someone who admires someone or something 爱慕者；钦慕者；赞赏者；羡慕者
• She's got plenty of admirers. 她有很多追求者。
• She's got a secret admirer who keeps sending her gifts. 她有一个暗恋者老送她礼物。
• The policy has few admirers (= few people like it). 这项政策不得人心。
n. 爱慕者；赞赏者；钦佩者
 - adorer, worshipper

Word: unequal
Front: unequal
[ʌnˈi:kwəl] (10746/9802 -1)
Back: adj. 不平等的; 不均匀的; 不规则的; 不胜任的
n. 不相等的人
分布：不平等的(73%)，不相等的(16%)，不胜任的(11%)
不平等的(un+equal平等的)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
adjective
NOT THE SAME 不相同的 formal
■different in size, level, amount, etc. （尺寸、水准、数量等）不相等的，不同的
• She cut two slices of noticeably unequal size. 她切的两片大小明显不一样。
[ʌn'i:.kwəl] adjective
NOT FAIR 不公平的
■not treating everyone the same; unfair 不公平的，不平等的
• Until women are paid as much as men, they will be competing on unequal terms. 在男女同工同酬前，妇女将会一直在不平等的条件下与男人竞争。
• They have a rather unequal relationship. 他们之间的关系相当不平等。
[ʌn'i:.kwəl] adjective
NOT ABLE 不能的
be unequal to sth formal
■to not have the necessary ability, power or qualities to achieve something 对…不能胜任；对…力所不及
• He tried to cheer her up but found himself unequal to the task. 他想让她高兴起来，但发现他根本无法做到。
adj. [数] 不平等的；不规则的；不胜任的
 - abnormal, inequal

Word: confirmation
Front: confirmation
[ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn] (六托雅 5360/4971)
Vocabulary: confirmation
(once / 676 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A confirmation provides proof that something is true. An example might be when you receive confirmation that your flight will be on time, or you find out that something you thought might have happened actually did occur.
Confirmation is verification or final proof of something. In the church, confirmation is a rite in which a person if awarded full acceptance into — i.e., confirmed in — the religion, usually presented in a ceremony attended by family and friends. You can see how that ties in with the more general definition of substantiation of a fact or assertion. Confirmation is an obvious derivative of the verb confirm.
WORD FAMILY
confirmation: confirmations+/ confirm: confirmable, confirmation, confirmative, confirmatory, confirmed, confirming, confirms, reconfirm /confirmative: confirmatively/confirmed: confirmedly, unconfirmed/confirming: confirmingest, confirmingly, disconfirming/ reconfirm: reconfirmed, reconfirming, reconfirms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others nominees, such as retired Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis for defense secretary, should easily win confirmation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Appeals Court Judge Merrick Garland, Democrats are promising a bruising confirmation fight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A Parma native and Boise State University graduate, Atencio faces Senate confirmation during the upcoming legislative session, which begins on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 确认，认可; 证实; 证明; [宗]坚信礼
分布：确认(89%)，证实(11%)
US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
CERTAIN 确认
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a statement, often written, that an arrangement or meeting is certain （常指书面的）确认，确定
• a letter of confirmation 确认书
• We've only had five confirmations for the conference so far. 目前我们只收到五封参加会议的确认书。
• We will send you written confirmation of our offer shortly. 我们很快会给您寄去我们的报价确认书。
UK [ˌkɒn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
PROOF 证实
uncountable
■a statement or proof that something is true 证实；肯定
• We are still awaiting confirmation of the exact number of casualties. 我们仍在等待确切伤亡人数得到证实。
• Her confession was no surprise to him, - just the confirmation of a long-held suspicion. 她的坦白并不使他惊讶，那只是证实了他长久以来的猜疑。
UK [ˌkɒn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
RELIGION 宗教
countable or uncountable
■when someone is confirmed into the Christian Church （基督教的）坚信礼
n. [审计] 确认；证实；证明；批准
 - verification, authentication, certification, demonstration, evidence

Word: ignorance
Front: ignorance
[ˈɪgnərəns] (研六托雅 5789/5259)
Vocabulary: ignorance
(once / 185 pages)
n
If you didn't do any of the reading or homework for your Russian history class, you are probably hoping the teacher won't call on you, so you can hide your ignorance, or lack of knowledge.
The noun ignorance is not a synonym for "stupidity," since its meaning is closer to "being uninformed" than "being unintelligent." Ignorance implies that a person or group needs to be educated on a particular subject. You might have heard the phrase "ignorance is bliss," which means that sometimes it's easier when you don't know the whole truth about something and can be blissfully happy, unaware of unpleasant realities.
WORD FAMILY
ignorance: ignorances+/ ignorant: ignorance, ignoranter, ignorantest, ignorantly, ignorantness
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said there is “a lot of ignorance and misconceptions around transgender people.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
These accidents are rarely a result of ignorance.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 无知，愚昧; 蒙
分布：无知(86%)，愚昧(14%)
→来自ignore,忽视，无知。
无知,愚昧(ignore+ance)[gnos(t),gnor=know,表示"知道"]
n.无知,愚昧;不知道His ignorance of her dignity ignited her indignation.他对她的高贵的无知点燃了她的愤怒(之火).
【记】ig不，gnor知道－无知
【参】ignoramus（n 不学无术的人；无知识的人）；ignore（vt 不理睬；忽视）
【反】erudition（n 博学）
US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
■lack of knowledge, understanding or information about something 无知，愚昧
• Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern. 公众对这个疾病的无知仍是一个令人担忧的问题。
• Patients, it is claimed, were kept/left in ignorance of what was wrong with them. 据称，病人被蒙在鼓里，对于自己得了甚么病还毫不知情。
UK ['ɪg.nər.ənts] US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
Ignorance is bliss. saying
■said to emphasize that sometimes it is better for you if you do not know all the facts about a situation 无知便是福；难得糊涂
n. 无知，愚昧；不知，不懂
 - darkness, unwisdom

Word: chest
Front: chest
[tʃest] (中高研四六托雅 1717/2213 -K3)
Vocabulary: chest
(once / 186 pages)
1n 2n
Your chest is the part of your body from your stomach to your neck. A bodybuilder or weightlifter is distinctive not only for his huge arms, but for his big, muscular chest.
The character Tarzan is known for thumping his own chest while yelling — but if Tarzan gets a bad cold, he might cough so hard that his chest aches. Another kind of chest is a storage box with a connected lid that swings open. This is the oldest meaning of chest, from the Old English cest, "box or casket." The anatomical meaning comes from the idea that the ribs form a "box" — or a chest — around the internal organs.
WORD FAMILY
chest: chests, chesty+/chesty: chestier, chestiest, chestily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Clark County coroner says Anthony Eugene Hodges died of a gunshot to the chest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 胸部，胸腔; 箱子; 金库; 资金
分布：胸部(66%)，胸腔(17%)，箱子(13%)，金库(4%)
→来自拉丁词cista, 箱子，词源同cistern.
n.胸腔,胸膛;箱,柜The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 IMPROVER
■the upper front part of the body of humans and some animals, between the stomach and the neck, containing the heart and lungs 胸膛，胸部；胸腔
• He was shot in the chest at point blank range. 他被近距离射中胸部。
• He folded his arms across his chest. 他双臂交叉放在胸前。
• His shirt was open to the waist revealing a very hairy chest. 他的衬衫敞开到腰部，露出毛茸茸的胸膛。
• She went to the doctor complaining of chest pains. 她去看医生，说胸部痛。
[tʃest] noun countable
BOX 盒子
■a large strong box, usually made of wood, which is used for storing valuable goods or possessions or for moving possessions from one place to another （常为木制的）箱子，柜子，盒子
• Her books and clothes were packed into chests and shipped across to Canada. 她的书和衣服都打包装箱运到加拿大去了。
[tʃest] noun countable
get sth off your chest informal
■to tell someone about something that has been worrying you or making you feel guilty for a long time 倾吐（心中的烦恼）；将…一吐为快
• I had spent two months worrying about it and I was glad to get it off my chest. 我为这事担心了两个月，很高兴把它讲了出来。
breast, bosom, chest
这组词都有“胸，胸部”的意思，其区别是：
breast: 指人或动物的胸部或胸部的前面，也指男人或女人的乳房。
bosom: 文学用词，与breast同义，特指女性的乳房，也可用作比喻。
chest: 指胸膛，即肋骨所包围的部分。
n. [解剖] 胸，胸部；衣柜；箱子；金库
 - bureau, treasury, breast

Word: obey
Front: obey
[əˈbeɪ] (高研四六 5672/4952 -K2)
Vocabulary: obey
(once / 106 pages)
v
When you obey, you follow someone's rules or instructions. In the old days, all of a monarchy's citizens were expected to obey the commands of their king or queen.
You might be expected to obey the rules your strict parents lay down, or to obey the guidelines of a group or club you belong to. Religious Christians obey God, and soldiers obey the direct orders their commanding officers give them. To obey is to be obedient, and both words come from the Latin obedire, which literally means "listen to," but is used to mean "pay attention to."
WORD FAMILY
obey: disobey, obeyed, obeying, obeys+/ disobey: disobeyed, disobeying, disobeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gorman cited the victim’s decision to rush Wright, which apparently led to the shooting, instead of obeying Wright’s request for money.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Officers ordered Hall to drop the knife but he did not obey and was shot, the report said.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The DMV noted that 20 companies are currently approved to operate 130 test vehicles, and they are “obeying the law.”
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 服从，听从
vt. 遵守，遵循
时态：obeyed, obeying, obeys
分布：服从(46%)，遵守(39%)，听从(9%)，顺从(6%)
→来自拉丁语obedire,听从，顺从，来自ob-,向前，-ed,听，词源同audit,audience,obedient.
v.服从,顺从The one-eyed man obeyed the obedient audience's order.独眼人服从了顺从的听众的命令.
US [oʊ-] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to act according to what you have been asked or ordered to do by someone in authority or to behave according to a rule, law or instruction 服从，顺从；遵守，遵循
• The soldiers refused to obey (orders). 士兵们拒不服从（命令）。
• to obey the rules of international law 遵守国际法的规定
• Falling objects obey the law of gravity. 自由落体遵循引力定律。
⇒ See also obedient
transitive
■If your body or part of your body does not obey you, it does not work in the way it should （身体或身体某部位）不听使唤
• She was so tired her legs just wouldn't obey her any longer. 她疲惫不堪，再也迈不动腿了。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
vt. 服从，听从；按照……行动
 - be obedient to, subordinate to
vi. 服从，顺从；听话
 - comply, be obedient to

Word: methane
Front: methane
[ˈmi:θeɪn] (托 11180/13128 -1)
Back: n. <化>甲烷，沼气
分布：甲烷(90%)，沼气(10%)
→mety-,甲基化，缩写自methyl,甲基，-ane,化学名词后缀，烷。俗称沼气。
noun uncountable
■a colourless gas without a smell, which is often used as a fuel 甲烷，沼气
• Methane is the main constituent of natural gas. 甲烷是天然气的主要成分。
n. [有化] 甲烷； [能源] 沼气
 - marsh gas, firedamp

Word: fledgling
Front: fledgling
[ˈfledʒlɪŋ] (宝 10357/18858 -1)
Vocabulary: fledgling
(once / 4439 pages)
1nadj 2nadj
A fledgling is a fuzzy baby bird just learning to fly, or someone (like a baby bird) who's brand new at doing something. Awww.
If you're not talking about a baby bird, fledgling is often used as an adjective describing a new participant in something, like a fledgling senator still learning the ropes of how to legislate, or a fledgling drama program trying to build audiences for its plays. It can also mean inexperienced and young, like the fledgling photographer for the school paper who accidentally erases all the pictures. If you're British, spell it fledgeling if you like, both spellings are correct.
WORD FAMILY
fledgling: fledglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The war permanently dispersed the fledgling Oriental Artists’ Group.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The program is seeking between $7 million and $10 million from individuals and outside agencies to invest in the fledgling companies.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The new policy is aimed at encouraging fledgling carriers to boost domestic flights serving secondary markets in China rather than focusing exclusively on big cities.
Reuters(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. （刚学会飞的）幼鸟; 无经验的人; 乳臭小儿
adj. 刚开始的; 无经验的
分布：无经验的(37%)，刚开始的(30%)，刚会飞的幼鸟(17%)，=fledgeling.(8%)，尚缺乏经验的人(8%)
→来自fledge, 羽毛。-ling, 小词后缀。
【记】fledge（vi 长羽毛；长翅）fly，edge边：只能在窝边飞－刚长羽毛。反义词：molt（n /v 脱毛）读：摸头－总是摸头（比如：齐达内）就会脱毛！
【反】experienced practitioner（有经验的从业者）；maturity（n 成熟）；fledge（vi 长羽毛；长翅）－molt（n /v 脱毛）
(also fledgeling) ['fledʒ.lɪŋ] noun countable
■a young bird that has grown feathers and is learning to fly （学飞的）幼鸟
(also fledgeling) ['fledʒ.lɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■new and without experience 新的，刚开始的；缺乏经验的
• The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling businesses. 目前的经济气候对刚起步的公司来说特别艰难。
n. 无经验的人；刚会飞的幼鸟
 - greenhand

Word: toilet
Front: toilet
[ˈtɔɪlət] (中高研四六 3983/3550 -K2)
Back: n. 洗手间; 坐便器; 梳洗
分布：厕所(73%)，卫生间(20%)，盥洗室(7%)
→来自 toil,网，-et,小词后缀。字面意思即小网，引申词义小袋子，后用于指厕所挂衣服或化 妆品的网兜或袋子，引申词义梳妆，打扮，梳妆室，并最终主要用于指厕所，卫生间。
n.厕所,盥洗室Boil the oil soiled by the coil in the toilet lest it spoil.把被盥洗室里的线圈弄脏的油煮开,免得它变质.
noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a bowl-shaped device with a seat which you sit on or stand near when emptying the body of urine or solid waste, or another device used for this purpose 坐便器，马桶
• I was on (= using) the toilet when the phone rang. 电话铃响时我正在上厕所。
• Don't forget to flush the toilet. 别忘了冲马桶。
• Excuse me, Miss Lewis, I need/want (to go to) the toilet. 对不起，刘易斯小姐，我要去一下洗手间。
• The toilet seat was cracked and there was no paper. 马桶座圈裂了，也没有卫生纸。
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US bathroom)
■a room with a toilet in it 卫生间
• Someone's in the toilet. 卫生间里有人。
go to the toilet IMPROVER
■to empty the body of urine or solid waste, usually using a toilet to do so 上厕所
• It's going to be a long journey, kids, so if you want to go to the toilet do so now. 孩子们，我们要作长途旅行，所以如果要上厕所现在就去。
toilets [plural]
 IMPROVER UK (US restroom) (US also ladies'/men's room)
■a room or small building in a public place in which there are several toilets 卫生间，厕所
• Do you know where the ladies' toilets are? 你知道女厕所在哪里吗？
  Common Learner Errors  toiletToilet is the most general word. In British English the informal word loo is often used. In American English bathroom is often used to mean toilet, especially in the home. In public places toilets are usually called the ladies or the gents in British English and the men's room , ladies' room , or restroom in American English. The lavatory is a slightly formal word for toilet, and WC is only used in British English. WC is usually only used in advertisments describing houses, hotels, etc.
['tɔɪ.lət] noun
WASHING 洗刷
uncountable old-fashioned formal
■the process of washing and dressing yourself 梳洗打扮
• Virginia had spent longer than usual over her toilet that evening, with pleasing results. 那天晚上弗吉尼娅梳洗打扮的时间比平时要久，效果很好。
n. [建] 厕所，盥洗室；梳妆，打扮
 - john, convenience, bathroom, lavatory
vi. 梳妆，打扮
 - dress oneself, sharp

Word: undergraduate
Front: undergraduate
[ˌʌndəˈgrædʒuət] (研四六托雅 4751/6208 -1)
Vocabulary: undergraduate
(once / 1460 pages)
n
An undergraduate is a college or university student who's not a graduate student. After high school, you can become an undergraduate.
Undergraduates are students of universities and colleges: they've graduated from high school and have been accepted to college, but they haven't graduated yet. If the under in undergraduate seems confusing, that's because there are also graduate students, students who have a college degree but are no longer undergraduates and are pursuing an advanced degree, like a Master's or Ph.D. Lots of people say being an undergraduate was one of the best times of their lives: it's an exciting thing to be.
WORD FAMILY
undergraduate: undergraduates+/ graduate: graduated, graduates, graduating, graduation, postgraduate, undergraduate / graduation: graduations/postgraduate: postgraduates
USAGE EXAMPLES
After attending public schools in Decatur, he earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
News & World Report’s top 76 universities, only 23 undergraduate history programs require any American history.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His salary would jump with an undergraduate degree.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. （未获学士学位的）大学生，大学肄业生
adj. 大学生的，大学的
分布：大学生(71%)，大学的(20%)，大学生的(9%)
→under-, 未达到，graduate,毕业生。
n.大学生,大学肆业生The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
US [-dɚ-] noun countable
■a student who is studying for their first degree at college or university 大学本科生 Compare graduate ; postgraduate
graduate, undergraduate, post graduate
graduate: 大学毕业生
undergraduate: 大学本科生
post graduate: 研究生
n. 大学生；大学肄业生
 - academic, college student, university student
adj. 大学生的
 - collegiate

Word: tangible
Front: tangible
[ˈtændʒəbl] (托雅宝 7176/7638 -1)
Vocabulary: tangible
(once / 945 pages)
adj
When you can touch something, it's tangible: "I need tangible proof that aliens exist — I want to shake their little green hands!"
Tangible is from Latin tangere "to touch," and it simply means something that can be touched or felt, though it can be used in metaphorical senses: "tangible assets" have a value that can be precisely measured, and "tangible grief" can be clearly sensed by an onlooker. So you might not need to physically touch something for it to be tangible, but it has to be grounded in the real world of facts: "Has the teen pop star demonstrated any tangible ability to sing?"
WORD FAMILY
tangible: intangible, tangibility, tangibleness, tangibly+/intangibility: intangibilities/ intangible: intangibility, intangibleness, intangibles, intangibly/tangibility: tangibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The second category is people who want to create something tangible.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“If someone steals a stone to decorate their back yard,” he says, “you’ve lost a tangible part of Mason’s and Dixon’s historic achievement.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But there is still a tangible sense of mistrust between many African nations.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 可触知的; 确实的，真实的; 实际的; [法]有形的
n. 有形资产; 可触知的或具体的某事物
分布：有形的(59%)，实际的(20%)，确凿的(11%)，可触摸的(10%)
→来自拉丁语 tangere,接触，触摸，来自 tag,接触，触摸，安排，词源同 integer,contact.
能触知的(tang+ible能接触的)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
【反】unable to perceive（无法理解的）
adjective
■real or not imaginary; able to be shown, touched or experienced 真实的；非想像的；可触摸的；可感知的
• We need tangible evidence if we're going to take legal action. 如果我们要采取法律行动，就需要有实实在在的证据。
• Other tangible benefits include an increase in salary and shorter working hours. 其他实实在在的好处包括加薪和缩短工作时间。
adj. 有形的；切实的；可触摸的
 - concrete, bodied
n. 有形资产
 - material property

Word: usher
Front: usher
[ˈʌʃə(r)] (托 6570/7711 -1)
Vocabulary: usher
(once / 709 pages)
nv
That guy who guided you to your seat? He's called an usher. You most often see ushers at movie theaters and weddings.
An usher is someone with the job of helping people find their seats. At the movies, ushers take your tickets and tell you where to go. At some theaters and sports venues, the ushers might actually take you to your seat — they usher you there. If you're an usher in a wedding party, it's your job to walk guests down the aisle and to their seats. The doorkeeper at a courtroom or legislative chamber is called an usher, too.
WORD FAMILY
usher: ushered, usherette, ushering, ushers+/usherette: usherettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s a look at how people ushered in the new year:
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 引座员; 招待员; 门房; 助理教员
v. 引领，招待; 做招待员; 宣告
时态：ushered, ushering, ushers
分布：引导(39%)，招待员(31%)，引入(12%)，带位员(12%)，做招待(3%)，担任引座员(3%)
→来自os, 嘴，词源同oral, osculate.用来指迎宾。
【记】us，her：她领我们进去－引领
US [-ɚ] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to show someone where they should go, or to make someone go where you want them to go 引导；引领；把…引往
• She ushered us into her office and offered us a coffee. 她把我们领进她的办公室，给我们倒了两杯咖啡。
• Officials quickly ushered the protesters out of the hall. 官员们很快就把抗议者送出了大厅。
UK ['ʌʃ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] usher sth in
■to be at the start of a new period, especially when important changes or new things happen, or to cause important changes to start happening 开创（尤指重大的变化或新事物）；（尤指重大的变化或新事物）开始；开启
• Yesterday's match between Arsenal and Spurs ushered in the start of the new football season. 昨天阿仙奴队和热刺队的比赛揭开了足球新赛季的序幕。
• Banksie threw a huge party to usher in (= celebrate) the New Year. 班克西举办了一场迎新年大型晚会。
• The legislation should usher in a host of new opportunities for school leavers. 这项立法应该会给毕业生带来很多新机会。
UK ['ʌʃ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a man who shows people where they should sit, especially at a formal event such as a wedding or at a theatre or cinema （尤指婚礼等正式场合或剧院、电影院的）引座员
n. 引座员，带位员；接待员；门房
 - porter, receptionist
vt. 引导，招待；迎接；开辟
 - aim, serve, invite, attend, guest
vi. 作招待员；当引座员
 - ush

Word: parity
Front: parity
[ˈpærəti] (宝 12077/10431 -1)
Vocabulary: parity
(once / 1257 pages)
1n 2n
All things being equal, parity means, basically, equality. It’s used in finance, physics, math, and even sports. When people talk about parity in a football league, for example, they mean the teams are evenly matched. Go, evenly matched team, go!
Parity comes from the same Latin root as pair, which is par, for “equal.” Parity is an equal amount of something, or an equal rank or skill level between people or teams. During the Cold War, the word parity was used to describe the equal amount of resources the US and the USSR had. So now it also means an equal amount between enemies, which is probably why sportscasters love it.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
parody / parity
They're different, but when these words are said out loud it's hard to tell them apart. A parody is a silly spoof and parity is equality, and that's no joke.
A parody turns making fun of something into an art form. Imitating the way someone talks or writes is a parody. Broken down into its Greek roots, it's para for "beside," and ode as in "song," which forms paroidia for a "burlesque song or poem." A parody isn't as risqué as a burlesque, but it's definitely supposed to be funny. Here are some examples of the word:
"He's also a professed fan of the 1960s spy parody ‘Get Smart.'" (Washington Times)
"The online parody shows a player pretending to be J.J." (Los Angeles Times)
"From a Saturday Night Live hosting gig to a parody Twitter account, the ‘Girls' star is everywhere." (Time)
When there's parity, things are even-steven. Parity means equality. It even has Latin roots in par, which means, of course, equal. If a scale is balanced, there is parity.
It's used in finance:
"She said she thinks the euro will fall below parity against the U.S. dollar in the coming year." (Wall Street Journal)
In social contexts:
"None of this started out as a fight over gender parity, but now that it looks like one, you can be sure women will notice."
And sports:
"In most seasons, parity usually expires some time around November as the league's usual suspects take control." (Wall Street Journal)
They word parody probably has more fun than parity, which just likes to even things out. But there is parity between these words; they are both awesome.
WORD FAMILY
parity: parities
USAGE EXAMPLES
They “back tested” risk parity over periods such as the Great Depression and the postwar bond-bear market with similar results.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Contract workers excluded from that policy say they want parity — and more.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
On Thursday, the Palestinian statistics bureau said demographic parity would be reached by the end of 2017.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 平价，价值对等; 同等，平等; 奇偶性
分布：等值(42%)，势均力敌(33%)，相等(25%)
→来自拉丁语par,对等，等同，词源同pair.
同等,同样;平等(par+ity)[par=equal,表示"平等"]
【记】par作为词根是平等的意思
【反】inequality（n 不平等）；incommensurateness（n 不同量）
US ['per.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■ equality , especially of pay or position （尤指薪水或职位的）同等，平等
• British nurses would like to see pay parity with nurses in other major European countries. 英国护士希望看到的是与其他主要欧洲国家的护士享有同等的工资待遇。
n. [金融] 平价；同等；相等
 - coordination, equation

Word: communal
Front: communal
[kəˈmju:nl] (托宝 6398/6943 -2)
Vocabulary: communal
(once / 74 pages)
adj
Communal and community both come from Latin communis "common, of the community"—if a pool is communal, it can be used by the members of the community that owns it.
A communal well in a town without plumbing is a great idea. Until it runs dry, everyone can take responsibility for caring for their water source. A communal drinking cup is not such a great idea—accompanied as it is by possible infection.
WORD FAMILY
communal: communalise, communalism, communalize, communally, community +/communalize: communalized, communalizing/ community: communities
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Featherstone’s “Fantastical Landscape” is a symbolic reconstruction of places like India and Nepal, where religious art is public, communal and ubiquitous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The majority of the shots featured in his project are of single hoops in people's backyards or rural communal areas.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 公社的; 公民的; 公共的; 公用
分布：公有的(40%)，共有的(36%)，公社的(24%)
公共的(com+mun+al→公共的)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
【记】源于common（adj 共有的）
US ['kɑ:.mjə-] adjective
SHARED 共有的
■belonging to or used by a group of people rather than one single person 公共的；共有的；集体的；公用的
• communal facilities/food/property 公共设施／共用食品／公有财产
• We each have a separate bedroom but share a communal kitchen. 我们各有一间独立的卧室，但共用一个厨房。
■describes a society in which everyone lives and works together and the ownership of property and possessions is shared 公社制的
UK ['kɒm.jʊ.nəl/ UK [kə'mju:-] US ['kɑ:.mjə-] adjective
IN A COMMUNITY 群体内
■based on differences or disagreements within a large social group （较大社会群体内）不同群体之间的
• Communal riots/disturbances have once again broken out between the two ethnic groups. 两个种族之间再次爆发了骚乱。

Word: burgeon
Front: burgeon
[ˈbɜ:dʒən] (托雅宝 28159/33692 -1)
Vocabulary: burgeon
(once / 5041 pages)
v
Use the verb burgeon to describe something that is growing, expanding, and flourishing. If you have a green thumb, in the spring your flower gardens may burgeon. If you don't have a green thumb, your collection of plastic plants may burgeon.
Although burgeon means to grow and flourish, it doesn't necessarily have to apply only to plants. Your town can have burgeoning downtown development. Your tiny retirement account can burgeon into an excellent emergency fund if you invest even a small amount each month. You may have a burgeoning career as a villain if you overthrow a planet by using your mind-controlling ray gun on the populace.
WORD FAMILY
burgeon: burgeoned, burgeoning, burgeons
USAGE EXAMPLES
The programming connects practicing artist volunteers with residents and provides a dance center that’s the focal point for a burgeoning arts district.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sadly, this is likely to be a burgeoning field for the foreseeable future.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The barrage of criticism amounts to a rare sustained burst of public anger by China’s burgeoning middle class.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: v. 发芽，抽枝; 迅速发展
n. 嫩芽，嫩枝
时态：burgeoned, burgeoning, burgeons
分布：发芽(32%)，芽(26%)，萌芽(24%)，嫩枝(14%)，迅速发展(4%)
→bur, 蓓蕾，繁殖，来自bear, 生育。
【记】1）源自burjon[枝芽]－成长。参：burg（n 城，镇）－成长的地方2）读：波震。地震波：快速成长
【反】subside（v 下沉）；wither（v 衰弱）；subdue（v 征服）；wane（vi 变小；衰落）；waste away（浪费）
vi. 萌芽
 - germ, spring up
vt. 发芽
 - come into bud, come up
n. 嫩枝
 - shoots

Word: restrictive
Front: restrictive
[rɪˈstrɪktɪv] (托 8527/6224 -1)
Vocabulary: restrictive
(once / 4376 pages)
adj
Restrictive is an adjective that describes something that keeps people within certain boundaries. A household where you aren't allowed to play video-games, watch TV, or eat junk food is restrictive.
If you noticed that restrictive is wrapped around the word strict, you're on to something. Strict comes from the Latin stringere, and you can probably guess what that means, right? Well, not "string," actually, but close: "to bind tight," either with string or rope or whatever does the job. The kids in a restrictive household are kept from doing so many things they might as well be tied up.
WORD FAMILY
restrictive: nonrestrictive, restrictively, restrictiveness, unrestrictive +/ restrict: derestrict, restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictive, restricts/ restricted: restrictedly, unrestricted / restriction: restrictions/ unrestricted: unrestrictedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In restrictive housing, commonly called solitary confinement, inmates are alone for 23 hours a day.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Unfortunately, though, the city failed miserably in its efforts to place residents in the least restrictive setting with individualized care.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 限制的; 限定的; 约束的
n. 限制性词语
分布：限制的(59%)，限定的(21%)，限定词(10%)，拘束的(10%)
[rɪ'strɪk.tɪv] often disapproving
adjective
■limiting the freedom of someone or preventing something from growing 限制性的；约束性的
• He is self-employed because he finds working for other people too restrictive. 他是个自雇人士，因为他觉得在别人手下工作太不自由。
• The college is not able to expand because of restrictive planning laws. 由于限制性规划法规，这所大学无法扩建。
adj. 限制的；限制性的；约束的
 - limiting, confining

Word: unlimited
Front: unlimited
[ʌnˈlɪmɪtɪd] (六 6742/7140 -1)
Back: adj. 无限的; 无数的; 过多的，过度的; 无条件的
分布：无限的(94%)，不受限制的(6%)
无限的(un+limited有限的)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
■not limited; having the greatest possible amount, number or level 不受限制的；无穷的；无数的
• Passes are available for one month's unlimited travel within Europe. 现在可申请在欧洲无限制旅行一个月的护照。
• Demand for health care appears virtually unlimited. 看来对卫生保健的需求实际上是没有止境的。
adj. [数] 无限制的；无限量的；无条件的
 - limitless, interminate

Word: ammunition
Front: ammunition
[ˌæmjuˈnɪʃn] (雅 6837/7653 -2)
Vocabulary: ammunition
(once / 440 pages)
1n 2n
Soldiers carry their ammunition: the bullets and shells needed for their guns.
The word ammunition is used to describe the supply of shells or bullets used for a gun, as well as nuclear, chemical or biological matter that can be used in much larger weapons. But we also use it for metaphorical attack material. If you're trying to prove that your big brother is a jerk, your neighbor's story about how he kicked her dog is ammunition for your argument.
WORD FAMILY
ammunition: ammunitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
My boss even bought a surplus ammunition tin for storing the drone batteries, just in case they exploded.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
In the capital, Kinshasa, police and soldiers fired live ammunition as opposition activists burned tyres, attacked an office of the ruling party and threw stones.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
Police found pipes, timer units, ammunition and high grade explosives in the buildings.
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 弹药，军火; <废>军需品; <比喻>战斗手段; 子弹
分布：弹药(83%)，军火(12%)，炮弹(5%)
→来自法语短语la munition讹误为俗词源: am-同ad- . munition, 武器。
noun uncountable (informal ammo)
■objects that can be shot from a weapon such as bullets or bombs 弹药，军火
• a good supply of ammunition 充足的弹药供应
• a shortage of ammunition 弹药短缺
■facts that can be used to support an argument （指可用来支持自己论点的）资讯，事实
• His bad behaviour provided plenty of ammunition for his opponents. 他的不良行为给对手提供了足够的把柄。
n. [军] 弹药；军火
 - ammo, cartridge

Word: comfortably
Front: comfortably
[ˈkʌmftəbli] (6887/5959 -K1)
Back: adv. 舒服地; 安乐地; 充裕地
分布：舒服地(51%)，充裕地(33%)，容易地(16%)
adverb
■in a comfortable way 舒服地；舒适地
• Are you sitting comfortably? Then I'll begin. 你们坐好了吗？那我就开始了。
■without financial or other problems 富足地；安逸地
• We could live fairly comfortably on Edward's salary. 我们靠爱德华的薪水可以过得相当宽裕。
comfortably off
■having enough money to lead a good life 富裕的，宽裕的，富足的
adv. 舒服地；安乐地；充裕地
 - copiously, cozily

Word: bloom
Front: bloom
[blu:m] (研四六托雅 6582/7980 -2)
Vocabulary: bloom
(once / 231 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
A bloom is a flower. You might mark the beginning of spring by the very first bloom you see in your garden.
The noun bloom is useful for talking about blossoms themselves, but you can also use it as a verb meaning the process of flowering: "Those trees seemed to bloom overnight!" Another meaning of bloom is more figurative, meaning the peak or ideal moment for something. The bloom of your career selling Girl Scout cookies might be one sunny weekend outside the local supermarket. The origin of the word bloom is the Old Norse word blóm, "flower or blossom."
WORD FAMILY
bloom: bloomed, bloomer, blooming, blooms+/bloomer: bloomers/blooming: bloomingest, bloomingly, bloomings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bloom should leave the classroom and stop by the lab — the world we live in.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The documentary, directed by Alexis Bloom and Fisher Stevens, features vintage family films and what is being dubbed “extensive vérité footage.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Nassau County medical examiner, Dr. Tamara Bloom, did not comment on the new numbers.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （常指供观赏的）花; 开花期; 最盛期; 健康有精神的面貌
vi. 开花; 使植物繁盛; 发光，闪亮; 大量出现
时态：bloomed, blooming, blooms
分布：花(79%)，开花(17%)，花期(2%)，繁盛(1%)，最佳时期(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，生长，繁荣。词源同flower, 花。flourish，开花。
n.花(朵);开花(期)v.开花On the wedding I saw blooms embeded in the bed of the bedroom.在婚礼上,我看见卧室的床上镶嵌着花朵.
verb intransitive
PRODUCE FLOWERS 开花
■When a flower blooms, it opens or is open, and when a plant or tree blooms it produces flowers 开花；绽放
• These flowers will bloom all through the summer. 这些花整个夏天都会绽放。
[blu:m] verb intransitive
DEVELOP 发展
■to grow or develop successfully 繁荣，兴盛
• Rimbaud's poetic genius bloomed early. 兰波很早就展露了诗歌才华。
[blu:m] noun
FLOWER 花
countable
■a flower on a plant 花，花朵
be in bloom
■to be producing flowers 开花
• The apple trees are in full bloom (= completely covered in flowers). 苹果树开满了花。
come into bloom
■to start to produce flowers 开始开花
• The roses are just coming into bloom. 玫瑰花刚刚开始绽放。
[blu:m] noun
GOOD HEALTH 良好健康
[S or U] literary
■health, energy and good looks 青春焕发；风华正茂
• He was nineteen, in the full bloom of youth. 他那时19岁，风华正茂。
bloom, flower, blossom
这组词都有“花”的意思，其区别是：
bloom: 主要指诸如牡丹、玫瑰、梅花、菊花等供观赏的花以及花的状态。
flower: 指开放的花朵或泛指花卉。
blossom: 一般指树木开花，尤指果树上开的花。
n. [植] 花；青春；旺盛
 - youth, flower, green
vt. 使开花；使茂盛
 - flower
vi. 开花；茂盛
 - blossom out, come into blossom

Word: extraordinarily
Front: extraordinarily
[ɪk'strɔ:dnrəlɪ] (六 7314/7705)
Back: adv. 很，十分，特别，极其; 离奇地; 出奇; 倍加
分布：副词(100%)
US [-'strɔr.dən.er-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■very; more than usual 极其，极端；特别地
• She is, it must be said, extraordinarily beautiful. 必须提一下，她特别美。
adv. 非常；格外地；非凡地
 - badly, highly, greatly, too, most

Word: pie
Front: pie
[paɪ] (中高研四雅 3323/4186)
Vocabulary: pie
(once / 1013 pages)
n
A pie is a baked dessert with a pastry crust. If your favorite kind of pie is apple, you might order it with a scoop of vanilla ice cream on top.
Most pie is sweet, but there are also meat and vegetable pies, often called "pot pies." Like dessert pies, these savory dishes are often topped with pastry. Other pies have a bottom crust and an open top, while some have both a top and bottom pastry crust. If something is described as "easy as pie," it's very easy — though it's arguable whether it's really all that easy to make a pie.
WORD FAMILY
pie: pies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The intelligence assessments in the PDB, however, are just one slice of a very large pie.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Pasquale Jones is also home to one of the best clam pies in town.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
“Oh, I would like that very much,” she said and then fell about laughing when we told her it was called shepherd’s pie.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 馅饼，派; 爱说话的人; [动]喜鹊; <美俚>容易得到的称心东西，容易的工作
vt. 使杂乱; 弄乱（铅字，版面）
分布：馅饼(85%)，饼图(12%)，喜鹊(3%)
→来自古法语pie,来自拉丁语pica,来自picus,喜鹊，啄木鸟，-a,表阴性，来自speik,啄，词源同spike.
n.馅饼My niece sacredly sacrificed a piece of pie to the God.侄女郑重地给神供上一块馅饼.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a type of food made with meat, vegetables or fruit covered in pastry and baked 馅饼，派
• Would you like some more pork pie? 你想再要点猪肉馅饼吗？
• a pecan pie 大胡桃馅饼
[paɪ] noun countable or uncountable
pie in the sky
■something that you hope will happen but which is very unlikely to happen 渺茫的希望；不大可能实现的计划
• Their plans to set up their own business are just pie in the sky. 他们自行创业的计划只不过是空想罢了。
n. 馅饼；饼图；爱说话的人
 - pastie, talkee-talkee
vt. 使杂乱
 - clutter up

Word: throat
Front: throat
[θrəʊt] (高研四六雅 2454/2449 -K3)
Back: n. 咽喉; 颈前部; [植物学]管颈
vt. 用沙哑的声音或嗓音发音
分布：喉咙(65%)，嗓子(30%)，颈部(2%)，嗓音(2%)，低语(1%)
→来自古英语 throte,喉咙，来自 Proto-Germanic*thrut,喉咙，来自 trud,膨胀，鼓起，词源 同 throttle.
n.咽喉,嗓子When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [θroʊt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the front of the neck, or the space inside the neck down which food and air can go 颈前部；咽喉，喉咙
• A fish bone got stuck in my throat. 我喉咙里鲠了一根鱼刺。
• a sore throat 咽喉痛
• He cleared his throat (= coughed so he could speak more clearly) and started speaking. 他清了清嗓子，然后开始讲话。
UK [θrəʊt] US [θroʊt] noun countable
at each other's throats
■If two people are at each other's throats, they are arguing angrily （两人）激烈争吵
• Those two are always at each other's throats. 那两人总是吵个没完。
UK [θrəʊt] US [θroʊt] noun countable
force/ram sth down sb's throat
■to force someone to listen to opinions and ideas and to try to get them to accept them 强迫（某人）接受
• I can't bear it when someone starts ramming their views down your throat. 我受不了别人把自己的观点强加于人。
n. 喉咙；嗓子，嗓音；窄路
 - organ, voice

Word: pardon
Front: pardon
[ˈpɑ:dn] (中高 7831/4052 -2)
Vocabulary: pardon
(once / 115 pages)
vn
If you belch, interrupt a conversation, or leave the table during dinner, you’re expected to say “Pardon me.” Once you’ve requested your companions’ pardon, or forgiveness, you can assume you have it; you don’t need to wait for their response.
The word pardon often occurs in the phrases “Pardon me” and “I beg your pardon.” (While “I beg your pardon” literally means “I request your forgiveness,” it’s used to indicate that the speaker did not hear what was just said.) Outside of these everyday phrases, pardon is typically used in formal or legal situations. If the president pardons a criminal, for example, the criminal is forgiven in the sense that he or she no longer has to serve the penalty for the crime.
WORD FAMILY
pardon: pardonable, pardoned, pardoner, pardoning, pardons+/pardonable: pardonably, unpardonable/pardoner: pardoners/unpardonable: unpardonably
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is because they are often granted suspended sentences or presidential pardons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Sauvage first attracted public attention when a petition calling on the president to grant her a full pardon collected more than 400,000 signatures.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The French constitution allows a president to pardon convicts and to reduce prison sentences.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 宽恕; 原谅; 赦免; 劳驾
n. 饶恕，原谅; 赦免; [宗]免罪符
int. （用于请求别人重复某事）什么，请再说一遍
时态：pardoned, pardoning, pardons
分布：原谅(100%)
→par,完全的，词源同per-,完全的，-don,给予，词源同donate.即完全的给予，引申词义赦免，免除惩罚，多用于感叹词”pardon me”,请原谅。
原谅,宽恕(par平等+don→给予平等→原谅)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
n.原谅,宽恕;请再说一遍v.原谅,饶恕,赦免I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
US ['pɑ:r-] verb transitive
■to forgive someone for something they have said or done. This word is often used in polite expressions 原谅，宽恕（常用于礼貌的表达方式）
• Pardon my ignorance, but what exactly is ergonomics? 请恕我无知，不过人体工程学究竟是甚么一回事？
• [+ -ing verb] Pardon me interrupting , but there's a client to see you. 对不起打扰一下，有位客户要见你。
■If someone who has committed a crime is pardoned, they are officially forgiven and their punishment is stopped 赦免
• Large numbers of political prisoners have been pardoned and released by the new president. 新总统赦免并释放了一大批政治犯。
UK ['pɑ:.dən] US ['pɑ:r-] verb transitive
if you'll pardon the expression
■said before or after using language which other people might consider shocking 请原谅我用这个词，请原谅我如此表达
• The man doesn't know his arse from his elbow, if you'll pardon the expression. 这个男人是个浆糊脑袋，请原谅我这么说。
UK ['pɑ:.dən] US ['pɑ:r-] verb transitive
pardon (me) (formal I beg your pardon)
■used to say that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for being rude 对不起，请原谅
UK ['pɑ:.dən] US ['pɑ:r-] verb transitive
Pardon me for breathing/existing/living! informal
■used to tell someone that you think they have just answered or spoken to you in an unreasonably critical or rude way 总不能不让人呼吸了吧！（用于当某人以极其苛刻或粗鲁的方式答话或对自己说话时）：
• "If you're going to get in my way, James, could you just leave the kitchen?" "Oh, pardon me for breathing!" “詹姆斯，如果你要碍手碍脚的话就离开厨房好吗？”“哦，真抱歉，我连呼吸都妨碍到你了！”
UK ['pɑ:.dən] US ['pɑ:r-] noun countable
■when someone who has committed a crime is officially forgiven 赦免
• He had actively sought a pardon from the president. 他积极寻求总统的赦免。
UK ['pɑ:.dən] US ['pɑ:r-] exclamation
 ADVANCED (US also pardon me)
■used to politely ask someone to repeat something they have said because you have not heard it 请重复一遍
⇒ See also I beg your pardon (US also pardon me) (formal or humorous I beg your pardon)
■used to show that someone has said something that offends you 再说一遍（用于对某人的话感到不快时）
• "Women tend to make fairly useless drivers, anyway." "I beg your pardon!" “无论如何，女人开车十之八九都不行。”“恕我不敢苟同！”
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
n. 原谅； [法] 赦免；宽恕
 - forgiveness, absolution
vt. 原谅； [法] 赦免；宽恕
 - forgive, tolerate

Word: martial
Front: martial
[ˈmɑ:ʃl] (雅宝 7965/8789 -2)
Vocabulary: martial
(once / 879 pages)
adj
An adjective referring to the military, the word martial adds a warlike tone to any noun it describes.
The word martial derives from Mars, the Roman god of war. It refers to almost much anything military, including "martial law," in which the government orders the military to administer the law. The word definitely makes one think of fighting, as in the physical discipline known as the martial arts. But there is a lighter side to the word, too. Martial music, usually associated with the military, is usually bright and inspiring.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
marital / martial
Marital and martial look almost alike, but the only time they overlap is when you declare war on your spouse. Marital has to do with marriage, and martial is concerned with fighting.
Marital comes from the word marriage. It means either related to marriage or to a husband and his role in a marriage (usually the first). It comes from the Latin marītalis, used to describe something belonging to married people. Although it's not very romantic, being married is a legal status, so the word marital shows up in court all the time:
New Hampshire's House plans to investigate whether grounds exist to impeach a marital master, a court officer that handles family court cases. (Boston Globe)
Overall, the pre-marital contract can prevent a bad divorce experience. (FiGuide.com)
On the other fist, martial is related to war; related to the profession of war; or the characteristics of a warrior. These meanings come from the Latin martialis, which is from Mars, the Roman god of war. Martial law is when the military takes over, and a martial art is something like karate or judo, as in these examples from the news:
Last week Bahrain called in troops from its fellow Sunni-ruled neighbours, declared martial law and launched a crackdown that drove the protesters from the streets. (Reuters)
An off-duty Houston police officer used a martial arts move to kill a man who had asked a bartender for her telephone number. (Houston Chronicle)
With marital, remember the connection to marriage in sound and spelling: mari- and marri-. When looking at martial, think of Martians from Mars, the Roman god of war. People in divorce court like to move the "i" to the other side of the "t."
WORD FAMILY
martial: martially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The death rate declined, but football did not lose its martial character.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Other major figures in mixed martial arts disagree.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That’s the rub with Cruz, because he’s already thought hard about his life after mixed martial arts.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 军事的; 战争的; 尚武的，好战的; 战神玛尔斯的
分布：战争的(45%)，军事的(38%)，好战的(17%)
→来自拉丁语martialis,与战神Mars相关的。引申词义战斗的，武术的。
【记】源于：Mars（n 火星；战神）
US ['mɑ:r-] adjective
■relating to soldiers, war or life in the armed forces 军队的；战争的；军事的
adj. 军事的；战争的；尚武的
 - military, warlike

Word: armoured
Front: armoured
[ˈɑ:məd] (42908/8865)
Back: adj. 装甲的，武装的; 配备有装甲车辆的; 蛇皮管的
分布：装甲的(48%)，武装的(26%)，披甲的(26%)
US ['ɑ:r.mɚd] adjective
■protected by a strong covering, or using military vehicles protected by strong covering 装甲的；使用装甲车辆的，装配有装甲车辆的
• an armoured tank 装甲坦克
• armoured troops 装甲部队
• an armoured division (= military group) 装甲师
adj. 装甲的；铠装的；蛇皮管的
 - steel-clad, mailed

Word: messenger
Front: messenger
[ˈmesɪndʒə(r)] (研四六 6537/6998 -1)
Vocabulary: messenger
(once / 199 pages)
n
Use the noun messenger to refer to someone who brings you a message. Your mail carrier delivering a postcard and your gossipy friend calling to give you the latest news can each be described as a messenger.
Delivering messages for others is certainly a time-honored profession, since even the gods of Antiquity needed someone to do it — the Greeks had Hermes and the Romans had Mercury as their messenger gods. A messenger carries a message, and that's where the word itself comes from: the Latin root of message is missus, which means "a sending away, sending, dispatching" and is the past participle of mittere, "send."
WORD FAMILY
messenger: messengers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Asked about the role cybersecurity policy will play in his administration, he steered Americans toward bike messengers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
You may find these are not happy prophecies, but please don’t disparage the messenger.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Silence” argues against orthodoxy, but its messenger is too pallid.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 信使，信差; 先驱; [军]通信兵，传令兵
分布：报信者(80%)，先兆(20%)
→来自古法语messagier,信使，来自message,信息，消息。插入字母n可能是一种习惯性写法，比较passenger,harbinger.
n.送信者,使者,传令兵In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
■someone who takes a message or documents from one person to another 送信人；通讯员；信使
• The documents were delivered by special messenger. 文件由特派信使送达。
• a messenger boy 送信的男孩
UK ['mes.ɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
Don't shoot the messenger. saying
■said to warn someone not to be angry with the person who tells them something bad 勿斩信使（指不要迁怒于告诉你坏消息的人）
n. 报信者，送信者；先驱
 - precursor, forerunner

Word: mosquito
Front: mosquito
[məˈski:təʊ] (高研四六雅宝 5667/12347 -1)
Vocabulary: mosquito
(once / 924 pages)
n
A mosquito is a tiny stinging insect that leaves an itchy welt on your skin. Between its annoying bites and its ability to spread disease, the mosquito is not the most popular of insects (unlike the fair ladybug).
Male mosquitoes feed on nectar and live only a few days, while females need to feed on blood in order for their eggs to develop and be laid. Female mosquitoes, therefore, can be a nuisance on summer evenings, and can even be downright dangerous in tropical areas where they often spread diseases like malaria. In Spanish, mosquito means "little gnat," from mosca, "gnat or fly."
WORD FAMILY
mosquito: mosquitoes, mosquitos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials also are considering locations for a separate test of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes genetically modified to produce offspring that die outside a lab.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By the fifteen-thirties, the slavers were ravaging the Mosquito Coast and the Olancho Valley of central Honduras, destroying villages and rounding up people like cattle.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Better diagnostics are also needed, he said, along with more effective pesticides and other mosquito control methods.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蚊子
分布：蚊子(100%)
→来自西班牙语mosca,蚊子，-ito,小词后缀，来自拉丁语musca,蚊子，来自mu,蚊子，拟声词，模仿蚊子嗡嗡的声音，词源同moth,midge.
n.蚊子The biscuit compels the mosquitoes quit the equipment.这种饼干迫使蚊子离开设备.
【记】读：冒死quit头，在蚊帐里的时候把头伸出去，就会体会什么叫冒死quit头。Quit退出
【参】mote（n 微粒）mot＝mos小；
US [-tˌoʊ] noun countable (plural mosquitoes) (UK informal mozzie/mossie)
■a small flying insect that bites people and animals, and sucks their blood 蚊
• Some types of the anopheles mosquito transmit malaria to humans. 某些种类的按蚊能将疟疾传染给人类。
n. 蚊子
 - skeeter

Word: pleasant
Front: pleasant
[ˈpleznt] (中高研四六雅 3772/2880 -K3)
Vocabulary: pleasant
(once / 51 pages)
adj
Something pleasant is nice or enjoyable. Usually, a picnic in the park is considered a pleasant activity.
Pleasant is a word for things that are pleasing: ice cream is considered pleasant by most people. A second meaning refers to a person who is polite or agreeable. People who have good manners, give compliments, smile often are considered more pleasant than someone who screams and curses all the time. This word is often used for weather: clear skies and warm temperatures are signs of pleasant weather. Still, different weather (and other things) will be pleasant to different people.
WORD FAMILY
pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant +/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/pleasantness: pleasantnesses/ please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure /pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures/ unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Temperatures are in the pleasant low 70s, under partly cloudy skies.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“It was a pleasant surprise,” said Victoria Eisenberg, who seemed to express the reaction of many.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The bland, mouth-coating sensation of the powdered beans with which they are dusted is pleasant, but not compelling.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可爱的; 令人愉快的; 有趣的; 晴朗的
级别：pleasanter, pleasantest
分布：令人愉快的(52%)，舒适的(27%)，宜人的(18%)，讨人欢喜的(3%)
→来自please,请，使愉悦。
a.令人愉快的vt.使高兴vi.满意;喜欢Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like 令人愉快的；宜人的；亲切友好的
• a pleasant climate/smile/person 宜人的气候／亲切的笑容／和气可爱的人
• a pleasant day/surprise 令人愉快的日子／惊喜
• Harold did his best to be pleasant to the old man. 哈乐德竭力和颜悦色地对待那位老人。
• It was pleasant to sit down after standing for hours. 站了好几个小时后，能坐下来真让人感到舒坦。
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
pleasant, pleasing, pleased
pleasant: 常用作定语, a pleasant trip
pleasing: 常用作表语,pleasing主语常为物 The trip is pleasing.
pleased: 常用作表语,pleased主语常为人
adj. 令人愉快的，舒适的；讨人喜欢的，和蔼可亲的
 - lovely, favorable, comfortable, grateful, easy

Word: fitting
Front: fitting
[ˈfɪtɪŋ] (研六托雅 10090/4717 -2)
Back: n. 试穿，试衣; 设备，器材; 装置; 装修
adj. 适合的，适宜的; 适当的; 相称的
v. 使适合（fit的现在分词）; 使合身; 与…相符; 安装
分布：配件(27%)，装配(23%)，试穿(20%)，合适的(20%)，恰当的(9%)，动词fit的现在分词和动名词形式.(1%)
a.适当的,恰当的n.(常pl.)配件,附件;装配It is fitting for him to say so.他那样说是恰当的.
US ['fɪtˌ-] adjective formal
■suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion 适合（某情况或场合）的；恰当的
• a fitting tribute 恰如其分的褒奖
• [+ that] It is fitting that we should remember those who died. 我们应该记住那些死去的人，这是理所应当的。
UK ['fɪt.ɪŋ] US ['fɪtˌ-] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
countable
■an occasion when someone who is having clothes made for them puts on the clothes before they are finished to make certain they will fit 试衣
• I'm having the final fitting of my wedding dress on Thursday. 周四我要最后试穿一次结婚礼服。
UK ['fɪt.ɪŋ] US ['fɪtˌ-] noun
SMALL PART 细小部份
countable usually plural
■a small part or thing 小配件，附件
• plumbing fittings 水暖配件
• electric light fittings 电灯配件
Compare fixture
UK ['fɪt.ɪŋ] US ['fɪtˌ-] noun
IN A HOUSE 房屋内
countable usually plural UK (US furnishing)
■a piece of furniture, such as a cooker, washing machine or curtain pole, which is not permanently fixed in or part of the structure of a house and which a person might be expected to take with them when they move to a new home 可拆除装置（如炊具、洗衣机或窗帘杆）
• The house price, including fixtures and fittings, is £200 000. 包括固定装置和附加设备在内，房屋价格是20万英镑。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
n. [机] 装配，装置； [服装] 试穿，试衣
 - assembly, device, apparatus, installation, unit
adj. 适合的，适宜的；相称的
 - adaptive, calculated, matching, well, worthy

Word: unman

Word: segment
Front: segment
[ˈsegmənt] (研四六托雅宝 2922/4404 -3)
Vocabulary: segment
(once / 870 pages)
nv
A segment is one of several pieces that together create a whole. You could offer a segment of your orange to your girlfriend as a Valentine's Day gift. She’ll probably enjoy the orange, but she may break up with you.
Lots of things can have segments. You can talk about a segment of a talk show, a segment of a sphere, or the segment of students in your high school who want to join the Drama Club — the ones singing and dancing in the cafeteria every day. You can also use segment as a verb: when you chop down that oak tree in your front yard, you have to segment the trunk into smaller pieces for firewood.
WORD FAMILY
segment: segmental, segmentation, segmented, segmenting, segments+/segmental: nonsegmental, segmentally/segmentation: segmentations/segmented: unsegmented
USAGE EXAMPLES
An earlier episode placed Paper Boi on a fictional news panel show with parody commercials to break up the show’s segments.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Another push begins to build a Second Avenue line, though a smaller segment is proposed from 63rd Street to 96th Street.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 部分，段落; 环节; [计算机]（字符等的）分段; [动物学]节片
vt. &vi. 分割，划分; [生]使分裂
时态：segmented, segmenting, segments
分布：段(62%)，部分(20%)，节(11%)，分割(4%)，弓形(2%)，瓣(1%)
→来自拉丁语 secare, 砍，切，来自 sek,砍，切，词源同 section,secateurs.-ment,名词后缀。 引申诸相关词义。
部分;切片(seg+ment)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
部分,一段(seg部分)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.段,片,节,部分To divide a computer program into segments.把一个计算机程序分成若干段.
【记】seg＝sect部分，ment一部分
【参】segmentable（adj 可分割的）；sect（n 宗派）
【反】make whole（使完整）
US [ˈ--] specialized
■to divide something into different parts 分离；分割
• City Insurance segmented the market into three by issuing three types of policy. 城市保险公司透过推出三种保单把市场分割为三个部分。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
vi. 分割
 - to cut up, divide up
n. [计] 段；部分
 - dan, proportion, part, portion, percent
vt. 分割
 - to cut up, deleave

Word: flotation
Front: flotation
[fləʊˈteɪʃn] (22726/12725 -1)
Back: n. 浮选; 漂浮，漂浮状态; 发行股票，发行公债
分布：漂浮(92%)，=floatation.(8%)
→来自float, 漂浮，浮动，发行股票。
US [floʊ-] noun
BUSINESS 企业
countable or uncountable
■when a company's shares are sold to the public for the first time （公司股票的）发行
• The Glasgow-based company is to launch a stock-market flotation this summer. 这间总部设在格拉斯哥的公司将于今年夏天在股票市场上市。
(UK also floatation) UK [fləʊ'teɪ.ʃən] US [floʊ-] noun
FLOAT 浮
uncountable
■the action of floating 浮，漂浮
flotation chamber/compartment/tank
■a container filled with water that you can float in for relaxation （放松用的）浮室／舱／罐
n. 浮选（等于floatation）
 - floatation

Word: legendary
Front: legendary
[ˈledʒəndri] (托 4997/7101 -2)
Vocabulary: legendary
(once / 1277 pages)
adj
It's one thing to be famous. It's another thing altogether to be legendary, or like a legend. The Monkees were a famous band. The Beatles are legendary—for most people, they are almost mythical in their greatness.
There are a couple of ways to become legendary, but, however you get there, you have to become a legend. The first way is to be better at something than anyone else ever was. Michael Jordan, for example, is a legendary basketball player. The other way is to be known—and yet remain mysterious—for a very long time. The legendary Loch Ness Monster, for example, is very well known for a creature that (almost?) no one has ever actually seen.
WORD FAMILY
legendary: legendarily+/ legend: legendary, legends
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Legendary player," said fellow Ravens wide receiver Mike Wallace.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
This year’s Rose Bowl will feature a legendary comeback, no matter what happens on the field between USC and Penn State.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 传说的; 传奇的; 极其著名的
n. 传说集; [宗]圣徒传
分布：传奇的(61%)，传说的(22%)，著名的(17%)
→来自legend,传奇。
传奇的,像传奇一样的(legend+ary)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
US [-der.i] adjective
FAMOUS 有名的
 ADVANCED
■very famous and admired or spoken about 名声显赫的；津津乐道的
• He became editor of the legendary Irish journal 'The Bell'. 他当上了著名的爱尔兰杂志《钟》的编辑。
• The British are legendary (= well known) for their incompetence with languages. 英国人语言能力欠佳是出了名的。
UK ['ledʒ.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
FROM A STORY 故事
■from a legend 传说的，传奇的
• a legendary Greek hero 希腊传奇英雄
• Was King Arthur a real or a legendary character? 亚瑟王是确有其人还是一个传说中的人物？
adj. 传说的，传奇的
 - rumorous, fabulous
n. 传说集；圣徒传
 - hagiology

Word: flagship
Front: flagship
[ˈflægʃɪp] (11371/12170 -1)
Vocabulary: flagship
(once / 2248 pages)
1n 2n
Traditionally, the commander of a navy traveled in the flagship, which was distinguished by flying his distinctive flag. You can also call the ship in the front of a fleet the flagship.
The flagship is generally the most powerful in some way — better armed, or larger, than the ships that follow it. Ultimately, the most important thing about a flagship is that it's first. Based on this meaning, another kind of flagship is something that's the first, best, or biggest example of something — a product, store, or program, for example. Starbucks' enormous flagship coffee shop, the company's largest and fanciest shop, is in Seattle, Washington.
WORD FAMILY
flagship: flagships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each year, the society hosts a number of flagship shows to promote the sector, including the Chelsea and the Tatton Park flower shows.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Speaking of Texas, Dallas boutique Forty Five Ten this month opened a massive 37,000-square-foot flagship downtown.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
One of the government's flagship home ownership programmes ends on Saturday, amidst both praise and criticism.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 旗舰; 〈比喻〉最重要的一个; 佼佼者
分布：旗舰(99%)，最重要产品(1%)
→来自flag和ship的组合词。
noun countable
BEST PRODUCT 最优产品
■the best or most important product, idea, building, etc. that an organization owns or produces （某组织的）旗舰产品，最重要理念，主建筑物
• This machine is the flagship in our new range of computers. 这台机器是我们新电脑系列的主打产品。
• The company's flagship store is in New York. 这间公司的旗舰店在纽约。
['flæg.ʃɪp] noun countable
SHIP 船
■the ship within a group on which the most important officer sails 旗舰
n. 旗舰；（作定语）一流；佼佼者
 - Pilotide, admiral

Word: nutrition
Front: nutrition
[njuˈtrɪʃn] (高研六托雅宝 5563/8940 -2)
Vocabulary: nutrition
(once / 1058 pages)
n
Nutrition is the study of food and drink. If you take a nutrition class, you'll become more aware of the health hazards of junk food.
Nutrition also has a more general meaning — the source of materials needed to nourish your body, like vitamins, minerals, calories, carbohydrates, fats, and protein. When you study nutrition, you learn the right combinations of these to have great health. You also gain an understanding of how the body uses food to produce energy, grow stronger and repair itself — this process is also called nutrition.
WORD FAMILY
nutrition: nutritional, nutritionist, nutritions, nutritious +/ nutrient: nutrients/nutrify: nutrient, nutrition /nutritional: nutritionally/nutritionist: nutritionists/ nutritious: nutritiously, nutritiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We need to do better in battling poor nutrition and a lack of exercise in our youth.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Also, a North Carolina State University nutritionist in Winston-Salem will be presenting nutrition classes in the program.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
To set the reference value, the CDC relies upon data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 营养，滋养; 营养品; 营养学; 食物
分布：营养(100%)
→来自nutrient,营养的，滋养的。
营养;滋养(nutrit+ion)[nutrit,nutri=nourish,表示"营养"]
n.营养,营养学A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养.
US [nu:-] noun uncountable
■the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health 营养物质；营养，滋养
• Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery. 病人如果要迅速康复，必须补足营养。
• improvements in nutrition 改善营养
■the process of taking in and using food, or the scientific study of this 营养（学）
• She's a professor of nutrition at Columbia University. 她是哥伦比亚大学的营养学教授。
n. [生物] 营养，营养学；营养品
 - alimentation, threpsology

Word: inauguration
Front: inauguration
[ɪˌnɔ:ɡjə'reɪʃn] (9602/16284)
Vocabulary: inauguration
(once / 1923 pages)
n
An inauguration is a ceremony that formally marks the start of something. You’ve probably seen the inauguration ceremony when a new president takes office.
Inauguration can refer to a formal ceremony, such as one marking the start of a new term in office or the opening of a new wing in a museum, but it can be used more broadly to describe a less formal beginning. Your boss may make you responsible for the inauguration of a new system at work. There probably won’t be a ceremony for that inauguration — in this case, inauguration just indicates that a new practice is being introduced.
WORD FAMILY
inauguration: inaugurations+/ inaugurate: inaugurated, inaugurates, inaugurating, inauguration
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
And even George Washington, so renowned for his composure, quivered during his address to the Senate after nervously improvising in his first inauguration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The public swearing-in and inauguration ceremony are scheduled for 11 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 就职; 就职典礼; 开始; 开创
分布：就职典礼(93%)，落成典礼(6%)，开幕仪式(1%)
VERB
为…举行就职典礼;使正式就任
When a new leader is inaugurated, they are formally given their new position at an official ceremony.
例：The new President will be inaugurated on January 20.新总统将于 1 月 20 号举行就职典礼。
VERB
为…举行落成仪式;为…举行成立典礼
When a new building or institution is inaugurated, it is declared open in a formal ceremony.
例：A new centre for research on toxic waste was inaugurated today at Imperial College.新建的有毒废物研究中心今天在皇家学院举行落成典礼。
VERB
开创;开展
If you inaugurate a new system or service, you start it.
例：Pan Am inaugurated the first scheduled international flight.泛美航空公司开通了第一条国际定期航班线路。
n. 就职典礼；开始，开创；开幕式
 - threshold, conception, beginning, fresh, start

Word: passive
Front: passive
[ˈpæsɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 5680/4512 -2)
Vocabulary: passive
(once / 571 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Passive is the opposite of active. In English class, you might be advised to avoid the passive voice. In chemistry, a passive substance doesn't react. Passive resistance is a way to protest peacefully.
When you're passive, you don't participate much and you're not very emotional. In chemistry, passive means to be "unreactive except under special or extreme conditions; inert." Gandhi used the term passive resistance in the mid-twentieth century to describe the nonviolent approach Indians should use in their quest to become an independent nation.
WORD FAMILY
passive: passively, passiveness, passives, passivism, passivity +/ passivity: passivities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her mood, always indomitable in her apartment, was passive and resigned, and she was not sure exactly where she was.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And with this passive resignation, the problem only gets worse, the risks get greater and the choices are narrower.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 被动的; 消极的; 不抵抗的; 冷漠的
n. 动词被动形式，被动语态
分布：被动的(65%)，消极的(29%)，被动性(6%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion.即承受的，引申词义被动的，消极的。
消极的,被动的(pass+ive→感情用事→被动的)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
a.被动的,消极的In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
adjective
BEHAVIOUR 行为 often disapproving
■not acting to influence or change a situation; allowing other people to be in control 被动的，消极的；顺从的
• He's very passive in the relationship. 他在这段关系中非常被动。
• Men have always played an active part in leading worship while women have been confined to more passive roles. 男性在宗教崇拜方面一直起着主导作用，而女性则一直被局限于较被动的角色。
⇒ See also impassive
['pæs.ɪv] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法 specialized
■of the form of a verb used when the grammatical subject is the person or thing which experiences the effect of an action, rather than the person or thing which causes the effect 被动语态的
• 'He was released from prison' is a passive sentence. He was released from prison 是个被动句。
['pæs.ɪv] noun only singular specialized
the passive
 IMPROVER
■a way of structuring a sentence so that the grammatical subject is the person or thing which experiences the effect of an action, rather than the person or thing which causes the effect 被动语态
• When changed into the passive, 'The dog chased the cat' becomes 'The cat was chased by the dog'. The dog chased the cat 变成被动句后，为 The cat was chased by the dog.
Compare active
adj. 被动的，消极的；被动语态的
 - driven, negative

Word: telecommunication
Front: telecommunication
[ˌtelɪkəˌmju:nɪ'keɪʃn] (-/4896)
Back: n. 电信; 电通信
分布：电信(97%)，远程通信(3%)
n. 电讯； [通信] 远程通信；无线电通讯
 - radiocommunication

Word: probability
Front: probability
[ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti] (研四六 5104/3717 -1)
Vocabulary: probability
(once / 352 pages)
n
Probability has to do with how likely something is to happen. If there's a 50/50 chance, then the probability is 50%.
Probability is a part of math involving percentages and chance. The probability of a thing happening is the same as the odds or chances of something happening. When you watch a weather forecast, it might say there's a 30% chance of showers; that's probability. Gambling — on sports or something else — is also based on probability. Since most things in life are uncertain, it's helpful to know if the probability is high or low for things you want to do or try.
WORD FAMILY
probability: probabilities+/improbability: improbabilities/ improbable: improbability, improbableness, improbably/probabilism: probabilistic/probabilistic: probabilistically/ probable: improbable, probabilism, probability, probables, probably / probably: probablys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The plans did not place a high probability on such a collapse, but they did chart a course through it.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This statistic is called championship probability added—and it was the metric The Wall Street Journal used to scrutinize the NBA’s most iconic baskets.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 可能性; 几率，概率; 或然性
分布：可能性(80%)，机率(20%)
→来自probable,可能的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义概率。
可能性(probable+ility)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.可能性,或然性,概率There is every probability of his coming.他多半会来.
US [ˌprɑ:.bə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the level of possibility of something happening or being true; likelihood 可能性
• What is the probability of winning ? 获胜的可能性有多大？
• The probability of getting all the answers correct is about one in ten. 答案全部正确的可能性大约是1／10
• There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here. 她很可能会来。
• Until yesterday, the project was just a possibility, but now it has become a real probability (= it is likely that it will happen). 到昨天为止这项计划还只是可能，但现在看来真的会实现。
in all probability
■used to mean that something is very likely 很有可能，十之八九
• She will, in all probability, have left before we arrive. 她十之八九会在我们到达之前就已经离开了。
n. 可能性；机率； [数] 或然率
 - possibility, feasibility, potential, maybe, chance

Word: unwanted
Front: unwanted
[ˌʌnˈwɒntɪd] (6932/6398 -2)
Back: adj. 不需要的，无用的; 多余的; 讨厌的，有缺点的
分布：不需要的(53%)，多余的(23%)，不受欢迎的(13%)，讨厌的(7%)，无用的(4%)
US [-'wɑ:n.tˌɪd] adjective
■not wanted 不需要的；多余的；不受欢迎的
• How can I stop unwanted emails? 我怎么才能不再收到那些垃圾邮件？
adj. 不需要的；有害的；讨厌的；空闲的
 - harmful, available, evil, leisure, off

Word: appliance
Front: appliance
[əˈplaɪəns] (研四六托雅 6043/7150 -2)
Vocabulary: appliance
(once / 1287 pages)
1n 2n
An appliance is a tool or device that performs a certain job. Your toaster is an appliance, and so is your dishwasher. Your dog? Not so much.
Most modern homes are full of appliances that perform various useful tasks — or help you perform them. A hairdryer is an appliance that dries your hair, and a television is an appliance that offers hours of mindless entertainment. The earliest meaning of the word was "action of putting into use," from the verb apply, with its Latin root, applicare, which figuratively means "devote oneself to" or "give attention."
WORD FAMILY
appliance: appliances
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mammoth technology industry confab, formerly the International Consumer Electronics Show, used to be centered on big-screen televisions, appliances and speakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Another virtual assistant, Amazon’s Alexa, lives in the Echo, a cylindrical black household appliance, but identifies as female.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The reference is to the constellation of devices — such as cameras, cellphones and appliances — connected to the internet.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 器具，器械，装置; 家用电器
分布：装置(30%)，应用(27%)，器具(23%)，器械(20%)
n.电器;器械,装置;应用,适用The alliance enhanced the reliability of the applicable alloy appliances.盟友增强了适用的合金用具的可靠性.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machine 装置，器械；（尤指）家用电器
• electric/domestic/household appliances 电器／家用电器／家电
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. 器具；器械； [机] 装置
 - device, apparatus, installation, unit, tool

Word: heighten
Front: heighten
[ˈhaɪtn] (研六托雅 7990/8474 -2)
Vocabulary: heighten
(once / 790 pages)
v
When you heighten something, you increase it or make it more intense. If you want to heighten awareness about homelessness, you might write an article for your local newspaper.
Extreme weather can act to heighten people's concern about climate change, and publicity for a good cause can heighten awareness of the ways college students can volunteer their time. A movie director might heighten the tension in a scene by using scary music and dramatic lighting. In all of these cases, something is intensified or increased. The oldest, fifteenth-century meaning of heighten, however, was "to exalt, honor, or raise to a high position."
WORD FAMILY
heighten: heightened, heightening, heightens
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there was also anger at what some saw as heightened polarisation and rhetoric in the run-up to the attack.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Ambrose accuses President Obama of breaking “records in polarizing the country” by stirring up class antagonisms, heightening racial tensions and helping instigate political stalemate.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He drank prodigious amounts of alcohol to dim his heightened alertness and to muffle his sorrows.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）变高; （使）加强
时态：heightened, heightening, heightens
分布：加强(46%)，增加(37%)，升高(17%)
→height,高，高度，-en,使。
v.提高,升高As she waited, her fears heightened.她在等待时,越发感到恐惧.
US [-tˌən] verb intransitive or transitive
■to increase or make something increase, especially an emotion or effect （使）（尤指某种情绪或效果）增强，加强
• The strong police presence only heightened the tension among the crowd. 大批员警出现只会使人群更加紧张。
enhance, raise, heighten, intensify, aggravate
enhance: 提高，增强：靠增添某种能增强物质的价值、魅力或声望的东西以指某物超出常规水平或通常的喜人程度或吸引力
raise: 提高，增强，养育，种植，饲养
heighten: 提高到超出平常、陈腐或平庸之辈的承程度，并在尖锐和深刻方面有所增强，表示常规合习惯，现状的升级，侧重加强加深加重
intensify: 一物的加深加强强化到很显著、罕见的深度式强度，尤其是在其特性方面
aggravate: 明显加强了那已是令人不快、困难重重的环境，条件的严重性，说明严重性的增加，要求给与注意
vt. 提高；增高；加强；使更显著
 - enhance, raise, cement, muscle
vi. 升高；变强
 - strengthen, breeze up

Word: pyongyang
Front: pyongyang
[ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ] (-/30667)
Back: n. 平壤（朝鲜民主主义人民共和国首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: plantation
Front: plantation
[plɑ:nˈteɪʃn] (研四六托雅 5736/7200 -2)
Vocabulary: plantation
(once / 603 pages)
n
A plantation is a large agricultural property dedicated to planting a few crops on a large scale. If you dream of having 3,000 acres to raise cucumbers on, then you have dreams of a cucumber plantation.
Plantation doesn't have to only mean massive single-product farms. A small grove of trees is also called a plantation, but usually when we use the word we mean the big farms. Surely you've heard of southern plantations before the Civil War that raised cotton and tobacco with slave labor. In Latin America many international companies own banana and coffee plantations.
WORD FAMILY
plantation: plantations+/ plant: plantal, plantation, planted, planter, planting, plantlet, plants, replant/planted: unplanted/planter: planters/planting: plantings/plantlet: plantlets/replant: replanted, replanting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Years after the war ended, the plantation was put up for sale.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The main issue for orangutans in Southeast Asia is palm oil plantations.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 种植园，大农场; 栽植; <史>殖民，殖民地
分布：种植园(95%)，殖民地(4%)，造林地(1%)
→来自plant,植物，种植。
大农场;造林(plant+ation→种[树],农场)[Plant=plant,表示"种植"]
n.种植园To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
US [plæn-] noun countable
■a large farm, especially in a hot part of the world, on which a particular type of crop is grown （尤指热带的）种植地；农园
• a tea/cotton/rubber plantation 茶叶／棉花／橡胶种植地
■an area where trees are grown for wood 造林地；林场；人造林
• plantations of fast-growing conifers 生长迅速的针叶林场
bushes, jungle, forest, plantation, woods, grove
这组词都有“林，树林”的意思，其区别是：
bushes: 指灌木丛，矮树林。
jungle: 特指热带的丛林。
forest: 多指树木高大，面积大、人迹罕至的原始森林。
plantation: 指人造林。
woods: 指面积不大的树林或小块的树林。
grove: 通常指面积较小，树木整齐，地面干净的小树林，尤指果林。
n. 栽植；殖民；大农场
 - settlement, colonization

Word: schoolchild
Front: schoolchild
[ˈsku:ltʃaɪld] (10999/40479 -1)
Back: n. 学童
分布：学童(100%)
['sku:l.tʃaɪld] (plural schoolchildren) (informal schoolkid)
noun countable
■a child who goes to school 学童，中小学生
• We just sat there giggling like naughty schoolchildren. 我们就坐在那里像调皮的小学生一样咯咯傻笑。

Word: correlate
Front: correlate
[ˈkɒrəleɪt] (研六托雅 5266/6763 -1)
Vocabulary: correlate
(once / 1507 pages)
vnadj
If you notice that crumbs appear on your little brother's shirt whenever the cookies disappear from the cookie jar, you can say that you've correlated two facts, meaning that you've established or revealed that they're linked in a way that explains both of them.
Detectives correlate pieces of evidence in order to solve crimes. For example, they might correlate a suspect’s bandaged hand with a shattered third-floor window. Correlate can also be used as a noun. Some companies promote products by suggesting that their products increase “happiness correlates,” or factors that have been shown to have a relationship with happiness, like health and friendship.
WORD FAMILY
correlate: correlated, correlates, correlating, correlation, correlative+/correlated: uncorrelated/ correlation: correlational, correlations/correlative: correlatively, correlatives, correlativity
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found that an increase in fines assessed on children directly correlated to a rise in recidivism.
The New Yorker(Dec 24, 2016)
Even studies showing that alterations in the microbiota correlate with disease severity, or that the microbiota normalizes with remission, fail to prove causation over correlation.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Household formation is closely correlated with housing affordability and income.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: v. 使互相关联; 联系
n. 相关物; 相关联的人
adj. 相关的; 相应特点的
时态：correlated, correlating, correlates
分布：关联(90%)，使相互关联(6%)，相关物(4%)
→cor-, 强调。relate, 相关。
n.相互关联的事物v.(with,to)(使)互相关联The average salary is correlated with length of education.平均薪俸与教育时间之长短有互相的关联.
【记】cor共同，relate（v 使联系）－把东西联系在一起－使有联系
【参】correlation（n 相互关系；相关性）
V-RECIP-ERG
相互关联;极为相似
If one thing correlates with another, there is a close similarity or connection between them, often because one thing causes the other. You can also say that two things correlate .
例：Obesity correlates with increased risk for hypertension and stroke...肥胖会增加高血压和中风发作的几率。
例：The political opinions of spouses correlate more closely than their heights...配偶之间政治观点上的相似度要大于他们身高的相似程度。
VERB
使显示联系;使相互关联
If you correlate things, you work out the way in which they are connected or the way they influence each other.
例：Attempts to correlate specific language functions with particular parts of the brain have not advanced very far...人们试图把特定的语言功能与大脑的某些特定部位联系起来，这一努力目前还没有取得很大进展。
例：Lieutenant Ryan closed his eyes, first mentally viewing the different crime scenes, then correlating the data.瑞安中尉闭上眼睛，先是在脑海里回想了一遍不同的犯罪现场，然后将这些信息联系起来。
n. 相关物；相关联的人
 - relative
adj. 关联的
 - associated

Word: wasteful
Front: wasteful
[ˈweɪstfl] (六 12903/11174 -1)
Vocabulary: wasteful
(once / 2245 pages)
1adj 2adj
Someone who's wasteful uses and disposes of things carelessly. A wasteful child might eat two bites of yogurt and then throw the rest of the container away.
You can be wasteful with your money, spending too much of it on unimportant things. Some people are wasteful with food, ordering too much at a restaurant and leaving most of it on the plate. It's possible to be wasteful with almost anything that you squander without thinking about, including electricity or heat or even your own creative energy. The Latin root of waste is vastus, "empty or desolate."
WORD FAMILY
wasteful: wastefully, wastefulness+/wastage: wastages/ waste: wastage, wasted, wasteful, waster, wastes, wasting/waster: wasters/wasting: wastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s irresponsible to say that all city spending is bad or wasteful.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
It is wasteful, stupid and sets a terrible example to the world.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Here are some ways to say bah humbug to these costly, wasteful ways and embrace a green Christmas in 2016.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 浪费的; 挥霍的; 奢侈的; 〈诗〉荒芜的
分布：浪费的(90%)，挥霍的(10%)
adjective disapproving
■using something in a careless way and causing some of it to be wasted 浪费
• It's wasteful the way you throw so much food away! 你把那么多食物扔掉，太浪费了！
adj. 浪费的，不经济的；奢侈的
 - luxury, dissipative

Word: sticky
Front: sticky
[ˈstɪki] (研四六托 6495/6040 -K2)
Back: adj. 粘性的; 热湿的，闷热的; 极不愉快的; 不动的
级别：stickier, stickiest
分布：粘的(59%)，闷热的(20%)，困难的(18%)，令人不满意的(3%)
→stick,粘贴，粘住，-y,形容词后缀。引申比喻义天气闷热的。
a.粘的,粘性的;棘手的;(道路)泥泞的The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
adjective
NOT DRY/SMOOTH 黏性的
 ADVANCED
■made of or covered with a substance that stays fixed to any surface it touches 黏性的；黏的；涂有黏胶的
• sticky tape 黏胶带
• sticky fingers 黏乎乎的手指
• The floor's still sticky where I spilled the juice. 我把果汁洒到地上，现在那里还黏乎乎的。
• The children's faces were sticky with chocolate. 孩子们的脸上沾满了巧克力，黏乎乎的。
Compare non-stick ; stuck If the weather is sticky, it is very hot and the air feels wet. （天气）湿热的，闷热的
['stɪk.i] adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的 informal
■difficult 困难的，棘手的
• There were a few sticky moments during the meeting, but everything turned out all right in the end. 会议过程中有几处困难，但最后总算是一切顺利。
['stɪk.i] adjective
NOT WILLING 不愿意的 UK informal
■unwilling to agree 持有异议的，抱不合作态度的
• Their bank manager was sticky about lending them the money they wanted to borrow. 他们的银行经理不愿意借给他们那笔钱。
['stɪk.i] adjective
come to/ meet a sticky end UK humorous
■to die in an unpleasant way 死于非命，横死
• He comes to a sticky end halfway through the film. 电影演到一半的时候，他死于非命。
['stɪk.i] adjective
have sticky fingers informal
■to be likely to steal 好偷东西，喜欢顺手牵羊
• The last person we hired in the shop turned out to have sticky fingers. 我们店里上次雇的那个人手脚不干净。
adj. [胶粘] 粘的；粘性的
 - glutinous, viscous

Word: vancouver
Front: vancouver
[vænˈku:və] (-/12635)
Back: 范库弗峰（北美洲）; 温哥华（加拿大一港市）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: nickel
Front: nickel
[ˈnɪkl] (研六托雅 7847/16216 -1)
Vocabulary: nickel
(once / 1473 pages)
1nv 2n
A nickel is a five-cent coin that got its name from the metal. Nickel is a silver-colored metal that’s strong and resistant to corrosion, so it’s often blended with other metals. Even the coin is part copper.
For most people, a nickel means five cents. The coin is mostly copper, but about 25 percent of it is actually nickel. The word comes from the German Kupfernickel, for “copper demon” because miners were tricked as they first thought the nickel was copper. The original US five cent coins were made of silver, and were known as "half dimes." During the Civil War, new coins began to be minted using less expensive materials — thus, the nickel was born.
WORD FAMILY
nickel: nickeled, nickeling, nickelled, nickels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most tellingly, Mr Larsen’s samples contained iron and nickel alloys common in micrometeorites, but rare in Earth-bound rocks because these metals oxidise rapidly.
Economist(Dec 10, 2016)
The Philippines is the world's top nickel ore supplier.
Reuters(Dec 15, 2016)
A nickel here, a nickel there, and pretty soon you’re talking about some real money.
Seattle Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. [化]镍; 五分镍币
vt. 镀镍于
时态：nickelled, nickelling, nickels
分布：镍(94%)，镍币(3%)，五分镍币(2%)，镀镍于(1%)
→来自瑞典语kopparnickel,铜矿，铜矿中的魔鬼，来自koppar,铜，即copper,nickel,魔鬼，常见名Nicholas的昵称，来自古英语Old Nick,魔鬼。一种铜矿中的杂质，被矿工戏称为魔鬼，后研究证明该杂质实为镍。镍常被用于铸造钱币，即分币，以代替更昂贵的铜钱。
n.镍;镍币;五美分The tickler pricked a tick on the nickname Nickel.挠痒者在绰号"镍币"上刺了个勾号.
noun
METAL 金属
uncountable
■a silvery white metallic element 镍
• a nickel alloy 镍合金
['nɪk.l] noun
COIN 硬币
countable
■a US or Canadian coin worth five cents （美国或加拿大的）五分镍币
n. [化学] 镍；镍币；五分镍币
 - Ni, medio

Word: gently
Front: gently
[ˈdʒentli] (研四六 2751/2220 -K)
Back: adv. 温柔地; 轻轻地; 有礼貌地; 文雅地
分布：轻轻地(70%)，和缓地(15%)，高贵地(15%)
ad.文雅地,有礼貌地;轻轻地Hold it gently.小心地拿住它.
adverb
 IMPROVER
■calmly, kindly or softly 文静地；和蔼地；温柔地
• He lifted the baby gently out of its cot. 他轻轻地把宝宝从婴儿床里抱出来。
• to smile/laugh/blow gently 温柔地微笑／轻声笑／轻轻地吹
■without force or strength 轻柔地
• The door closed gently. 门轻轻地关上了。
■slightly or gradually 渐渐地；平缓地
• gently rolling hills 和缓起伏的丘陵
['dʒent.li] adverb
Gently does it! UK (US Easy does it!)
■said when telling someone to be slow and careful 小心行事！不要着急！慢点！
adv. 轻轻地；温柔地，温和地
 - lightly, friendly, soft

Word: profess
Front: profess
[prəˈfes] (托 10336/11100 -1)
Vocabulary: profess
(once / 63 pages)
1v 2v
To profess is to declare something, often insincerely. Your joy on the last day of school might lead you to profess that you'll truly miss seeing all the people who annoyed you all year.
You can profess something and mean it, but more often the verb profess is used when someone lies about their true feelings. You might profess your love of your grandmother's tuna casserole, or profess that you never bite your fingernails, but you're just saying what you think people want to hear. The original meaning of profess described taking religious vows, and came from the Latin word professus, having declared publicly.
WORD FAMILY
profess: professed, professes, professing, profession +/professed: professedly/ profession: professional, professions/ professional: nonprofessional, professionalise, professionalism, professionalize, professionally, professionals, semiprofessional, unprofessional/professionalise: professionalisation, professionalised/ professionalism: professionalisms/professionalize: professionalization, professionalized, professionalizes, professionalizing/semiprofessional: semiprofessionals/unprofessional: unprofessionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Before Sunday’s game against the Jets, Bush professed unconcern about his ignominious mark.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is an ambition that would involve the company in direct negotiations with a Communist Party that the president-elect professes to fundamentally distrust.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Instead it will reinforce Israelis’ mistrust of the U.N., thus eroding the Security Council’s capacity to contribute to the peace it professes to advance.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 声称; 宣称; 公开表明; 信奉
时态：professed, professing, professes
分布：声称(72%)，冒称(7%)，以 ... 为业(7%)，正式接受入教(7%)，表明信仰(7%)
→pro-,向前，在前，-fess,说话，告知，词源同confess,prophecy,phone.引申词义公开宣称，声称等。
公开表明,坦白(pro+fess说→在前面说坦白)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
verb transitive
■to state something, sometimes in a way which is not sincere 声称；自称；谎称
• [+ to infinitive] She professes not to be interested in money. 她声称对钱不感兴趣。
• I don't profess to know all the details about the case. 我不敢妄称了解这个案件的所有细节。
• She professes ignorance of the whole affair, though I'm not sure I believe her. 她声称对整个事件一无所知，但我不能确定是否该相信她。
vi. 声称；承认；当教授
 - accept, recognize

Word: breakfast
Front: breakfast
[ˈbrekfəst] (中高雅 2382/2019 -K3)
Back: n. 早餐，早饭; 早餐食物
vi. 吃早餐
vt. 供给…早餐
时态：breakfasted, breakfasting, breakfasts
分布：早餐(85%)，吃早餐(13%)，用早餐(2%)
→break, 打破。fast, 斋戒。原指在斋戒仪式后所吃的第一顿饭。
n.早餐v.(给某人)吃早餐At the breakfast, the steak leaked from the break.早餐时,肉片从缺口处漏出来.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day 早餐
• What do you want for breakfast? 你早餐想吃甚么?
• Jane never eats breakfast. 简从来不吃早餐。
• She arrived shortly after breakfast. 她早餐后不久就到了。
• Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8.30-10. 食堂八点半到十点供应早餐。
• I love to eat breakfast in bed on Saturdays. 周六我喜欢在床上吃早餐。
['brek.fəst] verb intransitive formal
■to eat breakfast 吃早餐
• She usually breakfasts alone. 她通常独自一人吃早餐。
• They breakfasted hurriedly on tea and toast (= ate tea and toast for breakfast). 他们早餐匆忙吃了点吐司，喝了点茶。
n. 早餐；早饭
 - brekker, dejeuner

Word: wrestle
Front: wrestle
[ˈresl] (高六雅 6407/11240 -1)
Vocabulary: wrestle
(once / 565 pages)
nv
If you decide to wrestle on a team in high school, you'll be grabbing your opponent and trying to fling him to the ground while he tries to do the same to you. You might want to consider the ping pong team instead.
Athletes wrestle wearing uniforms and helmets, and they follow very specific rules. Others wrestle more spontaneously — a bar bouncer might have to wrestle with an unruly patron, or a parent might need to wrestle a squirming toddler into her car seat. Yet another way to wrestle is with an idea or a problem, a kind of mental struggle. The Old English root, wræstan, means "to wrest," or to yank something out of another person's grasp.
WORD FAMILY
wrestle: wrestled, wrestler, wrestles, wrestling+/wrestler: wrestlers/wrestling: wrestlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Julius is such a physical presence that opponents began sending blockers to wrestle him to the ground, leading to penalties and chaos.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The more Muslim profiling rose to the forefront of the debate, the more I wrestled with how to navigate my background.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （与某人）搏斗; （与…）摔跤; 斟酌
n. 摔跤; 斗争
时态：wrestled, wrestling, wrestles
分布：摔跤(49%)，斗争(27%)，斟酌(9%)，格斗(6%)，努力解决(6%)，摔跤比赛(3%)
→来自wrest,拧，扭，用于指摔跤。
verb intransitive or transitive
■to fight with someone (especially as a sport) by holding them and trying to throw them to the ground （尤指作为运动）（与…）摔跤，角力；（将…）摔倒
• He has wrestled professionally for five years. 他从事职业摔跤已有五年了。
• The police officer tackled the man and wrestled him to the ground. 员警揪住那个人，并把他摔倒在地。
['res.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wrestle with sth
■to try very hard to deal with a problem or to make a difficult decision 努力解决；艰难对付
• The government is wrestling with difficult economic problems. 政府正在努力应对严重的经济问题。
• He wrestled with the decision for several weeks, wondering what he should do. 他为作这个决定苦苦思索了几个星期，不知道该如何是好。
n. 摔跤；搏斗；斗争
 - war, conflict, battle, fight
vi. 摔跤；斗争；斟酌
 - fight, struggle (with)
vt. 与摔跤；与…搏斗；使劲搬动
 - breast, muscle

Word: frenzy
Front: frenzy
[ˈfrenzi] (托宝 7279/11371 -1)
Vocabulary: frenzy
(once / 840 pages)
n
In a frenzy, people go into a state of hysteria. Stay away from hungry sharks or kids at a 16th birthday party when the pizza arrives if you don't want to get caught up in a feeding frenzy.
Frenzy is derived from the Latin word phreneticus meaning "delirious." If you're in a frenzy, you're certainly delirious. You can be in a frenzy because something made you mad, happy, or even just hungry — whatever makes you so crazy you're not thinking clearly. Frenzy is often used when talking about a group of people (or animals) who get worked up at the same time about the same thing, like sharks near tasty fish or teenagers near pizza.
WORD FAMILY
frenzy: frenzies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Adding to the frenzy was the appearance of Toronto rapper Drake.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The anecdote sparked a brief media frenzy as gossip writers and others sought to track down Sasha's Snapchat account, but to no avail.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Everyone was put through a second round of frenzy.
New York Times(Dec 15, 2012)
Back: n. 狂乱，狂暴; 极度的激动; 狂怒
vt. 使发狂; 使狂乱; 使狂怒
分布：狂乱(48%)，狂暴(26%)，狂怒(26%)
→来自frenetic, 狂乱的。
noun countable or uncountable
■(an example of) uncontrolled and excited behaviour or emotion, which is sometimes violent 疯狂，狂热，狂暴
• In a frenzy of rage she hit him. 她盛怒之下打了他。
• the media frenzy over the Princess's death 媒体对皇妃去世表现出的极大兴趣
• The audience worked/whipped themselves up into a frenzy as they waited for her to come on stage. 观众在期待她登上舞台的过程中情绪变得狂热起来。
• There was a frenzy of activity on the financial markets yesterday. 昨天金融市场极度活跃。
• In a moment of jealous frenzy, she cut the sleeves off all his shirts. 她嫉妒得发疯，把他所有的衬衫袖子都剪掉了。
n. 狂暴；狂怒；暴怒
 - fury, turbulence
vt. 使发狂；使狂怒
 - dement, derange

Word: destiny
Front: destiny
[ˈdestəni] (研六托雅 5162/6374 -2)
Vocabulary: destiny
(once / 265 pages)
n
Destiny is what's meant to be, what's written in the stars, your inescapable fate. You might think it's your destiny to own a dog, but your sad goldfish survival rate should tell you that happy pets probably aren't in your future.
A noun meaning fate, destiny is synonymous with other nouns like divine decree, fortune, and serendipity. There's no avoiding destiny — it's going to happen no matter what you do. But before you get bogged down worrying about what the distant future holds, remember what Winston Churchill said: “It is a mistake to look too far ahead. Only one link in the chain of destiny can be handled at a time.”
WORD FAMILY
destiny: destinies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Comrade President, the people request that you continue to lead the country’s destiny,” the signs proclaim.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That left room for the talented freshman point guard in the home white, Destiny Slocum, to run the offense like an upperclassman.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 命运; 天命，天数; 命运的三女神; 主宰事物的力量
分布：命运(100%)
→词源同destination, 目的的。用于神学名词命运。
n.命运;天数,天命The destiny of the pest in chestnut is not known before reaching the destination.栗子中害虫的命运在到达目的地之前是未知的.
noun
countable
■the things that will happen in the future 前途；命运
• The destiny of our nation depends on this vote! 我们国家的前途取决于这次选举！
• She felt that her destiny had been shaped by her gender. 她觉得自己的性别已经决定了自己的命运。
• People want to control/determine/take charge of their own destinies. 人们想要掌控自己的命运。
uncountable
■the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people 命运之神；老天，上苍
• You can't fight destiny. 你无法与命运之神抗争。
• He is a tragic victim of destiny. 他是命运的不幸牺牲品。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 命运，定数，天命
 - fate, lot, fortune, portion

Word: wretched
Front: wretched
[ˈretʃɪd] (研六雅宝 11796/7789 -1)
Vocabulary: wretched
(once / 179 pages)
adj
The fairy tale Cinderella gives us many examples of uses for the word wretched. Poor Cinderella had a wretched childhood, living in wretched conditions with a wretched stepmother. It would be enough to make anyone feel wretched, or absolutely terrible.
Wretched is an all-around unhappy word. If you're very ill, heartbroken, or riddled with guilt, you may feel wretched. This word is also used to describe awful living conditions. If your cabin at sleep-away camp is freezing cold and rat-infested, you could describe it as wretched. And if you truly don't like someone, you might call that person wretched — though maybe not to his or her face.
WORD FAMILY
wretched: wretcheder, wretchedest, wretchedly, wretchedness+/wretchedness: wretchednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
She details the wretched behavior of those uncles, all sons of the famously mad King George III, who gradually cleared a path for her.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Brazil’s wretched year got worse on November 28th when a chartered plane crashed into muddy slopes near Medellín, Colombia’s second-biggest city.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
An estimated quarter-million people are trapped in wretched conditions in rebel-held eastern Aleppo since the government sealed its siege of the enclave in late August.
Seattle Times(Nov 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 不幸的，悲惨的，可怜的; 卑鄙的; 恶劣的; （用于表示烦恼）讨厌的
分布：可怜的(43%)，不幸的(23%)，悲惨的(16%)，恶劣的(10%)，卑鄙的(7%)，质量差的(1%)
a.可怜的;悲惨的;肮脏的;恶劣的The wretched butcher clutched the needle and stitched it clumsily.可怜的屠夫抓针并且笨拙缝它.
adjective
■unhappy, unpleasant or of low quality 苦恼的；不幸的；素质差的
• a wretched childhood 不幸的童年
• The house was in a wretched state. 这所房子状况很糟。
■used to express anger （表示憎恶）讨厌的，该死的
• My wretched car's broken down again. 我那该死的车又抛锚了。
■very ill or very unhappy 病得厉害的；不愉快的
• I think I must be coming down with flu - I've been feeling wretched all day. 我觉得我定是得流感了——我一整天都很不舒服。
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
adj. 可怜的；卑鄙的；令人苦恼或难受的
 - poor, mean, base, dirty

Word: binge
Front: binge
[bɪndʒ] (12678/19723 -1)
Vocabulary: binge
(once / 8407 pages)
vn
A binge is a brief period of doing something excessively. You might celebrate your birthday by indulging in a banana cream pie binge if that's your very favorite dessert.
Binge rhymes with fringe. If you give in to your urges and really indulge yourself, you binge on something, whether it's candy, video games, or shopping. There's an implied sense in the word binge that you're doing too much of something that isn't very good for you in the first place. Binge is also a verb, as in people who binge on television, watching show after show.
WORD FAMILY
binge: binged, bingeing, binges, binging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Binge drinking is also on the rise, as women close the gap with heavier-drinking white males.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Women who binge drink are portrayed more negatively by the media than men who do the same thing, according to new research.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
But submerging your sorrows by binging on Fisher’s most famous appearances won’t be cheap.
Time(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 饮酒作乐; 狂饮，狂闹; 放纵，狂热; 社交集会
vt. 沉溺，放纵
vi. 狂饮作乐; 大吃大喝
时态：binged, bingeing, binges
分布：放纵(71%)，狂欢作乐(29%)
→词源不详。
informal
noun countable
■an occasion when an activity is done in an extreme way, especially eating, drinking or spending money （尤指在饮食和花钱方面）无节制的狂热行为
• a drinking/eating/spending binge 狂饮／暴食／滥花钱
• The annual office binge (= party) is in December. 办公室每年12月份都会举行一次的狂欢派对。
• He went on a five day drinking binge. 他连续五天狂饮。
[bɪndʒ] informal
verb intransitive (bingeing or binging)
■to eat a lot of something 狂吃，无节制地吃
• I tend to binge on chocolate when I'm watching TV. 看电视时我喜欢大吃巧克力。
n. 狂欢，狂闹；放纵
 - loose, revelry
vt. 放纵
 - give loose to, unbridle
vi. 狂饮作乐；大吃大喝
 - feast on

Word: lapse
Front: lapse
[læps] (研雅宝 9939/9458 -1)
Vocabulary: lapse
(once / 365 pages)
1vn 2v
A lapse is a temporary slip, failure or break in continuity. Eating a second helping of cake when you're otherwise doing well on your diet is a lapse. Eating the whole cake in one sitting is a serious lapse in judgment.
First used to imply a “slip of the memory,” the noun lapse evolved in the sixteenth century from the Latin lapsus, meaning “a slipping and falling, falling into error.” The connotation of “a moral slip” developed later, and the verb form came into existence even later than that. Behaving badly one day when you're usually on your best behavior is a lapse; Behaving badly again after a short stint being well-mannered means you're lapsing back into nasty old habits.
WORD FAMILY
lapse: lapsed, lapses, lapsing, relapse +/ relapse: relapsed, relapses, relapsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Peelle entertains in the novel in a folksy way that might lapse more frequently into hokey in a less confident writer’s hands.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When they lapsed, there were reports of “gallant troops” who “fought gamely” in a “battle royal” by means of “raids on entrenchments.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Friendships that sustained them for decades lapse when companions and confidants retire or move away or grow ill.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 小错，疏忽; 行为失检，失足; 流逝; [法]（权利等的）失效，消失
vi. 退步; 陷入，堕入; 失效，终止; [法]转归
时态：lapsed, lapsing, lapses
分布：失效(36%)，流逝(27%)，过失(15%)，间隔(9%)，堕落(7%)，停止(4%)，使失效(2%)
→来自拉丁语labi,滑落，滑倒，来自sleib,*slei,黏，滑，词源同slip,lime.引申词义过错，疏忽。
堕落;犯错误n.失误,差错[laps=slip,表示"滑,滑走"]
n.失误,流逝,丧失,下降v.失效,偏离,流逝The days lapsed away.日子在不知不觉之中过去.
【参】relapse（v /n 旧病复发）；elapse（v 消逝）
noun
FAILURE 失败
countable
■a temporary failure 过失，小失误
• a lapse of concentration 走神
• The management's decision to ignore the safety warnings demonstrated a remarkable lapse of judgment. 管理层作出的对安全警告不予理会的决定是决策上的明显失误。
• a memory lapse 一时想不起来
[læps] noun
PERIOD 一段时间
countable usually singular
■a period of time passing between two things happening （两件事之间的）间隔时间
• a time lapse/a lapse of time 时间间隔
• He turned up again after a lapse of two years. 两年后他又露面了。
[læps] verb intransitive
■to end legally or officially by not being continued or made effective for a longer period 期满终止；失效；废止
• The association needs to win back former members who have allowed their subscriptions to lapse. 该协会需要重新把那些已经期满退出的会员吸引回来。
[læps] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  lapse into sth
LESS ACTIVE
■to start speaking or behaving in a less active or acceptable way （言谈举止）陷入（消极的状态），显得异常
• No one could think of anything more to say, and the meeting lapsed into silence. 所有人都想不出该再说些甚么，于是会议陷入了沉默。
WORSE
■to gradually get into a worse state or condition 陷入（更糟糕的状况）
• He lapsed into a coma and died four days later. 他陷入昏迷状态，于四天后去世。
n. 失效；流逝；过失
 - error, sin, mistake, blame, passing
vi. 失效；流逝；背离，失检；陷入
 - cease to be in force, out of service

Word: disarmament
Front: disarmament
[dɪsˈɑ:məmənt] (11533/10695 -1)
Back: n. 解除武装，裁军; 缴械
分布：裁军(96%)，缴械(4%)
US [-'sɑ:r-] noun uncountable
■the act of taking away or giving up weapons
• She said she supported nuclear disarmament. 她说她支持核裁军。
• the disarmament of the militia 民兵解除武装

Word: gaze
Front: gaze
[geɪz] (研四六托宝 3327/3258 -2)
Vocabulary: gaze
(once / 64 pages)
nv
When someone lays eyes on you and keeps looking, it is a gaze or a stare. You can gaze back or just say, "Take a picture; it lasts longer."
Gaze is both a verb and a noun. When people daydream, they often gaze off into the distance without focusing on anything. Another type of gaze, though, is to look very intently at something, as when you gaze at the sky making pictures out of clouds. A contest to see who will blink first means taking a long gaze into someone's eyes, and this type of gaze (the noun) will leave your eyes in a bit of a haze when you're done.
WORD FAMILY
gaze: gazed, gazes, gazing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They just sat there in silence, gazing at the barren canyon walls,” Mr. Lattin wrote in “The Harvard Psychedelic Club.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She held my new baby’s hand and, as little Robbie gazed at this woman 91 years his senior, there was an almost breathtaking connection.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The mother is a singular star to her baby, whose gaze follows her around the room with the watchfulness of an obsessive fan.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 凝视，注视
n. 凝视，端详
时态：gazed, gazing, gazes
分布：凝视(100%)
→来自古诺斯语ga, 凝视。
v./n.凝视,注视The crazy jazzman gazed at the blaze on the razor with amazement.疯狂的爵士音乐演奏者惊愕地盯着剃刀上的白斑.
【参】gazelle（n 瞪羚）
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise, admiration or because you are thinking about something else （尤指因为惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉而）凝视，注视，盯着看
• Annette gazed admiringly at Warren as he spoke. 沃伦说话时，安妮特一脸崇拜地注视着他。
• He spends hours gazing out of the window when he should be working. 他在本应工作的时候一连几个小时盯着窗外发呆。
[geɪz] noun only singular
 ADVANCED
■a long look, usually of a particular kind
• a steady gaze 目不转睛地凝视
• an innocent/ admiring gaze 天真地／羡慕地盯着看
• literary As I looked out, my gaze fell on a small child by the road. 我看看窗外，目光落到了路边一个小孩身上。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
vi. 凝视；注视
 - watch, regard
n. 凝视；注视
 - regard, immediate attention

Word: poker
Front: poker
[ˈpəʊkə(r)] (8134/14242 -1)
Vocabulary: poker
(once / 1190 pages)
1n 2n
Poker is a card game that involves betting with chips and keeping a straight face. You can also play poker online and make any kind of face you want. Additionally, a poker is a tool you keep by a fireplace.
Two or more people with a deck of cards can play poker, which has many variations. Some poker games involve several rounds of betting, discarding, and being dealt new cards. Having a "poker face" means remaining expressionless, as if you were hiding the fact that you've got a winning hand of cards. A completely different kind of poker is the long metal fireplace tool that you use to stir up the fire, also called a fire iron.
WORD FAMILY
poker: pokers+/ poke: poked, poker, pokes, pokey, poking, poky /pokey: pokeys/poking: pokings/ poky: pokier, pokies, pokiest, pokily
USAGE EXAMPLES
That proposal called for a $145 million casino in Cherokee County, with 1,400 slot machines, 35 table games and a 16-table poker room.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Maybe they won it in a game of poker, or got it from a cellmate.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I was in Boston for six or seven weeks on a picture with Paul Sorvino called “The Last Poker Game.”
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 拨火铁棒; 纸牌; 扑克; 戳火的人
vt. 烙制; 用烙画做（图案）
分布：扑克(97%)，拨火棍(3%)
→来自poke,捅，-er,表施动，用于指通条。扑克义词源不详，可能来自同一词源，即捅，引申词义催促，或吹牛，赌博常见手法，后用于指这种纸牌游戏。
US ['poʊ.kɚ] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a game played with cards in which people try to win money from each other 扑克牌游戏
UK ['pəʊ.kər] US ['poʊ.kɚ] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a long thin metal stick that you use to move around coal or wood in a fire so that it burns better 拨火棍，火杵

Word: persecution
Front: persecution
[ˌpɜ:sɪ'kju:ʃn] (8852/9750)
Vocabulary: persecution
(once / 446 pages)
n
Persecution is unfair or abusive treatment toward a person or group of people, such as the persecution of someone who is different by calling him or her rude names and making threats.
The noun persecution is related to persecute, which comes from Latin persecut-, meaning “followed with hostility.” Persecution means hassling or singling out a person or group because of race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or social status. In many schools, the persecution of students by bullies has resulted in a zero-tolerance policy for such despicable behavior.
WORD FAMILY
persecution: persecutions+/ persecute: persecuted, persecutes, persecuting, persecution, persecutor/persecutor: persecutors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pastor Brunson’s treatment is also symptomatic of growing Christian persecution in Turkey.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He pointed to Thailand forcibly repatriating ethnic Uighurs to China despite the risk they would face persecution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But international law prohibits "push-backs" to areas where migrants are at risk from war or persecution.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 迫害或受迫害，烦扰; 苛求，困扰
分布：迫害(100%)
迫害(per+secut+ion)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
US [ˌpɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
■unfair or cruel treatment over a long period of time because of race, religion, or political beliefs （因种族、宗教、政治理念）迫害；虐待；烦扰，纠缠
• They left the country out of fear of persecution. 他们因害怕遭受迫害而离开了这个国家。
• refugees escaping from political persecution 逃避政治迫害的难民
n. 迫害；烦扰
 - feeze

Word: pander
Front: pander
[ˈpændə(r)] (宝 15297/18848 -1)
Vocabulary: pander
(once / 4654 pages)
1v 2vn
If a campaigning politician wants to pander to a crowd of pet owners, he might deliver a speech while embracing his own pet poodle. To pander is to appease or gratify, and often in a negative, self-serving way.
The word pander began its infamous history as the name of various characters. Pandaro was a character in Boccaccio’s Filostrato. Pandarus was a character in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, as well as in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida. These literary works all tell the tale of star-crossed lovers, and the namesake of pander is, essentially, a go-between whose motives don't seem entirely pure.
WORD FAMILY
pander: pandered, panderer, pandering, panders+/ panderer: panderers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a pander to liberal hysteria over Trump’s win that will doubtless feed conspiracy theories for years to come.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Lonina has been charged with rape, kidnapping, sexual battery, and pandering sexual matter involving a minor.
The New Yorker(Nov 27, 2016)
Playwrights wrote plays pandering to one party or another.
Washington Post(Nov 24, 2016)
Back: vi. 勾引，（为…）拉皮条; 怂恿，帮助（…）做（坏事）; 煽动; 迎合
n. 拉皮条者; 勾引者; 帮人做坏事的人
时态：pandered, pandering, panders
分布：迎合(84%)，拉皮条者(8%)，拉皮条(8%)
→来自中古英语Pandare,英国中世纪文学之父乔叟根据古希腊荷马史诗改编的作品《Troylus and Cryseyde》中的人物，其原型为古希腊特洛伊王子Pandaros,促成了特洛伊战争时期青年男女Troylus and Cryseyder的美好爱情，后词义过渡到媒人，皮条客，性交易中介，并最终引申词义逢迎，投其所好等。
【记】原指：拉皮条（在性交易中充当中间人）p屁股，ander下面 ＃￥※×自己想！
US [-dɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pander to sb/sth disapproving
■to do or provide exactly what a person or group wants, especially when it is not acceptable, reasonable or approved of, usually in order to get some personal advantage 迎合；逢迎；投其所好
• It's not good the way she panders to his every whim. 她迎合他各种怪念头的做法是不好的。
• Political leaders almost inevitably pander to big business. 政治领袖几乎都不可避免地要讨好大企业。
vi. 迎合；勾引；怂恿；拉皮条
 - cater for, play up to
n. 怂恿者；拉皮条者；老鸨
 - abetter, hoon

Word: paddle
Front: paddle
[ˈpædl] (高研托雅 9187/10365 -1)
Vocabulary: paddle
(once / 457 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4v
If you regularly ride around in a canoe, you’re undoubtedly already familiar with a paddle, a pole with a broad, flat end that is used to propel a boat forward.
Nautical types will already know that the noun form of the word paddle refers to an implement with a flat blade used to move a boat through the water. The word can also be used to describe items with a similar look, such as a paddle used in table tennis or certain kinds of video games. The verb form of paddle refers to the action of navigating through the water, either in a boat using a paddle or as a swimmer who used the hands and feet to move around in shallow water.
WORD FAMILY
paddle: paddled, paddler, paddles, paddling+/paddler: paddlers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its manual mode is controlled by steering wheel paddles.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Talia told the staff that her father hit her with “Mr. Paddle” when he got angry, according to court testimony.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Everybody too serious,” Cheng explained during a lesson last month, clenching a paddle with white knuckles before releasing into a shrug.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. [航海] 宽叶短桨; 桨状物; 搅拌金矿的铁器，类似铁铲的工具; 洗衣板，扁板
vi. 涉水; 趟水; 用桨划船; 荡桨
vt. 用浆划动，用船桨推动（船只）; 搬运，运输; 拍打; 搅拌
时态：paddled, paddling, paddles
分布：桨(71%)，划桨(14%)，戏水(9%)，明轮翼(4%)，抚弄(2%)
→来自拉丁语padela,小铲子，进一步来自patella,小盘子，来自patina的小词形式，词源同pan,patella.后引申词义船桨。paddle 蹚水，踩水
n.桨v.用桨划The little boy paddled up to his mother.那小男孩摇摇晃晃地走向他的母亲.
noun
POLE 杆
countable
■a short pole with a wide flat part at one end or both ends, used for moving a small boat or canoe through the water （小船的）短桨，桨
countable
■a blade on a paddle wheel （船的）明轮叶
['pæd.l] noun
WALK 走
countable usually singular UK (US wade)
■a walk through shallow water, especially at the edge of the sea （尤指在海边的）涉水
• Shall we go for a paddle? 我们去玩水好吗？
['pæd.l] verb
WALK 走
intransitive UK (US wade)
■to walk with no shoes or socks on through shallow water, often at the edge of the sea 涉水；在（海边）浅水中走
• We rolled up our trousers and paddled along the seashore. 我们卷起裤管沿海边涉水而行。
['pæd.l] verb
WITH POLE 用杆
intransitive or transitive
■to push a pole with a wide end through the water in order to make a boat move 用桨划船
transitive US
■to hit a child on the bottom with a short, wide piece of wood 用戒尺打（孩子的屁股）
['pæd.l] verb
SWIM 游泳
intransitive
■to swim by moving your feet and hands up and down （游泳时用手和脚）拨水
['pæd.l] verb
paddle your own canoe UK informal
■If you describe a person as paddling their own canoe, you mean that they are independent and do not need help from anyone else. 自力更生；自食其力；处事独立
n. 划桨；明轮翼
 - oarage
vt. 拌；搅；用桨划
 - pug
vi. 划桨；戏水；涉水
 - wade through

Word: paternalistic
Front: paternalistic
[pəˌtɜ:nə'lɪstɪk] (19904/19704)
Back: adj. 家长式的
分布：家长作风的(100%)

Word: practicality
Front: practicality
[ˌpræktɪˈkæləti] (托 14322/11160 -1)
Vocabulary: practicality
(once / 11487 pages)
n
Something that demonstrates practicality makes good sense. If you choose your new shoes based on their practicality, you'll probably buy a pair of sneakers, rather than knee-high boots with five inch heels.
A person's practicality can also be called common sense, and an object or action's practicality has to do with how efficient or suitable it is. The practicality of doctors carefully washing their hands before surgery is clear, while the practicality of dressing your dog in a ballerina costume is less so. The root of practicality is practical, which in turn comes from the Old French word practique, "fit for action."
WORD FAMILY
practicality: practicalities+/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practical: impractical, practicality, practically / practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sure, the practicalities are hideous – no cabs, endless crowds and queues, quite a lot of mugging – but still!
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
I approve of this morally but, in practicality, it stinks.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
So let’s look at four impractical financial moves versus the real life practicality of year-end checklist items:
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 实践性，实际性，实用性; 实际，实例
分布：实用(50%)，实用性(36%)，实际(8%)，可行性(5%)，实际的事情(1%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
SUITABLE 适合
uncountable
■quality of being suitable for a particular occasion or use 实用性
• I bought these shoes for their practicality not their appearance. 我买这鞋是因其实用而并非其样式。
UK [ˌpræk.tɪ'kæl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
EFFECTIVE 有效用
uncountable approving
■the quality of being able to provide effective solutions to problems 实用的，有效的；能解决问题的
• Jonathan has demonstrated enormous practicality in his successful management of the shop. 乔纳森经营这家商店很成功，表现出非常强的执行能力。
UK [ˌpræk.tɪ'kæl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
POSSIBLE 可能
uncountable
■the possibility of being put into practice 可行性
• Your suggestion is appealing in theory, but it lacks practicality. 你的建议理论上很吸引人，但不切实际。
UK [ˌpræk.tɪ'kæl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
REAL 实际情况
practicalities [plural]
■the conditions which result from an idea becoming a real situation 实际情况，实际
• The practicalities of having two young children and working full time meant we had to employ a nanny. 有两个年幼的孩子又要全职工作，这种实际情况意味着我们得雇个保姆。
• It sounds like a good idea, but you ought to consider the practicalities before you put it into action. 这听起来是个好主意，但在实施之前你应该考虑一下实际情况。
n. 实用性，实际性；实际，实例
 - fact, reality, instance, case, availability

Word: progression
Front: progression
[prəˈgreʃn] (托 7571/6600 -1)
Vocabulary: progression
(once / 2309 pages)
n
A progression is a series that advances in a logical and predictable pattern. In mathematics, for example, the series 2, 4, 6, 8 is an arithmetic progression. If asked to give the next number, most people would reply 10.
A movement forward, especially one that advances toward some achievement, is called a progression. When you get your learner's permit, it's a step in the natural progression from child to responsible adult — although you may see it as part of your progression toward freedom. The progression from permit to driver's license includes a few more steps, like highway driving and learning how to parallel park your dad's enormous car.
WORD FAMILY
progression: progressions+/ progress: progressed, progresses, progressing, progression
USAGE EXAMPLES
In both cases pretending happens, and I am interested in that progression from “pretending to be” to “turning into.”
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
“The fact we hit all those steppingstones was just a progression of helping the team grow into something bigger,” Qualls said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The physician, suspecting an ectopic pregnancy, administered an injection to stop the progression.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （事件的）连续; 一系列; 发展，进展; <数>级数
分布：进展(83%)，前进(9%)，连续(8%)
noun countable or uncountable
■when something or someone changes to the next stage of development 进展；发展；前进
• Drugs can slow down the progression of the disease. 药物能减缓疾病的恶化。
• The novel follows the progression of a woman from youth to middle age. 这部小说以一个女人从年轻到中年的经历为主线。
• She'd always worked with old people so becoming a nurse was a logical/natural progression. 她一直从事和老年人相关的工作，因此成为一名护士是自然而然的事。
succession, series, progression, sequence
这组词都有“连续，顺序”的意思，其区别是：
succession: 侧重一些类似的东西或事件一个接一个连续不断。
series: 指按照性质类似或基本相同的关系而安排的一系列事物。
progression: 指向前推进的行为过程或状态的连续。
sequence: 多指时间、空间或事件等有规律、合乎逻辑的连续。
n. 前进；连续
 - series, advancement, succession, ongoing

Word: reticent
Front: reticent
[ˈretɪsnt] (雅宝 17152/18407 -1)
Vocabulary: reticent
(once / 1374 pages)
adj
Reticent means either quiet or restrained. If you're reticent about your feelings, you like to keep them to yourself, and you're probably quiet in rowdy groups where everyone is talking over each other.
The original meaning of reticent describes someone who doesn’t like to talk. Be careful in your context, however. Reticent can refer to someone who is restrained and formal, but it can also refer to someone who doesn’t want to draw attention to herself or who prefers seclusion to other people. Don’t confuse reticent with reluctant, which means unwilling.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
reluctant / reticent
Consider this sentence:
They may also be reticent about sharing bad news with you.
Are they reticent? Or are they reluctant? It's a subtle difference to be sure. But is it worth preserving?
Reluctant means resisting, unwilling. There's a strong negative connotation attached to it, as these examples demonstrate:
The US healthcare industry has been extremely reluctant to embrace outsourcing firms.
The subject lends itself to hyperbole both because of its urgency and the imperative to draw reluctant readers.
US websites are reluctant to remove extremist religious material because of the First Amendment to the constitution protecting free speech.
By comparison, reticent means quiet, restrained, unwilling to communicate. Despite the unwillingness component, reticent imparts less of a negative feeling:
They were reticent about their main concerns, and few wanted to talk about how they voted.
The mustache and beard deny us the opportunity to get too close to the man, whose reticent gaze appears fixed to the floor.
Korchagin, usually calm and reticent, spoke with a passion that surprised Tsvetayev
Garner's Modern American Usage reports that reticent for reluctant is at stage 4 of language change: a nearly universal form that only "linguistic stalwarts," those "die-hard snoots," object to. Those snoots (syntax nudniks [pests] of our time) are people who love language, are at ease with its nuances, and tend toward tradition, rejecting neologisms without good cause.
It's up to you, then. If you're in favor of preserving the nuance between reluctant and reticent, then be proud to be a snoot!
WORD FAMILY
reticent: reticence, reticently +/ reticence: reticences
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some scenes, Hens achieves a kind of middle tone, where, while still producing little horrors, he remains stoic, or reticent.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“One military was so reticent they denied the capability even existed,” said a source familiar with the meetings.
The Guardian(Dec 07, 2016)
Compared with most internet stars, the Man is also unusually reticent.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 寡言少语的; 有保留的; 含蓄的; 谨慎的
分布：沉默的(40%)，谨慎的(26%)，讳莫如深的(19%)，寡言少语的(15%)
→来自拉丁语 reticere,保持安静，来自 re-,表强调，tacere,安静，词源同 tacit.引申词义寡言少语 的。
沉默的[retic=silent(安静)]
【记】re反复，ti踢，cent钱币：失恋后在路上发现一枚硬币，反复踢回家，这个过程一般是沉默不语的。Re反复，ticent读：提神－因为reticent所以需要反复提神
【反】loquacious（adj 多话的）；vociferous（adj 喊叫的）；voluble（adj 爱说话的）；effusive（adj 感情横溢的）
US ['retˌ.ə-] formal
adjective
■unwilling to speak about your thoughts or feelings 沉默寡言的；不愿交谈的
• He is very reticent about his past. 他不愿谈及他的过去。
• Most of the students were reticent about answering questions. 大多数学生都不愿回答问题。
adj. 沉默的；有保留的；谨慎的
 - silent, cautious, mum

Word: raven
Front: raven
[ˈreɪvn] (托 14323/16332 -1)
Vocabulary: raven
(once / 601 pages)
nv
A raven is a large, black bird that's a scavenger — meaning that it likes to feed on dead animals. If someone tells you that you have "raven tresses," they are commenting on your hair color, not your eating habits.
If you see a large group of ravens, you can call them an unkindness of ravens, or a conspiracy of ravens. Raven is also an adjective for anything that's the glossy black color of a raven's feathers: "His raven hair was held out of his eyes with a sweatband." Probably the most famous literary raven is the one in Edgar Allen Poe's spooky poem "The Raven," especially in the repeated line, "Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore!'"
WORD FAMILY
raven: ravened, ravening, ravens
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d decided to remain in Baltimore as the offensive coordinator of the Ravens.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Fourteen games into the season, the Ravens were still in the running for the AFC North title.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Otherwise, the Ravens got nothing accomplished in their final game of the 2016 season.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 掠夺，劫掠; 大乌鸦，渡鸦
adj. （指头发）乌亮的
v. 掠夺; 狼吞虎咽地吃
时态：ravened, ravening, ravens
分布：乌黑的(44%)，大乌鸦(30%)，掠夺(26%)
→来自古英语 hraefn,渡鸦，大乌鸦，来自 ker,尖叫声，拟声词，词源同 crow,crane.raven 掠夺，狼吞虎咽
捕食;狼吞虎咽(raven还有乌鸦之意)[Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示"捕,夺"]
noun countable
■the largest bird in the crow family, with shiny black feathers 度鸦
['reɪ.vən] adjective [before noun] literary
■(especially of hair) shiny black （尤指毛发）乌黑发亮的，乌油油的
• Her pale face was framed by raven locks. 在乌黑发亮的头发衬托下，她的脸更显苍白。
n. 掠夺，劫掠；大乌鸦
 - rapine, plunderage
adj. 乌黑的
 - sooty
vt. 掠夺；狼吞虎咽
 - harry, despoil
vi. 掠夺；狼吞虎咽
 - prey upon, gobble up

Word: conundrum
Front: conundrum
[kəˈnʌndrəm] (宝 14380/19235 -1)
Vocabulary: conundrum
(once / 5511 pages)
n
The tricky word conundrum is used to describe a riddle or puzzle, sometimes including a play on words or pun.
One of the most famous conundrums is the riddle of the Sphinx, famously in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles. Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a mythical beast, who asks him, "What walks on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon, and three in the evening?" The answer is "A person": crawling as a child, walking as an adult, and using a cane in old age. The scary thing is that if the Sphinx asked you the riddle and you didn't know, she'd eat you!
WORD FAMILY
conundrum: conundrums
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in this age of social media – where we are split into two selves – there remains a conundrum.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
This conundrum at some point needs to trigger genuine soul-searching among California Democrats.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Playing with leads is a relatively new conundrum for the Lakers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 谜语; 难解的问题
分布：难题(94%)，谜语(6%)
→牛津大学俚语，模仿拉丁词创造出来的假拉丁词，用以形容食古不化的学究，准确词源不详。可能来自kwo, 表疑问，衍生英语词汇how, who,what,which,why, quality, quantity.
【记】con全部，undrum＝under＋drum（n 鼓）：全部蒙在鼓里－谜语
noun countable
■a problem that is difficult to deal with 难题；复杂的问题
• Arranging childcare over the school holidays can be quite a conundrum for working parents. 对双职工家长来说，学校放假期间如何安排照顾孩子是个大难题。
■a trick question, often involving a humorous use of words that have two meanings （常以双关妙语为答案的）谜语
n. 难题；谜语
 - difficult problem, puzzler

Word: magnet
Front: magnet
[ˈmægnət] (研四六 6272/8503 -1)
Vocabulary: magnet
(once / 363 pages)
n
A magnet is a piece of metal with a strong attraction to another metal object. The attraction a magnet produces is called a "magnetic field."
You might cover the front of your refrigerator with magnets, which stick to its metal surface. Other kinds of magnets are even more powerful, strong enough to pick up entire cars, for example. Most magnets are made of iron or an iron alloy, and magnets are at the heart of many common items like cassette tapes, credit cards, toys, and compasses.
WORD FAMILY
magnet: magnetic, magnetise, magnetize, magnets+/demagnetise: demagnetisation, demagnetised, demagnetising/demagnetize: demagnetization, demagnetized, demagnetizes, demagnetizing/ magnetic: magnetically, magnetism, nonmagnetic/magnetise: demagnetise, magnetisation, magnetised, magnetises, magnetising/ magnetism: magnetisms/magnetize: demagnetize, magnetization, magnetized, magnetizes, magnetizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
To avoid the risk, the agent offers a simple solution: “Don’t buy wildlife. Buy a magnet, buy a T-shirt.”
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Using magnets, they are able to snag just a few of the newly created anti-atoms into a vacuum before they get obliterated by matter.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Corralled by giant magnets, the electrons travelling around them emit radiation ranging in frequency from the infrared to X-rays.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 磁铁，磁石; 有吸引力的人或物; [物]磁体
分布：磁铁(100%)
→来自拉丁语magnetum,磁石，来自希腊语Magnes lithos,即来自Magnesia的石头，lithos,石头，词源同lithology.Magnesia为古希腊地名，来自当地人的族名Magnetes.因石头中发现天然磁石而得名。比较magnesia.
n.磁体,磁铁Beijing is a magnet for tourists.北京是吸引游客的地方.
noun countable
OBJECT 物体
■an object that is able both to attract iron and steel objects and also push them away 磁体；磁铁，磁石
['mæg.nət] noun countable
ATTRACTION 吸引
■a person, place or thing that other people feel strongly attracted to 有吸引力的人（或地方、物）
• The United States has always acted as a magnet for people seeking fame and fortune. 美国一直像磁石般吸引着追名逐利的人。
n. [材] 磁铁；磁体； [电磁] 磁石
 - aimant, leading stone

Word: murderous
Front: murderous
[ˈmɜ:dərəs] (11199/13956 -1)
Vocabulary: murderous
(once / 1046 pages)
adj
A person who's murderous is cruel and violent enough to kill someone. If you are experiencing a murderous rage, it's best to stay inside and away from the public.
A murderer, someone who kills deliberately, can be described as murderous. You can also use this adjective in an exaggerated way, simply to emphasize how mad someone is, like when you describe your brother's murderous expression when he realizes you've eaten the last of his Halloween candy. Murderous comes from murder, which in turn has its roots in the Old English morðor, "unlawful killing."
WORD FAMILY
murderous: murderously, murderousness+/ murder: murdered, murderer, murdering, murderous, murders/ murderer: murderers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hitman rewards the imaginative, and the imaginatively murderous.
The New Yorker(Dec 24, 2016)
It remains unclear why Amri, 24, embarked on a 1,000-mile journey from Germany to Italy in the days after the murderous truck attack.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
She lost her husband to a murderous gang of Muslims when she was 24.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 蓄意谋杀的; 杀人的，残忍的; 凶残的
分布：蓄意谋杀的(28%)，要命的(21%)，行凶的(21%)，残忍的(18%)，凶恶的(12%)
→来自murder,谋杀，-ous,形容词后缀。即谋杀的，引申词义凶残的。
US ['mɝ:.dɚ-] adjective
■extremely dangerous and likely to commit murder 杀人的；凶恶的，凶残的
• He was a murderous gangster. 他是个杀人不眨眼的歹徒。
• She gave me a look of murderous hatred. 她恶狠狠地看了我一眼。
■informal
■extremely unpleasant 令人非常难受的
• The traffic was murderous today. 今天的交通堵得要命。
adj. 杀人的，残忍的；凶残的；蓄意谋杀的
 - cruel, brutal

Word: thunder
Front: thunder
[ˈθʌndə(r)] (高研四六托雅 8090/6539 -2)
Vocabulary: thunder
(once / 159 pages)
1nv 2n
Thunder is the loud noise that comes right after lightning. It also can refer to a loud, booming sound, or mean to move heavily but quickly.
Thunder is made up of the rumbles and cracks accompanying lightning during a thunderstorm. You can also use this word for other loud noises, like the thunder of a loud rock band or your uncle's booming voice. A powerful singer can be said to thunder, singing in a way that's as noisy and impressive as a thunderstorm. Thunder can also be used for big, fast movements, like a tank thundering across a field or a truck thundering down the highway.
WORD FAMILY
thunder: thundered, thunderer, thundering, thunderous, thunders, thundery+/thunderer: thunderers/thundering: thunderingly/thunderous: thunderously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Westbrook led the Thunder with 30 points and six assists.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it is not as if the Rockets are superior to the Thunder simply because Harden is subtly winning the superstar matchup.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Clippers center DeAndre Jordan limped throughout the Thunder game after he hurt his left hip and left ankle.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 雷声; 隆隆的响声
vi. 打雷
vt. & vi. 发出隆隆声; 轰隆隆地快速移动; 使快速移动; 怒喝
时态：thundered, thundering, thunders
分布：雷(67%)，雷声(25%)，打雷(6%)，大声喊出(1%)，轰隆地响(1%)
→来自古英语 thunor,雷电，雷声，雷神索尔，来自 Proto-Germanic*thunraz,打雷，来自 stene, 回响，打雷，可能为拟声词，词源同 astonish,Thursday.插入字母 d,可能是受 sound 影响。
n.雷(声);轰隆声v.打雷;大声说,吼叫The loud thunder gave me a fright.这声响雷吓了我一大跳.
US [-dɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the sudden loud noise which comes from the sky especially during a storm 雷，雷声
• a clap of thunder 一声雷响
• thunder and lightning 雷电
only singular
■a continuous loud noise 雷鸣般的响声，轰隆声
• I couldn't hear what he was saying over the thunder of the waterfall. 瀑布震天响，我听不清他说的话。
UK ['θʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
intransitive
■When it thunders, a loud noise comes from the sky 打雷
• The sky grew dark and it started to thunder. 天色变暗，开始打雷了。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move, making a lot of noise 轰隆隆地移动
• The train thundered past, shaking the whole house. 火车轰隆隆驶过，整座房子都晃动起来。
intransitive
■to shout angrily 怒吼
• [+ speech] "I never want to see you here again!" he thundered. “我再也不想在这里见到你！”他怒吼道。
n. [气象] 雷；轰隆声；恐吓
 - threat, intimidation
vi. 打雷；怒喝
 - fulminate
vt. 轰隆地发出；大声喊出
 - bark out, bellow out

Word: behavioural
Front: behavioural
[bɪ'heɪvjərəl] (31578/5872 -1)
Back: adj. 动作的
分布：形容词(92%)，名词(8%)
US [-vjɚ.əl] adjective
■relating to behaviour （关于）行为的
• She studied behavioural psychology at college. 她在大学学的是行为心理学。
adj. 行为的；动作的
 - actuated

Word: reel
Front: reel
[ri:l] (研四六托雅宝 7527/9829 -3)
Vocabulary: reel
(once / 505 pages)
1nv 2vn
A reel is a cylinder that can be wound with flexible material like film or fishing line. If you found dozens of reels of old home movies in your grandparents' attic, you'd search for a projector.
You might find an old movie reel, a reel of copper wire, or a fishing reel. Use the reel on your fishing pole to reel in your fish! Yes, it’s a verb, too. And it’s a lively folk dance — or the music for it — from Scotland (Highland reel), or America (Virginia reel). As a verb, reel also means to sway from dizziness. If an ear infection messes with your balance, you might reel down the hall like you were drunk.
WORD FAMILY
reel: reeled, reeler, reeling, reels, unreel+/reeler: reelers/unreel: unreeled, unreeling, unreels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe by the end of 2017, they will find themselves featuring heavily in a highlight reel like this one:
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“A lot of merchants are reeling from these same problems,” he said at his office in Sanaa.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 卷轴; 卷盘; 卷筒; 绕在卷轴上的线（或金属丝、胶卷等）
vt. 卷; 绕
vi. 蹒跚，摇晃; 来回旋转; 眩晕
时态：reeled, reeling, reels
分布：卷(53%)，卷筒(14%)，绕(12%)，旋转(7%)，线轴(6%)，眩晕(4%)，蹒跚(4%)
→来自古英语 hreol,纺轴，纺纱轴，词源不详。可能来自 sker,弯，转，编织，词源同 ring,cradle.
n.卷筒,线轴v.卷,绕My brain reeled at the news.我听到那消息就感到一阵晕眩.
【区】l结尾的象卷轴reed（n 芦苇；芦笛）d结尾读：笛reek（n 烟；v 冒烟；v 用烟熏）k结尾读：咳（嗽）－烟
noun countable
HOLDER 支托物
■a round wheel-shaped object on which sewing thread, fishing wire, film, etc. can be rolled, or the amount of thread, etc. stored on one of these 卷轴；卷筒；卷盘；绕在卷轴上的线
[rɪəl] noun countable
DANCE 舞蹈
■a fast Scottish or Irish dance, or the music for this 里尔舞（一种轻快的苏格兰或爱尔兰舞蹈）；里尔舞曲
[rɪəl] verb intransitive
■to walk, moving from side to side, looking like you are going to fall 踉跄；打趔趄；蹒跚；摇摇晃晃地挪动
• At closing time he reeled out of the pub and fell down on the pavement. 酒吧关门时，他踉踉跄跄走了出来，一跤摔在人行道上。
• She hit him so hard that he reeled backwards. 她出手太重，打得他朝后打了个趔趄。
■If the place where you are reels, what you are looking at seems to go round and round in front of you 仿佛天旋地转
• A stone hit his head and the street reeled before his eyes. 一块石头砸在他头上，他顿时觉得街道在他眼前打旋。
■If you reel, or your mind or brain reels, you feel very confused or shocked and unable to act 发蒙；感到眩晕
• We were reeling (in amazement/shock/delight, etc.) from/with the news that we had won all that money. 得知赢了那么多钱，我们都（惊愕得／震惊得／高兴得）发蒙了。
[rɪəl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] reel sth in/out
■to pull in a rope or an object on the end of a rope by turning a wheel round and round, or to release something in the same way 绕动卷轴把…收起／放开
• Slowly the fisherman reeled in his line, bringing the fish ashore. 垂钓者慢慢收绕鱼线，把鱼拉到岸上。
• The firemen reeled out the hoses from their fire engine. 消防员从消防车上把水龙带放出来。
[rɪəl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] reel sth off
LIST informal
■to say a long list of things quickly and without stopping 一口气说出；滔滔不绝地讲
• The old man reeled off the names of his twenty-two grandchildren. 老人一口气说出了他22个孙子孙女的名字。
SPORT US informal
■to win several games or points one after the other in a sports competition （体育比赛中）接连获胜，连连得分
vi. 卷；眩晕；蹒跚地走；退缩
 - roll, swim
vt. 卷；使旋转
 - roll, turn
n. 蹒跚；眩晕；旋转
 - revolution, rotation, rolling, turning

Word: fudge
Front: fudge
[fʌdʒ] (14638/19668 -1)
Vocabulary: fudge
(once / 4571 pages)
1n 2v 3v
Fudge is a rich, chocolate candy made with plenty of sugar, cream, and butter. Fudge is usually cut into squares and eaten in small quantities.
While fudge comes in many different flavors, it's usually chocolate. In the US, another kind of fudge is smooth, melted chocolate that can be poured over the top of ice cream. When fudge is a verb, it means to avoid straightforwardly answering a question or addressing a subject: "Just answer my question and don't fudge the issue!" Fudge is an American word from college slang meaning "a made-up story."
WORD FAMILY
fudge: fudged, fudges, fudging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once, in practice, Grimes caught himself on the verge of swearing, and said “fudge” instead.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Fudge says tickets are most often falsified with high-profile shows.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
The title is a fudge of Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Six Napoleons, a short story that featured plaster busts of the famous emperor.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 梦话，胡言; 软糖
vt. 捏造; 回避
vi. 逃避责任; 欺骗
int. 胡说八道
时态：fudged, fudging, fudges
分布：软糖(48%)，捏造(39%)，敷衍(9%)，胡言(4%)
→词源不详。可能来自17世纪真实存在的Captain Fudge, 每次出海总会带回一箩筐的谎言，回避老板和同事的问题，因此，其名字通用化成为胡扯瞎说的代名词。后也用来指一种软糖。
noun
SWEET 糖果
uncountable
■a soft sweet made from sugar, butter and milk 奶油软糖
[fʌdʒ] noun
AVOID 避免
countable usually singular
■a plan or action which avoids making a clear decision or giving a clear answer 含混其词（避免作出明确决定或清晰答覆）
• She suspects that this compromise deal will be nothing more than a fudge. 她怀疑这种折衷的协定只不过是在敷衍而已。
• It's a bit of a fudge but we could put the cost through on next year's budget. 虽然有点蒙混嫌疑，我们还是可以把开销转入明年的预算中。
[fʌdʒ] verb transitive mainly disapproving
■to avoid making a decision or giving a clear answer about something 迴避；搪塞；敷衍；含糊其词
• The government continues to fudge the issue by refusing to give exact figures. 政府一直回避这一问题，拒绝给出准确的资料。
n. 软糖；胡说；谎话
 - bullshit, kibosh
vt. 捏造；粗制滥造；回避
 - manufacture, concoct
vi. 逃避责任；欺骗；蒙混
 - kid, pull a fast one
int. 胡说八道！
 - gammon

Word: cynic
Front: cynic
[ˈsɪnɪk] (宝 15462/13920)
Vocabulary: cynic
(once / 776 pages)
n
A cynic is someone who believes that humans are selfish and that they only do something if it will benefit themselves. Cynics criticize acts of kindness and will probably tease you if you help an old lady cross the street.
Maybe you know a cynic or two. They like to criticize people and situations, especially if they think there’s a deeper motivation behind the more obvious one. Let’s say a friend borrows your car, and then he shows up later covered in grease and offers you a lollipop. If you’re a cynic, you’d suspect that your friend crashed your car and is trying to distract you with the delicious and sweet lollipop. And you might be right.
WORD FAMILY
cynic: cynical, cynics+/ cynical: cynically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It seems that our world as a result, is full of cynics and naysayers.
New York Times(Jun 30, 2016)
“Checked for tears. What a cynic,” I wrote in my notebook.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
In that corner of the locker room, though, you won’t find many cynics.
Washington Post(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 愤世嫉俗者; 认为人皆自私的人; 悲观者; 怀疑者
分布：愤世嫉俗者(53%)，犬儒学派的(15%)，犬儒主义者(11%)，好挖苦的人(7%)，悲观者(7%)，好讥讽的(7%)
→来自词根can, 狗，见canine. 因古希腊词哲学家苏格拉底的学生安提西尼创立的犬儒学派而得名，该学派倡导简单生活，但后来哲学理念被后世有意或无意的曲解，词义也发生了变化。
犬儒主义者(cyn+ic→象狗一样活着的人)[cyn=dog,表示"狗"]
【记】cyn狗，ic－像狗一样活着的人（自制）－犬儒主义者
【参】cynical（adj 愤世嫉俗的）；cynicism（n 犬儒主义；玩世不恭）；cynophobia（n 恐犬病）
['sɪn.ɪk] disapproving
noun countable
■a person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere 愤世嫉俗的人；认为人皆自私者
• I'm too much of a cynic to believe that he'll keep his promise. 我怀疑这世间的一切，不相信他会遵守诺言。
• A cynic might say that the government has only taken this measure because it is concerned about its declining popularity. 愤世嫉俗者会说政府之所以采取这项措施仅仅是由于对其信任度下降感到担忧。

Word: halfway
Front: halfway
[ˌhɑ:fˈweɪ] (4587/6848 -2)
Vocabulary: halfway
(once / 1032 pages)
1advadj 2adj
When you're halfway, you're at the middle point of something. If you pause to catch your breath halfway up a hill, you still have half the hill left to climb.
You can make it halfway along a marathon route, or 13 miles, and you can also make it halfway through your book before you fall asleep. You might only make it halfway through an enormous slice of cake, or halfway through math class before you start to nod off. A halfway house, originally an inn between two cities, but today it's a place where released criminals or recovered addicts can live while they get back on their feet.
WORD FAMILY
halfway: halfways
USAGE EXAMPLES
Halfway through his first season at City, the 45-year-old former Barcelona and Bayern Munich coach said: “It might be one of my last teams.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Halfway through his term, the Indian prime minister’s popularity is still enormous, measured at 81% by a Pew poll in September.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2002, halfway through his second term as prime minister, Guterres abruptly resigned after the Socialists suffered a drubbing in local elections.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在中途; 到一半; 在中间; 大致上
分布：不彻底的(47%)，中途的(25%)，半路地(14%)，在…中间(7%)，折中地(7%)
US [ˌhæf-] adjective adverb
■in the middle of something, or at a place which is equally far from two other places 在中间（的）；在中途（的）
• York is halfway between Edinburgh and London. 约克位于爱丁堡和伦敦的中间。
• I'd like you to look at the diagram which is halfway down page 27. 请你们往下看27页中间的图表。
• She started feeling sick halfway through dinner. 她饭吃到一半就开始感到恶心。
• The management's proposals don't even go halfway towards meeting our demands. 管理阶层的提案距离我们的要求还差得远呢。
UK [ˌhɑ:f'weɪ] US [ˌhæf-] adverb
■not very, but satisfactorily 还可以，过得去
• Any halfway decent teacher should be able to explain the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. 任何一个像样的老师都应该能解释及物动词和不及物动词的区别。
adj. 中途的；不彻底的
 - intermediary, inexhaustive

Word: posting
Front: posting
[ˈpəʊstɪŋ] (13605/11822 -1)
Back: n. 记录; [会计]过帐，记账; 委派
v. 邮寄; 张贴(post的现在分词); 公布
分布：过账(48%)，任命(31%)，记入(21%)
→来自post,岗位，岗哨，派驻。
US ['poʊ-] noun countable
JOB 工作 UK (US and Australian usually post)
■a job, often within the same organization that you are working for, which involves going to a different country or town 派驻
• If you were offered an overseas posting, would you take it? 如果让你派驻海外，你会接受吗？
UK ['pəʊ.stɪŋ] US ['poʊ-] noun countable
MESSAGE 信息
■an electronic message that you send to a website in order to allow many people to see it 网站上公布的资讯；帖子
n. 记录； [会计] 过帐；委派
 - page, log, register
v. 公布；邮递；布置（post的ing形式）
 - placarding

Word: override
Front: override
[ˌəʊvəˈraɪd] (雅宝 9471/9524 -1)
Vocabulary: override
(once / 2858 pages)
1v 2vn 3nv
You can override or reject a decision if you're more powerful than the person who originally made the decision. And Congress has the power to override or nullify the Presidential veto if they have a two-thirds vote.
The word override can be used in a number of contexts. You can override or ride on top of the grass. You can override a horse, or ride it too hard. An army can override or dominate the enemy in a war. And a judge can override or set aside a decision in court. Regardless of which meaning you're using, remember that the thing doing the overriding always has the upper hand.
WORD FAMILY
override: overridden, overrides, overriding, overrode+/overriding: overridingly/ ride: override, ridden, rider, rides, riding, rode/ rider: riders/riding: ridings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They would create a statewide framework to regulate Uber and other transportation network companies, overriding agreements struck with local governments.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Smith’s attorney said Alabama is the only state that allows judicial override.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Once Congress overwhelmingly overrides a president’s veto, to me the opponents have a pretty steep hill to climb,” Cornyn said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 推翻，无视; 践踏; 优先于; 覆盖
n. 佣金; 超驰控制装置; 撤消，推翻
时态：overrode, overridden, overriding, overrides
分布：推翻(51%)，凌驾(29%)，无视(10%)，超驰控制装置(5%)，给代理人的佣金(5%)
→over-,在上，超过，ride,骑。即骑在上面的，凌驾于之上的。后用于指否决，推翻。
推翻,不理会(over+ride骑→骑在上面→推翻[下面的])[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb (overrode, overridden)
NOT ACCEPT 不接受
transitive
■(of a person who has the necessary authority) to refuse to accept or to decide against a previous decision, an order, a person, etc （拥有必要权威的人）否决，推翻，撤销，使无效
• Every time I make a suggestion at work, my boss overrides me/it. 每次我对工作提出建议，我的老板都不听。
• The President used his veto to override the committee's decision. 总统利用手中的否决权，推翻了委员会的决定。
transitive
■to operate an automatic machine by hand 对（自动机器）改用手控；超驰控制，超控
• He overrode the autopilot when he realised it was malfunctioning. 他意识到自动驾驶仪出了故障，就改为手动驾驶。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'raɪd] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb (overrode, overridden)
CONTROL 操控
transitive
■to take control over something, especially in order to change the way it operates （尤指为改变运作方式而）操控，制服
• The pills are designed to override your body's own hormones. 这些药片用以调节人体自身的荷尔蒙分泌。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'raɪd] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb (overrode, overridden)
MORE IMPORTANT 更重要的
transitive
■to be more important than something 比…更重要；压倒；凌驾
• Parents' concern for their children's future often overrides all their other concerns. 父母对子女未来的考虑往往重于他们对所有其他事情的关心。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'raɪd] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb (overrode, overridden)
TRAVEL 旅行
intransitive
■to travel on public transport further than your ticket allows you to （乘公共交通工具）超程乘车（实际距离超出车票允许的距离）
• There is a £20 penalty for passengers who travel without a ticket or override. 无票乘车或超程乘车的乘客将须缴付20英镑的罚款。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'raɪd] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
■a device that changes the control of a machine or system in special situations, especially from automatic to manual （尤指从自动改为手动的）超控装置
• The heating system has a manual override. 这套取暖系统有一个手动超控装置。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'raɪd] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] noun countable
POLITICS 政治
■in American politics, the refusal of an elected group of people to accept a decision made by an elected leader （美国政治中对选举产生的领导人所作决定的）否决，推翻
• The vote fell short of the majority needed for an override of the Governor's veto. 投票未过半数，未能推翻州长的否决。
vt. 推翻；不顾；践踏
 - throw down, topple down
n. [会计] 代理佣金
 - agency commission

Word: visual
Front: visual
[ˈvɪʒuəl] (高研四六托雅 2156/2511 -2)
Vocabulary: visual
(once / 806 pages)
adj
If you want to know the meaning of visual, just look around! Anything you can see falls under the heading of visual. What "aural" is to the ears and "olfactory" is to the nose, visual is to the eyes.
It's often said that "film is a visual medium"; it uses pictures to tell a story. You have to see it to get it. That's clearly different from, say, radio which can only use audio. Have you ever closed your eyes while watching a cartoon? If you cut out the visual parts and just listen to the music and sound effects, it's often even funnier. As zany as the sounds are, they're even funnier when you separate them from their visual cues. Visual shares its root with vision, which is (not surprisingly) the ability to see. How visual!
WORD FAMILY
visual: nonvisual, visualise, visualize, visually+/visualisation: visualisations/visualise: visualisation, visualised, visualiser, visualises, visualising/visualiser: visualisers/ visualization: visualizations/ visualize: visualization, visualized, visualizer, visualizes, visualizing/visualizer: visualizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use a partition, purse or coat for a visual cue to fill at least half of your cart with fruits, vegetables and other healthy foods.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This work, painted in 1618, is really about the visual puzzle it presents, but this is packaged in the guise of a religious painting.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 视觉的，看得见的; 光学的，视力的; 形象化的; 光学的
n. 画面，图象
分布：视觉的(45%)，视力的(21%)，图象(15%)，画面(10%)，形象的(6%)，看的见的(3%)
→来自vis-,看，面容，词源同visage,visit。引申词义视力的。
视力的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.看的,看得见的;视觉的Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to seeing 视觉的；视力的
• visual stimulus/impact/abilities 视觉刺激／冲击／视力
⇒ See also VDU
adj. [眼科] [生理] 视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的
 - optical, Life-like

Word: identification
Front: identification
[aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3289/3230 -1)
Vocabulary: identification
(once / 1218 pages)
1n 2n
Identification is what you show when someone wants proof of who you are. When you get pulled over by a cop for speeding, you better have your driver’s license on you as your form of identification!
Identification isn’t just the card or passport you carry around in your wallet to prove who you are to others. You can also have an identification with a person if you share common beliefs, traditions, or values; then you can say that you identify with that person. Identification can also mean the process of recognizing or identifying something. You may have to wait to adopt that stray dog until the pound has put the pooch through an identification process, trying to see if he already belongs to another family.
WORD FAMILY
identification: identifications+/ identifiable: identifiably, unidentifiable /identified: unidentified/identifier: identifiers/ identify: identifiable, identification, identified, identifier, identifies, identifying, misidentify/misidentify: misidentified, misidentifying/ unidentifiable: unidentifiably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And there were emotional scenes in front of a city morgue where those shot dead were brought for identification.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Of the 92 brokers she identified that accepted opt-outs, 65 of them required her to submit a form of identification such as a driver’s license.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鉴定，识别; 验明; 身份证明; 认同
分布：识别(52%)，鉴定(41%)，确认(6%)，身份的证明(1%)
→来自identify,确认，辨认。
n.识别,鉴别;证件;认同Have you any identification?你有身份证明吗?
【记】iden相同的事物－识别；参：identical（adj 同一的；同样的）
US [-tˌə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you recognize and can name someone or something 识别；辨认
• Most of the bodies were badly burned, making identification almost impossible. 大部分尸体都严重烧焦，几乎无法辨认。
 ADVANCED (also ID)
■an official document that shows or proves who you are 身份证（明）
• We were asked to show some identification before the security guards would let us in. 保安人员要我们出示身分证明文件才让我们进去。
n. 鉴定， [计] 识别；认同；身份证明
 - authentication, recognition

Word: controller
Front: controller
[kənˈtrəʊlə(r)] (6099/5106)
Back: n. 管理者; 控制者; （机器的）控制器; （公司的）财务总管
分布：控制器(96%)，控制者(2%)，管理者(1%)，审计官(1%)
US [-'troʊ.lɚ] noun countable
■a person who controls something, or someone who is responsible for what a particular organization does 控制者；管理者；指挥者
• an air-traffic controller 航空交通指挥员
• That was the year he became Controller of Radio 4. 那一年他成为广播四台的负责人。
n. [船] [自] 控制器； [计] 管理员； [审计] [会计] 主计长
 - inversor, administrative officer

Word: timely
Front: timely
[ˈtaɪmli] (研六雅宝 7462/9732 -1)
Vocabulary: timely
(once / 764 pages)
adjadv
If something is finished quickly or on time, then it's been done in a timely manner. Homework, RSVPs, and thank you notes are just a few things that you should be completed in a timely manner.
Hear that clock ticking? That's the time limit for learning this word in a timely fashion. But the word timely isn't always about speed — being timely can also mean being well-timed or doing something at the most appropriate moment. If you're going for a job interview, it's important to make a timely arrival. And if you bump into friends just when they were wondering how you were doing, then you've made a timely appearance.
WORD FAMILY
timely: timelier, timeliest, timelily, timeliness, untimely +/mistime: mistimed, mistimes, mistiming/ overtime: overtimes/ time: mistime, overtime, timed, timeless, timely, timer, times, timing/timed: ill-timed, timedly/ timeless: timelessly, timelessness/timer: timers/times: timeses/timing: timings/ untimely: untimeliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Worst spark: Would Foster’s timely deflection be the play that turned Washington’s fortunes around?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A timely novel about the conflict in Syria, told from the perspective of an Arab American interpreter trapped in Turkey.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 适时的; 及时的
分布：及时的(78%)，适时的(22%)
→time,时间，-ly,形容词后缀。
及时的(time时间)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.及时的,适时的The timely rain will certainly bring on the crops.这场及时雨肯定会有助于作物的生长.
adjective
■happening at a suitable moment 适时的；及时的
• a timely reminder 及时的提醒
• The change in the exchange rate provided a timely boost to the company's falling profits. 汇率的变动及时缓解了公司利润下滑的局面。
adj. 及时的；适时的
 - well-timed, realtime
adv. 及时地；早
 - in good season, opportunely

Word: whitehall

Word: orchestra
Front: orchestra
[ˈɔ:kɪstrə] (研四六托雅宝 5347/4027 -2)
Vocabulary: orchestra
(once / 341 pages)
n
If you love classical music concerts led by a conductor, with a big sound and plenty of violins, you're an orchestra fan.
An orchestra features many different kinds of instruments, almost always including those with strings such as violas and cellos. Sometimes this group of musicians is called a "symphony orchestra," and it's directed by a conductor with a baton. The word orchestra comes from the actual space in which an orchestra plays; the Greek orkhestra means "a space where a chorus of dancers performs," from orkheisthai, "to dance."
WORD FAMILY
orchestra: orchestral, orchestras, orchestrate +/orchestral: orchestrally/ orchestrate: orchestrated, orchestrates, orchestrating, orchestration, orchestrator/orchestration: orchestrations/orchestrator: orchestrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morales continued to perform with a new orchestra conducted by his son Guillermo and featuring three of his children.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“They sound like small instruments of orchestra music,” she said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I thought, ‘How cool would it be to do this album with an orchestra?’
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 管弦乐队; 管弦乐队的全部乐器
分布：管弦乐队(100%)
→来自拉丁语orchestra,管弦乐，来自希腊语erkhesthai,起来，起舞，来自ergh,升起，上升，词源同origin,orient.比喻用法。
n.管弦乐队In this semester the westerner thinks Chest Orchestra is the best.这学期西方人认为箱子乐队是最好的乐队.
【记】原指：古希腊剧场中舞台前合唱队进行表演的地方
【区】orchard（n 果园）；orchid（n 兰花）child like orchid
US ['ɔ:r-] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large group of musicians who play many different instruments together and are led by a conductor 管弦乐队
• She's a cellist in the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. 她是伯明罕交响乐团的大提琴手。
UK ['ɔ:.kɪ.strə] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
THEATRE 剧院
the orchestra only singular US for the stalls
band, orchestra
这组词都有“乐队”的意思，其区别是：
band: 指主要由铜、木管和打击乐所组成的乐队，主要演奏轻音乐和流行乐曲，与orchestra的主区别在于没有弦乐。
orchestra: 指规模大、最为完整的交响乐队，可演奏各种不同音乐，一般由弦乐、本管乐、铜管乐和打击乐所组成。

Word: claimant
Front: claimant
[ˈkleɪmənt] (17177/7258 -1)
Back: n. 原告; 索取者; [法]原告，债权
分布：原告(51%)，要求者(25%)，索偿人(17%)，申请者(7%)
noun countable
■a person who asks for something which they believe belongs to them or which they have a right to 要求者；索赔人；认领人
n. 原告； [贸易] 索赔人；提出要求者
 - plaintiff, demandant

Word: confer
Front: confer
[kənˈfɜ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 7144/4769 -1)
Vocabulary: confer
(once / 79 pages)
1v 2v
If you gab, chat, and talk it up with someone, you have conversation, but if you're looking for input from each other as you talk, you confer, or consult, together. They had a family meeting to confer about a schedule for sharing the new laptop.
Many uses of the verb confer involve consulting with another person or as a group. Confer has a second use meaning "bestow," which means to award or hand over something. You can confer a medal on a winner or hero, or you can confer status through a promotion or assignment. Each year the teacher would confer the special honor of summer hamster-sitter on one responsible student.
WORD FAMILY
confer: conferee, conference, confering, conferment, conferral, conferred, conferring, confers+/conferee: conferees/ conference: conferences/conferral: conferrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet the conglomerates still enjoy some of the benefits that Park Chung-hee conferred on them more than four decades ago.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The status of Hollywood royalty was almost automatically conferred upon them.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
But we coach one another through it, and eventually true greatness is conferred through lore — a holy alliance of time and talk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 授予，颁与; 比较，对照
vi. 商议，磋商
时态：conferred, conferring, confers
分布：商讨(100%)
→1.商谈，来自con-, 强调，-fer, 谈话，交谈，来自bha, 说，词源同confab, phone, for(拉丁词，说，讲)。
协商,谈判(con共同+fer→共同带来观点→协商)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.商讨;授予,颁给(勋衔,学位等)The Premier often confers with his advisers on diplomatic problems.总理常与他的顾问商议外交问题.
【记】con共同，fer带来－共同带来自己的观点进行交换－讨论
【参】conference（n 讨论会，协商会）
US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
TALK 谈论
   intransitive
■to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take （常指为达成行动决议而）商讨，商议，协商
• I should like some time to confer with my lawyer. 我想花点时间跟我的律师商量一下。
UK [kən'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
GIVE 给予
   transitive
■to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone 授予（称号、荣誉）；赋予（优势）
• An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. 爱丁堡大学授予他荣誉博士学位。
confer, negotiate, consult
这组词都有“协商、商量”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
negotiate: 正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
consult: 多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 授予；给予
 - afford, award, allow, grant, deal
vi. 协商
 - arrange, treat

Word: workshop
Front: workshop
[ˈwɜ:kʃɒp] (研四六雅 3130/2587 -2)
Vocabulary: workshop
(once / 884 pages)
1n 2n
A workshop is a somewhere you go to work on something — something physical like a construction project or it could be something mental like working on your leadership skills.
Workshops are for making and fixing things, whether they're wooden furniture, cars, or mysterious inventions in your dad's basement workshop. A shorthand way to refer to a workshop is shop, as in the shop class offered in many high schools, which usually meets in a workshop. The noun workshop also means a course or meeting at which a work in progress — often a story, poem, or script — is discussed by a group of writers.
WORD FAMILY
workshop: workshops
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, Ms. Bower and her husband built a 3,000-square-foot facility to house their workshops and a gallery where they sell their creations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Florida Senate’s Health Policy committee held a workshop in early December to hear concerns from all parties.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
During a transition workshop, Winchester said he was told to write down his job duties and skills he performed as a sergeant.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 车间; 专题讨论会，研究会; 创作室; 实习班，实验班
分布：车间(65%)，研讨会(23%)，工场(7%)，讲习班(5%)
→work,工作，shop,工厂，车间。引申义研讨会。
n.车间,工场,修理厂;研讨会,讲习班In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US ['wɝ:k.ʃɑ:p] noun countable
ROOM 房间
■a room or building where things are made or repaired using machines and/or tools 车间，厂房，作坊
• a carpenter's/printer's workshop 木工作坊／印刷厂房
• an engineering workshop 机械加工车间
UK ['wɜ:k.ʃɒp] US ['wɝ:k.ʃɑ:p] noun countable
MEETING 会议
■a meeting of people to discuss and/or perform practical work in a subject or activity 研讨会，讨论会
• a drama/poetry/training workshop 戏剧／诗歌／训练研讨会
• The local council runs a stress-management workshop. 当地政务委员会举办了关于应对压力问题的研讨会。
• a workshop session/production 研讨会会期／成果
n. [工业] 车间；研讨会； [工经] 工场；讲习班
 - plant, proseminar

Word: insert
Front: insert
[ɪnˈsɜ:t] (高研四六托雅宝 4301/3796 -K2)
Vocabulary: insert
(once / 348 pages)
vn
When you insert something or someone, you put it into something else. You could insert yourself into a conversation, or you could insert a comma into the sentence you just wrote.
The verb insert comes from the Latin in-, meaning “into,” and serere, meaning "to join." When you insert yourself into a conversation, you’re joining in, whether your friends want you to or not. Insert can also mean to fit snugly into, or to tuck. You might fit a card into an envelope that fits it perfectly, or insert first one leg and then another into a pair of tights.
WORD FAMILY
insert: inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts+/ insertion: insertions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Massachusetts, unlike many other states, explicitly allows transgender youth to wear binders to compress their breasts, or breast-like inserts under their shirts.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Typically, they are added every two or three years, although the last one was inserted just 18 months ago in June 2015.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Hospital staff managed to insert a tube into his chest and stabilize him.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 插入; 嵌入; （在文章中）添加; 加插
n. 添入物（尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图）; （书报的）插页; 插入物; 添加物
时态：inserted, inserting, inserts
分布：插入(94%)，嵌入(3%)，插入物(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-sert,连接，词源同assert,series.引申词义插入。
插入,嵌进(in进入+sert→加入进来→插入)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
v.插入,嵌入;登载n.插入物The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】in进入，sert插一插入
【参】exsert（vt 使突出；使伸出）
【反】remove（vt 移动；拿走）
US [-ˈsɜ˞ːt/
■to put something inside something else, or to add something, especially words, to something else 插入，添加（尤指文字）
• Insert the key in/into the lock. 将锁匙插入锁中。
• I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your bank details and date of birth. 我已填了表，但你还要填上你的帐户资料和出生日期。
noun countable UK [ˈɪn.sɜːt] US [-sɜ˞ːt/
■something that is made to go inside or into something else 插入物
• These magazines have too many annoying inserts (= extra loose pages) advertising various products. 这些杂志里令人讨厌的各类产品广告插页太多。
vt. 插入； [建] 嵌入
 - bed, build in
n. [建] 插入物
 - inlet, impaler

Word: forgo
Front: forgo
[fɔ:'ɡəʊ] (宝 12568/18571)
Vocabulary: forgo
(once / 5680 pages)
1v 2v
The verb forgo means to give up or lose the right to something.
The word forgo can be traced back to the Old English word forgān, which meant to pass away or to die, which is sometimes referred to as "giving up the ghost." Perhaps it was this idea of relinquishing something that led to our modern-day use of the word forgo to mean to give up, waive, or forfeit something. For example, someone charged with a crime might decide to forgo the right to remain silent and instead confess.
WORD FAMILY
forgo: forgoing, forgone, forwent
USAGE EXAMPLES
Williams announced after the TaxSlayer Bowl on Saturday that he plans to forgo his senior season and enter the NFL draft.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Leonard Fournette's recent decision to forgo his final bowl game is a letdown to his teammates, family and school, not to mention the public.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The fun outweighs any future funds they might forgo.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 没有也行，放弃
时态：forwent, forgone, forgoing, forgoes
分布：放弃(95%)，弃绝(4%)，对...断念(1%)
→for-, 完全的。go, 走，离开。引申词义放弃，弃绝。
【记】for，go：为了走出国门，只好放弃女友和男友了
US [fɔ:r'goʊ] (forgoing, forwent, forgone) (also forego) formal
verb transitive
■to not have or do something enjoyable 放弃，摒绝（令人愉悦之物）
• I shall have to forgo the pleasure of seeing you this week. 这周我只好放弃与您相见的那份荣幸了。
vt. 放弃；停止；对…断念
 - desert, yield, quit

Word: pastor
Front: pastor
[ˈpɑ:stə(r)] (宝 3850/12474 -1)
Vocabulary: pastor
(once / 441 pages)
n
A pastor is someone with the authority to lead religious services. Pastors lead church services and help others worship.
Pastor is a religious title used mostly in Christian churches. The pastor is a leader within a church who has been ordained and therefore given the authority to conduct religious services. The pastor leads Sunday mass and other types of rituals, such as funerals. Members of the congregation may seek a pastor for advice. Within a religious community, a pastor is someone respected very much.
WORD FAMILY
pastor: pastoral, pastors, pastorship+/ pastoral: pastorally, pastorals/pastorship: pastorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Protestant pastor says he believes in a larger meaning of civility, a definition that captures a truly civil approach to social justice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Tim tells people all the time that for the first 49 years of his life, he would do anything for God, but be a pastor.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 牧师
vt. 作…的牧师
分布：牧师(99%)，作...牧师(1%)
→来自拉丁语pascere,放牧，喂养，来自pa,喂食，喂养，词源同food,company.即放牧者，引申词义牧师。-t,过去分词格。
牧师(原来是拉丁文"牧羊人"的意思)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】源于：pasture（n 牧草，牧场）－牧师
【参】pastoral（n 牧歌；田园诗；adj 牧人的；田园生活的）
US ['pæs.tɚ] noun countable
■a leader of a Christian group or church, especially one which is Protestant （尤指基督教新教的）牧师
n. 牧师
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: sabotage
Front: sabotage
[ˈsæbətɑ:ʒ] (雅宝 11586/14154 -1)
Vocabulary: sabotage
(once / 3488 pages)
nv
Sabotage isn't very nice: It's when you ruin or disrupt something by messing up a part of it on purpose. Loosening the blades on your competitor's ice skates would definitely be considered sabotage.
Sabotage comes from the French word saboter, which literally means “walk noisily.” That's funny, because the last thing you'd want to do when committing an act of sabotage is stomp around and get caught. It’s believed that sabotage came into use in 1910 as a noun, and then later in 1918 as a verb. Apparently, people only became so cruel in the last century or so.
WORD FAMILY
sabotage: sabotaged, sabotages, sabotaging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maduro attempted to outlaw Venezuela’s largest banknote in mid-December, a measure that he said would strike at foreign powers conspiring to sabotage his socialist government.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But at the time, the Obama administration’s fear was that Russia would sabotage voting machines and remove names from voter registration rolls.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
It said the evidence points to human error, not technical problems or sabotage.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: v. 蓄意破坏; 怠工; 对…采取破坏行动，捣乱
n. 破坏活动
时态：sabotaged, sabotaging, sabotages
分布：破坏(92%)，怠工(8%)
→来自法语 sabotage,捣乱，破坏，来自 sabot,木鞋，来自中古法语 savate,旧鞋子，词源同 sabaton, 护脚甲，savate,法国腿踢，ciabatta,拖鞋面包。现词义据说是来自 18，19 世纪机器工业刚兴 起时，手工业者担心机器会抢走他们的饭碗，愤而把木鞋扔进机器里面破坏机器运转。
verb transitive
■to damage or destroy equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor （为阻止敌人或对手成功而）毁坏，破坏（设备、武器或建筑物）
• The rebels had tried to sabotage the oil pipeline. 叛乱分子曾试图破坏输油管道。
■to intentionally prevent the success of a plan or action 暗中破坏，蓄意破坏（计划或行动）
• This was a deliberate attempt to sabotage the ceasefire. 这是一次蓄意破坏停战的袭击。
vt. 妨害；对…采取破坏行动
 - encumber, incumber
n. 破坏；破坏活动；怠工
 - destruction, breaking, blasting, disruption, demolition

Word: millionaire
Front: millionaire
[ˌmɪljəˈneə(r)] (高研六托 6769/7695 -2)
Back: n. 百万富翁; 大富翁; 大财主; 有钱人
adj. 100万以上人口的
分布：百万富翁(100%)
→来自法语，million,百万，-aire,人，对应英语-ary.引申词义百万富翁。
百万富翁(million百万)[-aire表名词]
n.百万富翁The millionaire kept 39 servants.这百万富翁用了三十九个佣人.
US [-'ner] noun countable (female also millionairess)
■a person who has at least 1 000 000 in their country's money 百万富翁；大富翁
• You want me to buy you a new car - do you think I'm a millionaire or something? 想要我买辆新车给你，你以为我是百万富翁吗？
n. [经] 百万富翁；大富豪
 - multimillionaire, Croesus

Word: jaw
Front: jaw
[dʒɔ:] (高研四六托 4087/3999 -2)
Vocabulary: jaw
(once / 322 pages)
1nv 2n
Your jaw is the bottom, hinged part of your skull that holds your teeth. When you have a cavity, it can make your whole jaw hurt.
In humans, our jaw is the bony part of the head that contains our mouth and teeth. All animals with spines have jaws. Besides this anatomical meaning, you can use jaw as a verb to mean "chat." You might love to get together with your friends and jaw about unimportant things. You can also say "My jaw dropped" to mean "I was shocked or amazed." Jaw comes from the Old French joue, which means "cheek or jaw."
WORD FAMILY
jaw: jawed, jawing, jawless, jaws
USAGE EXAMPLES
He sports dark stubble that blurs the chiselled jaw that matches his sportman’s physique.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
My jaw dropped when I read the words, “Please find enclosed a letter from your donor.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 下巴; 颌; 唠叨; 狭窄入口
vi. 闲谈; 唠唠叨叨，喋喋不休; 教训
时态：jawed, jawing, jaws
分布：下巴(36%)，颚(31%)，颌(28%)，教训(2%)，钳口(1%)，喋喋不休(1%)，说教(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*kawo,下巴，来自*kewwana,咀嚼，词源同chew.
n.颌,颚The lawyer's son-in-law likes hawk's claws and jaws.律师的女婿喜欢鹰爪和下颌.
US [dʒɑ:] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■the lower part of your face which moves when you open your mouth 下颌，下巴
• a broken jaw 骨折的下颌
• a punch UKon / USin the jaw 打在下巴上的一拳
• He has a strong/square jaw. 他有着结实的／方下巴。
 ADVANCED countable
■either of the two bones in your mouth which hold your teeth 颌；颚
• upper/lower jaw 上／下颚
jaws [plural]
■the mouth of a person or animal, especially a large and frightening animal （尤指大型凶猛动物的）口部，嘴
• The lion opened its jaws and roared. 狮子张开大嘴咆哮了起来。
■something which opens and closes like the upper and lower parts of a mouth 钳夹部分；钳口
• His foot was caught in the jaws of the trap. 他的脚被夹在捕兽夹的钳口里。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
DANGER 危险
jaws [plural]
■something dangerous 险境
• The rescuers snatched the children from the jaws of death. 救援人员把孩子从鬼门关中拯救出来。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
TALK 谈话
only singular informal
■a talk 闲谈
• I met Jane and we had a good jaw over lunch. 我遇到了简，并且在吃午餐时两个人好好聊了一番。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
sb's jaw drops (open)
■If someone's jaw drops (open), they look very surprised 大吃一惊；惊讶得张口结舌
• My jaw dropped open when she told me how old she was. 当她告诉我她的年纪时我大吃一惊。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] verb intransitive informal
■to talk for a long time 喋喋不休，唠唠叨叨
• He was jawing away to his girlfriend for hours on the phone. 他和女朋友聊了几个小时的电话了。
n. [脊椎] 颌；下巴； [地质] 狭窄入口；唠叨
 - chin, jowl
vi. 教训；唠叨
 - rabbit on
vt. 教训；对…唠叨
 - lesson

Word: statesman
Front: statesman
[ˈsteɪtsmən] (研四六雅 10075/8718 -2)
Back: n. 政治家
分布：政治家(100%)
→合成自 state's man,管理国家的人。
n.政治家,国务活动家At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
['steɪt.smən] approving
noun countable
■an experienced politician, especially one who is respected for making good judgments （尤指具有远见卓识而受人尊敬的）政治家
politician, statesman
这组词都有“政治家”的意思，其区别是：
politician: 指有才能的职业政治家或政坛人物。在美国英语中，多含贬义，特指玩弄阴谋、勾心斗角以谋以私利的政客、政治骗子。
statesman: 与politician相反，常用于褒义，指有远见，为国为民的正派的政治家，既着重才能，又侧重身居要职。
n. 政治家；国务活动家
 - politician

Word: titan
Front: titan
[ˈtaɪtn] (15704/46127)
Vocabulary: titan
(once / 2051 pages)
n
A titan is an extremely important person. Albert Einstein was a titan in the world of science.
The noun titan comes from Greek mythology, in which the Titans were a race of gods. Today, a titan is someone who is god-like, or powerful and influential in a certain field. Shakespeare was a titan of literature, Wayne Gretzky was a titan of hockey, and The Beatles were titans of music. If you are famous within the world of competitive eating, you might be referred to as a titan of hot dog-eating contests.
WORD FAMILY
titan: titanic, titans+/ titanic: titanically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then there are films that are such titans that it seems a waste of time to consider them again here.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The titans of U.S. technology are facing some of the toughest challenges yet.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Its brightest technical stars become country managers and eventually corporate titans back in Irving, Tex.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 巨子；巨人；成就非凡的人
分布：表示“钛”(100%)
→来自希腊语 Titan,巨人，泰坦诸神，第三代神王宙斯之父第二代神王 Kronos 的兄长，第一代 神王 Uranus 的儿子，可能来自 ten,延长，伸长，词源同 extend.
['taɪ.tən] literary
noun countable
■a person who is very important, powerful, strong, big, clever, etc. 泰斗；钜子；巨人
• an intellectual titan 学界泰斗
• The final will be a clash of the (= a hard struggle and competition between) titans. 决赛将会是一场龙虎斗。
• The soft drink titans (= big companies who produce these drinks) are struggling for control of the market. 生产无酒精饮料的大厂正在争夺市场的控制权。

Word: syndicate
Front: syndicate
[ˈsɪndɪkət] (雅 15820/10244 -2)
Vocabulary: syndicate
(once / 973 pages)
nv
A syndicate is a group of corporations working for a common interest. A syndicate might collectively raise money for a real estate project. A syndicate sometimes has a criminal side — it can also describe a similar alliance of gangsters.
Syndicate entered English in the 17th century from the French word syndicat, meaning "representative of a corporation." The Lloyd's of London insurance group is an early example of a syndicate. Syndicate can also describe an agency that sells the rights to copyrighted material, such as feature articles, to newspapers or magazines. The word has a verb form as well. If you work for a syndicate, you might syndicate the classic "Peanuts" cartoon strip in hundreds of newspapers around the world.
WORD FAMILY
syndicate: syndicated, syndicates, syndicating, syndication, syndicator+/syndication: syndications/syndicator: syndicators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many nefarious individuals and groups, such as poachers, corrupt government officials and organized crime syndicates, benefit from these illegal sales.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Illegal ivory ends up on the legal market after being smuggled into the country, chiefly by criminal syndicates.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The global trade, thought to be worth around $10 billion annually, is run by international criminal syndicates, sometimes with help from African rebel groups.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 辛迪加，企业联合组织，财团
时态：syndicated, syndicating, syndicates
分布：联合组织(50%)，企业联合(50%)
→syn-,一起，-dic,说话，命令，-ate,名词后缀。用于指财团或企业联合组织。
noun
GROUP 组织
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people or companies who join together in order to share the cost of a particular business operation for which a large amount of money is needed 联盟；私人联合会；企业联合组织
• A syndicate of banks is/are financing the deal. 一个银行联盟将为这笔交易提供资金。
['sɪn.dɪ.kət] noun
NEWSPAPERS 报刊
countable
■an organization that supplies articles and photographs to different newspapers and magazines for publishing （向不同报刊杂志提供稿件和照片的）报纸杂志联盟
n. 辛迪加；企业联合；财团
 - consortium, cartel

Word: havoc
Front: havoc
[ˈhævək] (雅宝 9540/11169 -1)
Vocabulary: havoc
(once / 1322 pages)
n
Havoc is a noun that means devastation or total mayhem. Havoc often wreaked by hurricanes, angry mobs, plundering Vikings, and wild parties that get out of control.
If we trace havoc way back, we arrive at a crossroads. Some people believe that the word comes from the Old French havot, meaning “plundering, devastation,” while others argue that it was passed down to us from the Latin habere, meaning “to have, possess.” Either way you look at it, the meaning remains the same: widespread disorder or destruction.
WORD FAMILY
havoc: havocs
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s to preserve life, and especially with the drug epidemic to stop the drugs wreaking havoc on our communities and neighborhoods.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
There is an outcry for data about the havoc wreaked in Yemen by Saudi bombing.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This book concentrates on the role refined sugar plays in our diet, the weight gain that it engenders and the health havoc it wreaks.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 大破坏，浩劫; 蹂躏，摧残; 大混乱，大骚动
vt. 严重破坏; 毁灭
vi. 损毁
分布：破坏(70%)，大破坏(16%)，混乱(14%)
→来自诺曼法语crier havok,即cry havoc,准许士兵抢劫的信号，词源不详，可能来自拉丁语habere,抓，占有，词源同habit,give(古义为拥有).
【记】hav＝have，oc＝occur（v 发生）－有很多事发生－混乱无序ha哈，voc声霸卡存储的声音文件格式：哈哈哈的声音－混乱
【反】serenity（n 平静）
noun uncountable
■confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble 破坏，毁坏；混乱
• The storm wreaked (= caused) havoc in the garden, uprooting trees and blowing a fence down. 暴风雨摧毁了花园，树被连根拔起，一排围栏也被吹倒了。
• The delay played (= caused) havoc with their travel arrangements. 误点打乱了他们的旅行安排。
n. 大破坏；浩劫；蹂躏
 - ravage
vi. 损毁
 - damage

Word: peripheral
Front: peripheral
[pəˈrɪfərəl] (六托宝 8353/6202 -1)
Vocabulary: peripheral
(once / 5467 pages)
1adj 2n
Scanners, printers, and speakers are peripheral devices for a computer because they aren't central to the working of the computer itself. Anything peripheral is on the margin, or outside, while main things, like a computer's processor, are not peripheral.
Outside of computer jargon, peripheral is a common term in eye exams, which measure peripheral vision to see how far toward the outer right and left edges you can see. Peripheral also describes nerves from the body's peripheral system, which are secondary to the main system but branch off of it — like the wires between peripheral devices and a computer.
WORD FAMILY
peripheral: peripherally, peripherals+/ periphery: peripheral, peripheries
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a Wonderful Life deserves a kind of peripheral inclusion here, for being where inspirational triangulates with the weepie and the Christmas film.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The fall was caused by a peripheral nerve sheath tumor and led to several weeks in the hospital.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He is talking about Guillain-Barré syndrome, a condition which occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system – causing severe muscle weakness and paralysis.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 外围的; 次要的; （神经）末梢区域的
n. 外部设备
分布：外围设备(49%)，外围的(47%)，不重要的(4%)
→来自periphery,外围，边缘。引申词义外围的，不重要的。
【记】peri周围
【反】crux（n 症结；关键）－peripheral element（不重要因素）；crucial（adj 至关紧要的）
US [-'rɪf.ɚ-] adjective
■describes something that is not as important as something else 次要的，附带的
• The book contains a great deal of peripheral detail. 书中有大量无关紧要的细节。
■happening at the edge of something 周边的，边缘的
• A figure came into my peripheral vision. 一个身影从远处映入我的眼帘。
UK [pə'rɪf.ər.əl] US [-'rɪf.ɚ-] noun countable specialized
■a piece of equipment, such as a printer, that can be connected to a computer （电脑的）周边设备（如印表机）
adj. [昆] [计] 外围的；次要的
 - secondary, supporting, minor

Word: pessimistic
Front: pessimistic
[ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk] (研四六 9792/9581)
Vocabulary: pessimistic
(once / 3359 pages)
adj
Pessimistic describes the state of mind of someone who always expects the worst. A pessimistic attitude isn't very hopeful, shows little optimism, and can be a downer for everyone else.
To be pessimistic means you believe evil outweighs the good and that bad things are more likely to happen. So pessimistic people are usually pretty negative. And kind of a bummer to be around. Think of Eeyore, Winnie the Pooh's perpetually gloomy friend. The word comes to us, not surprisingly, from the Latin pessimus — meaning "worst."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
optimistic / pessimistic
An optimistic person expects all the best things to happen! Is it raining money yet? A pessimistic person is a downer. Who cares if it's raining money? They'll never get any.
Optimistic people see the best in the world. Optimistic ideas have been around for a while — Voltaire's "Candide" (1759) mocked them thoroughly. Here's an optimistic quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year." Here are some more recent examples from the news:
"It's been so positive…He's always optimistic, always hungry for the next one." (Washington Times)
"It's an optimistic assessment that clashes hard with the reality on the ground." (Los Angeles Times)
Abandon all hope ye who enter here! A pessimistic person expects the worst in every situation. Doom and gloom rule a pessimistic attitude. In business, a pessimistic mood prevents people from investing. If you're pessimistic, you see a beautiful waterfall and assume you're going to die in it. Here are some examples of the word:
"Designed to cope with the most pessimistic nightmare of an apocalypse, a day spent here is not destined to be uplifting." ( BBC)
"There has also been a smaller—yet still statistically significant—rise in the frequency of negative words, such as 'disappointing' and 'pessimistic'." (Nature)
These words often show up together:
"And my personal philosophy is I'd rather be optimistic and wrong rather than pessimistic and right." (Time)
"A higher life expectancy estimate is optimistic for the human condition, but pessimistic for the Social Security Trust Fund." (New York Times)
Most people are a little of both, and you can certainly be optimistic — you just learned new words! Or pessimistic — you'll probably just forget them, though. Sigh.
WORD FAMILY
pessimistic: pessimistically+/ pessimism: pessimisms, pessimist, pessimistic / pessimist: pessimists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fresh mix in the currency group, therefore, likely won’t change many investors’ pessimistic outlook for the yuan, analysts say.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Eduardo Porter, a columnist for the Times, recently wrote a pessimistic piece on income inequality.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
That said, she rejects the notion that the message of “Good Bones” is pessimistic.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 悲观的，厌世的; 悲观主义的
分布：悲观的(87%)，悲观主义的(13%)
a.悲观(主义)的Don't be so pessimistic.别那样悲观.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■thinking that bad things are more likely to happen or emphasizing the bad part of a situation 悲观的
• The tone of the meeting was very pessimistic. 会议的气氛非常悲观。
• The doctors are pessimistic (= not hopeful) about his chances of recovery. 医生们对他康复的可能性都表示悲观。
adj. 悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的
 - world-weary, futilitarian

Word: advocacy
Front: advocacy
[ˈædvəkəsi] (宝 5074/10533 -1)
Vocabulary: advocacy
(once / 1997 pages)
n
When you give your active support to an idea or cause, you are showing your advocacy for that cause. Your advocacy for an animal rights group might help raise money to save stray pups.
The noun advocacy comes to English from a term used in Roman law. An advocate was a professional whose job was to plead cases in front of a court of law. That meaning led to the verb form advocate, as well as advocacy, to describe the work of an advocate. "The lunchroom staff were advocates for healthier school lunches; their advocacy was supported by parents and the school board; however, the students were reluctant to give up their cookies and chips."
WORD FAMILY
advocacy: advocacies+/ advocate: advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating, advocator
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Philippines, he worked in research, advocacy and policy legislation, which led to the development of sustainable organic agriculture to feed the poor.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmental groups and other liberal advocacy organizations are hoping for more such moves by Mr. Obama, up until his last moments in office.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 支持; 辩护; 辩护术; 辩护业
分布：支持(52%)，拥护(32%)，鼓吹(16%)
N-SING
拥护；提倡；主张
Someone's advocacy of a particular action or plan is their act of recommending it publicly.
例：I support your advocacy of free trade.我支持你自由贸易的主张。
N-UNCOUNT
辩护；辩护术
Advocacy is the way in which lawyers deal with cases in court.
例：Sir Peter would also like to see the current adversarial system of advocacy examined by the royal commission.彼得爵士也乐于见到王室委员会审查当前对抗式的辩护制度。
N-UNCOUNT
（试图影响政府或其他权力机构决策的）游说（团体或组织）
An advocacy group or organization is one that tries to influence the decisions of a government or other authority.
例：Consumer advocacy groups are not so enthusiastic about removing restrictions on the telephone companies.保护消费者团体并不热衷于取消对电话公司的限制。
n. 主张；拥护；辩护
 - opinion, up with, affirmation

Word: yearly
Front: yearly
[ˈjɪəli] (研四六 8913/11140 -1)
Back: adj. 每年的，一年一度的; 一年间的
adv. 每年，一年一度; 在那一年间
n. 年利; 年鉴
分布：每年的(92%)，一年一次地(4%)，每年地(4%)
a.每年的,一年一度的ad.每年,一年一次地We pay a yearly visit to my uncle.我们每年都要看望我的叔叔.
US ['jɪr-] adjective adverb
■every year or once every year 每年（的）；一年一次（的）
• We get a yearly pay increase. 我们每年加薪一次。
• Interest is paid yearly. 利息按年支付。
adj. 每年的
 - annual, etesian
adv. 每年；一年一次
 - annually
n. 年刊；年鉴
 - annual, year book

Word: revisit
Front: revisit
[ˌri:ˈvɪzɪt] (7933/13764 -1)
Vocabulary: revisit
(once / 1809 pages)
v
If you revisit a city, you travel there for a second (or subsequent) time. If you revisit the idea of learning German, you reconsider it.
To literally revisit a place is simply to go there again: "I can't wait to revisit New York City — I didn't get to see the Statue of Liberty this time!" You'll find this verb used even more often to mean "consider again, or from a different perspective." So you could revisit New York, and also revisit your plan to see the Statue of Liberty, deciding to see a Broadway play instead.
WORD FAMILY
revisit: revisited, revisiting, revisits+/visit: revisit, visitant, visitation, visited, visiting, visitor, visits/visitant: visitants/ visitation: visitations/visiting: visitings/visitor: visitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now that we’re in the thick of a new awards season, revisit this critical favorite that won six Oscars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
None of these shortcomings detract from what is a fascinating work of revisited history with all the narrative traction of a good mystery.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
I didn’t think of it until Prince died and I revisited his catalog.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 重游; 再访; 重临; 回到
n. 重访问; 再参观
时态：revisited, revisiting, revisits
分布：重游(49%)，再访(20%)，重新讨论(20%)，重临(11%)
→re-,再，重新，visit,访问。
VERB
再访;重游
If you revisit a place, you return there for a visit after you have been away for a long time, often after the place has changed a lot.
例：In the summer, when we returned to Canada, we revisited this lake at dawn.夏天我们回到加拿大后，在黎明时分重游了这个湖泊。

Word: plentiful
Front: plentiful
[ˈplentɪfl] (研四六托 9587/9657 -1)
Vocabulary: plentiful
(once / 661 pages)
adj
If something is plentiful, there is a lot of it. Also, plentiful things yield large amounts of something, like an abundant farm. Apples are plentiful in a plentiful year on an apple farm.
Plentiful is an adjective to describe “many” or “a lot.” It’s plenty for “very much” and -ful for “full of” so plentiful is full of very much! It’s a word for “large amounts.” If you have plenty of potato chips, you have a plentiful supply of chips. Also, something that has or produces great amounts can be called plentiful. A tree that spawns many apples is plentiful.
WORD FAMILY
plentiful: plentifuler, plentifully, plentifulness+/ plenteous: plenteously, plenteousness/ plenty: plenteous, plenties, plentiful
USAGE EXAMPLES
Players were plentiful enough in the ranks for the battalion to enter five teams in amateur competition.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Once their work was incorporated into the next survey, which found that butterfish were still plentiful, the fishery reopened.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The wellness centre stocks plentiful detox books locked in a cabinet that smells musty.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 丰富的; 富产的; 丰饶的; 充沛
分布：丰富的(78%)，多的(17%)，充裕的(5%)
→来自plenty,大量的，众多的。
a.富裕的,丰富的Tomatoes are plentiful in the summer.夏天西红柿很多.
US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
■If something is plentiful, there is a lot of it available 丰富的，充足的，多的
• Strawberries are plentiful in the summer. 夏天草莓很多。
• I took a plentiful supply of games to keep the children amused. 我准备了够多的游戏供孩子们玩。
abundant, ample, plentiful
这组词都有“充分的、丰富的”的意思，其区别是：
abundant: 着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应。
ample: 指某物不仅满足了需要而且有余。
plentiful: 普通用词，指某物的数量多得称心如意，不过剩，但较少用于描写抽象之物。
adj. 丰富的；许多的；丰饶的
 - abundant, numerous, multiple, many, full

Word: carrot
Front: carrot
[ˈkærət] (高研四六雅 4597/6034 -K2)
Vocabulary: carrot
(once / 1219 pages)
1n 2n
A carrot is a long, orange root vegetable. Carrots can be planted as tiny seeds and grown in a backyard garden.
Carrots are a popular vegetable to eat raw on their own, or chopped and tossed in a salad. You can also cook carrots, or grate them and make a carrot cake. You might also use the word carrot to mean an implied reward, especially in the phrase "carrot and stick," which comes from the idea of enticing a donkey or mule forward with a carrot, or punishing it for not moving by hitting it with a stick.
WORD FAMILY
carrot: carrots, carroty
USAGE EXAMPLES
In winter that means lots of carrots, baby brussels sprouts and apples.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A one-day soup cleanse incorporates bottles of cauliflower coconut, carrot turmeric and a shiitake mushroom vegan bone broth. Priced from $55 for five soups.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Add the onion, carrots, celery, garlic and thyme and season with ½ teaspoon salt and several grinds of pepper, or to taste.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 胡萝卜; 〈非正式〉好处，回报; 不能兑现的报酬
分布：胡萝卜(99%)，报酬(1%)
→词源同horn, 角。因形似动物角而得名。
n.胡萝卜I want some more carrot.我还要一些红萝卜.
US ['ker-] noun
VEGETABLE 蔬菜
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a long pointed orange root eaten as a vegetable 胡萝卜
UK ['kær.ət] US ['ker-] noun
REWARD 奖赏
countable informal
■something that is offered to someone in order to encourage them to do something （为鼓励而给的）好处，甜头，奖赏
UK ['kær.ət] US ['ker-] noun
carrot and stick
■a system in which you are rewarded for some actions and threatened with punishment for others 胡萝卜加大棒（政策）；软硬兼施，威逼利诱，恩威并重
• Sometimes I just have to resort to the carrot and stick approach with my children. 有时候我只能对我的孩子采取软硬兼施的办法。
n. [园艺] 胡萝卜
 - carota

Word: beard
Front: beard
[bɪəd] (高研四托雅 4690/5605 -K2)
Vocabulary: beard
(once / 183 pages)
1n 2v 3n
A beard is the facial hair on a person's chin and cheeks. Santa Claus is famous in part for his long, white beard.
You're most likely to see a beard on an adult man, although some women grow enough facial hair to sport a beard too. Some animals, like goats, have beards as well. Someone whose presence helps another person disguise his identity — maybe because he's a spy — is often informally called a beard as well.
WORD FAMILY
beard: bearded, bearding, beardless, beards
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’ve got a lot of confidence and belief in our players. We’ve got a good team,” Beard said after the loss to the Cyclones.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is a cheerful, demonstrative man, seventy-six years old, with a short gray beard and a mobile face.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“Finally to be able to wear the turban and keep the beard is a proud moment for me,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胡须; [虫]口鬃，[动]颌毛; （牡蛎等的）鳃; [植]芒
vt. 使有胡须（颌毛，芒刺）; 抓（捋）住…的胡子，拔…的胡子; 公然反对，勇敢地对抗
时态：bearded, bearding, beards
分布：胡须(97%)，公开反对(2%)，抓住胡须(1%)
→来自拉丁词barba，胡子，词源同barber.
n.胡须Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [bɪrd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face （下巴上的）胡须
• a flowing white beard 飘逸的白胡须
• He's growing a beard. 他在留胡子。
• He shaved off his beard but kept his moustache. 他剃了下巴上的胡须，但保留了嘴唇上面的胡子。
■the long hair that grows under a goat 's mouth 山羊胡
UK [bɪəd] US [bɪrd] verb transitive literary
■to face, meet or deal with an unpleasant or frightening person in a brave or determined way 勇敢面对（某人），公然反抗（某人）
• With a nervous swallow he bearded the formidable-looking librarian behind the desk. 他紧张地咽了咽口水，鼓起了勇气，看着桌子后面那个凶神恶煞般的图书管理员。
UK [bɪəd] US [bɪrd] verb transitive literary
beard the lion (in his/her den)
■to visit an important person in the place where they work, in order to tell or ask them something unpleasant 太岁头上动土；老虎嘴里拔牙
vt. 公然反对；抓…的胡须
 - speak out against
n. [解剖] 胡须；颌毛
 - hige, barba

Word: clarify
Front: clarify
[ˈklærəfaɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 5050/4552 -2)
Vocabulary: clarify
(once / 1661 pages)
v
Clarify means to clear up confusion and make it all understandable. In a heart-breaking text, she clarified that she never ever wanted to see him again. It's also means to remove impurities in a liquid; you clarify butter by gently heating it.
Clarify and clear are related, of course, and clear means you can see right through it. If you clarify your intention or your meaning, others will understand it clearly. If you aren't clear at the outset, you might find the need to clarify what you want later.
WORD FAMILY
clarify: clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying+/ clarification: clarifications
USAGE EXAMPLES
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bentonite helps with everything from clarifying wine to keeping landfills from leaking.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Once that was clarified, Nelson said, the professional response was “overwhelmingly positive”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使清楚，澄清
vt. （尤指通过加热使黄油）纯净; 说明; 使（头脑、神智等）清醒
vi. （液体）变得澄清; 净化; 变得清楚
时态：clarified, clarifying, clarifies
分布：澄清(60%)，阐明(37%)，净化(3%)
→来自clar-,清晰的，词源同clear.
澄清,弄清[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
v.澄清,阐明The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】clar＝clear（adj 清楚的，明白的），ify使…－澄清
【反】roil（v 激怒）；obfuscate（v 使模糊）
US ['kler-] verb transitive
EXPLAIN 解释
■to make something clear or easier to understand by giving more details or a simpler explanation 澄清；阐明；使更清晰易懂
• Could you clarify the first point please? I don't understand it completely. 请你把第一点再阐释一下，好吗？我一点也不明白。
• The position of all shareholders will be clarified next month when we finalize our proposals. 下月我们将计划书定下后，所有股东的立场便清晰明确了。
UK ['klær.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kler-] verb transitive
COOKING 烹饪 specialized
■to remove water and unwanted substances from fat, such as butter, by heating it （透过加热奶油等脂肪）使澄清，使纯净，使净化
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
vt. 澄清；阐明
 - illustrate, elucidate

Word: correspond
Front: correspond
[ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd] (高研四六托雅 5415/3234 -2)
Vocabulary: correspond
(once / 85 pages)
1v 2v
When two things correspond, they match up or are equivalent to one another. You might come up with a code in which numbers correspond to letters of the alphabet. Correspond can also mean to send messages back and forth. You can use your code to correspond with your pen pal.
The word correspond can mean "communicating back and forth," like using email to correspond with a far-away cousin. It can also mean "be alike," as in having friends whose interests and personalities correspond to your own. Finally, it can be "be equal to," as in getting a score on a standardized test that corresponds with those of students taking the same subjects as you but who live in other states or countries.
WORD FAMILY
correspond: corresponded, correspondence, correspondent, corresponding, corresponds+/ correspondence: correspondences/ correspondent: correspondently, correspondents/ corresponding: correspondingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the mass questioning of North Africans happened "because we recognised corresponding aggressive behaviour amongst them".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s sort of an alternate version of Proksch’s own story, a version that corresponds more closely with reality than what happened to him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Even when they are assigned to detention centers that correspond to their gender identity, they are often victimized.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 符合，一致; 相应; 通信
时态：corresponded, corresponding, corresponds
分布：对应(72%)，符合(18%)，通信(10%)
→cor-, 强调。respond, 答复，对应。
通信;符合(cor+respond反应→共同反应→相互通信)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
符合;通信(cor共同+respond回答→两人互相回答→通信)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
v.通信,(with)符合,一致;(to)相当于,对应In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:nd] verb intransitive
MATCH 相称
 ADVANCED
■to match or be similar or equal 相称；相类似；相当
• The money I've saved corresponds roughly to the amount I need for my course. 我存的钱大致够我上学所需。
• The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5. 美国的联邦调查局相当于英国的军情五处。
• His story of what happened that night didn't correspond with the witness's version. 关于那天晚上发生的事情他的陈述和证人所说的不相符。
UK [ˌkɒr.ɪ'spɒnd] US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:nd] verb intransitive
WRITE 写
■to communicate by writing a letter or sending an email 通信
• I've been corresponding with several experts in the field. 我一直在与该领域的几位专家保持通信往来。
conform, correspond, accord, coincide, agree
这组词都有“符合、一致”的意思，其区别是：
conform: 强调在形状、性格以及主要特点等方面的相似或一致。
correspond: 指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。
accord: 着重指性格、精神、语气或质量等方面的完全一致。
coincide: 多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符。偶尔用于人，强调意见或观点完全相同。
agree: 侧重指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。
vi. 符合，一致；相应；通信
 - cotton, identify, square, accord, meet with

Word: innovator
Front: innovator
['ɪnəveɪtə(r)] (13500/15575 -1)
Vocabulary: innovator
(once / 5584 pages)
n
Innovators innovate — that is, they create new ideas or ways of doing things. The Wright brothers were the ultimate innovators: they were the first to fly.
The Unites States has a reputation as a country of innovators because, for generations, many of the world's most exciting new ideas came from its people and companies. Alexander Graham Bell, Henry Ford, Mark Zuckerberg: these are just three of the innovators who pioneered whole new technologies and industries. No one had thought the way they did before. Anyone who blazes a trail into new territory can be an innovator — athletes, artists, business people, and chefs, to name just a few.
WORD FAMILY
innovator: innovators+/ innovate: innovated, innovates, innovating, innovation, innovative, innovator / innovation: innovational, innovations/ innovative: innovatively, innovativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So with gas prices rising again, seasoned technology innovators see an opportunity to change how people pay at the pump.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
In that era, Mr. Puck was a nonstop innovator.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Rather, we celebrate them as “job creators”, “innovators” and “engineers of economic growth”.
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 改革者; 创新者
分布：改革者(91%)，刷新者(9%)
N-COUNT
革新者;创新者
An innovator is someone who introduces changes and new ideas.
例：He is an innovator in this field.他是这个领域里的革新者。
n. 改革者，创新者
 - barner, crusader

Word: mechanic
Front: mechanic
[məˈkænɪk] (研四六 4260/4979 -2)
Vocabulary: mechanic
(once / 134 pages)
nadj
A mechanic is a person who builds or repairs engines or other machines. Mechanics are trained to use special tools and often work in shops or garages. If you are planning to be a mechanic, you have to be prepared to get your hands dirty.
The most common type of mechanic works on vehicles like cars, motorcycles, tractors, or airplanes. If your car is making a strange noise, you should probably take it to a mechanic. The oldest meaning of this word was simply "laborer," or "person who works with his hands," from the Greek root mekhanikos, "engineer." The current sense of mechanic came into use along with the popularity of the automobile.
WORD FAMILY
mechanic: mechanics, mechanism +/ mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical/ mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/ mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Knott’s representatives say their mechanics tried several times to get the enclosed, circular tram down before calling the Orange County Fire Authority to assist.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Reynold's son said: "It's what we want to do, but we're still working on the mechanics. "We like the idea, if it's at all possible.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
When we finally got the backup generator to the garage and started warming it up, the mechanic arrived and found that it was broken.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 技工，机修工
分布：技工(52%)，机修工(43%)，手工的(5%)
→来自拉丁mechanicus,机械师，来自machina,机械，引擎，工具，词源同machine.
机械师[mach,mech=machine,表示"机器"]
n.技工,机修工The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
noun
JOB 工作
 ADVANCED countable
■someone whose job is repairing the engines of vehicles and other machines 技师；机工；机械师
• a car/garage/motor mechanic 汽车修理工
[mə'kæn.ɪk] noun
STUDY 学科
mechanics
uncountable
■the study of the effect of physical forces on objects and their movement 力学；机械学
[mə'kæn.ɪk] noun
WAY OF WORKING 运作方式
the mechanics
[plural] informal
■the way something works or happens 例行方法，运作方式
• He knows a lot about the mechanics of running a school. 对于如何管理一所学校，他所知甚多。
n. [劳经] 技工，机修工
 - servicemen, technical worker
adj. 手工的
 - manual, handmade

Word: dense
Front: dense
[dens] (研四六托雅 4864/5996 -2)
Vocabulary: dense
(once / 255 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
When woods are dense, the trees grow close together. When fog is dense, you can't see through it. And if someone calls you dense, they think nothing can get into your thick skull.
Dense comes from the Latin densus which means thick and cloudy. In general, the word means packed tight and gives the sense that something is difficult to get through. Text can be dense in two different ways: when the words are packed closely together on the page, and when the text is filled with big words and complicated thoughts. Either way, reading dense text is just no fun.
WORD FAMILY
dense: densely, denseness, denser, densest, densification, density +/ density: densities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dense fog is expected to develop by early Monday evening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s as dense in nihilism as Schoolboy Q’s past work, but with a difference — the sliver of light.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 密集的，稠密的; 浓密的，浓厚的; 愚钝的
分布：浓密的(39%)，密集的(36%)，稠密的(25%)
→来自dens, 厚的。
浓密的[dens=make thick表示"变浓厚"]
a.浓厚的,密集的,稠密的Traffic slowed down because of the dense fog.雾气太浓, 车辆只得减速行驶.
adjective
THICK 浓的
 ADVANCED
■thick; close together; difficult to go or see through 浓的，浓密的；浓厚的
• dense fog 浓雾
• a dense forest 密林
• The body was found hidden in dense undergrowth. 尸体被发时是藏在密密的树丛下面。
• a book with dense print (= with the words printed small and close together) 文字印刷紧凑的书
[dents] adjective
STUPID 笨的
 ADVANCED informal
■stupid 蠢的，笨的
• We've got some really dense people in our class. 我们班有些人特笨。
[dents] adjective
MATTER 物质 specialized
■(of a substance) containing a lot of matter in a small space 密度大的
• Plutonium is very dense. 钚的密度很大。
adj. [统计] 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的
 - crass, beef-witted

Word: blackberry

Word: prague
Front: prague
[prɑ:ɡ] (-/5876)
Back: n. 布拉格（捷克共和国的首都和最大的城市）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: bleed
Front: bleed
[bli:d] (高研四六托雅 5218/6460 -2)
Vocabulary: bleed
(once / 321 pages)
1v 2v 3v
When you bleed, blood runs or oozes out of your body. Cutting your finger when you're chopping vegetables can make you bleed.
Some kind of illness or injury, particularly one that cuts or scrapes your skin, can make you bleed. In long ago days of medical care, doctors would deliberately bleed patients to treat specific conditions, though today we mainly bleed due to accidents. You can also use bleed to mean "drain of money or resources," as when a greedy relative bleeds his wealthy grandmother, using her fortune to buy himself fancy cars.
WORD FAMILY
bleed: bled, bleeder, bleeding, bleeds+/bleeder: bleeders/bleeding: bleedings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its China unit was bleeding some $2 billion in losses already.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They believe he is bleeding from razor wire that he climbed through to escape.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They believe he’s wounded and bleeding from the razor wire.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使出血; 勒索，敲诈
vi. 流血
vt. & vi. 散开; 给（某人）放血; 放掉气体或水（以使某物运行正常）; 长期榨取（某人的钱）
n. [印]出血版
时态：bled, bleeding, bleeds
分布：流血(75%)，渗色(11%)，榨取(9%)，给...抽血(5%)
→blood的动词形式。
v.出血,流血I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
[bli:d] (bled, bled)
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to lose blood 出血，流血
• Your arm is bleeding. 你的手臂在流血。
• He was bleeding heavily. 他在大量失血。
transitive old use
■to make someone lose blood, as a cure for an illness 给…放血治疗
transitive
■If you bleed a closed system such as a radiator or a brake , you remove air or liquid from it to make it work correctly. 从…抽干，放掉…中的空气（或液体）
[bli:d] (bled, bled)
verb
bleed sb dry informal
■to take a lot of money from someone over a period of time 榨干（某人）的钱财
• The West is bleeding poorer countries dry through interest payments on their debts. 西方国家透过收取债务利息正在把穷国榨干。
vt. [印刷] 使出血；榨取
 - extract, milk
vi. 流血；渗出；悲痛
 - shed blood

Word: intermediary
Front: intermediary
[ˌɪntəˈmi:diəri] (托宝 11705/8178 -1)
Vocabulary: intermediary
(once / 4065 pages)
n
An intermediary is someone who acts as a go-between or a mediator between two other people. Be careful when you're the intermediary between two friends who are fighting, because they might both end up mad at you!
The word intermediary comes from the Latin intermedius, which is also the root word for intermediate. Inter- means between, and medius means the middle — intermediary retains that sense of being in the middle. Intermediaries are used to negotiate between two countries who are at odds, between a company and a client over a contract, between two bickering children, or between a boss and an employee in salary negotiations.
WORD FAMILY
intermediary: intermediaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bundling is when an individual or intermediary group collects many contributions on behalf of a candidate.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Now Campos buys staples from intermediaries he suspects are working with the same military officials.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
One of them, a rabbi, declined to comment through an intermediary.
Seattle Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 中间人的; 调解的; 居间的; 媒介的
n. 中间人; 媒介; 调解人; 中间阶段
分布：中介(93%)，中间的(3%)，媒介的(2%)，仲裁者(1%)，调解者(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-med,中间，词源同middle,mediate.引申词义中间人，调解人。
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable
■someone who carries messages between people who are unwilling or unable to meet 调解人，中间人
• The police negotiated with the gunman through an intermediary. 警方透过调解人与持枪歹徒谈判。
• The former president has agreed to act as an intermediary between the government and the rebels. 前总统已经同意在政府和叛军之间充当调解人。
adj. 中间的；媒介的；中途的
 - mid, medium, middle
n. 中间人；仲裁者；调解者；媒介物
 - vehicle, carriers

Word: glorious
Front: glorious
[ˈglɔ:riəs] (研四六托雅 6191/5276 -2)
Vocabulary: glorious
(once / 137 pages)
adj
When something is fabulous and wonderful it can be described as glorious, like the glorious sight of the first flowers in your yard after a long, cold winter.
The adjective glorious comes from the Latin word gloriosus, which means “full of glory,” or “famous.” What are some glorious things? The Grand Canyon, the Golden Gate Bridge, an Olympian's athleticism, the towering skyscrapers of New York City, autumn sunlight filtering through a forest of changing leaves, and the list goes on. If it is beautiful, amazing, fantastic and awe-inspiring, it’s glorious.
WORD FAMILY
glorious: gloriousest, gloriously, inglorious +/glorification: glorifications/ glorify: glorification, glorified, glorifies, glorifying/ glory: gloried, glories, glorify, glorious, glorying/ inglorious: ingloriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then, 2017 will be a glorious year and set us on a path of recovery.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Dembélé wasted a glorious opportunity to send his team ahead within five minutes of the restart.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
On one glorious evening years later, we were celebrating her birthday at Sardi’s in New York, with 25 people at least.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 辉煌的; 荣誉的; 极好的; <口>非常愉快的
分布：辉煌的(51%)，光荣的(49%)
a.壮丽的,辉煌的;光荣的The story about the six-storeyed dormitory tells a glorious history.关于六层楼宿舍的故事讲述一段光荣历史.
US ['glɔ:r.i-] adjective
DESERVING ADMIRATION 光荣的
■deserving great admiration, praise and honour 辉煌的；光荣的；荣耀的
• a glorious victory 辉煌的胜利
• a memorial to the glorious dead of two world wars 为缅怀在两次世界大战中光荣献身的人而修建的纪念碑
UK ['glɔ:.ri.əs] US ['glɔ:r.i-] adjective
BEAUTIFUL/NICE 美丽的／友善的
■very beautiful 美丽的；壮丽的；辉煌的
• The beetroot had turned the soup a glorious pink. 甜菜使汤呈现出极为诱人夺目的粉红色。
• Your roses are glorious! 你的玫瑰太漂亮了！
■describes weather that is very pleasant, especially weather that is hot and sunny 令人愉快的，极好的（尤指晴暖的天气）
• They had glorious weather for their wedding. 他们举行婚礼的那天天气好极了。
• It was a glorious winter day - crisp and clear. 那是一个令人心旷神怡的冬日——空气清新，阳光明媚。
■very enjoyable or giving great pleasure 极为怡人的；极其令人愉快的
• This wine is absolutely glorious. 这酒真是至醇至美。
• We had a glorious time in the south of France last summer. 去年夏天，我们在法国南部渡过了一段非常愉快的日子。
magnificent, gorgeous, glorious, superb, splendid
这组词都有“华丽的，宏传的，辉煌的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 侧重指建筑物、宝石等的华丽堂皇。
gorgeous: 指色彩的富丽和豪华，有时含炫耀和卖弄意味。
glorious: 指光芒四射的绚丽，也指值得称倾、赞美或扬名的壮丽辉煌。
superb: 指壮丽辉煌、宏伟等的极点。
splendid: 侧重指给观察者留下壮丽辉煌或灿烂夺目的印象。
adj. 光荣的；辉煌的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great

Word: initiate
Front: initiate
[ɪˈnɪʃieɪt] (研六托雅宝 3524/3422 -2)
Vocabulary: initiate
(once / 283 pages)
1v 2vn
If you press the red button, you'll activate weapons of mass destruction and initiate a global war. As a verb, initiate means to start. As a noun, initiate (short "a") means to be part of a group.
Initiate is a tricky little devil because you pronounce the last bit one way as a verb (i-ni-she-ate) and another when it's a noun (i-in-she-at). If you're an initiate, you've been introduced to a field of study, an activity, etc. You can be a novice or a veteran. To initiate is to begin, pioneer, or broach a topic. You might say, "Let's initiate the swearing-in ceremony so our new initiates can join the Rule-Breakers' Club and still get home without missing their curfews."
WORD FAMILY
initiate: initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiative, initiator, initiatory, uninitiate+/initiated: uninitiated/ initiation: initiations/ initiative: initiatives/ initiator: initiators/uninitiate: uninitiates
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Coast Guard initiated a search Friday night but was hampered by bad weather, and resumed searching Saturday morning.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Iowa Department of Corrections says prison staff initiated lifesaving measures but were unsuccessful.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The new challenges issued on Thursday will consolidate the case already initiated by the pro-single market organisation British Influence.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 开始，发起; 传授; 创始，开辟; 接纳新成员
n. 新加入某组织（或机构、宗教）的人，新入会的人; 被传授初步知识的人
adj. 被传授初步知识的; 新入会的
时态：initiated, initiating, initiates
分布：开始(71%)，启蒙(9%)，创始(8%)，新加入的(5%)，介绍加入(3%)，创始人(3%)，启蒙的(1%)
→来自initial,开始的。引申词义开始，启动。
开始;开创(in+it+iate)[it=go,表示"行走"]
vt.开始,创始,发动;启蒙,使入门;引入I'm baffled why the affiliated man initiated the negotiator into ego.被附属于的人为什么正式介绍谈判者进自我,我被困惑.
【记】initial（adj 最初的n 词首大写字母）
【参】initiative（n 首创精神；率先）
【反】follow up（后来跟上）；inveterate（adj 根深成癖的）－uninitiated（无经验的）『youthful没有无经验的意思』
verb transitive /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
START 开始
 ADVANCED slightly formal
■to cause something to begin 开始，创始
• Who initiated the violence? 谁先使用暴力的？
verb transitive /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
TEACH 教
■to teach someone about an area of knowledge, or to allow someone into a group by a special ceremony 向（某人）传授专门知识；（透过某种仪式）接纳（新会员）
• At the age of eleven, Harry was initiated into the art of golf by his father. 哈里11岁时，他的父亲教他高尔夫球基本技巧。
• Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood. 每种文化都有特殊的男孩成人礼。
noun countable /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.ət/ formal
■a person who has recently joined a group and has been taught its secrets 新入会的人；新成员
inaugurate, commence, start, initiate, begin
这组词都有“开始”的意思，其区别是：
inaugurate: 指正式而隆重的开始。
commence: 可与begin换用，但commence系书面正式用词，语气庄重，特指有正式程序或一定仪式，或某种正式行动的“开始”。
start: 在许多场合可与begin通用，但start侧重动作的起点。
initiate: 指创始或发起，侧重某过程的第一步，不考虑结束，强调起始。
begin: 最常用词，含义广泛，其反义词是end，多用于行动、工作等的开始。
vt. 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解
 - institute, start in
n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者
 - beginning, threshold, opening, conception, fresh

Word: sweat
Front: sweat
[swet] (高研四六托 3696/5134 -K2)
Vocabulary: sweat
(once / 339 pages)
nv
Sweat is perspiration that makes you feel cooler when it evaporates off the surface of your skin — or the giving-off of this liquid. If you exercise hard, you will sweat.
The word sweat comes from the Old English word swætan, which means “perspire,” and “work hard.” Though sweat is the body's way of cooling itself, today it also means "to worry or be stressed out." If someone tells you not to sweat it, it means "don't worry." But if someone is "sweating" you, it means you are hassled, maybe being asked every five minutes, "Did you finish your work yet?"
WORD FAMILY
sweat: sweated, sweater, sweating, sweats+/sweater: sweaters/sweating: sweatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smith-Schuster appeared at the media day event sweating and wearing a coat indoors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sweat the onion, minced garlic, red pepper flakes and paprika for 3 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
My thimbleful was entrancing: It tasted of black fruit, a little earth, maybe the sweat, hopes and fears of the crew who fashioned it.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 流汗，渗出; 发酵; 做苦工; 〈非〉烦恼，焦急
vt. 使出汗; 使流出，使排出; 使过度工作; 逼问
n. 汗水; 湿气; 繁重、耗力的劳动; 担心，焦虑
时态：sweated, sweating, sweats
分布：汗水(91%)，焦急(8%)，繁重工作(1%)
→来自古英语 swat,流汗，出汗，来自 Proto-Germanic*swatitaz,汗水，来自 sweid,汗水，词 源同 exude,sudorific.引申诸相关词义。
n.汗v.(使)出汗The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to pass a salty colourless liquid through the skin because you are hot, ill or frightened 流汗，出汗，冒汗
• It was so hot when we arrived in Tripoli that we started to sweat as soon as we got off the plane. 我们到达的黎波里时天气太热，我们一下飞机就开始出汗。
• The prisoners were sweating with fear. 囚犯们吓得直冒汗。
• informal I was so afraid, I was sweating like a pig (= sweating a lot). 我害怕极了，浑身冒汗。
■If something sweats, it produces drops of liquid on the outside 渗出（水珠）
• The walls in older houses sometimes sweat with damp. 老房子的墙壁有时候会因为潮湿而渗出水。
[swet] verb intransitive
make sb sweat informal
■to make someone wait nervously 使（某人）焦急地等待
• It seemed that the authorities had delayed the news just to make us sweat. 当局延后发布新闻似乎就是要让我们着急。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat blood (also sweat your guts out) informal
■to make a great effort 苦干，拼命地做
• We sweated blood to get the work finished on time. 为了准时完成任务，我们埋头苦干。
• I've been sweating blood over this report. 我一直都在拼命地写这份报告。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat bullets US informal
■to be extremely nervous and worried about something 极端焦虑不安
• I was sweating bullets over this interview. 这次的采访让我极为不安。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat it out informal
■to wait nervously for an unpleasant situation to end or improve 如坐针毡地等待（不愉快情形）结束，焦虑不安地苦熬
• My exams finish next week, and then I'll be sweating it out for a month waiting for the results. 我的考试下周就结束，接下来的一个月就得如坐针毡地等待考试结果。
■to do hard physical exercise 做高强度的运动
• I like to sweat it out in the gym for a couple of hours every day. 我喜欢每天都到健身房做一两个小时密集运动。
[swet] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sweat over sth
■to work very hard using or doing something 苦干，埋头做
• She's been sweating over that essay all afternoon. 她整个下午都在埋头写那篇论文。
• I've been sweating over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning. 我整个早上都忙着做饭。
[swet] noun
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the salty colourless liquid that you pass through your skin 汗，汗水
• The dancers were dripping with/pouring with sweat after a morning's rehearsal. 经过整个上午的彩排，舞蹈演员们都大汗淋漓。
• By the time we'd climbed to the top of the hill, we were covered in sweat. 爬到山顶的时候，我们浑身是汗。
• She wiped the beads (= drops) of sweat from her forehead. 她擦了擦额头上的汗珠。
• figurative The cathedral was built by human toil and sweat (= effort). 这是汇聚人们的血汗建成的大教堂。
[swet] noun
CLOTHES 服装
sweats [plural] US (UK tracksuit)
■a loose top and trousers, worn either by people who are training for a sport or exercising, or as informal clothing （运动时或非正式场合穿的）田径服，运动服
[swet] noun
get in a sweat informal
■to worry 担心，担忧
• He tends to get in a sweat about flying. 他坐飞机时，总是一副很担心的样子。
[swet] noun
no sweat informal
■If you say that something is no sweat, you mean that it will not be difficult or cause problems 毫不费力，不麻烦，没问题
• "Can you fix my car for me?" "No sweat!" “您能帮我修一下车吗？”“没问题！”
vt. 使出汗；流出；使干苦活；剥削；藉出汗减轻；焦急地期待
 - stream, shed
n. 汗；水珠；焦急；苦差使
 - sudor, globule
vi. 出汗；辛苦工作；懊恼；结水珠
 - smart, labour over

Word: systematic
Front: systematic
[ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk] (高研四六托雅 5408/4045 -2)
Vocabulary: systematic
(once / 626 pages)
adj
Systematic describes something that is planned out and careful. In your systematic search for your mother's car keys, you start in one room, looking everywhere from bottom to top before moving to the next room.
Use the adjective systematic to describe things that are orderly and efficient. The Latin root of systematic is systema, an arrangement or system. Think about a multi-step process that you have found the fastest and best way to complete — you do it over and over. You might be systematic about packing for a long trip or the way you travel up and down the aisles at a grocery store, probably with a list in your hand.
WORD FAMILY
systematic: systematically, systematism, unsystematic+/subsystem: subsystems/ system: subsystem, systematic, systematise, systematize, systemise, systemize, systems/systematisation: systematisations/systematise: systematisation, systematised, systematiser, systematises, systematising/systematiser: systematisers/systematism: systematist/systematist: systematists/systematization: systematizations/systematize: systematization, systematized, systematizer, systematizes, systematizing/systematizer: systematizers/systemise: systemiser, systemising/systemize: systemized, systemizer, systemizing/unsystematic: unsystematically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is, government should provide, as an act of grace — systematic grace — a role for parents in raising their children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But as officials communicated their sense of resigned acceptance, they also expressed disinterest in assigning specific accountability for systematic transgressions.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“That is not just a petty crime. To do that 25 times is a systematic crime of great magnitude.”
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 有系统的，有规则的; 有条不紊的; 有步骤的; 一贯的，惯常的
分布：有系统的(61%)，有条理的(15%)，体系的(13%)，分类的(11%)
→system,系统，体系，-atic,形容词后缀。
a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
【记】system（n 系统），atic
【反】haphazard（adj 偶然的）
US [-'mæ-] adjective
■using a fixed and organized plan 有条理的，有系统的，有计划的
• approving We've got to be a bit more systematic in the way that we approach this task. 我们应该更具条理地完成这项任务。
• disapproving We're hearing reports of the systematic rape and torture of prisoners. 我们听到一些报道提及囚犯们受到蓄意强暴和折磨。
adj. 系统的；体系的；有系统的； [图情] 分类的
 - scientific, classified

Word: stitch
Front: stitch
[stɪtʃ] (研四六托雅宝 9743/4244 -2)
Vocabulary: stitch
(once / 535 pages)
nv
When a needle pulls thread through fabric and into a loop, that's a stitch. Every quilt, no matter how elaborate, starts with a single stitch.
You can stitch a design on a pillow, or stitch up a hole in your jeans using stitches. Doctors sometimes stitch up patients' skin, too — if you cut yourself badly enough, you might need stitches. Another kind of stitch is a painful cramp in your stomach or side: "I stopped running when I got a stitch." If someone says, "I haven't got a stitch to wear," they're short on clothing. And being "in stitches" means laughing uncontrollably.
WORD FAMILY
stitch: stitched, stitcher, stitchery, stitches, stitching+/stitcher: stitchers/stitching: stitchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hill received stitches for a lower lip laceration and underwent concussion testing.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He earned 4 cents for every label, 2 cents for stitching across the shoulders, 10 cents for a pocket.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Playing armchair product planner, I’d throw a modest amount of money at the dashboard and door panels for some stitching and lighting.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （缝纫或编织中的）一针; 缝法; 衣服; （缝合伤口的）缝线
vt. 缝; 缝补; 缝合裂口; 缝缀
vi. 缝针，缝纫
时态：stitched, stitching, stitches
分布：一针(50%)，缝合(41%)，疼痛(6%)，碎布条(3%)
→来自古英语 stice,刺，插，戳，来自 Proto-Germanic*stikiz,刺，插，来自 steig,刺，插， 词源同 sting,stick.引申词义缝，针脚等。拼写比较 bake,batch.
n.一针;(因跑步引起的)肋部剧痛v.缝(合)The wretched butcher clutched the needle and stitched it clumsily.可怜的屠夫抓针并且笨拙缝它.
【记】源于：sting（n /v 刺；针刺）
noun
THREAD 线
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of thread sewn in cloth, or the single movement of a needle and thread into and out of the cloth which produces this （缝纫的）针脚；一针
• Secure the two pieces together with a couple of stitches. 缝上几针，把两块布缝在一起。
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the small circles of wool that you make when you are knitting （编织的）一针
• He cast on/off a stitch (= added/removed a length of thread from the needle). 他加了／拆了一针。
• I've dropped a stitch (= lost a length of thread from the needle). 我漏了一针。
countable
■a particular type of stitch made in sewing or knitting , or the pattern which this produces 缝法；针法；编织法；缝制（或编织）的纹样
• a pearl/satin stitch 反针／锻纹刺绣针迹
• The bedspread was embroidered with cross-stitch. 床单上用十字绣绣了花。
countable
■a length of special thread used to join the edges of a deep cut in the flesh （缝合伤口的）缝线；一针
• Her head wounds needed 50 stitches. 她头上的伤口需要缝50针。
• He got hit with a broken bottle and needed five stitches in his cheek. 他被碎瓶子砸中，脸颊上需要缝五针。
not a stitch informal
■without any clothes 一丝不挂，赤裸
• I haven't got a stitch to wear (= I have not got anything to wear) for this party tonight. 今晚的聚会我没有合适的衣服穿。
• She ran down the corridor to the bathroom without a stitch on (= naked). 她一丝不挂地跑过走廊，冲进浴室里。
[stɪtʃ] noun
PAIN 痛苦
countable usually singular
■a sharp pain in the side of your stomach or chest, often caused by not breathing enough when running or laughing （常因跑步或大笑时呼吸不足引起的）肋部刺痛；岔气
• I got a stitch after running for the bus. 我追公车追得岔了气。
[stɪtʃ] noun
in stitches informal
■If a joke or funny story has you in stitches, it makes you laugh uncontrollably. （笑话或有趣的故事）令人笑岔气，让人捧腹
[stɪtʃ] noun
A stitch in time (saves nine). saying
■said to mean that it is better to act or deal with problems immediately, because if action is delayed until later, things will get worse and the problems will take longer to deal with 及时缝一针能省九针；及时行事； 事半功倍
[stɪtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to sew two things together, or to repair something by sewing 缝；缝合；缝补
• This button needs to be stitched back onto my shirt. 这粒纽扣必须缝回到我的衬衫上。
• Stitch the pieces together along the fold. 沿着折缝将各部分缝在一起。
[stɪtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stitch sth together informal disapproving
■to create or form something quickly or roughly 匆忙完成；草草应付
• Britain is likely to stitch together some sort of political deal to avoid a confrontation. 英国很可能会为避免冲突而匆忙达成某种政治交易。
[stɪtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stitch sth/sb up
■to join the two sides of something with stitches, for example torn clothing or a deep cut, or to treat someone who has a deep cut by doing this 缝补（衣物）；缝合（伤口）；为（某人）缝合伤口
• I've ripped my trousers - can you stitch them up for me? 我把裤子划破了——你能帮我补起来吗？
• After giving birth, she was stitched up by a junior doctor. 生产之后，她的伤口是由一名资浅医生缝合的。
[stɪtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stitch sb up UK slang
■to intentionally make someone look guilty of doing something which they did not do 栽赃给，陷害，诬陷（某人）
• He claims he was stitched up by the police. 他声称他是被警方陷害的。
stitch-up /ˈstɪtʃ.ʌp] noun countable usually singular UK slang 2. a police stitch-up 警方的栽赃
n. 针脚， [服装] 线迹；一针
 - steek
vt. 缝，缝合
 - seam, oversew
vi. 缝，缝合
 - sew up

Word: maverick
Front: maverick
[ˈmævərɪk] (托宝 12248/15150 -1)
Vocabulary: maverick
(once / 2366 pages)
nadj
A maverick is a rebel, someone who shows a lot of independence. A maverick on a motorcycle might blaze his own trail, or show a maverick touch in a rough sport by wearing a helmet with the word "Mom" inside a heart.
Samuel A. Maverick owned a lot of cattle, and he let them roam around Texas without a brand, or identification mark, seared into their skins. Samuel was a maverick for going against the common practice of tracking his animals, and his last name became part of the English language as both an adjective and a noun in the 19th century. Someone who acts very independently is a maverick, and individual actions that stand out are maverick, as in "her maverick jumping style on the ice was both wild and delicate."
WORD FAMILY
maverick: mavericks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Losing to the Raptors is not like losing to the bottom-dwelling Mavericks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are five things we learned from their 101-89 loss to the Dallas Mavericks:
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On Thursday, the Lakers held to form while the Mavericks did not.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 未烙印的小动物; 标新立异的人，持不同意见的人
v. 迷路，迷失; 用不正当手段获取
adj. 标新立异的
分布：持不同意见者(51%)，标新立异的(33%)，未打烙印的小牛(16%)
→来自美国19世纪德克萨斯农场主Samuel Maverick,在当时其它农场主都会给自己的牲畜打上记号，只有Mavericks例外，因此，就由其名字引申词义特立独行。但据说他不给牲畜打记号的原因是，既然别人都有记号，那么所有没记号的牛都是他的。
【记】源自萨缪尔?奥古斯特?麦尔未克，美国牧场主，他是一个从来不在牲口上打烙印的人－独行侠。NBA小牛队的名称就是maverick
【反】follower（n 追随者）；conform to tradition（遵从传统）
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
■a person who thinks and acts in an independent way, often behaving differently from the expected or usual way 特立独行的人，行为不合常规的人
• a political maverick 持不同政见者
• He was considered as something of a maverick in the publishing world. 他被认为是出版界的一个特立独行者。
vi. 迷途；背离
 - diverge from

Word: wither
Front: wither
[ˈwɪðə(r)] (六托雅宝 11891/11732 -1)
Vocabulary: wither
(once / 370 pages)
v
Wither means to shrivel up or shrink. If you forget to water your plants for six weeks, they'll wither — they'll dry up and you probably won't be able to bring them back to life.
Wither comes from the Middle English word wydderen, meaning "dry up, shrivel." In addition to shrinking, the verb wither can also refer to losing vitality and fading away, like people who wither as they age. They slowly lose their physical stamina and grow feeble. People also start to physically shrink at a certain age. In that way, they wither in both senses. Not only do they wither by losing their youth, they also wither by shrinking.
WORD FAMILY
wither: withered, withering, withers +/ withering: witheringly, witherings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Washington Irving described Madison as “but a withered little apple-John.”
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Within a few years, they'd withered away into political obscurity.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使枯萎; 使畏缩; 使衰弱
vi. 凋谢; 衰弱; 萎缩
时态：withered, withering, withers
分布：凋谢(92%)，以鄙视等态度慑服某人(8%)
→来自古英语wederen,暴露于空气中，枯萎，词源同weather.
【记】weather不好，植物就会wither。
【反】burgeon（n /v 发芽）；revive（v 复活）
US [-ɚ] (also wither away)
verb
intransitive or transitive
■(to cause) to become weak and dry and decay （使）枯萎，（使）干枯
• Grass had withered in the fields. 田里的草都枯萎了。
intransitive
■to slowly disappear, lose importance or become weaker 萎缩；逐渐消失
• This country is in danger of allowing its industrial base to wither away. 这个国家正面临工业基础萎缩的危险。
UK ['wɪð.ər] US [-ɚ] (also wither away)
verb
wither on the vine literary
■If something withers on the vine, it is destroyed very gradually, usually because no one does anything to help or support it （通常指因缺乏帮助或支持而）逐渐消失，渐渐破灭
• There was some debate as to whether the benefit scheme should be withdrawn or simply allowed to wither on the vine. 究竟是取消这个救济方案还是让它自然消失，有待讨论。
fade, wither
这组词都有“凋谢”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重指渐渐失去色彩和光泽。
wither: 指因无活力而丧失生命力。
vt. 使凋谢；使畏缩；使衰弱
 - debilitate, devitalize
vi. 枯萎；凋谢；衰弱
 - flag, damp off

Word: intimate
Front: intimate
[ˈɪntɪmət] (研四六托雅宝 4217/5263 -2)
Vocabulary: intimate
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2v
Intimate means being close. A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people, and your best friends are considered your intimate friends.
This adjective can mean very friendly, or very personal or private. The original spelling was intime, from French, from Latin intimus "innermost," from intus "within." The related verb intimate means to hint or suggest. Intimate is also a noun meaning a close friend or associate. And when you get intimate with someone, it can mean that you're sexually involved.
WORD FAMILY
intimate: intimacy, intimated, intimately, intimates, intimating, intimatingly, intimation +/ intimacy: intimacies/ intimation: intimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s intensely intimate – “which some might find uncomfortable” – and hyper-local.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
One week, home sick, I explored the mysterious side two. It began with “Almost Blue”: spare, intimate, melancholy, gorgeous.
The New Yorker(Nov 30, 2016)
It is pioneering a model of social networking that feels more intimate and authentic than the Facebook-led ideas that now dominate the online world.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 亲密的，亲近的; 私人的，个人的; 内部的; 直接的
n. 至交; 密友
v. 暗示，提示; 宣布，通知
时态：intimated, intimating, intimates
分布：亲密的(72%)，私人的(10%)，密友(8%)，暗示(7%)，透露(2%)，关系紧密的(1%)
→来自拉丁语intus,在内部，在里面，-m,最高级后缀，词源同extreme,ultimate.引申词义亲密的。
亲密的 暗示[intim=inmost(内心的)]
a.亲密的,密切的n.熟友,熟人My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
【记】inti里面，mate（n 配偶vt 使配对vi 成配偶）－亲密的由于密友之间有默契，所以经常有暗示的举动－暗示
【反】communicate directly（直接交流）
US [-tˌə-] verb transitive formal
■to make clear what you think or want without stating it directly 暗示，提示
• [+ (that)] She has intimated that she will resign if she loses the vote. 她已经暗示如果选举落败她将辞职。
imitate, intimate, intimidate
这是一组形近易混词。
imitate: v.模仿，仿效；复制，仿造。
 • The boy imitates his father's way of talking.   那个男孩模仿他父亲说话的样子。
intimate: a.亲密的；温馨的，舒适的。
 • We have had an intimate friendship since we were young.   我们自年轻时代起就建立了亲密的友谊。
intimidate: v.恐吓，威胁。
 • An older boy intimidated the little children when he took their lunch money.   一个年龄大一点的男孩恐吓那些小孩子，并且抢走了他们的午饭钱。
familiar, intimate, confidential, close
这组词都有“亲密的”的意思，其区别是：
familiar: 通常指因长期交往而彼此很熟悉，像自家人一样。
intimate: 语气强烈，指感情或思想融洽、相互知心，彼此关系亲密。
confidential: 指相互之间可推心置腹、彼此信赖。
close: 语气较强，指兴趣爱好相同，因而关系密切，感情深笃。
adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的
 - private, close, perfect, chamber
n. 知己；至交
 - confidant, alter ego
vt. 暗示；通知；宣布
 - bill, message

Word: evade
Front: evade
[ɪˈveɪd] (研托雅宝 9545/8471 -1)
Vocabulary: evade
(once / 443 pages)
v
When you evade something, you escape it. You could evade a police chase by slipping into a secret alley, or you could evade your mother's questions about the missing cookies by slipping into another topic.
Other things people like to evade? Death. Taxes. Creepy ex-boyfriends. The verb evade comes from Latin roots ex ("away) and vadere ("to walk"), meaning literally "to walk away or to escape." Definitely what you want to do with creepy ex-boyfriends.
WORD FAMILY
evade: evaded, evades, evading, evasion, evasive +/ evasion: evasions/ evasive: evasively, evasiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
She’s also is accused of misleading police on Banks’ identity in order to help him evade law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’s charged with murder, abandoning or endangering a child criminal negligence, evading arrest and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
What they largely evaded, though, was substantive exploration of the idea of healing.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 逃避，躲避; 避开; 规避; 逃脱
vi. 逃避; 规避; 逃脱
时态：evaded, evading, evades
分布：逃避(52%)，规避(27%)，躲避(21%)
→e-, 向外。-vad, 走，词源同wade,invade.
逃出,逃避(e+vade走→走出去→逃避)[e-,ef-表示"出,出来"]
逃避;偷税(e出+vade→走出去→逃避)[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
vt.逃避,回避;避开,躲避You needn't evade the question.你不必回避这个问题.
【记】e出，vade走－走出去－逃避
【参】pervade（v 遍及）；invade（vt 侵略；侵袭）；evasion（n 逃避；借口）；evasive（adj 逃避的）
verb transitive slightly formal
■to avoid or escape from someone or something 逃脱，躲开；回避，逃避
• The police have assured the public that the escaped prisoners will not evade recapture for long. 警方向大众保证，逃犯很快就会再次落网。
• She leant forward to kiss him but he evaded her by pretending to sneeze. 她身子前倾想要吻他，可是他假装打喷嚏躲开了。
• An Olympic gold medal is the only thing that has evaded her in her remarkable career. 在其辉煌的运动生涯中，唯一没有得到的荣誉就是奥运金牌。
• [+ -ing verb] He can't evade doing military service forever. 他不可能永远逃避兵役。
evade the issue/question, etc.
■to intentionally not talk about something or not answer something 回避议题／问题等
• Just give me an answer and stop evading the question! 直截了当地回答我，不要再回避问题！
vt. 逃避；规避；逃脱
 - get out of, elude
vi. 逃避；规避；逃脱
 - escape, get out of

Word: tussle
Front: tussle
[ˈtʌsl] (宝 22830/19616 -1)
Vocabulary: tussle
(once / 4461 pages)
nv
A tussle is a rowdy fight. If the rambunctious kids you're babysitting get into a tussle, you may have to separate them for a while and calm them down.
Though a tussle is often a physical fight, it's rarely a serious one. Two wrestling dogs, a couple of scuffling teenagers — these are examples of tussles. The word tussle is Scottish, a variant of touselen, which is related to tousle, or "dishevel or muss," which you might do to a little kid's hair. The root of both is the Old English tousen, "handle or push about roughly."
WORD FAMILY
tussle: tussled, tussles, tussling
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This public tussling is as disturbing as it is unprecedented.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
In fourth place was the legal tussle over Florida’s death penalty.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. <口>扭打; 激烈的争斗
n. <口>扭打，争斗
时态：tussled, tussling, tussles
分布：扭打(61%)，打斗(18%)，斗争(16%)，论争(5%)
→来自 tousle 拼写变体，来自 tease,拔羊毛，-le,表反复。引申词义扭打，争斗。
【记】读：他搜。他无缘无故要搜你的身体，导致扭打。
verb intransitive
DISAGREE 不同意
■to have difficult disagreements or strong arguments （激烈地）争执，争辩
• During his twelve years in Congress he has tussled with the chemical, drug and power companies on behalf of the ordinary person's right to breathe clean air. 在国会任职的12年里，为维护普通百姓呼吸清洁空气的权利，他作为代表与化工、医药、电力公司进行了激烈的斗争。
• The residents are still tussling over the ever-scarcer street parking. 居民仍为争取日益紧缺的街头停车位而争吵。
['tʌs.l] verb intransitive
FIGHT 打架
■to fight with another person using your arms and body 扭打，揪扯
• The boys started to tussle in the corridor. 男孩们开始在走廊里扭打起来。
['tʌs.l] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tussle with sth informal
■to try hard to understand or deal with a difficult idea or problem 努力理解；尽力对付
• It's an idea that I've been tussling with for quite a while. 这个想法我已考虑了很久。
['tʌs.l] noun
DISAGREEMENT 不同意
countable
■a difficult disagreement or violent argument （激烈地）争执，争辩
• a boardroom/bureaucratic/legal tussle 会议室里／官僚主义／法律上的争执
• There followed a long tussle for custody of the children. 随后便发生了为孩子监护权而进行的长期争夺。
['tʌs.l] noun
FIGHT 打架
countable usually singular
■a fight with another person using your arms and body 扭打，揪扯
• From the state of his clothes and hair, he had been in a tussle. 看他的衣服和头发，他与人发生过扭打。
vi. 打斗；扭打；剧烈的斗争
 - scuffle
n. 争斗，扭打
 - handicuff

Word: shallow
Front: shallow
[ˈʃæləʊ] (高研四六托雅 4123/4269 -K2)
Vocabulary: shallow
(once / 329 pages)
adjnv
The adjective shallow can describe things that aren't very deep, like a shallow puddle, or people who don't have much emotional or intellectual depth, like shallow people who judge others on their looks and how much money they have.
Shallow likely comes from the Old English word sceald, which means "shoal," the water near a shoreline. So, shallow describes something that is close to the surface — like the shallow roots of a newly-planted tree or a person whose interest in someone or something isn't very deep. For instance, a shallow person might go to the opening of a new art exhibition not so much to see the artworks as meet the wealthy people on the museum's board of trustees.
WORD FAMILY
shallow: shallowed, shallower, shallowest, shallowing, shallowly, shallowness, shallows+/shallowness: shallownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The job is very hard, and the pool is terribly shallow.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Heat the remaining oil in a large ovenproof sauté pan or shallow cast-iron casserole large enough to fit the chicken in a single layer.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The decrease probably reflects rising mortgage rates and the shallow inventory of properties on the market.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 浅的，肤浅的; 表面的，皮毛的; （水，器物等）浅的; （呼吸）浅的
n. 浅处; 浅滩
v. 使变浅; 使变浅薄
时态：shallowed, shallowing, shallows
分布：浅的(58%)，浅滩(14%)，薄的(13%)，变浅(9%)，浅处(6%)
→来自古英语 sceald,浅的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skalaz,晒干的，浅的，来自 skel,使变干， 可能来自 skai,照耀，照射，词源同 shine,sheen.引申比喻义浅薄的。
a.浅的,浅薄的n.浅滩,浅处In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
【记】shal，low低的－浅的
【反】profound（adj 深刻的；造诣深的）
US [-oʊ] adjective
NOT DEEP 不深的
 ESSENTIAL
■having only a short distance from the top to the bottom 浅的，不深的
• The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it. 小溪很浅，所以我们可以涉水过去。
• She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool). 她叫孩子们留在（游泳池的）浅水区。
• Fry the onions in a shallow pan. 用浅平底锅把洋葱煎一下。
• These beech trees have shallow roots (= roots which do not go very deep into the ground). 这些山毛榉的根不深。
shallow breathing
■breathing in which you only take a small amount of air into your lungs with each breath 浅呼吸
UK ['ʃæl.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
NOT SERIOUS 不严肃的 disapproving
■not showing serious or careful thought 肤浅的，浅薄的
• I found the film rather shallow. 我认为这部电影很肤浅。
• I think she found him physically quite attractive but a bit shallow. 我认为，她觉得他外表相当迷人，只是有些肤浅。
UK ['ʃæl.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
the shallows [plural]
■the shallow part of an area of water 浅水处，浅滩
• Alligators live in the shallows. 短吻鳄生活在浅水处。
superficial, shallow
这组词都有“肤浅的，浅薄的”的意思，其区别是：
superficial: 通常指人的思想、言论、学识、著作等权停留于表面，缺乏必要的深度和全面性。
shallow: 指知识、议论、认识或立论肤浅，有时暗示图表面而无实际内容。
adj. 浅的；肤浅的
 - low, flat, surface
n. [地理] 浅滩
 - bank, ford, decharge, shoaliness
vt. 使变浅
 - shoal
vi. 变浅
 - shoal

Word: maturity
Front: maturity
[məˈtʃʊərəti] (六宝 6413/4325)
Vocabulary: maturity
(once / 929 pages)
n
When something reaches its full level of development, it has achieved maturity. Easy enough when you're a perfectly ripe peach. Maturity in humans is not so easy to accomplish or achieve.
Some people might be physically mature, which is to say that they are fully physically grown, but don't yet exhibit signs of emotional maturity — such as a willingness to accept responsibility, or maintain poise in serious situations — for a long time afterward.
WORD FAMILY
maturity: maturities, post-maturity+/ immature: immaturely, immatureness, immaturity / immaturity: immaturities/maturate: maturates, maturating, maturation / maturation: maturational / mature: immature, maturate, matured, maturely, maturement, matureness, maturer, matures, maturest, maturing, maturity
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a matter of squashing it right where it is. That’s a sign of maturity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were probably planted in the ‘60s to be harvested later, Petree said. “They are past maturity and starting to decline,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But her mixed messages about her husband’s level of maturity were only part of the problem.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 成熟; 完备; （票据等的）到期; [地]壮年期
分布：成熟(100%)
→来自mature,成熟的，-ity,名词后缀。
US [-'tʊr.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
DEVELOP MENTALLY 精神上发展 mainly approving
■the quality of behaving mentally and emotionally like an adult （心智）成熟
■mainly approving
■a very advanced or developed form or state 成熟阶段；完善的状态
UK [mə'tjʊə.rɪ.ti] US [-'tʊr.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
FULL GROWTH 长成
■the state of being completely grown physically 发育成熟，长成
• How long does it take for the chicks to grow to maturity? 小鸡要多久才能长大？
UK [mə'tjʊə.rɪ.ti] US [-'tʊr.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■when an insurance agreement or investment becomes ready to be paid （保险合同或投资）到期（付款）
• The investment reaches maturity after ten years. 这项投资十年后开始获利。
n. [生物] 成熟； [会计] [金融] 到期；完备
 - ripeness, adultness

Word: goodbye
Front: goodbye
[ˌgʊdˈbaɪ] (中 5578/5756 -K2)
Vocabulary: goodbye
(once / 1772 pages)
n
Goodbye is a parting word, something you say to other people when you're leaving. You might say goodbye to all your favorite teachers on your last day of high school.
A goodbye means that someone's departing: you say goodbye to your parents when you go off to college, and you also say goodbye to guests when they leave after a visit. The original goodbye, dating from the 1570s, was godbwye, which was a contraction of the farewell phrase "God be with ye!"
WORD FAMILY
goodbye: goodbyes
USAGE EXAMPLES
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After saying their goodbyes, the group moved on to the town's senior center where they drew holiday posters with the help of some local pre-schoolers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
KING’S GOODBYE: The Outback Bowl will mark the final appearance by Iowa cornerback Desmond King, one of the best players in school history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 再见
分布：再见(62%)，说再见(38%)
/'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] exclamation
 ESSENTIAL (informal bye)
■used when someone leaves or is left 再见，再会；道别，告别
• Goodbye Bill! See you next week. 再见比尔！下星期见。
['gʊd.baɪ] /'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] noun countable
■the words or actions that are used when someone leaves or is left 再见，再会；道别，告别
• Don't go without saying goodbye to me, will you? 不要不辞而别，好吗？
• She kissed her children goodbye before leaving for work. 她去上班前亲吻孩子们跟他们说再见。
• We said our goodbyes, and left. 我们道别之后离开了。
• I hate long drawn-out goodbyes (= acts of leaving). 我讨厌告别时难舍难离的样子。
['gʊd.baɪ] /'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] noun countable
goodbye to sth
■used when accepting that there is no possibility of getting, keeping or achieving a particular thing 失去…的机会；与…无缘
• She only finished sixth - that surely means goodbye to a place in the final. 她只拿到第六名——那无疑意味着她已经无缘进入决赛。
int. 再见
 - bye, adios, tatas, pippip, bye-bye

Word: earnest
Front: earnest
[ˈɜ:nɪst] (研四六托宝 7000/9569 -2)
Vocabulary: earnest
(once / 83 pages)
1adj 2n
If you are earnest, it means you are serious about something. Your parents might not want you to drop out of school to follow some fly-by-night dream, but if you're earnest about wanting a career in show biz, they'll support you.
If you are earnest, you pursue your purpose in a steady, sincere, and eager way. The phrase in earnest uses earnest as a noun, as in, "Once you stop fooling around and start studying in earnest, you'll find you learn the material quickly." Oscar Wilde's classic play, "The Importance of Being Earnest," plays on the fact that Ernest is also a man's name.
WORD FAMILY
earnest: earnester, earnestest, earnestly, earnestness, earnests+/ earnestness: earnestnesses, earnestnesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
The agency urged drivers to leave early and travel through the passes before the storm begins in earnest.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The idea for a Second Avenue line was first floated in the 1920s, but after decades of delays, construction finally began in earnest in 2007.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
I’d become so accustomed to crafting setups and punchlines, I was scared to death to try for an earnest moment.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 热心的; 诚挚的，真挚的; 重要的
n. 热心; 认真; 定钱，保证金; 诚挚
分布：认真(61%)，认真的(14%)，诚挚(8%)，定金(7%)，保证(5%)，真诚的(4%)，预示(1%)
→来自er, 行动，开始。其本义为严肃，认真的开始，行动，原词义见in earnest. 后引申词义热忱的。
a.热心的,诚挚的n.热心;真挚;定金;认真I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱.
【记】earn money要earnest
【反】flippant（adj 轻率的；没礼貌的）；facetious（adj 幽默滑稽的）
US ['ɝ:-] adjective
■serious or determined, especially too serious and unable to find your own actions funny 认真的；有决心的；郑重其事的；诚挚的
• He was a very earnest young man. 他是个非常认真的年轻人。
in deadly earnest
■completely serious 郑重其事；一本正经；严肃认真
• These fanatics are in deadly earnest when they say they want to destroy all forms of government. 这些狂热分子声称要摧毁所有政府的形式时，他们可不是说着玩，而是完全当真的。
in earnest
■When something begins in earnest, it has already started but is now being done in a serious and complete way 正确地；真正地；完全地
• The election campaign has begun in earnest. 竞选宣传活动正式开始了。
be in earnest
■to be speaking honestly 是认真的；是诚挚的
• I thought he was joking - I didn't realize he was in earnest. 我还以为他在开玩笑——没想到他是认真的。
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
adj. 认真的，热心的；重要的
 - crucial, important, serious, considerable, material
n. 认真； [贸易] 定金；诚挚
 - sincerity, staidness

Word: pervasive
Front: pervasive
[pəˈveɪsɪv] (托 6779/10013 -1)
Vocabulary: pervasive
(once / 4617 pages)
adj
When something is pervasive, it's everywhere. Common things are pervasive — like greed and cheap perfume.
Ever notice how certain trends seem to spread all over the place? When something — like a hairstyle — is super-common, it's pervasive. Pervasive things can't be escaped. Playing video games is pervasive among kids. Talking about the weather is pervasive among adults. Ideas, diseases, habits, and all sorts of things can be pervasive. If you're sick of seeing something because you're seeing it again and again, it must be pervasive.
WORD FAMILY
pervasive: pervasively, pervasiveness+/ pervade: pervaded, pervades, pervading, pervasion, pervasive /pervasion: pervasions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Trump said the episode demonstrates how pervasive hacking is, after numerous high-profile cyber attacks against the U.S. government and corporations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A recent C.I.A. report described Uzbekistan as being plagued by “pervasive corruption.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Valley displayed “astonishing indifference” to the “pervasive unlawful transportation of its workers,” the government says.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 普遍的; 扩大的; 渗透的; 弥漫的
adv. 无处不在地; 遍布地
n. 无处不在; 遍布
分布：普遍的(74%)，遍布的(16%)，渗透的(10%)
→来自pervade,渗透，弥漫。
普及的,渗透的[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
遍及的(per全部+vas走...全部走遍)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
【记】pervade（v 遍及）per向四面八方，vade走－遍及
【反】limited distribution（限量发送）；avoid（vt 避免）－pervade
US [pɚ-] formal
adjective
■present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place 充斥各处的；弥漫的，遍布的
• The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books. 佛洛伊德的影响在她的作品中随处可见。
• a pervasive smell of diesel 到处弥漫的柴油味
• Reforms are being undermined by the all- pervasive corruption in the country. 改革正受到国内普遍存在的腐败现象侵蚀。
adj. 普遍的；到处渗透的
 - widespread, universal, ruling, generalized

Word: portal
Front: portal
[ˈpɔ:tl] (9221/9282)
Vocabulary: portal
(once / 962 pages)
1n 2n
A portal is a large and imposing gate or doorway. You’re likely to find a portal in a castle, in a cathedral, or even on an internet site.
Portal can be used to describe other types of doorways, both literal and metaphorical. For example, portal can refer to a web page that provides access to other sites on the web. If you enjoy reading science fiction or fantasy, you may be familiar with the use of the word portal to mean “a doorway to another world.” The wardrobe in C.S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe functions as a portal to the land of Narnia.
WORD FAMILY
portal: portals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The portal will be sealed, and the Order of Things will be restored.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The report in Tianshan Net, a news portal run by Communist Party officials in Xinjiang, says the incident occurred Wednesday afternoon in Moyu county.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
The report in Tianshan Net, a news portal run by Communist Party officials in Xinjiang, says the incident happened Wednesday afternoon in Moyu county.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 入口; 桥门; [解剖学]肝门; 出孔
adj. [解剖学]门的; 肝门的; 门静脉的; 关于门静脉的
分布：门静脉(62%)，入口(24%)，大门(6%)，肝门的(4%)，门静脉的(4%)
→来自拉丁语porta,门，来自per,通过，穿过，向前，词源同ford,forth,port.
US ['pɔ:r.tˌəl] specialized
noun
countable
■a page on the Internet that people use to search the Internet and that allows them to get useful information such as news, weather and travel, or a company that provides these pages 入口网页；大门网站
portals [plural] formal
■a large important entrance to a building （建筑物的）壮观的大门，正门
• Passing through the portals of the BBC for the first time, she felt slightly nervous. 第一次走进英国广播公司的大门，她觉得稍有些紧张。
n. 大门， [建] 入口
 - threshold, entry

Word: screening
Front: screening
[ˈskri:nɪŋ] (4694/5804)
Back: n. 放映，播放; 筛查
v. 筛（煤、矿石等）( screen的现在分词 ); 审查; 放映（电影）; 庇护
分布：放映(27%)，筛选(26%)，上映(13%)，屏蔽(13%)，遮蔽(13%)，防波(8%)
noun
CINEMA 戏院
countable
■a showing of a film 电影放映；播出
• There will be three screenings of the film - at 3, 5 and 7 p.m. 电影将在下午三点、五点和七点各放映三场。
['skri:.nɪŋ] noun
EXAMINATION 检查
countable or uncountable
■a test or examination to discover if there is anything wrong with someone 测试；检查
• regular screening(s) for cervical cancer 定期子宫颈癌筛检
n. [矿业] 筛选；放映； [物] 屏蔽；审查；防波
 - showing, filtration
v. [矿业] 筛选；拍摄（screen的ing形式）；遮蔽；隔挡
 - filming

Word: poach
Front: poach
[pəʊtʃ] (宝 12824/11399 -1)
Vocabulary: poach
(once / 1492 pages)
1v 2v
When people poach deer or ducks, they hunt them illegally. On the other hand, when you poach an egg, it's perfectly legal — you just cook it in simmering water.
Hunters are only permitted to hunt certain animals during specific times of the year, and only in certain locations. If a hunter shoots a rabbit on another person's private land, you can say she poaches it. This meaning probably stems from the Middle French pocher, "to thrust." Another theory connects it to the "cook in hot liquid" meaning of poach and its Old French root poché, "put into a pocket."
WORD FAMILY
poach: poached, poacher, poaches, poaching+/poacher: poachers/poaching: poachings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The lab will provide space for forensic work related to wildlife poaching.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The move, which was supposed to reduce elephant poaching, was instead followed by a boom.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Poach the chicken for 40 minutes to cook, maintaining a temperature of 165 to 170 degrees.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 水煮; 偷猎; 窃取; 把…踏成泥浆
时态：poached, poaching, poaches
分布：挖走(58%)，水煮(35%)，侵占(7%)
→来自古法语pochier,放入口袋，包起来，来自poche,包，包裹，来自Proto-Germanic*puk,袋子，来自bu,beu,鼓起，膨胀，词源同ball,pock,pouch.后用于比喻义像蛋白包裹着蛋黄，引申词义炖，煨，煮。poach 偷猎，偷捕
US [poʊtʃ] verb
COOK 烹饪
transitive
■to cook something such as a fish, or an egg with its shell removed, by putting it in gently boiling water or other liquid 炖，水煮（鱼、荷包蛋等）
• We had poached eggs for breakfast. 我们早饭吃荷包蛋。
• Do you like pears poached in red wine? 你喜欢吃红葡萄酒煮的梨吗？
UK [pəʊtʃ] US [poʊtʃ] verb
TAKE 拿走
intransitive or transitive
■to catch and kill animals without permission on someone else's land （侵入他人地界）偷猎，偷捕；盗猎
• The farmer claimed that he shot the men because they were poaching on his land. 农场主人声称他开枪射杀那些人是因为他们侵入他的地界偷猎。
intransitive or transitive
■to take and use for yourself unfairly or dishonestly something, usually an idea, that belongs to someone else 以不当手段获取，窃用（想法等）
• Jeff always poaches my ideas , and then pretends that they're his own. 杰夫经常盗用我的想法，还假装是他自己的。
intransitive or transitive disapproving
■to persuade someone who works for someone else to come and work for you 挖走（人员）
• They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company. 他们一个最好的经理被别的公司挖走了，他们很恼火。
vt. 水煮；偷猎；窃取；把…踏成泥浆
 - filch
vi. 偷猎；侵犯；剽窃
 - to infringe on, encroach on

Word: champagne
Front: champagne
[ʃæmˈpeɪn] (研雅 5400/3557 -2)
Vocabulary: champagne
(once / 1430 pages)
n
Champagne is a bubbly white wine that people often drink to celebrate happy occasions. When you pull the cork out of a bottle of champagne, it makes a loud pop.
Traditionally, the sparkling wine known as champagne came from a specific region of France and was made from certain grapes grown there. Some people now call any sparkling wine champagne, but most champagnes are made following certain rules and traditions. A champagne glass is called a flute, and it's tall and narrow with a long stem. The word champagne is short for vin de Champagne, "wine made in Champagne."
WORD FAMILY
champagne: champagnes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’s group sprayed champagne in celebration.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’ group sprayed champagne in celebration.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 香槟酒; 香槟酒色; 平原; 平野
分布：香槟酒(93%)，香槟色(7%)
→因产自法国Champagne郡而得名。地名来自camp, 平原，平地。
n.香槟酒;微黄色
[ʃæm'peɪn/ (UK old-fashioned informal champers)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an expensive white or pink fizzy (= with bubbles) wine made in the Champagne area of Eastern France, or, more generally, any similar wine. Champagne is often drunk to celebrate something 香槟酒
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary with a bottle of champagne. 我们总是用一瓶香槟酒来庆祝我们的结婚纪念日。
• The champagne corks were popping (= Bottles of champagne were opened) when Guy got his new job. 盖伊找到新工作时，一瓶瓶香槟酒砰砰打开了。
n. [食品] 香槟酒；香槟酒色
 - bubbly

Word: continuous
Front: continuous
[kənˈtɪnjuəs] (研四六托 3422/2936 -K2)
Vocabulary: continuous
(once / 259 pages)
adj
The adjective continuous describes something that occurs over space or time without interruption. Some computer fans make a continuous noise — a constant buzz — that can drive you to distraction.
Continuous things don’t stop, not even for a coffee break. A continuous sheet of ice has no cracks, a continuous noise never pauses, and a continuous line of railroad is the kind you want if you’re on a train. Continual, on the other hand, is used to describe things that start and stop occasionally. Use continuous for anything that goes on and on.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
continual / continuous
The words continual and continuous are like twins: they both come from continue, but they get mad if you get them confused. Continual means start and stop, while continuous means never-ending.
Continual things come and go, like arguments or rain. If your parents' continual arguing drives you crazy, just be glad they stop sometimes! With continual rain, you'll get some sunny breaks, as Ireland's forecasters like to say. Or in this bit about the birth of Lynyrd Skynyrd:
There were continual battles between authority figures like Skinner and the free spirits who formed the band. (herald-review.com)
Continuous, on the other hand, is nonstop. If the young Skynyrds had a continuous argument with authority, they'd never stop, not even to sing "Free Bird." With continuous rain, you'll never see the sun. A flight or a wire can be continuous:
Jongeward and Woodhouse ended up breaking the record for continuous flight. They stayed in the air for 1,124 hours. (Yuma Sun)
A telegraphic signal would go more than seven times around the earth in one second if it travelled on one continuous wire. (Elmer Ellsworth Burns)
Continual is chronic, like a cough that comes and goes, or a teenager's sporadic fights with The Man. Continuous is like a circle, or a nightmare carousel that never ever stops. Neither one is the evil twin; they're both moody.
WORD FAMILY
continuous: continuity, continuously, continuousness, discontinuous, noncontinuous+/ continuity: continuities/ continuum: continua, continuous /discontinuity: discontinuities/discontinuous: discontinuity, discontinuously
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is not to say that poverty research is a continuous parade of celebratory findings.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The most visible enterprise is the paper mill, in continuous operation since the late 19th century.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“If we cling to the concept of ‘globalisation’, we should not see it as a continuous and uninterrupted march toward an imaginary ‘global modernity’.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 连续的; 延伸的; 不断的; 遍布的
分布：连续的(72%)，连绵不断的(17%)，继续的(11%)
连续不断的[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
a.连续的,持续的The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.大脑需要不间断的供血.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■without a pause or interruption 不断的，连续的，持续的
• continuous pain 持续的疼痛
• My computer makes a continuous low buzzing noise. 我的电脑不停地发出低沉的嗡嗡声。
• A continuous white line (= line without spaces) in the middle of the road means no overtaking. 马路中间白色实线表示禁止超车。
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
continuous, constant, continual, incessant
这组词都有“不断的，不停的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
 • Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.   我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
constant: a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
 • Everything in the universe is in constant motion.   宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
continual: a.连续不断的；频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
 • That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.   那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
incessant: a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
 • Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.   持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。

Word: disappearance
Front: disappearance
[ˌdɪsə'pɪərəns] (六 6530/6958 -1)
Back: n. 消失，不见; 消散; 失踪; 出走，一去不返
分布：消失(55%)，失踪(44%)，绝迹(1%)
US [-'pɪr.ənts] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when someone or something disappears 消失，失踪
• A man was being questioned in connection with her disappearance. 一个与她失踪有关的人正在接受盘问。
n. 消失；不见
 - extinction, evaporation

Word: sunshine
Front: sunshine
[ˈsʌnʃaɪn] (高研四六托 7752/4726 -2)
Back: n. 阳光，日光; 晴朗，晴天; 太阳晒着的地方; 欢乐
分布：阳光(98%)，晴天(2%)
→sun,太阳，shine,照耀。
n.日光,日照;晴天;The boastful toaster roasts himself on the coast in the sunshine.好说大话的祝酒者在海岸上晒太阳.
noun uncountable
LIGHT 光线
 ADVANCED
■the light and heat that come from the sun 阳光，日照
• The children were out playing in the sunshine. 孩子们正在外面太阳下玩耍。
['sʌn.ʃaɪn] noun uncountable
PLEASURE 快乐 informal
■happiness or pleasure 幸福，快乐
• Their grandchildren have brought sunshine into their lives. 他们的孙儿为他们的生活带来快乐。
■mainly UK informal
■used as a form of address, either in a friendly way, or to express unwillingness to accept another person's delays, bad behaviour, etc. （用作称呼语，或表示友善或表示不愿接受对方的拖延、不良行为等）亲爱的
• Hello, sunshine! 你好，亲爱的！
• Come on, sunshine, get a move on. 快点，亲爱的，赶紧走吧。
n. 阳光；愉快；晴天；快活
 - brightness, Suny

Word: soccer
Front: soccer
[ˈsɒkə(r)] (高研四六 3353/4895 -3)
Back: n. <美>足球; 〈口〉英式足球
分布：名词(100%)
→soc-,缩写自 association,缩写自 Football Association,足球协会，足球联赛，-er,名词后缀。
n.足球They like playing soccer.他们喜欢踢足球.
US ['sɑ:.kɚ] (UK also football)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a game played between two teams of eleven people, where each team tries to win by kicking a ball into the other team's goal 英式足球，足球
n. 英式足球，足球
 - association football, center forward

Word: thoughtful
Front: thoughtful
[ˈθɔ:tfl] (研四六托雅 5674/7655 -2)
Vocabulary: thoughtful
(once / 197 pages)
adj
You are thoughtful if you consider how your actions and words will affect other people’s feelings. It is thoughtful to cook your friend's favorite dish when you invite him over for dinner.
The adjective thoughtful describes someone who pays attention or considers others' feelings when they speak and act. If your friend is heartbroken about a recent break-up, holding off on gushing about your new love is the thoughtful thing to do. Thoughtful can also describe intellectual depth, like a thoughtful essay on a well-known poem that focuses on a line that other scholars have overlooked.
WORD FAMILY
thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful+/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought/ think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought /thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/ thinker: thinkers/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deeply thoughtful and compassionate, this sci-fi drama is all about trying to communicate with aliens rather than defeat them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
British officials said they regarded Mr. Kerry’s speech as a thoughtful summary of longstanding British and European concerns about the direction of Israeli politics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In the random spare slivers of his day, Paterson, quiet and thoughtful by nature, writes poetry.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 沉思的; 体贴的; 缜密思考过的，深思熟虑的
分布：体贴的(64%)，深思的(36%)
→thought,思想，-ful,形容词后缀。引申词义思考的，体贴的等。
a.认真思考的,沉思的;体贴的,关心的He remained thoughtful for a while.他深思了一会儿.
US ['θɑ:t-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■carefully considering things 考虑周到的；计划周密的
• He has a thoughtful approach to his work. 他工作很细心周到。
 ADVANCED
■quiet because you are thinking about something 沉思的
• You look thoughtful. 你看起来心里有事。
 ADVANCED
■kind and always thinking about how you can help other people 体贴的，关心的
• Thank you for phoning when I was ill - it was very thoughtful of you. 我生病时谢谢你打电话来问候——你真是体贴人。
• She's a very thoughtful person. 她是一个很体贴的人。
Opposite thoughtless
considerate, thoughtful, attentive
这些形容词均含“关心的，体贴的”之意。
considerate: 指能设身处地为别人着想，给予同情或谅解。
thoughtful: 指为他人着想，主动关怀，做有益于他人的事。
attentive: 指对人关怀备至，热情周到，这可能出于真诚，也可能出于私利。
adj. 深思的；体贴的；关切的
 - considerate

Word: backward
Front: backward
[ˈbækwəd] (高研四托雅 5204/8489 -K2)
Vocabulary: backward
(once / 343 pages)
1advadj 2adj
Backward means "toward the rear" or "behind." It’s the opposite of forward. If you stop peddling your bike on a hill, you’ll start rolling backward. If you count backward from 10 to 1, you probably just hypnotized someone.
When you go backward, you move in reverse. You might give a backward glance at a person as you walk away. Backward also means "slow," or "behind the times," as in a backward government that doesn't allow girls to go to school. If you wear your clothes backward, then you’re dressing like Kris Kross, the hip-hop duo from the 90s. The Old English roots are on bæc, "back," and -weard, "toward." Backwards (with an “s”) is primarily British usage.
WORD FAMILY
backward: backwarder, backwardest, backwardly, backwardness+/backwardness: backwardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will be questions, too, about whether this season should be seen as a step backward.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Rousey showed little defensive acumen as she staggered and stumbled backward with Nunes relentlessly pursuing her and landing 27 punches in the brief bout.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
“I’m bending over backward, and nobody’s not even doing anything,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 向后的; 反向的; 怯生生的; 落后的
adv. 向后地; 相反地; 回溯地
分布：向后的(47%)，落后的(33%)，向后(20%)
→back, 后。-ward, 动词后缀，转，同verse.
向后的(back后边)[-ward表形容词+副词"向…" 注:ward可变成wards,但只能作副词用]
a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向The backward man lacks black background.落后的男子缺少黑色背景.
US [-wɚd] adjective
NOT CLEVER/MODERN 迟缓
■not advanced 落后的；迟缓的；愚钝的
• When he was a child, his teachers thought he was backward (= unable to learn as much as most children). 小时候，老师认为他愚笨迟钝。
• People still think of it as a backward country/region/area (= one without industry or modern machines). 人们仍然认为这是一个落后的国家／地区。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adjective
OPPOSITE DIRECTION 相反方向
■towards the direction which is the opposite to the one in which you are facing 向后的，与面对方向相反的
• She left without a backward glance. 她头也不回地离去了。
• He did a brilliant backward somersault. 他做了一个漂亮的后空翻。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adjective
be backward in coming forward
■to be shy and not often express wishes or opinions 羞怯畏缩；不善于表达
• I'm sure Matt will tell you what he thinks of the idea - he's not usually backward in coming forward. 我相信马特会告诉你他对于这个观点的看法——他一向很直爽。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adverb US for
■ backwards 1
hind, backward, behind, back
这组词都有“在后，向后”的意思，其区别是：
hind: 指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。
backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。
behind: 指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。
back: 作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。
adj. 向后的；反向的；发展迟缓的
 - retarded, inverted
adv. 向后地；相反地
 - contrary, counter

Word: grouping
Front: grouping
[ˈgru:pɪŋ] (7975/5171 -1)
Back: n. 归类，编组（工作）; 分组
v. 使成群，集合( group的现在分词); 分类，归类
分布：归类(53%)，编组(41%)，动词group的现在分词.(6%)
noun countable
■several people or things when they have been arranged into a group or are being considered as a group 分成组（或类）的人（或物）；小团体；小圈子
• political groupings 政治团体
n. [经管] 分组，分类
 - classification, category, breakdown
v. [经管] 分组（group的现在分词）
 - tranching

Word: decry
Front: decry
[dɪˈkraɪ] (托宝 11621/19796)
Vocabulary: decry
(once / 3637 pages)
v
When you dye your hair pink and orange, your mother decries your act as a horror and bursts into tears. She criticizes your choice of colors, stating that pink and purple would have looked better.
You might decry learning French, declaring it as a waste of time. Yet many English words come from French. When the French conquered England in 1066, they brought with them their language as well as their social system. Because French was spoken mostly by the ruling class, many of the loan words are formal. Decry comes from the Old French descrier, to cry out or announce. When you decry something, you simultaneously condemn it and discredit it, a formal act.
WORD FAMILY
decry: decried, decries, decrying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obstacles on the internet, just like barriers to trade, are easy to decry but hard to prevent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
It is a mistake to always decry this kind of personalisation as a negative.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. <正>公开反对，谴责
时态：decried, decrying, decries
分布：责难(64%)，诽谤(36%)
→de-, 向下，强调。cry, 呼叫，呼喊。引申义呼吁，强烈谴责。
【记】de，cry（喊）－向下喊－贬低；注意不要和descry（看见，望到）相混
formal
verb transitive
■to criticize something as bad, with no value or not necessary; to condemn 斥责，谴责，抨击
• She decried the appalling state of the British film industry. 她对英国电影业糟糕的现状进行了抨击。
vt. 责难，谴责；诽谤
 - wrong, impugn

Word: missionary
Front: missionary
[ˈmɪʃənri] (研六 4911/6018 -1)
Vocabulary: missionary
(once / 211 pages)
nadj
A missionary is a person whose mission is to go somewhere to help others. In many cases, the goal of a missionary is to teach about a religion so that the people convert to that faith.
Missionary can be a noun — the person who goes on a mission — or an adjective — the type of work done on such a trip. If your great-grandmother was a missionary for the Methodist church in Japan in the 1920’s, her purpose there was to convince people to abandon their religion for Methodism. Presumably she did this missionary work because she thought it would save their souls.
WORD FAMILY
missionary: missionaries+/ mission: missional, missionary, missioner, missions/missional: missionally/missioner: missioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Counselors gather in New Northside Missionary Baptist Church and three other churches on Tuesday nights, hosting drop-in hours for those on the edge of violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include Hawaiian royalty, Inuit children, Aboriginal diplomats, a Native American missionary and Pocahontas herself.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And the Mormon Church needs an Indian born missionary force.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 传教士; 宣传者
adj. 传教（士）的
分布：传教士(88%)，传教的(12%)
→来自mission,使命。即有使命的人，用于指传教士。
传道的n.教士(mission使命＋ary→［传教］使命的)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
传教士(mission宗教使命)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
a.教会的,传教(士)的n.传教士The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
US [-er.i] noun countable
■a person who has been sent to a foreign country to teach their religion to the people who live there 传教士
• He did missionary work for the Presbyterian Church in Alaska. 他曾在阿拉斯加为基督长老教会做传教工作。
n. 传教士
 - Boanerges, preacher

Word: misguided
Front: misguided
[ˌmɪsˈgaɪdɪd] (9573/11242 -1)
Vocabulary: misguided
(once / 2414 pages)
adj
A misguided decision is one that's made without good judgment and careful thought. It would be misguided to think you could write your entire term paper in one night, or to climb into the polar bear exhibit at the zoo for a better look at them.
Misguided is a polite way to say "a really dumb decision or belief." Your choice to go swimming in the ocean during a hurricane would definitely be considered misguided, and so would your decision to join the mountain climbing team if you are afraid of heights. Both are examples of unwise choices made after not enough deliberation. Misguided uses the prefix mis-, "bad or wrong," and guided, or "directed."
WORD FAMILY
misguided: misguidedly+/ guidance: guidances/ guide: guidance, guided, guides, guiding, misguide /guided: unguided/guiding: guidingly/ misguide: misguided, misguides, misguiding
USAGE EXAMPLES
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Exploitative TV shows that reinforce the misguided formula of cutting calories / increasing exercise do almost everyone - - Personal Trainers included - - a disservice.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
In a recent phone interview, Foster said Knutson’s anger at him is misguided.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 被误导的; 搞错的; 误入歧途的
v. 使入歧途(misguide的过去分词)
分布：被误导的(70%)，搞错的(12%)，举措失当的(12%)，动词misguide的过去式和过去分词.(6%)
→mis-,坏的，错的，不好的，guide,引导。
adjective
■unreasonable or unsuitable because of being based on bad judgment or on wrong information or beliefs 被误导的；被引入歧途的；判断失误的
• He was shot as he made a misguided attempt to stop the robbers single-handed. 他不理智地想一个人制止劫匪抢劫，结果遭到枪击。
• The company blamed its disappointing performance on a misguided business plan. 这家公司将其令人失望的表现归咎于错误的商业计划。
v. 使入歧途（misguide的过去分词）
 - perverted

Word: hearted
Front: hearted
['hɑ:tɪd] (29239/20862)
Back: adj. 有…之心的，呈…心情的
分布：动词heart的过去式和过去分词形式(34%)，有 ... 之心的(33%)，呈 ... 心情的(33%)
v. 铭记；用心材支撑；结心（heart的过去分词）
 - printed

Word: villa
Front: villa
[ˈvɪlə] (六 10076/3463 -2)
Vocabulary: villa
(once / 970 pages)
n
If you don't want to sound like a snob, don't describe your family's house in the country as a villa. A villa is a fancy vacation home.
Calling your weekend country house a villa will inevitably sound like you're showing off. Still, the word has been around ever since ancient Roman times to mean "country house for the elite." In Italian, villa means "country house or farm." Most villas include a large amount of land and often barns, garages, or other outbuildings as well.
WORD FAMILY
villa: villas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Soon after arriving at Il Borghino we hit the villa’s yoga room, a subterranean space whose long window looks into a mosaic-tiled swimming pool.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
My friends run a collection of villas there, and I cooked for 25 or so of my musician and chef friends.”
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Accommodations are in a 3,100-square-foot villa with a pool.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 别墅，公馆; <英>（城郊）住宅
分布：别墅(100%)
→来自拉丁语villa,村庄，农场，来自weik,宗族，家庭，聚居区，-illa,小词后缀。引申词义别墅。可能进一步来自wei,转，弯，耕作，词源同week,wicker,比较colony,culture.
noun countable
■a house usually in the countryside or near the sea, especially in southern Europe, and often one which people can rent for a holiday 别墅；花园住宅
• They have a villa in Spain. 他们在西班牙有一栋别墅。
n. [建] 别墅；郊区住宅
 - country seat, chateau

Word: bedroom
Front: bedroom
[ˈbedru:m] (中高雅 1869/1570 -K3)
Vocabulary: bedroom
(once / 283 pages)
n
A bedroom is a room in a house for the bed, so it’s mainly used for sleeping. If you live in a one-bedroom apartment, it has exactly one room for the bed. To sound old fashioned, call it your bedchamber.
If your home has three bedrooms, you can describe it as a "three-bedroom house." While you might do homework, watch TV, or even entertain friends in your bedroom, it probably has a bed in it, and the main purpose of the room is sleeping. You can also use the term "bedroom community" to mean a suburb — a town that's close enough to a city that people can commute there for work and come back to their own bedrooms at night.
WORD FAMILY
bedroom: bedrooms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since Amtrak’s accessible bedrooms extend the entire width of the train on the lower level, that may be a design limitation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Howard County police said in a statement that the mother heard a scuffle in her daughter’s bedroom and walked inside.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Arthur Rivera’s body was found in his bedroom.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 卧室，寝室
adj. <美>城郊住宅区的; 两性关系的，男女性爱的
分布：卧室(97%)，两性关系的(1%)，市郊住宅区的(1%)，性感的(1%)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a room used for sleeping in 卧房
• Our home has three bedrooms. 我们家有三间卧房。
['bed.rʊm] [-ru:m] adjective [before noun]
■relating to sexual activity 有关性爱的；男女性爱的
• My dad was embarrassed by the bedroom scenes in the play. 剧中的性爱场面令我爸爸感到尴尬。
• He has bedroom eyes (= looks as if he is interested in sex). 他有一双色迷迷的眼睛。
n. [建] 卧室
 - sleeping room, bedchamber

Word: thorough
Front: thorough
[ˈθʌrə] (高研四六托雅 5852/5257 -K3)
Vocabulary: thorough
(once / 95 pages)
adj
Thorough describes something that is painstakingly complete, like a thorough search for your missing keys in which you look for them in coat pockets, under the table, in the refrigerator — in every single place you can think of.
Thorough rhymes with "burrow": "THUR-oh." It looks a lot like through but remember thorough is an adjective, so you might use it to describe a thorough investigation or a thorough review. In contrast through is used most often as a preposition — you might look through every drawer, for example, in a search — or as an adverb — you might see a hole in your pocket where coins fall through.
WORD FAMILY
thorough: thoroughest, thoroughly, thoroughness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he does a very good job of identifying them, providing a thorough if disconcerting tour d’horizon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He further added: “It would’ve helped, really, to publish a thorough, precise, historically informed and technically honest attribution report in plain English.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
There are days when I’m a little more thorough with my cleaning routine than others.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 彻底的，全面的，充分的，彻头彻尾的，根本的，详尽的，严密的; 十足的，考虑周到的; 非常精确的，（对细节）不厌其烦的; 绝对的，完善的
prep. 〈古〉同“through”
n. [英史]专横政策
分布：彻底的(72%)，完全的(18%)，详尽的(9%)，细致深入的(1%)
→来自 through 拼写变体或表强调，引申词义彻底的，完全的等。
a.彻底的,完全的;精心的Although the plan was thorough, it was not carried through.尽管计划很周详,但是没有得到贯彻.
US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ] adjective
CAREFUL 仔细的
 ADVANCED
■detailed and careful 仔细的
• a thorough revision of the manuscript 对手稿的仔细修改
• They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing. 他们仔细搜索了该地区，但一无所获。
UK ['θʌr.ə] US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
■complete, very great, very much 彻头彻尾的；完全的；十足的
• It was a thorough waste of time. 这完全是浪费时间。
adj. 彻底的；十分的；周密的
 - complete, radical

Word: crusade
Front: crusade
[kru:ˈseɪd] (宝 7310/7819 -1)
Vocabulary: crusade
(once / 1268 pages)
nv
If you go on a crusade against vegetables, you are waging a long-term battle against leafy greens. A crusade is a passionate struggle against something or someone.
In the 11th through 13th centuries, Roman Catholics attempting to win control of parts of what they considered the Holy Land (currently Israeli, Jordanian, Lebanese, and Palestinian lands) waged military battles against the Muslims who controlled the land. These battles are called the Crusades. The word crusade carries with it the feeling of a violent and vigorous fight. So if someone is on a crusade to do something, they mean business!
WORD FAMILY
crusade: crusaded, crusader, crusades, crusading+/ crusader: crusaders
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It became a crusade for me,” he said later.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
As it announced plans to appeal this week, Apple accused European regulators of a political crusade against a successful American company.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
Finally, last month, Kohistani’s crusade got an unexpected break when the Supreme Court, under a new chief justice, agreed to accept his petition.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. [史]十字军东征; （宗教性的）圣战; 改革运动
v. 加入十字军; 从事改革运动; 讨伐
时态：crusaded, crusading, crusades
分布：十字军东征(61%)，改革运动(34%)，参与斗争或运动(5%)
→词源同cross,十字架，因战士携带十字架而得名。
十字军;改革运动(指中世纪十字军,佩带十字符号,引申为改革运动)[cruc,crus,crux=cross,表示"十字形,交叉"]
十字军,改革运动(crus十字+ade)[-ade表名词1.表示"状态,物品"2.表示"个人或集体"]
【源】crus（十字），ade－原指十字军东征（Crusade头字母大写）：在11～13世纪欧洲基督徒为从穆斯林手中收复圣地耶路撒冷发动的军事远征。
【参】cruciform（adj 十字形的）；crusader（n 十字军战士；改革者）
noun
countable
■a long and determined attempt to achieve something which you believe in strongly （为理想或信念而奋斗的）运动
• They have long been involved in a crusade for racial equality. 他们长期以来一直致力于争取种族平等的运动。
• a moral crusade against drugs 反毒品的正义运动
countable often plural (also Crusade)
■a holy war fought by the Christians against the Muslims, often in Palestine, in the 11th, 12th, 13th and 17th centuries 十字军东征
[kru:'seɪd] verb intransitive
■to make an effort to achieve something which you believe in strongly 从事某运动；为达到某理想而奋斗
• She crusaded against sex and violence on television. 她致力于反对电视节目中的色情和暴力。

Word: composite
Front: composite
[ˈkɒmpəzɪt] (研六雅 6741/8078 -2)
Vocabulary: composite
(once / 1538 pages)
1adjn 2nadj
A composite is something made up of complicated and related parts. A composite photograph of your family might have your eyes, your sister’s nose, your dad’s mouth, and your mother’s chin.
Composite comes from the Latin for "putting together." It can be used as a noun or adjective. If you and five friends put together a map showing all the places each of you has ever lived, you’ve created a composite. You could also describe it as a composite map of your lives. Composite is also the name of a family of plants that have many little flowers wound so densely together that it just looks like one flower.
WORD FAMILY
composite: compositely, compositeness, composites
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stocks closed slightly higher Tuesday, nudging the Nasdaq composite to a record high and edging the Dow Jones industrial average closer to 20,000.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The center serves about 150 customers, including companies such as Scaled Composites and Stratolaunch Systems.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The Shanghai Composite index was unchanged at 3,287.25 and shares in New Zealand, Taiwan and Southeast Asia were mixed.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 混合成的，综合成的; [建]综合式的; [数]可分解的; [植]菊科的
n. 合成物，混合物，复合材料; [植]菊科植物
分布：复合材料(84%)，合成的(6%)，复合的(5%)，合成物(5%)
合成物(com一起+posite→放到一起→合成物)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
a.混合成的,综合成的n.合成物,复合材料English is a composite of many languages.英语是多种语言混合而成的.
US [kɑ:m-] noun countable
■something which is made of various different parts （由不同部分组成的）混合物，合成物，综合体
• The main character in her latest novel is a composite of several public figures of that era. 她那新小说中的主角是集那个时期几位公众人物形象于一身的综合形象。
• Scientists have put together a composite picture of what the Earth's crust is like. 科学家拼出了一幅地壳形状复合图。
■specialized
■a structural material made up of more than one substance 复合材料，混合材料
• The bodies of these racing cars are moulded from the same composite that is used for making aircraft fuselage. 这些赛车的车身所用的是一种与制造飞机机身相同的复合材料。
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
n. 复合材料；合成物；菊科
 - synthetic, complex material
adj. [数] [植] 复合的；合成的；菊科的
 - synthetic, mulriple
vt. 使合成；使混合
 - babelize

Word: geopolitical
Front: geopolitical
[ˌdʒi:əʊpə'lɪtɪkl] (11410/36497)
Back: adj. 地理政治学的
分布：地理政治学的(100%)
ADJ
地缘政治（学）的
Geopolitical means relating to or concerned with geopolitics.
例：Hungary and Poland have suffered before because of their unfortunate geopolitical position on the European map.匈牙利和波兰因其在欧洲地图上的极为不利的地缘政治位置而备受磨难。

Word: goat
Front: goat
[gəʊt] (中高研四六 4674/5117 -2)
Back: n. 山羊; 色鬼; 替罪羊
分布：山羊(91%)，色鬼(5%)，替罪羊(4%)
→来自gheid, 山羊。因山羊在西方文化里通常为不好的形象，引申义老色鬼。
n.山羊When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [goʊt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■an animal which is related to sheep, which usually has horns, and which lives wild on mountains or is kept on farms to provide milk, meat, wool, etc 山羊
• goat's milk/cheese 山羊奶／羊起司
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
MAN 男人 informal disapproving
■a man who is very active sexually, or would like to be and makes it obvious 色狼，色鬼；淫荡的人
• an old goat 老色鬼
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
act/play the goat UK informal
■to behave in a silly way 做傻瓜；做蠢事
• Stop acting the goat! 别再做蠢事了！
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
get sb's goat (Australian also get on sb's goat) informal
■to very much annoy someone 使（某人）大为恼怒
• That sort of attitude really gets my goat. 那种态度实在是让我发火。
n. [脊椎] [畜牧] 山羊；替罪羊（美俚）；色鬼（美俚）
 - chevres, Getcolor

Word: onward
Front: onward
[ˈɒnwəd] (六 12108/15062 -1)
Back: adj. 向前的，前进的
adv. 向前; 在前面
分布：向前的(37%)，前进的(29%)，向前(17%)，前进(17%)
→on,在上，向上，-ward,朝向，词源同toward.
US ['ɑ:n.wɚd] formal
adjective [before noun]
■moving forward to a later time or a more distant (= farther away) place 以后的；向前的，前进的
• the onward march of time. 时间的推移
• UK If you are continuing on an onward flight , your bags will be transferred automatically. 如果你要转机继续飞行，你的行李也会自动转机。
UK ['ɒn.wəd] US ['ɑ:n.wɚd] formal
adjective [before noun]
onward and upward
■becoming more and more successful 步步高升；越来越成功
• Her publishing career started as an editorial assistant on a women's magazine and it was onward and upward from there. 她的出版事业从在一家女性杂志做编辑助理起步，越做越成功。
adj. 向前的；前进的
 - forward, ahead, advancing, ongoing
adv. 向前；在前面
 - forth, to, ahead, along, front

Word: feasible
Front: feasible
[ˈfi:zəbl] (研四六托雅宝 7591/6420 -1)
Vocabulary: feasible
(once / 1669 pages)
adj
If something is feasible, then you can do it without too much difficulty. When someone asks "Is it feasible?" the person is asking if you'll be able to get something done.
Feasible things are possible. If you have enough time, money, or energy to do something, it's feasible. Something might be feasible at one time and then not feasible at another time. Because of technological advances and competition with the Russians, going to the moon was feasible for the United States in the sixties. Often, people disagree about what's feasible, especially in politics, where how feasible a project is counts for a lot.
WORD FAMILY
feasible: feasibility, feasibleness, feasiblest, feasibly, infeasible, unfeasible +/ feasibility: feasibilities/ infeasible: infeasibility/ unfeasible: unfeasibility
USAGE EXAMPLES
The last feasible option is a mix of separation and integration.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
It was quite feasible for Yusupov to lure Rasputin by promising a meeting with allies of the empress.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The new drainage code differs from the old one by requiring low-impact development whenever feasible.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可行的; 可用的; 可实行的; 可能的
分布：可行的(95%)，可能的(5%)
→来自法语。来自词根fac, 做，词源同do, fact.即可做，可实行的。
可行的;可能的(feas做+ible→能够做的→可行的)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
可行的,合理的(feas做+ible...可做的)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.可行的;切实可行的;行得通的;可用的It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
【记】feas＝fac做，ible能－能做的－可行的
slightly formal
adjective
■able to be made, done or achieved 可行的；行得通的；做得到的
• With the extra resources, the scheme now seems feasible. 有了额外的资源，这个计划现在看来是可行的。
• [+ to infinitive] It may be feasible to clone human beings, but is it ethical? 复制人类也许可以做到，但是这合乎道德吗？
■possible or reasonable 可能的；合理的
• It 's quite feasible (that) we'll get the money. 我们很有可能拿到这笔钱。
possible, feasible, practicable
这组词都有“可行的”的意思，其区别是：
possible: 多用来消除对某事的怀疑，侧重从客观上看有存在或发生的可能。
feasible: 指完全可行，切实可行，强调成功的较大可能性。
practicable: 强调经过证明是有效的，合乎实际，行得通的。
practical, feasible, practicable, pragmatic
practical: a.实践的，实用的，实际的，指未经过实践检验的事物，如计划、项目等。
 • She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no practical use.   她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都没有实际用途。
feasible: a.可行的，行得通的，用来表示实施后可以成功的。
 • Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.   你的工作计划是可行的，所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。
practicable: a.能实施的，可行的，只表示一种可能性，但是实施后的效果不一定理想。
 • Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.   他们的婚姻是如此的糟糕以至于离婚似乎是唯一可行的解决办法。
pragmatic: a.讲究实际的，实用的，务实的，强调用常识解决实际问题，不追求不切实际的目标。
 • He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.   他想成为一名医生，但是他很实际，知道自己上不起医学院。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 可行的；可能的；可实行的
 - possible, working, potential, viable

Word: toil
Front: toil
[tɔɪl] (雅宝 13009/14924 -1)
Vocabulary: toil
(once / 179 pages)
vn
Toil is another word for work. You toil as a customer service rep all day, but you'd prefer to work as a rock goddess. Unfortunately, there weren't many ads in the employment section for goddesses — rock or otherwise.
Although toil means "work" (in both its noun and verb forms), it usually has the added meaning of hard work, especially physical labor. If you'd lived during the Great Depression, you might have toiled on roadwork and conservation projects. Your toils would have created roads in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, for example. Thanks for all your hard work! Now, relax and enjoy the scenery.
WORD FAMILY
toil: toiled, toiler, toiling, toils, toilsome +/ toiler: toilers/toiling: toilingly/ toilsome: toilsomely, toilsomeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Elsewhere, scientists toil with petri dishes and automated pipettes to test new strains.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
A: For many years, we felt like we were toiling in obscurity.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
"The president is not simply working, he's toiling. And I respect him for that."
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vi. 长时间或辛苦地工作; 艰难缓慢地移动; 跋涉
n. 报酬很低的苦活，苦工; 罗网，圈套
时态：toiled, toiling, toils
分布：辛苦(51%)，苦工(15%)，圈套(11%)，苦干(7%)，费力地做(6%)，罗网(5%)，跋涉(5%)
→来自中古法语 toile,网，罗网，来自拉丁语 tela,网，来自 teks, 编织，纺织，词源同 texture,textile.拼写比较 regulate,rule.引申词义圈套。
【记】读：偷油oil，偷油是一件很辛苦的工作－toil
【参】foil（n 金属薄片；v 挫败）；coil（v 卷绕）；roil（v 煽动；激怒）
noun uncountable
■hard work, especially work which makes you feel physically tired （尤指体力上的）苦工
• Lindi has achieved her comfortable life only after years of hard toil. 林迪在做了多年的苦工后才过上舒适的生活。
• humorous Well, after a day's toil in the office I like to relax a little. 好啦，在办公室劳累了一天，我想歇一会儿儿。
[tɔɪl] verb intransitive
WORK HARD 努力工作
■to work hard 苦干，努力工作
• England's cricketers have been toiling in the 100-degree heat over the past week. 在过去的一周，英格兰板球运动员一直在华氏100度的高温下艰苦训练。
• I was relaxing in the bath, having toiled away in the garden all afternoon. 在花园里劳累了整整一个下午后，我躺在浴缸里放松。
[tɔɪl] verb intransitive
MOVE 移动
■to move in a particular direction, slowly and with great effort 艰难缓慢地行走
• I was toiling up the hill with four heavy bags when he took pity on me. 我正背着四个沉重的袋子艰难地往山上爬，这时他动了恻隐之心。
n. 辛苦；苦工；网；圈套
 - web, net, mesh, trap
vi. 辛苦工作；艰难地行进
 - labour over, sweat

Word: albert
Front: albert
[ˈælbət] (-/3330)
Back: n. 挂在背心上的怀表表链
分布：名词(100%)

Word: susceptible
Front: susceptible
[səˈseptəbl] (研六托雅宝 7030/6934 -1)
Vocabulary: susceptible
(once / 684 pages)
adj
If you are susceptible to something such as infections or earaches, it means you are likely to become sick with these things.
Have you ever received something you don't want? Well, with susceptible meaning "likely to be influenced or affected by" that is probably going to be the case. If you're susceptible to flattery, and someone wants something from you, all they have to do is give you a compliment or two and you'll do what they want. Material that's susceptible to cracking won't be in good condition for long.
WORD FAMILY
susceptible: insusceptible, susceptibility, susceptibleness, susceptibly, unsusceptible+/ susceptibility: susceptibilities/unsusceptible: unsusceptibility
USAGE EXAMPLES
And with a week between each game, few things on this planet are as susceptible to overreaction and hyperbole as America’s most popular professional sport.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Forests in some states, like New York, are close to major trade routes, while others, like in Florida, house trees especially susceptible to pests.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But with Coleman lined up wide, Foster sensed that Coleman would flare, leaving him susceptible to a pick from the wide receiver.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 易受影响的; 易受感染的; 善感的; 可以接受或允许的
分布：容许…的(46%)，易受感染的(45%)，易受外界影响的(9%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-cept,拿，抓住，词源同 accept,capture.引申诸相关比喻义。
易受感染的,易受影响的(sus+cept拿+ible→能被拿下→易受影响)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
易受影响的(sus向下)[cept=take拿取]
a.易受影响的;易受感动的;易受感染的This passage is susceptible of another interpretation.这一节可作另一种解释.
adjective
INFLUENCED 受影响的
■easily influenced or harmed by something 易受影响的，易受伤害的
• She isn't very susceptible to flattery. 她不太听信别人的奉承。
• These plants are particularly susceptible to frost. 这些植物很容易受霜冻影响。
• Among particularly susceptible children, the disease can develop very fast. 在特别易受感染的儿童中，这种疾病会扩展得非常迅速。
■describes someone who is easily emotionally influenced 易受感动的，感情丰富的，多情的
• They persuade susceptible teenagers to part with their money. 他们劝说这些易被感动的年轻人捐出他们的钱。
[sə'sep.tɪ.bl] adjective
POSSIBLE 可能
[after verb] formal
■(especially of an idea or statement) able to be understood, proved, explained, etc. in a particular way （尤指想法或陈述）能被理解（或证明、解释）的
• Shakespeare's plays are susceptible to various interpretations. 莎士比亚的戏剧可以有多种诠释。
• UK The facts are susceptible of other explanations. 这些事实可能还有别的解释。
adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许…的
 - impressionable, suggestible

Word: arena
Front: arena
[əˈri:nə] (托雅宝 3590/5616 -2)
Vocabulary: arena
(once / 617 pages)
1n 2n
If you're watching a college basketball game in person, chances are you're in an arena — a building specially designed for sporting events and large-scale rock concerts.
There's not much difference between an arena and a stadium, although an arena is enclosed and a stadium sometimes has an open roof. Football is usually played in a stadium, while basketball and other sports typically hold their games in arenas. The word arena originally meant "place of combat," and it's sometimes still used this way. Its root is harena, a kind of sand that was supposedly used on the floor during ancient Roman battles to soak up spilled blood.
WORD FAMILY
arena: arenas
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The arena is packed, and the faces are mostly white.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The school is one of about 70 elementary-only, mostly rural, single-school districts in Missouri that receive little attention in the education arena.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 表演场地，舞台; 竞技场; 活动或斗争的场所或场面; 古罗马圆形剧场中央的竞技场
分布：竞技场(100%)
→来自拉丁语harena , 沙，指古罗马竞技场(斗牛场），铺沙以吸干血迹。
角斗场(以沙铺地)[aren=sand(沙)]
【记】a一个，re拼：热，na读：闹。一个热闹的地方。大家看过《角斗士》吧！那里的古罗马竞技场多热闹呀！不仅有人人斗，人兽斗，还有群殴。
noun countable
PLACE 地方
■a large flat area surrounded by seats used for sports or entertainment （体育比赛或表演用的）场地，竞技场，剧场
• an Olympic/a sports arena 奥运会／运动会比赛场地
[ə'ri:.nə] noun countable
ACTIVITY 活动
■an activity that involves argument and discussion 活动场所；斗争场所；竞争舞台
• After 30 years in the political arena, our local member of parliament is retiring next year. 我们当地选出的这位下议院议员已经在政治舞台上活跃了30年，明年他就要退休了。
n. 舞台；竞技场
 - stage, lists

Word: footage
Front: footage
[ˈfʊtɪdʒ] (5899/14681 -2)
Vocabulary: footage
(once / 2318 pages)
1n 2n
Footage is a section of film or video that's been shot or recorded. A TV news station might play dramatic footage of a tornado's aftermath.
A film clip or a scene from a movie in production are both footage. Part of a film editor's job is combining all the best footage into a longer piece. Another kind of footage is a way to measure space — when you're selling a house, you'll need to advertise its size, or square footage. The film meaning dates from 1916, from foot as a unit of measurement, in this case of a length of film.
WORD FAMILY
footage
USAGE EXAMPLES
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The government said the footage was filmed in November as police conducted a "clearance operation" in Maungdaw after two police officers were shot dead.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 以英尺表示的长度或距离; （电影或电视的）片段的数量或长度; 连续镜头; 进尺
分布：连续镜头(90%)，尺数(10%)
→来自foot, 英尺。来自早期的35mm无声电影时代，16帧的画面约略为1英尺长度能放映1秒钟，因此该词就用做电影长度单位，后来词义通用化，用来指电影片段或镜头。
US ['fʊtˌ-] noun uncountable
■(a piece of) film especially one showing an event （尤指表现一个事件的）一段影片，片段
• Woody Allen's film 'Zelig' contains early newsreel footage. 伍迪‧艾伦的电影《变色龙》中有早期的新闻短片片断。

Word: complement
Front: complement
[ˈkɒmplɪment] (研六托雅 6760/5703 -2)
Vocabulary: complement
(once / 1260 pages)
nv
A complement is something that makes up a satisfying whole with something else. Those shiny red shoes you just bought complement your shiny red purse.
Complement comes from the Latin complementum, "something that fills up or completes." Complement keeps both the e and the meaning. It's also a verb; if you and your partner complement each other, you make a perfect pair. Something that complements completes or adds a little something.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
complement / compliment
Both are awesome on a first date — complement means to complete something, and a compliment is flattering. If you feel you and your new friend complement each other, maybe it's because he's been giving you so many compliments like when he says you look like a supermodel.
To complement, with an e, means to complete or supplement something, such as chocolates complementing the flowers you give your date. A complement is the thing doing the completing. The chocolates are a complement to the flowers. Here are some things that go well together:
Even as teenagers, they finished each other's sentences, complementing and encouraging the other. (Golf Digest)
In Ms. Clinton's case, IAC said her "skills and background complement the existing areas of expertise of other board members." (New York Times)
GM mosquito technology must be evaluated as a complement to existing control measures. (Scientific American)
To compliment, with an i, is to offer praise to or admiration. This could be in the form of words or actions. You might compliment your date on his dance moves, for example. "Your moonwalk is perfect!" is a compliment. Here are more:
"I lived on people's compliments, kind words," she says. (Washington Post)
Biggest compliment: After Rob completed his waltz, Judge Len Goodman announced, "You've got the best footwork of any guy I've seen on this show ever." (Time)
Once spelled the same, compliment became distinct from complement around 1650. They're still pronounced the same. You see the difference when they're written, so as long as you're just yapping no one will know if you mix them up. When writing, though, remember that a complement completes something, but I like getting compliments.
WORD FAMILY
complement: complemental, complementary, complementation, complemented, complementing, complements+/complementarity: complementarities/ complementary: complementaries, complementarily, complementarity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Size is an important consideration with plants, says Mr. Hancock, who notes that the plants should complement the furnishings and space, not dominate it.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“Her energy and her drive are something we were absolutely looking for to complement the existing management here,” Harvey said of Fischer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This season is Penn State’s first with the full complement of 85 scholarship players, though the team is one of the youngest in the country.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 补充; 补足语; 补充物; 补集（数）
vt. 补足，补充; 补助
时态：complemented, complementing, complements
分布：相辅相成(45%)，补语(36%)，补足物(14%)，余角(5%)
→来自complete,完整的。
补足,补全(com全部+ple+ment→全部满→补足)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.补足物,船上的定员;补语vt.补充,补足Comply with the compatible rule of complement when using compliments.使用问候语时遵守补语的相容规则.
【记】com共同，ple满，填满－共同满－补足源于complete（vt 完成，使完善）
【参】complementary（adj 补充的）
US ['kɑ:m-] verb transitive
■to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it 补充；补足；使完善；为…增色
• Strawberries and cream complement each other perfectly. 草莓加鲜奶油相得益彰。
• The music complements her voice perfectly. 音乐使她的嗓音妙不可言。
complement, compliment, supplement
complement: 补充，补足，把有缺陷的两个东西结合成一个整体
compliment: 赞美，恭维
supplement: 增补，追加，使完整物体进一步完善
complement, append, supplement
这组词都有“补充”的意思，其区别是：
complement: n.补充，补充物，主要指补充不足使之完美。
 • Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.   有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
append: n.附加，添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
supplement: n.增补，补充，补贴，主要指另外补加，增补。
 • One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new events.   我们在报告完成一年之后，必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分。
vt. 补足，补助
 - make up a loss, make sth up

Word: seizure
Front: seizure
[ˈsi:ʒə(r)] (7373/8959 -1)
Vocabulary: seizure
(once / 1243 pages)
n
A seizure is the act of taking by legal process or force, such as the seizure of evidence found at the scene of a crime.
A seizure is the act of seizing — a forceful action in which an object or person is suddenly taken over, grabbed, removed, or overwhelmed. It's not something you want to happen. Criminals may think the seizure of a wealthy person can bring them a fortune in ransom money. Another kind of seizure is the kind caused by a misfire of electrons in the brain, causing a loss of control of the body. It too is an unwanted taking over by force.
WORD FAMILY
seizure: seizures+/ seize: seized, seizer, seizes, seizing, seizure /seizer: seizers/seizing: seizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Johnson pointed to gun arrests and gun seizures as evidence that his officers are aggressively fighting crime.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 没收; 夺取; 捕捉; 突然发作
分布：发作(66%)，没收(22%)，夺取(9%)，捕获(3%)
→seize,夺取，占领，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义疾病突然发作。
US [-ʒɚ] noun
TAKING 攫取
countable or uncountable
■the action of seizing something by force or with legal authority 占领，夺取，攫取；查封，没收，充公
• seizure of power/property/control 对权力／财产／控制权的攫取
• Seizures of illicit drugs have increased by 30% this year. 今年，查获的违禁药品增加了30%。
UK ['si:.ʒər] US [-ʒɚ] noun
MEDICAL 医学的
countable
■a very sudden attack of an illness involving unconsciousness or violent movement （疾病的）骤发，突发，发作
• an epileptic seizure 癫痫突发
countable old use
■a sudden failure of the heart 心脏病突发
• His aunt died of a seizure. 他的姑姑死于心脏病突发。
• figurative humorous When I told her how much it cost she nearly had a seizure (= she was very shocked). 我告诉她花了多少钱时，她差一点吓出病来。
n. 没收；夺取；捕获
 - taking, capture

Word: ravage
Front: ravage
[ˈrævɪdʒ] (托雅宝 11974/14626 -1)
Vocabulary: ravage
(once / 796 pages)
vn
The word ravage can be used as a noun or a verb meaning destruction or to destroy. In a war, bombs and the attacking army will ravage the country under siege.
When ravage is used as a noun, you usually see it in the plural. Beware of the ravages of drugs on your body and your life. The city has almost been destroyed by the ravages of poverty and disaster. Often you see it paired with the word, time, to describe how things fall apart as they age. The ravages of time may be apparent in the lined faces and hunched postures of your grandparents.
WORD FAMILY
ravage: ravaged, ravages, ravaging+/ravaging: ravagings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The brand represents a new approach for Constellation, which also recently launched Ravage, a red-wine brand geared toward men with horseback-riding knights on its labels.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Scientists associated tau buildup with Alzheimer’s, but that disease ravaged the elderly.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
By the fifteen-thirties, the slavers were ravaging the Mosquito Coast and the Olancho Valley of central Honduras, destroying villages and rounding up people like cattle.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 毁坏; 劫掠
n. 破坏; 蹂躏
时态：ravaged, ravaging, ravages
分布：破坏(41%)，蹂躏(35%)，掠夺(12%)，毁坏(12%)
→来自古法语 ravage,破坏，毁灭，来自 ravir,破坏，来自拉丁语 rapere,抓走，夺走，词源同 rape,ravish.
破坏(rav+age状态→掠夺过的状态)[Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示"捕,夺"]
【记】rage（n 狂怒）的人ravage世界
verb transitive often passive
■to cause great damage to something 严重破坏；损坏；毁坏
• The area has been ravaged by drought/floods/war. 这一地区饱受干旱／洪水／战争的蹂躏。
vt. 毁坏；破坏；掠夺
 - destroy, harry, do for
n. 蹂躏，破坏
 - destruction, breaking, blasting
vi. 毁坏；掠夺
 - do for, play havoc with

Word: snatch
Front: snatch
[snætʃ] (高研六雅宝 6071/5049 -2)
Vocabulary: snatch
(once / 275 pages)
vn
When you snatch something, you grab it — either literally or figuratively. You might eagerly snatch the TV remote or your best friend's idea. Snatching can be nasty.
You might snatch a lost balloon before it gets away, or snatch your cat before he can escape the room. The verb snatch can also be used in a figurative way, like when you snatch the first job offer that comes your way after graduating from college. The origin is most likely the Middle English word snacche, which means "to suddenly snap at," or in its noun form, "a trap."
WORD FAMILY
snatch: snatched, snatcher, snatches, snatching+/snatcher: snatchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But opposition politicians said the snatched photo revealed the scale of the chaos in government ranks.
Seattle Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Staley spoke of Cox’s last failed burst of activism, and called on the weathered activists to snatch meaning from his death.
The Guardian(Nov 29, 2016)
He missed the one-and-one free throw and Trimble snatched it out of the air with 15 seconds left.
Washington Post(Nov 26, 2016)
Back: n. 抢; 一阵子，一下工夫; 很小的数量; <美俚>诱拐
vi. 作出握住或抢夺的动作; 很快接受
vt. 抢夺，夺得; 及时救助; [体育运动]举重
时态：snatched, snatching, snatches
分布：抢夺(49%)，抓住(28%)，夺取(17%)，一阵(3%)，一点点(3%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语 snacken,抓，抢，咬，词源同 snack,snap.插入字母 t,比较 bake,batch.
n./v.攫取,抢夺The watchful snatcher dispatched a batch of combatants to the hatch.密切注意的绑架者发送一批战士到舱口盖.
【记】snap（v 突然折断；猛咬），catch抓：猛抓－强夺，攫取
【区】snitch（n 告密者；告发者；v 偷）
verb transitive
TAKE QUICKLY 快速拿
 ADVANCED
■to take hold of something suddenly and roughly 夺走，抢走
• He snatched the photos out of my hand before I had a chance to look at them. 我还没来得及看，他就一把抢走了我手里的照片。
• figurative Running the best race of his career, Fletcher snatched (= only just won) the gold medal from the Canadian champion. 弗莱彻跑出了他职业生涯中的最好成绩，从加拿大冠军手中夺走了金牌。
 ADVANCED
■to take something or someone away by force 绑架；抢劫
• The six-year-old girl was snatched from a playground and her body was found two days later. 那名六岁的女孩在游乐场被绑架了，两天后就有人发现她的尸体。
• She had her purse snatched (= stolen) while she was in town. 她进城的时候，钱包被抢走了。
■to do or get something quickly because you only have a short amount of time 赶紧做，抓紧时间做
• Perhaps you'll be able to snatch a couple of hours' sleep before dinner. 也许你能在晚餐前抓紧时间睡上几个小时。
[snætʃ] verb transitive
snatch victory (from the jaws of defeat)
■to win a surprising victory at the last moment possible, when it had previously seemed certain that you were going to lose 出人意料地反败为胜，在最后时刻取得胜利
[snætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  snatch at sth
■to try to take hold of something 伸手抓；试图夺
• A man snatched at my bag, but he didn't get it. 一个男的试图一把抓走我的袋子，但没有得逞。
■UK and Australian English
■to try to use an opportunity quickly before it disappears 抓住（机会）
• I was desperate to find a way out of teaching so when this job came along I snatched at it. 我当时急于脱离教职，所以这份工作一出现我便毫不犹豫地抓住了机会。
[snætʃ] noun countable
TAKE QUICKLY 快速拿
■when someone tries to take something quickly and forcefully 抢，夺
• I felt someone behind me make a snatch at my bag. 我感到身后有人试图抢走我的袋子。
[snætʃ] noun countable
SHORT PART 简短的部分
■a short part of something 片断；只字片语
• I tried to hear what they were saying, but I only managed to catch a few snatches of conversation. 我努力想听清他们的谈话，但只听到了一些只字片语。
[snætʃ] noun countable
VAGINA 阴道 offensive for
■the vagina
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 抢夺；抓举；小量
 - reif, despoilment
vt. 夺得；抽空做；及时救助
 - capture
vi. 抢走；很快接受
 - reave

Word: santiago
Front: santiago
[sæntiˈɑ:ɡəu] (-/16886)
Back: n. 圣地亚哥（智利首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: adversary
Front: adversary
[ˈædvəsəri] (7244/9853 -1)
Vocabulary: adversary
(once / 485 pages)
n
An adversary is someone who fights against or opposes another. In tennis, you stand across the net from your adversary.
Adversary as in "enemy" or "opponent" is related to the words adversarial, or hostile, or adverse, meaning against or contrary. The Adversary is a specific reference to Satan, or the Devil. The word adversary is from Middle English adversarie, from Latin adversarius, from adversus "against."
WORD FAMILY
adversary: adversaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Notably, Dortmund and Klimt were handed off Sunday to Art Sherman, trainer of California Chrome, Arrogate’s chief adversary for top horse honors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I see absolutely no reason to trust an adversary sworn to destroy Israel and Judaism. Mr.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Obama finally gets tough with one of America’s adversaries—in order to bludgeon a domestic partisan rival.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 对手，敌手; 魔鬼
分布：对手(83%)，敌手(17%)
敌手,对手(ad+ers逆反+ary人→逆反之人→对手)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
对手(ad反+vers转...反转...对手)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
【记】来自adverse（adj 不利的，敌对的，相反的）
【参】adversity（n 灾难）；versatile（adj 多功能的，多才的）；aversion（n 反感）
【反】ally（n 联盟）
US ['æd.vɚ.ser-] formal
noun countable
■an enemy 对手，敌手
• He saw her as his main adversary within the company. 在他眼中，她是他在公司中的头号对手。
n. 对手；敌手
 - equal, opponent, comparative, rival, match

Word: fiasco
Front: fiasco
[fiˈæskəʊ] (宝 12481/11884 -1)
Vocabulary: fiasco
(once / 4628 pages)
n
A fiasco is a disaster. It's not a natural disaster — like an earthquake or a volcano; a fiasco is usually the result of human failure.
Fiasco comes from the Italian term that means "to make a bottle." How it came to describe an utter, embarrassing, disaster in the English language is still unknown. Today, you'll hear fiasco used in situations that have gone so horribly awry that they are almost laughable, like the Thanksgiving dinner fiasco in which the turkey burnt to a crisp, the dog ate all the side dishes, and everyone had to eat frozen pizza instead.
WORD FAMILY
fiasco: fiascoes, fiascos
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the truly startling thing about Ms. Carey’s New Year’s Eve fiasco is that she planned to perform “Emotions” at all.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fiasco cost the county recorder her job and led to lawsuits.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
His friends lingered in the courtyard, laughing about the fiasco.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 彻底失败，惨败
分布：惨败(100%)
→来自flask的意大利语拼写形式，瓶子，酒瓶。引申词义惨败，可能来自一种游戏，由输者支付酒钱，因而得名。
大惨败(意大利词,原意为易碎的瓶子)[-o 1.表名词"人,物或状态"2.表名词,用于音乐术语]
【源】法国人以前用来指18世纪法国舞台上意大利演员们所犯的语言错误，后引申为大失败。Fi飞，asco＝disco：飞起来跳Disco，就算不摔死，也得算是个大失败！你画的fresco（n 壁画）太烂了，是个fiasco！
【反】a notable success（一个显著的成功）
US [-koʊ] (plural fiascos or mainly US fiascoes) mainly US
noun countable
■something planned that goes wrong and is a complete failure, usually in an embarrassing way 完全失败；尴尬的结局
• The show was a fiasco - the lights wouldn't work, one actor forgot his lines and another fell off the stage. 演出彻底搞砸了，灯光不亮，一个演员忘了台词，另一个跌下了舞台。
n. 惨败
 - catastrophe, smashup

Word: cleanse
Front: cleanse
[klenz] (托 10540/11568 -2)
Back: vt. 净化; 使…清洁; 清洗
时态：cleansed, cleansing, cleanses
分布：净化(94%)，使 ... 清洁(3%)，使 ... 纯洁(3%)
→来自clean,干净。
【参】cleanliness（n 洁癖；清洁）
verb transitive
■to make something completely clean 清洗；使清洁
• Cleanse the cut/wound thoroughly before you bandage it. 扎绷带之前要彻底清洗伤口。
■to make someone or something morally clean or pure 使（道德上）纯洁；使净化
• to cleanse the thoughts of our hearts 净化我们的心灵
• Roman Catholics go to confession to be cleansed of their sins. 罗马天主教徒藉忏悔来洗涤他们的罪恶。
• figurative The mayor has promised to cleanse the city of drug dealers (= to remove them from the city). 市长承诺要肃清城市里的毒贩。
vt. 净化；使…纯净；使…清洁
 - purify, decontaminate

Word: patriotism
Front: patriotism
[ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm] (雅宝 8126/11874 -1)
Vocabulary: patriotism
(once / 523 pages)
n
If you're full of patriotism, you're full of love for your country. Patriotism is associated with serving your country and waving the flag.
There are, actually, a lot of ways to demonstrate your patriotism. Waving the flag is an obvious way, but anything that celebrates your country or makes it stronger is a great display of patriotism. Whenever a country is at war, people are more vocal about their patriotism, playing patriotic songs and making speeches full of national pride. Showing patriotism is so important that politicians will argue with each other about who really has more patriotism.
WORD FAMILY
patriotism: patriotisms, superpatriotism+/ patriot: patrioteer, patriotic, patriots/patrioteer: patrioteers/ patriotic: patriotically, patriotism, superpatriotic, unpatriotic/unpatriotic: unpatriotically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Your patriotism, your valor, your courage and your heroism — according to those you’ve served with, you were an exceptional soldier who led by example.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
They toured the Soviet sphere, and even further, and they projected a certain clean-cut morality and proper decorum, patriotism.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
There are many ways to express your patriotism.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 爱国主义; 爱国心，爱国精神
分布：爱国主义(88%)，爱国心(12%)
→来自patriot,同胞，爱国者，-ism,主义，思想。
[见上,-ism主义]爱国主义;爱国心[父,祖patr(i);part(o);pater]
爱国主义(patriot爱国者+ism)[patr(i)=father,表示"父亲"]
US ['peɪ.tri-] noun uncountable
■when you love your country and are proud of it 爱国主义

Word: backdrop
Front: backdrop
[ˈbækdrɒp] (托宝 6700/8605 -1)
Vocabulary: backdrop
(once / 3886 pages)
n
A backdrop is the scenery that hangs behind the actors in a play. You might help to paint the backdrop for your school's production of "The Sound of Music."
The backdrop is an important part of a theater production, since it provides a setting for a play or sets a mood for a musical performance. If you're watching a local version of "Oliver!" the backdrop might be designed to look like a London street scene, for example. The noun backdrop comes from US theater slang, from a combination of back and drop around 1913.
WORD FAMILY
backdrop: backdrops
USAGE EXAMPLES
From then on, slightly abstract, sometimes surreal touches are added to this realistic backdrop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Historic buildings across the city will become backdrops for projections illustrating the history of Hull.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Pop stars perform until past midnight, with the city’s skyline and Bayfront Park as the backdrop.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <戏>背景幕布; 背景; 交流声
分布：背景(97%)，背景幕(3%)
【记】back后，drop落下－在舞台后落下的东西－幕布
US [-drɑ:p] noun
countable (mainly UK backcloth)
■a large piece of cloth with buildings, countryside, etc. painted on it that is hung at the back of a stage during a performance 背景幕
only singular
■the view behind something 背景
• The mountains form a dramatic backdrop to the little village. 群山如画，映衬着小山村。
only singular
■the general situation in which particular events happen （事件的）背景
• Their love affair began against a backdrop of war. 他们的爱情故事在战争年代开始。
n. 背景；背景幕；交流声
 - prehistory

Word: telephony
Front: telephony
[təˈlefəni] (28866/30160)
Back: n. 电话学，电话，电话制造
分布：电话技术(67%)，电话通讯(33%)
n. [通信] 电话（学）；电话制造
 - phone, call

Word: modernise
Front: modernise
['mɒdənaɪz] (-/12559)
Back: vt. 使现代化，使适应现代需要
vi. 现代化，使用现代方法
n. 现代化事物
时态：modernised, modernising, modernises
分布：动词(66%)，名词(34%)

Word: blaze
Front: blaze
[bleɪz] (研四六托雅 8056/7128 -2)
Vocabulary: blaze
(once / 179 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A blaze is a bright, strong flame. A raging fire is blazing and you can also say other types of shining, like with talent, are types of blazing.
A fire is a blaze. Fire, when it's going strong and burning bright, is blazing. The greater the blaze, the harder a fire is to put out. You can also use this word for other types of brightness or shining. When Michael Jordan played in the NBA, he blazed across the league. Fashion trends that catch on quickly blaze across the country. If something spreads or shines like wildfire, it blazes.
WORD FAMILY
blaze: blazed, blazes, blazing+/blazing: blazingly, blazings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say firefighters got control of the fire within minutes and the blaze was contained to the main sanctuary.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The town’s fire department says the owner of the home wasn’t there when the blaze began.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The blaze was extinguished swiftly by other people at the scene, but the man was seriously injured.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 火焰; 光辉; 爆发; 光彩
vi. 猛烈地燃烧; 发光，照耀
vt. 在树片上刻痕指示（道路等）; 公开宣布
时态：blazed, blazing, blazes
分布：火焰(34%)，燃烧(18%)，光辉(14%)，迸发(10%)，烈火(9%)，发光(9%)，记号(3%)，传播(3%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 燃烧，发光，同blank.
n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰The crazy jazzman gazed at the blaze on the razor with amazement.疯狂的爵士音乐演奏者惊愕地盯着剃刀上的白斑.
verb intransitive
■to burn brightly and strongly 熊熊燃烧
• The sun was blazing down that afternoon. 那天下午烈日炎炎。
■literary
■to be brightly lit or full of colour 闪耀；发亮光
• Isaac's eyes suddenly blazed with anger. 艾萨克的眼里突然冒出怒火。
[bleɪz] verb intransitive
blaze a trail
■to do something that has never been done before 开拓道路；起先导作用
• Elvis Presley blazed a trail in pop music. 猫王普里斯莱在流行音乐领域开创了新潮流。
[bleɪz] noun countable
FIRE 火
■a large strong fire 大火，烈火
• Firefighters took two hours to control the blaze. 消防队员花了两个小时才控制住大火。
[bleɪz] noun countable
STRONG EFFECT 强烈效果
a blaze of sth
■something that has a sudden very powerful or noticeable effect 灿烂；炫目；绚烂
• The garden is a blaze of colour in autumn. 秋天花园里姹紫嫣红。
• His book was launched in a blaze of publicity. 他的书在大张旗鼓的宣传下上市销售。
[bleɪz] noun countable
MARK 斑点
■a white mark on the face of a horse or other animal （马等动物面部的）白斑
[bleɪz] noun countable
go to blazes old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to go away 走开！
[bleɪz] noun countable
what the blazes... ? old-fashioned informal
■used to give force to something you feel angry about （用于增强愤怒的语气）到底…？ 究竟…？
• What the blazes did he do that for? 他到底为甚么那么做?
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vt. 在树皮上刻路标；公开宣布
 - tell the world, go public
n. 火焰，烈火；光辉；情感爆发
 - flame, brilliance
vi. 燃烧；照耀，发光；激发
 - burn, to shine

Word: adept
Front: adept
[əˈdept] (托雅宝 10221/13923 -1)
Vocabulary: adept
(once / 1927 pages)
adjn
Are you looking for another word to describe a person who is highly skilled, very proficient or expert at something? Try the adjective adept!
In the days of Medieval Latin, an adeptus was a person who had learned the secrets of alchemy. Although an adept person today cannot turn lead into gold, the adjective is still high praise meaning "skilled, expert, highly proficient."
WORD FAMILY
adept: adeptly, adeptness, adepts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe Petersen is slightly more adept at film review, which allows the Huskies to narrow the gap with each passing day.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Like Janus, the Film Society of Lincoln Center is pretty adept at looking backward and forward at the same time.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But he gets quite adept at violence; he grows feral.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 精于…的，擅长于…的; 巧妙的
分布：熟练的(51%)，专家(31%)，老练的(14%)，名手(4%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根ept, 同apt, 合适的，熟能生巧的。
熟练的(ad+ept能力→有做事能力→熟练的)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
熟练的,老练的(ad+ept→有能力→熟练的)[opt,ept=fit,ability,表示"适应,能力"]
【记】ad朝向，ept能力－有能力－老练的
【区】adept 把‘e’想象成李小双在空中翻跟头－有技巧的adopt（vt 采纳，收养），o像一个圈用来采纳，收养。adapt（vt 使适应，改编），有两个a，因为他们互相适应，正所谓：近朱者赤，近墨者黑，近a者a。Inept（adj 不适当的，无能的，不称职的），-ept-能力
adjective
■having a natural ability to do something that needs skill 擅长的；熟练的；内行的
• She's very adept at dealing with the media. 她应付媒体游刃有余。
• Tamsin Palmer gave an impressive and technically adept performance on the piano. 塔姆辛‧帕尔默演奏的钢琴曲技法纯熟、感人至深。
adj. 熟练的；擅长…的
 - experienced, skilled, accomplished, clever, practiced
n. 内行；能手
 - expert, sharp

Word: navigate
Front: navigate
[ˈnævɪgeɪt] (托宝 6416/13860 -1)
Vocabulary: navigate
(once / 241 pages)
v
To navigate is to determine a path or course. If you volunteer to navigate on your family’s road trip to Alaska, be sure you’re the type who’s willing to stop and ask for directions.
Navigate, like “navy” and “naval,” comes from the Latin word navis meaning “ship.” Without the luxury of modern technology, ancient sailors had to be excellent navigators; they often relied on the stars to chart their course. (We don’t recommend that you try this method of navigation with your family in the car.)
WORD FAMILY
navigate: circumnavigate, navigable, navigated, navigates, navigating, navigation, navigator +/ circumnavigate: circumnavigated, circumnavigates, circumnavigating, circumnavigation/circumnavigation: circumnavigations/ navigable: navigability, unnavigable/ navigation: navigational, navigations/navigational: navigationally/ navigator: navigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In our everyday lives, we rely on our ability to navigate and remember.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 驾驶; 航行于; 使通过
vi. 驾驶; 航行
时态：navigated, navigating, navigates
分布：航行(53%)，驾驶(28%)，操纵(10%)，横渡(9%)
→来自拉丁语navis,船，来自snau,流动，游泳，词源同naval,nourish,-ig,驱动，词源同act,agent.引申词义导航，航行。
驾驶;航海(nav+ig走+ate→船走→航海)[nav,naus,naut=ship表示"船",naut引申为"海员"]
【记】navi船；参：navigation（n 航海，航空）
verb intransitive or transitive
■to direct the way that a ship, aircraft, etc. will travel, or to find a direction across, along or over an area of water or land, often by using a map （常指借助地图）导航，确定…的方向
• Sailors have special equipment to help them navigate. 船员们借助专门的仪器确定航向。
• Even ancient ships were able to navigate large stretches of open water. 即使是古老的船只，也能在宽阔的大片水域中航行。
• Some migrating birds can navigate by the moon (= using the moon as a guide). 有些迁徙的鸟类可以借助月亮确定方向。
• There weren't any road signs to help us navigate through the maze of one-way streets. 没有任何路标可以指引我们穿过像迷宫似的单行街道。
• We had to navigate several flights of stairs to find his office. 我们不得不攀上好几层楼梯才找到他的办公室。
■to move around a website or between websites 浏览，访问（网站）
• Their website is fairly plain, but very easy to navigate. 他们的网站页面比较简单，但浏览起来很便捷。
vt. 驾驶，操纵；使通过；航行于
 - man, drive, guide
vi. 航行，航空
 - put, sail

Word: overshadow
Front: overshadow
[ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ] (宝 9531/9694 -1)
Back: vt. 使失色; 使阴暗; 夺去…的光辉; 遮阴
时态：overshadowed, overshadowing, overshadows
分布：遮阴(50%)，使黯然失色(25%)，使不快乐或减少乐趣(25%)
→over-,在上，shadow,阴影。即在上面的阴影，使蒙上阴影。
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'ʃæd.oʊ] verb transitive often passive
■to cause someone or something to seem less important or less happy 使黯然失色；使相形见绌；使蒙上阴影
• Karen has always felt overshadowed by her famous elder sister. 凯伦总觉得自己与出名的姐姐相比黯然失色。
• My happiness was overshadowed by the bad news. 这个坏消息给我的幸福蒙上了阴影。
■(of a building) to be much taller than another building and therefore block the sun from it （建筑物）遮蔽，遮暗
• Grand Central Station in New York is overshadowed by the PanAm building. 纽约中央火车站被泛美大厦遮住了阳光。
vt. 使失色；使阴暗；遮阴；夺去…的光彩
 - pale, shade

Word: conquest
Front: conquest
[ˈkɒŋkwest] (研四六雅宝 7652/6507 -1)
Vocabulary: conquest
(once / 244 pages)
n
Alexander the Great's famous conquest of the Persian Empire was an act of conquering. For Casanova, on the other hand, a conquest was an act of seduction.
Conquest derives from the Vulgar Latin word conquaerere, meaning "to search for, procure by effort, or win." In addition to its most commonly used meanings — conquering and seduction — conquest has a third, less well-known meaning: a success in mastering something difficult, like the violin, for instance, or flying an airplane.
WORD FAMILY
conquest: conquests
USAGE EXAMPLES
It had been enjoying a run of success that reminded people of Leicester City’s unlikely conquest of England’s Premier League last season.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The United States and Russia cannot agree on how many Conquest Front fighters are in Aleppo.
Washington Post(Nov 27, 2016)
Hahn paints the latter half of the 19th century as an era of unchecked corporate expansion and imperial conquest.
Washington Post(Nov 22, 2016)
Back: n. 征服，击败; 战利品; （尤指）爱情的俘虏; 赢得（物）
分布：征服(93%)，战利品(5%)，俘虏(1%)，占领地(1%)
→来自conquer, 战胜。-t, 过去分词。
征服(con+quest)[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
n.征服,征服地,掠取物We are hoping that the conquest of cancer is imminent.希望癌症的征服为期不远.
US ['kɑ:ŋ-] noun
countable or uncountable
■when someone conquers a country, area or situation 征服；制服；攻克；驾驭
countable humorous
■someone you have had sex with but probably not a relationship 性玩物，性猎物
• I was determined not to become just another of his conquests. 我打定主意绝不成为他另一个的性俘虏。
conquest, victory, triumph
这组词都有“胜利”的意思，其区别是：
conquest: 指获取胜利或征服，把败者置于控制之下。
victory: 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，侧重艰辛与成功。
triumph: 着重胜利或成功的辉煌与彻底。
n. 征服，战胜；战利品
 - prize, defeat, capture

Word: disparity
Front: disparity
[dɪˈspærəti] (宝 7067/10067 -1)
Vocabulary: disparity
(once / 3012 pages)
n
If there is a disparity between how great you think you are at tennis and how you actually play, you are probably surprised by how often you lose. Disparity is the condition of being unequal, and a disparity is a noticeable difference.
Disparity usually refers to a difference that is unfair: economic disparities exist among ethnic groups, there is a disparity between what men and women earn in the same job. This noun derives from Latin dispar "unequal." The opposite of disparity is parity, the condition of being equal or the same.
WORD FAMILY
disparity: disparities+/ disparate: disparately, disparateness, disparity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those columns were prompted by the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement, the presidential campaign and disparities along racial lines in every aspect of American life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jones faced down a 13-6 shot disparity in the first period, as San Jose lost for only the second time in its last 10 games.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We never thought in these categories,” the Liverpool manager said this week when asked about the financial disparities between Bayern and Dortmund.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 不同; 不等; 不一致; 悬殊
分布：不一致(100%)
不同,不等(dis不+par平等,相同+ity→不相同)[par=equal,表示"平等"]
US [-'per.ə.tˌi] slightly formal
noun countable or uncountable
■a state in which there is no equality and similarity, especially in a way that is not fair; difference 不平等；不等同；差异
• the growing disparity between rich and poor 正在加剧的贫富悬殊
n. 不同；不一致；不等
 - difference, inequality, variance

Word: enrol
Front: enrol
[ɪnˈrəʊl] (-/8506 -1)
Back: vt. 登记; 入学，入会; 招收，吸收
vi. 入学; 参军; 注册
时态：enrolled, enrolling, enrols
分布：登记(84%)，卷(8%)，入会(8%)
US [-'roʊl/
verb intransitive or transitive
■to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college or group （使）加入；注册；招（生）；吸收
• Is it too late to enrol at the college? 现在去那所大学注册是不是来不及了？
• I enrolled for/in/on the modern art course. 我注册修读现代艺术课程。
• He is enrolled as a part-time student. 他注册成为非全职学生。
• They want to enrol their children in their local school. 他们想让自己的孩子就读当地的学校。
vt. 登记；卷起；入学；使入会
 - register, book in
vi. 注册；参军
 - log in, register for

Word: hapless
Front: hapless
[ˈhæpləs] (14193/14737 -1)
Vocabulary: hapless
(once / 1580 pages)
adj
Use the adjective hapless to describe someone unlucky and deserving of pity, like the hapless car buyer who gives in to the fast-talking salesperson.
The word hapless traces all the way back to the Old Norse word happ, meaning “chance, good luck.” Combine this with the suffix -less (“lacking”) and hapless means “unlucky” or “ill-fated.” A traveler who goes to Moscow and briefly gets lost on the subway? Just a tourist. A traveler who goes to Moscow, accidentally eats food he is allergic to, somehow loses all his money, and by chance gets on a train destined for Mongolia? Definitely hapless.
WORD FAMILY
hapless: haplessly+/hap: hapless, happed, happing, haps, mishap / mishap: mishaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He was booed on miscommunication with some of his hapless receivers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The running back attempted a tackle, but he bounced off Anderson like a hapless extra in a kung-fu movie.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 倒霉的，不幸的
分布：倒霉的(54%)，不幸的(46%)
→hap,运气，机会，-less,没有。
运气不好的(hap+less无→无运气的)[hap=chance,表示"机会,运气"]
不幸的(hap幸运)[-less表形容词"无…的,不...的"]
【记】hap（n 偶然；运气），less－不幸的
【参】mishap（n 灾祸；不幸）；happy（adj 高兴的）
【反】fortunate（adj 幸运的；幸福的）
adjective [before noun] formal
■unlucky and usually unhappy 不幸运的；不愉快的
• Many children are hapless victims of this war. 许多儿童是这场战争不幸的受害者。
adj. 运气不好的，倒霉的
 - unlucky, star-crossed

Word: irrational
Front: irrational
[ɪˈræʃənl] (8231/8527 -1)
Vocabulary: irrational
(once / 1824 pages)
1adj 2adjn
If you're a straight-A student and still you worry about failing all of your classes, you're being irrational. Your fears are not based on fact and not likely to come true.
Usually you use irrational to describe ideas and thoughts that are not based on reason, although emotions and behavior can be irrational too if they don't seem reasonable. Do you jump onto a chair and scream when you see a mouse? If so, you have an irrational fear of mice, or musophobia. If someone takes a swing at you for failing to say excuse me when you burp, both their anger and their actions could be called irrational.
WORD FAMILY
irrational: irrationality, irrationally, irrationals+/irrationality: irrationalities/ rational: irrational, nonrational, rationalise, rationalism, rationality, rationalize, rationally, rationalness, rationals/rationalisation: rationalisations/rationalise: rationalisation, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising/ rationalism: rationalist, rationalistic/rationalist: rationalists/rationalistic: rationalistically/ rationality: rationalities/ rationalization: rationalizations/ rationalize: rationalization, rationalized, rationalizes, rationalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wrote several columns about the harm that an irrational attachment to firearms causes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pessimism and cynicism are, in fact, irrational responses to a year that brought real lows — but also much to be thankful about.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There are signs, however, that craft brewing is being driven by what a late-night drinker might call irrational exuberance.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不合理的，荒谬的; 无理性的; [数]无理的
n. 无理数; 无理性的生物
分布：不合理的(61%)，无理性的(27%)，无理数(12%)
→ir-,不，非，rational,理智的，合逻辑的。
不合理的(ir+rational合理的)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
【记】rational（adj 理性的；合理的）
adjective
■not using reason or clear thinking 不理智的，没有理性的
• It's totally irrational, but I'm frightened of mice. 这很荒唐，但我的确害怕老鼠。
• His parents were worried by his increasingly irrational behaviour. 他的父母因他的行为越来越乖僻而担忧。
adj. 不合理的；无理性的；荒谬的
 - unreasonable, reasonless
n. [数] 无理数
 - surd

Word: linguistic
Front: linguistic
[lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk] (研六托宝 6695/3084)
Vocabulary: linguistic
(once / 3041 pages)
adj
Use the adjective linguistic to describe anything related to language, like the linguistic difficulties you might have if you visit a place where you do not speak the same language as everyone else.
The word linguistic combines the noun linguist, meaning "a master of language, one who uses his tongue freely," with the adjective suffix -ic. It describes something that’s related to language, such as a linguistic theory about why some people drop the g sound in saying words ending in -ing. Or, if you want to brag about how good your vocabulary is, then rave about your linguistic skills.
WORD FAMILY
linguistic: intralinguistic, linguistically, linguistics, nonlinguistic+/ linguist: linguistic, linguists
USAGE EXAMPLES
For a while, you may wonder if there is more to this enigmatic, epigrammatic movie than a string of clever allusions and linguistic puzzles.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
"From a linguistic point of view it's just another word," he told the BBC.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
While studying for a linguistics degree, I landed my first proper job at 21, translating for the revered Kommersant business newspaper’s website.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 语言的; 语言学的
分布：语言的(69%)，语言学的(31%)
a.语言的,语言学的The modern tourist will encounter very little linguistic difficulty as English has become an almost universal language.
adjective
■connected with language or the study of language 语言的；语言学的
• I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children. 我对幼儿语言能力的发展尤其感兴趣。
adj. 语言的；语言学的
 - glottic, philologic

Word: polite
Front: polite
[pəˈlaɪt] (中高 5492/4976 -K2)
Vocabulary: polite
(once / 176 pages)
adj
Polite means showing regards for others in manners, speech, and behavior. Since you are a polite dinner guest, you thank the host for inviting you and, even though you think the chicken is not cooked to perfection, you tell her you are enjoying the meal.
The adjective polite comes from the mid-13th century Latin politus, which means "refined" or "elegant." Showing consideration for others, using tact, and observing social norms are the qualities of being polite. The opposite of polite is rude. Because the poet E.E. Cummings thought imagination is most important, he wrote, “Knowledge is a polite word for dead but not buried imagination.”
WORD FAMILY
polite: impolite, politely, politeness, politer, politest+/ impolite: impolitely, impoliteness, impolitest/politeness: politenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Chase was just a great kid. He was quiet, just polite,” Liptrap said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“She was humble. She was polite. She sent a follow-up email thanking us for our time.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Though instantly recognisable, he still rises from the sofa and offers a firm handshake and an unnecessary but polite, “Hi, I’m Ben.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有礼貌的; 有教养的，文雅的; 上流社会的; 应酬的，客套的
级别：politer, politest
分布：有礼貌的(63%)，客气的(17%)，文雅的(10%)，有教养的(10%)
→来自拉丁语politus,擦亮的，优雅的，来自拉丁语polire,装饰，使整洁，词源同polish.
礼貌的(pol擦亮;文雅+ite;参考:polish)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
有礼貌的[pol=smooth(光滑)]
a.有礼貌的,客气的;有教养的,文雅的It should be included in the canons of a polite society.这个应该是文明社会法规中的内容.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows understanding of and care for other people's feelings 有礼貌的
• I'm afraid I wasn't very polite to her. 恐怕那时我对她有点不礼貌。
• She sent me a polite letter thanking me for my invitation. 她给我写了一封客气的信，感谢我的邀请。
• He was too polite to point out my mistake. 他太客气，没有指出我的错误。
 ADVANCED
■socially correct rather than friendly 斯文的，文雅的
• polite conversation 温文尔雅的谈话
polite society/company old-fashioned or humorous
■people who have been taught how to behave in a socially correct way 上流社会／上流阶层
• Sex never used to be discussed in polite society. 过去在上流社会从来不谈有关性的问题。
polite, civil, courteous
这组词都有“礼貌的、客气的”的意思，其区别是：
polite: 普通常用词，指言论举止无论何时均严谨有礼，很有教养。
civil: 语气弱于polite，着重只达到社交的一般要求，避免粗鲁。
courteous: 指言谈举止典雅，谦恭有礼，更侧重考虑他人的感情与尊严。
adj. 有礼貌的，客气的；文雅的；上流的；优雅的
 - civil, elegant, gentle, mild, courteous

Word: outstrip
Front: outstrip
[ˌaʊtˈstrɪp] (雅宝 16231/13694 -1)
Vocabulary: outstrip
(once / 2815 pages)
v
While outstrip might make you think about undressing, it really means outdoing. If the productivity of your garden outstrips your neighbor's, expect the neighborhood to come calling for fresh vegetables.
If one thing outstrips another, it exceeds it or goes beyond it. When you outstrip someone during a race, you pass them. When one company’s profits outstrip another’s, they make more money. When the productivity of one nation outstrips the neighboring nation, they will have a bigger Gross National Product.
WORD FAMILY
outstrip: outstriped, outstripped, outstripping, outstrips
USAGE EXAMPLES
The second, far more aggressive goal would seek to outstrip Russia’s relative parity with the United States.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
With vehicle supplies outstripping demand, prices are being slashed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 15, 2016)
With thousands listed as architecturally significant structures, sellers say that demand still outstrips supply.
BBC(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: vt. 超过，越过; 优于，胜于; 做得比…更好; 跑过，逃脱
时态：outstripped, outstripping, outstrips
分布：超过(94%)，跑过(6%)
→out-,超过，strip,条，道，跑道，词源同airstrip.引申词义超过，胜过。
[ˌaʊt'strɪp] (-pp-)
verb transitive
■to be or become greater in amount, degree or success than something or someone （在数量、程度或成就上）超过，胜过
• The demand for firewood now far outstrips supply. 现在对木柴的需求远大于供应。
vt. 超过；胜过；比…跑得快
 - better than, overcome, top, cap, outdo

Word: radioactive
Front: radioactive
[ˌreɪdiəʊˈæktɪv] (高研四六 7890/6732 -2)
Vocabulary: radioactive
(once / 3034 pages)
adj
When an object gives off a certain kind of energy, like the sun or an x-ray machine, it can be described as radioactive.
The adjective radioactive is a scientific term for a particular type of energy-emitting substance or thing. Radioactive energy, or radiation, is made up of active particles or electromagnetic waves. Nuclear waste is radioactive, but so are more ordinary things, like cell phones and the food we eat. The French word for it is radio-actif, which was invented by Pierre and Marie Curie, who combined radiationem, Latin for "a shining" with actif, French for "active."
WORD FAMILY
radioactive: nonradioactive, radioactively, radioactivity+/radioactivity: radioactivities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plan is to inject the liquid radioactive waste so that it coats the tiny particles that would ultimately be sealed in stainless-steel canisters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Energy Department is authorizing its contractor to resume the disposal of radioactive waste at the federal government’s underground repository in southern New Mexico.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Department of Energy, was built for the disposal of radioactive refuse generated for decades by the DOE's network of nuclear weapons laboratories and development facilities.
Reuters(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 放射性的
分布：放射性的(100%)
→radio-,辐射的，active,活性的，起作用的。
a.放射性,放射引起的The radiation radius of the radioactive radium radiator in the stadium is variable.放射性的镭暖气装置的辐射半径在体育场是易变的.
US [-oʊ-] adjective
■having or producing the energy which comes from the breaking up of atoms 具有放射性的；有辐射性的
• Uranium is a radioactive material. 铀是一种放射性物质。
• radioactive waste 放射性废料
adj. [核] 放射性的；有辐射的
 - emissive

Word: accent
Front: accent
[ˈæksent] (中高研四 4140/3701 -K2)
Vocabulary: accent
(once / 273 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
An accent is a stress or emphasis on a particular part of something, usually a word. Pronounce the word "doofus" with the accent on the first syllable: DOO-fuss.
Accent comes from the Latin accentus, which means "the intonation of singing." We use accent for different kinds of emphasis in speech. In some foreign languages, the mark above a letter is an accent that signals how to pronounce it. If you accent something, like the "t" on the end of your name, you highlight it. In music, an emphasized note is accented. A regional accent is the particular way that people from that place speak.
WORD FAMILY
accent: accented, accenting, accents, accentual, accentuate +/accented: accentedest, unaccented/accentual: accentually/ accentuate: accentuated, accentuates, accentuating, accentuation/accentuation: accentuations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harwood is a sixty-six-year-old man of medium stature who speaks with the kind of rural accent that sometimes drops the last letters of words.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her voice still carried the accent of her Brooklyn youth.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
It was particularly important not to stay in accent on this set.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 重音; 口音; 腔调; 重音符号（标在字母上）
时态：accented, accenting, accents
分布：口音(76%)，重音(10%)，强调(9%)，重读(5%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cent,唱,同chant, 咏唱。字面意思指说话像唱歌，后指口音。后指先说后唱，强调。
口音;重音,ac起强调作用[cant,cent=sing,song,表示"唱,歌"]
n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读"Ten percent of the cents are made in recent centuries," he said with strong accent."百分之十的分币是最近几个世纪制造的,"他带着浓重的口音说.
US [ˈæk.sent/
■to emphasize something 强调，着重；突出
• In any advertising campaign, you must accent the areas where your product is better than the competition. 在广告宣传中，必须突出你的产品比竞争对手优胜之处。
• specialized Accent the first note of every bar. 突出每一小节的第一个音符。
tone, dialect, accent
这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。
tone: n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
 • He speaks to his baby in soft tones.   他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect: n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。
 • the Yorkshire dialect   约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言
accent: n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。
 • He speaks English with a Spanish accent.   他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
n. 口音； [语] 重音；强调；特点；重音符号
 - stress, trait
vt. 强调；重读；带…口音讲话
 - emphasize, stress, highlight

Word: bumper
Front: bumper
[ˈbʌmpə(r)] (雅 10621/11230 -1)
Vocabulary: bumper
(once / 2242 pages)
1n 2n
A bumper is the curved bar across the front of a car that protects it from getting dented or scratched during minor accidents. If you bump into your mailbox, you may damage your car's bumper.
A car's bumper is designed to absorb as much impact as possible, protecting the more important parts of the car. A bumper car at a carnival is made to be slammed into other bumper cars — the bumpers help keep riders safe from injury, while the cars travel too slowly to cause damage. The earliest bumpers, in the 1830s, were on the front of trains. The phrase "bumper-to-bumper traffic" means an unusually dense traffic jam.
WORD FAMILY
bumper: bumpers+/ bump: bumped, bumper, bumping, bumps, bumpy / bumpy: bumpier, bumpiest, bumpily, bumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Former governor and Sen. Dale Bumpers died New Year’s Day at age 90 and former U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The year 2016 leaves us with a bumper crop of familiar but acutely revivified subjects for introspection: Who are we?
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Chunks of his bumper, alternator and battery were buried in the bank by the slough next to his car.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 减震器; 保险杠; 干杯中的满杯; 〈口〉巨物
adj. 特大的，丰盛的
vt. 装满; 为…祝酒
vi. 干杯
分布：保险杠(82%)，缓冲器(12%)，丰盛的(3%)，满杯(1%)，特大的东西(1%)，特大的(1%)
【记】bump（v 碰撞）－防止碰撞的东西－保险杠
【参】bumpy（adj 崎岖的），地上都是碰撞的坑。
US [-pɚ] noun countable
■a horizontal bar along the lower front and lower back part of a motor vehicle to help protect it if there is an accident 保险杆
UK ['bʌm.pər] US [-pɚ] noun countable
bumper to bumper
■when there are many cars and they are so close that they are almost touching each other 车子一辆接一辆
• By eight o'clock the traffic was bumper to bumper. 到了八点钟，交通变得非常拥堵，车子一辆接一辆的。
UK ['bʌm.pər] US [-pɚ] adjective [before noun]
■larger in amount than usual （数量）异常大的
• Farmers have reported a bumper crop this year. 据报导今年庄稼大丰收。
adj. 丰盛的，丰富的
 - abundant, full, luxurious
n. 缓冲器
 - buffer, dashpot
vt. 装满；为…祝酒
 - full of, fill with
vi. 干杯
 - drink a toast, toast to

Word: stymie
Front: stymie
[ˈstaɪmi] (宝 15618/-)
Vocabulary: stymie
(once / 8921 pages)
vn
The verb stymie means to obstruct or hinder. Constantly texting with your friends will stymie your effort to finish your homework.
Stymie was first used on the golf course in Scotland, where it referred to an opponent's ball blocking your own ball’s path to the cup. From there a verb sense developed, until finally stymie came to mean blocking with any obstacle, not just a golf ball.
WORD FAMILY
stymie: stymied
USAGE EXAMPLES
Curators were stymied as to the best way to present them - or whether they even belonged in a California history museum.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The digital divide looms as a personal catastrophe as you watch him being shown the basics but finding himself stymied by every small misstep.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
The group was flummoxed by the mass exodus of Syrians to Europe last summer, and stymied by the warm welcome they initially received in Germany.
Time(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. <高尔夫> 妨碍球; 困难的处境
vt. 妨碍，阻挠
时态：stymied, stymieing, stymies
分布：妨碍(86%)，使 ... 处于困难境地(14%)
【记】sty＝style，mie灭：通过妨碍把你歼灭掉。
【反】foster（v 养育）；promote（v 促进）；abet（v 教唆；支持）
['staɪ.mi] (stymieing) informal
verb transitive often passive
■to prevent something from happening or someone from achieving a purpose 阻止，妨碍，阻挠
• In our search for evidence, we were stymied by the absence of any recent documents. 缺乏近期的档为我们搜证造成障碍。
vt. 从中作梗，阻挠；妨碍
 - let, violate
n. 妨碍球
 - stimy

Word: curtain
Front: curtain
[ˈkɜ:tn] (高研四六托 3622/2492 -K3)
Back: n. 窗帘，门帘; 帐幕之物，幕布; 启幕，落幕
vt. 给（窗户或房间）装上帘子; 掩蔽
时态：curtained, curtaining, curtains
分布：窗帘(89%)，门帘(11%)
→curt, 同court, 庭院。后指挂布，窗帘。
n.窗帘,门帘;幕(布);结束;vt.遮掩It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a piece of material, especially cloth, which hangs across a window or opening to make a room or part of a room dark or private （尤指布质的）帘，窗帘，门帘
• Heavy curtains blocked out the sunlight. 厚厚的窗帘挡住了阳光。
• draw (= open or close) the curtains 拉窗帘
■a thick layer of something which makes it difficult to see anything behind it 帘状物，幕状物
• They could see nothing through the curtain of rain/smoke. 透过密密的雨帘／浓浓的烟雾，他们甚么也看不到。
■the large screen of heavy material in a theatre which separates the stage from the area where people are watching （舞台上的）帷幕，幕布
UK ['kɜ:.tən] US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
be curtains for sb informal
■used to say someone will die or have to stop doing something （某人）会送命；（某人）会完蛋
• It'll be curtains for him, if he doesn't do what I tell him! 要是他不按我说的办，他就完了！
UK ['kɜ:.tən] US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
the curtain falls on sth literary
■When the curtain falls on a period of time, it ends （某个时期）结束
• Although the curtain has now fallen on the Republican era, many of its values still remain. 虽然共和党的时代已经结束，但是它的很多价值观依然延续。
n. 幕； [建] 窗帘
 - screen, window hangings
vt. 遮蔽；装上门帘
 - shadow, shield

Word: filibuster
Front: filibuster
[ˈfɪlɪbʌstə(r)] (宝 14092/47429 -1)
Vocabulary: filibuster
(once / 3208 pages)
nv
As a verb, filibuster means "to obstruct legislation by talking at great length." As a noun, it can refer to that oppositional speech. "The Senator prevented a vote on the bill by reading the dictionary from aardvark to zyzzyva."
As a parliamentary tactic, the filibuster dates back to at least the first century B.C.E. The rules of the Roman Senate required that all business must be completed by nightfall, and, on more than one occasion, the senator Cato the Younger spoke until dark to delay a vote. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, a minister may "talk out" a bill, but his speech must pertain to the bill. In the United States, by contrast, a Senator may forestall action on a bill by speaking on any topic.
WORD FAMILY
filibuster: filibustered, filibusterer, filibustering, filibusters+/filibusterer: filibusterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Eastern time believed fervently in filibusters and limited government.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In frustration, Senate Democrats in 2013 used their majority to change the rules and abolish the filibuster option for lower-court judges.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Harry Reid decided to nuke the filibuster, which I think Democrats are sorry about now,” Ms. Severino said.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. [史]掠夺兵，暴兵; 海盗; 阻挠议事的议员; 会议妨碍行为
vt. 阻碍议案通过
vi. 阻饶议事; 掠夺，侵夺
时态：filibustered, filibustering, filibusters
分布：海盗(20%)，掠夺(20%)，掠夺兵(20%)，阻挠议案通过(20%)，妨碍议事(10%)，妨碍议事者(10%)
→来自freebooter的拼写变体词，海盗。后在19世纪末用于美国国会议员冗长演讲，以阻挠议案通过，即如同海盗抢劫。更多参照bunk, 废话，胡说。
故意阻癌(fili+buster阻挡→用线档住→阻碍)[fil,fili=thread表示"线条"]
【记】fili读：非礼，bus汽车，ter表示人：非礼汽车司机－如果某些大男子主义考生想阻碍“男女平等”这个议事通过，就可以混上人民代表的大巴，非礼汽车司机，让提议的人不能准时与会，效果与“作冗长的演说以妨碍议事”一样。Buster（n 破坏者）－防碍议事通过
US [-tɚ] mainly US
verb intransitive or transitive
■to make a long speech in order to delay or prevent a new law being made （为拖延或阻止新法律的通过而）发表冗长的演说
• Conceivably, supporters of the law could filibuster to prevent it from being revised. 可以想像，该法律的支持者会用冗长的演说去阻止其被修订。
n. 海盗；暴兵，掠夺兵；阻挠议事的议员；阻挠议事的行动
 - corsair, sea wolf
vi. 掠夺；阻饶议事
 - prey upon, pillage

Word: instruct
Front: instruct
[ɪnˈstrʌkt] (高研四六托 4243/3820 -3)
Vocabulary: instruct
(once / 69 pages)
v
This website is designed to instruct visitors about the meaning of words and their correct usage. To instruct is to give instructions, to teach.
Teachers are often called instructors because their job is to instruct, to give knowledge or instructions. The subtle difference between "teach" and instruct is that you can teach almost anything: concepts, ideas, theories or, say, history. When you instruct someone, you're giving them a set of tools or tasks to do something specific. That's why furniture, toys, and model rocket kits come with instructions: they instruct you how to assemble them.
WORD FAMILY
instruct: instructed, instructing, instruction, instructive, instructor, instructs+/instructed: uninstructed/ instruction: instructional, instructions / instructive: instructively, uninstructive/ instructor: instructors, instructorship/instructorship: instructorships/uninstructive: uninstructively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late August, on the day before classes resumed, Harriott instructed his team to comply with St. Thomas’s grooming standards.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The older woman is instructing the younger one, who is lost in thought in the midst of crushing garlic with a copper mortar and pestle.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Nashville police, when responding to domestic violence calls, are instructed to arrest the primary aggressor.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 教，讲授; 教导，指导; 通知; 命令
时态：instructed, instructing, instructs
分布：指导(54%)，教(37%)，命令(9%)
→in-,进入，使，-struct,建造，建设，词源同structure,destruct.引申词义教导，训练，指示，吩咐等。词义演变比较inform.
指导,教导(in进+struct→[把知识]建立进去→指导)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.教,教授;命令,指示He was instructed to sail for New York.他奉命前往纽约.
【记】in里面，struct建立：在你的里面建立知识－教导
verb
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED transitive + to infinitive
■to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way （尤指正式地）指示，命令，吩咐
• The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area. 员警奉命在这幢大楼里及周围地区巡逻。
transitive UK
■to employ a lawyer to represent you in court 委托（律师）
transitive
■When a judge instructs a jury , they tell it what the law means and how to use it. （法官就法律适用要点）向（陪审团）作说明
[ɪn'strʌkt] verb
TEACH 教
transitive
■to teach someone how to do something 教，讲授
• He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment. 他在体育中心工作，教人们如何使用健身器材。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
vt. 指导；通知；命令；教授
 - require, teach, coach, message, order

Word: interrupt
Front: interrupt
[ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] (高研四六托宝 3407/3386 -K2)
Vocabulary: interrupt
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2v
To interrupt someone is to interfere in their activity, disrupt their conversation, or to disturb their peace and quiet.
Imaging you're watching reruns of Jeopardy! and your mom interrupts you, threatening to turn off the TV unless you take the trash out. Then your brother interrupts your peace and quiet by shouting answers — wrong answers — at the TV. A special weather bulletin then interrupts your "regularly scheduled program" with a severe thunderstorm warning. And, to complete the job, lightning causes an interrupt (now used as a noun) in the power grid and your electricity goes off.
WORD FAMILY
interrupt: interrupted, interrupter, interrupting, interruption, interrupts+/interrupted: interruptedly, uninterrupted/interrupter: interrupters/interruption: interruptions/uninterrupted: uninterruptedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His solitary task was interrupted when a car pulled up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Play was not interrupted on the field during Sunday’s game, but eight rows of fans below the banner were cleared as a precaution.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
All Amber Alerts will receive a Wireless Emergency Alert, which pushes the notifications to mobile devices and interrupts broadcasts.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 打断（别人的话等）; 阻止; 截断
vt. 暂停; 中断; 打扰; 妨碍
vi. 打断
n. 中断; 暂停
时态：interrupted, interrupting, interrupts
分布：打断(45%)，中断(41%)，打扰(12%)，阻碍(2%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-rupt,打断，破开，词源同bankrupt,rupture.引申词义干扰，打断。
打断(inter在...中间+rupt→在[讲话]中间打断)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.中断,遮断,阻碍;打断(话),打扰The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
【记】inter中间，rupt断裂－使别人的谈话在中间断裂－打断
US [-tˌə-] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do, or to stop something from happening for a short period 打断；短暂中止
• She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her. 她试图解释所发生的事情，但他不停地打断她。
• I wish you'd stop interrupting. 但愿你别打断我的话。
• We had to interrupt our trip when we heard John's mother was ill. 听说约翰的母亲病了，我们不得不中止旅行。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
vt. 中断；打断；插嘴；妨碍
 - let, violate
vi. 打断；打扰
 - cut in on, to break in on
n. 中断
 - break, broken off

Word: nicely
Front: nicely
[ˈnaɪsli] (6016/5587 -K2)
Vocabulary: nicely
(once / 708 pages)
adv
When you do something nicely, you do it in a pleasant or charming way. Asking your brother nicely to borrow ten dollars is likely to work a lot better than demanding a loan.
A nicely dressed applicant has an advantage at a job interview over someone wearing ripped jeans. You can use the adverb nicely to mean "attractively," "politely," or "in a satisfactory way." It comes from nice, which originally meant "foolish," and whose meaning has changed in an unusually dramatic way over the years, from "stupid," to "fussy," to "delicate," and finally to "agreeable."
WORD FAMILY
nice: nicely, niceness, nicer, nicest, overnice+/niceness: nicenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the pharmacy business keeps humming along nicely, with comps rising 3.4 percent during the same time frame.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The last person to get hit by an IED was Cpl Nicely and he lost Both his legs and Both his arms.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
When her breath started to smell a few months ago, I told her nicely and in private.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 漂亮地; 恰当地，规规矩矩地; 精密地; 非常讲究地
adj. <口>健康的，强健的
分布：恰好地(45%)，精确地(33%)，漂亮地(22%)
adverb
PLEASANT 令人愉快地
 ADVANCED
■well, pleasantly or satisfactorily 令人愉快地；满意地
• Those trousers fit you nicely. 那条裤子你穿很合身。
• You've painted the woodwork very nicely. 你把木建部分漆得很漂亮啊。
• Bake the mixture for 35 to 40 minutes until the cake is nicely browned. 把混合料烘烤35至40分钟，直至烤成漂亮的黄褐色蛋糕。
• They said the baby was doing nicely (= was healthy) and would soon be back at home. 他们说婴儿身体很健康，很快就可以回家。
['naɪ.sli] adverb
KIND 好心地
■in a kind, friendly or polite way 好心地，友善地，礼貌地
• Well, I like her - she's always treated me very nicely. 哦，我喜欢她——她一直待我很不错。
• You can have another biscuit if you ask nicely. 如果你好好说的话，还可以再吃一块饼干。
['naɪ.sli] adverb
do nicely informal
■to make a large profit 获利颇丰
• They did very nicely from the sale of their company. 他们靠出售公司大赚了一笔。
['naɪ.sli] adverb
that'll do nicely
■used to say that something is satisfactory 那样很好，那很令人满意
• That'll do nicely, thank you. 那样挺好，谢谢你。
adv. 漂亮地；恰好地；精细地
 - exactly, beautifully

Word: thereafter
Front: thereafter
[ˌðeərˈɑ:ftə(r)] (研六托 6497/4570 -2)
Back: adv. 此后，在那之后; 〈罕〉据此
分布：其后(75%)，从那时以后(25%)
ad.此后,以后Thereafter we heard no more of this suggestion.此后这个建议不再有人提起了.
US [ˌðer'æf.tɚ] formal
adverb
■continuing on from a particular point in time, especially after something else has stopped happening 之后，以后
• He left the priesthood in 1970 and settled in the Washington area shortly thereafter (= soon after that). 他在1970年结束牧师生涯，不久以后在华盛顿地区定居。
adv. 其后；从那时以后
 - subsequently, thenceforth

Word: widow
Front: widow
[ˈwɪdəʊ] (研四六托 4691/3500 -2)
Vocabulary: widow
(once / 134 pages)
nv
A widow is a woman whose husband has died. If your uncle dies, your aunt will become a widow.
If a person's spouse dies, that person is referred to as either a widow or — in the case of a man whose wife dies — a widower. In most cases, people stop using the word widow if the woman marries again. Back in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it was common to use widow as a prefix to a woman's name, instead of "Mrs." The Indo-European root word of widow means "be empty."
WORD FAMILY
widow: widowed, widower, widowhood, widowing, widows+/ widower: widowers/widowhood: widowhoods
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the lawsuit, filed on behalf of Senegal’s widow, claims deputies misrepresented facts and obstructed the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a brutal scene, and one that leaves John a widow, just like in the Conan Doyle stories.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
About widows left to battle the VA for benefits after their husbands died of brain cancer.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 寡妇; 遗孀; [牌]放在一边的几张牌; [印]未排足的行
vt. 使成寡妇; 从…夺走; 杀死…的丈夫
时态：widowed, widowing, widows
分布：寡妇(77%)，遗孀(22%)，使丧偶(1%)
→来自weidh,分开，词源同wide,with,divide。用于指寡妇。
n.寡妇At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
US [-oʊ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a woman whose husband has died and who has not married again 寡妇，孀妇，遗孀
fishing/football/golf widow informal humorous
■a woman whose husband is often not at home because he is fishing or playing football or golf （丈夫因钓鱼、踢足球或打高尔夫而经常不在家的）钓鱼／足球／高尔夫活寡妇
n. 寡妇；孀妇
 - relict

Word: autocratic
Front: autocratic
[ˌɔ:tə'krætɪk] (15941/14892 -1)
Vocabulary: autocratic
(once / 3743 pages)
adj
Autocratic describes a way of ruling, but not in a nice way. An autocratic leader is one who rules with an iron fist; in other words — someone with the behavior of a dictator.
Autocratic rulers don't tend to be popular. They use fear and control to gain total power over their people. Often, their country is left destitute as a result of their actions. The word autocratic is often used to describe the head of a country, but really, anyone who is a despotic leader can qualify — including the boss who threatens to fire you if you refuse to polish his shoes and work every holiday.
WORD FAMILY
autocratic: autocratically+/ autocracy: autocracies/ autocrat: autocracy, autocratic, autocrats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Years of violence, civil war and assassinations ensued before the country stabilized under an “institutional” revolutionary party, which grew progressively more hierarchical and autocratic.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
This month its 31 million people lurched a big step closer to that breaking point, thanks to another senseless decree by its autocratic populist government.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 独裁的; 专制的
分布：专制的(53%)，独裁的(41%)，独断专行的(6%)
US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'krætˌ-] adjective
■like an autocrat 独裁的；专制的；独断专行的；专横的
• an autocratic ruler/regime 独裁统治者／政体
• an autocratic style of government/leadership/management 独断专行的统治方式／领导风格／管理方法
• The President resigned after 30 years of autocratic rule. 这位总统在进行了30年的独裁统治后辞职下台。
adj. 专制的；独裁的，专横的
 - absolute, arbitrary

Word: dither
Front: dither
[ˈdɪðə(r)] (25282/18861 -1)
Vocabulary: dither
(once / 16371 pages)
vn
When you dither, you're flustered because you can't make up your mind about something. You might dither about what to do if your two best friends invite you to parties on the same night.
The verb dither implies not only that you're having a hard time deciding about something, but that you're upset or agitated about it. You might say to your friend, "Don't just pace around and dither about what to wear! We're going to be late!" In the 17th century, dither meant "quake or tremble," and by the early 1800s it came to mean both "vacillate" and "be anxious."
WORD FAMILY
dither: dithered, dithering, dithers+/dithering: ditherings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most importantly, what are residents and visitors to the nation’s capital to do while D.C. criminal justice officials dither?
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
The dithering junior Michael Flynn insists the spurious Comet Ping Pong story will continue to flourish until it is proven false.
Seattle Times(Dec 06, 2016)
Dithering provides opportunities to the Kim regime, while underlining the need for strong leadership in the White House.
Time(Nov 17, 2016)
Back: vi. 犹豫不决; 发抖，颤抖
n. 发抖，颤抖; 慌乱; 高频振脉动
时态：dithered, dithering, dithers
分布：发抖(48%)，犹豫不决(29%)，兴奋(14%)，抖(9%)
→来自古英语didderen变体，踌躇，蹒跚。词源可能同dawdle, diddle, doodle, doddle.
US [-ɚ] disapproving
verb intransitive
■to be unable to make a decision about doing something 犹豫，踌躇
• Stop dithering and choose which one you want! 别犹豫了，赶快决定你想要哪个！
• She's still dithering over whether to accept the job she's just been offered. 她还在犹豫要不要接受刚刚提供给她的那份工作。
UK ['dɪð.ər] US [-ɚ] disapproving
noun
be in a dither about sth
■to be very nervous, excited or confused about something 紧张；激动；困惑
• Gideon is in a bit of a dither about what to wear for the interview. 吉迪恩紧张得有些不知穿甚么衣服去参加面试才好。
n. 发抖；递色； [电子] [自] 高频脉动
 - tremulousness, shudder
vi. 踌躇；发抖；犹豫
 - hesitate, shake

Word: blunder
Front: blunder
[ˈblʌndə(r)] (研六托雅宝 13190/12081 -1)
Vocabulary: blunder
(once / 492 pages)
nv
A blunder is an embarrassing mistake. Accidentally called your new boyfriend by your old boyfriend's name? Ouch. That's a blunder you don't want to repeat.
Has an embarrassing mistake ever made you feel like you’re stumbling around with your eyes closed? If so, it won’t surprise you to learn that blunder comes from the Old Norse word blundra, meaning to “shut one's eyes.” It wasn’t until the eighteenth century that blunder came to refer to a stupid or embarrassing mistake, or as a verb, to describe making such a mistake, as in “I tend to blunder when I'm nervous.”
WORD FAMILY
blunder: blundered, blunderer, blundering, blunders+/blunderer: blunderers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a series of communication blunders between fragmented intelligence, police and prison authorities allowed the suspects to slip under the radar and conceal their plot.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 24, 2016)
Those blunders essentially cost the Jaguars at least six points in a close game.
Washington Times(Dec 12, 2016)
He, not the CIA, is repeating the blunders of Iraq.
Slate(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: n. （因无知、粗心等造成）的错误; 大错，失策，疏忽
vi. 犯错误; 踉踉跄跄地走; 无意中说出，漏嘴说出; 弄糟，弄错，做错，办错
时态：blundered, blundering, blunders
分布：大错(76%)，失策(14%)，弄糟(7%)，绊倒(3%)
→词源同blind, 眼盲的。
v.(因无知等而)犯大错;踉踉跄跄地走n.大错The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
【记】bl＝blow打，under下面－被打入18层地狱－犯了大错plunder（v 抢劫）是blunder
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■a big mistake, usually caused by not taking care or thinking （通常由于粗心或欠考虑而酿成的）大错
• He said that the tax was a major political blunder. 他称这项税收政策是一大政治错误。
• I made a bit of a blunder by getting his name wrong. 我一疏忽，叫错了他的名字。
UK ['blʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move in an awkward way 跌跌撞撞地走，踉踉跄跄地走
• I could hear him blundering around in the darkness. 我能听见他在黑暗中踉踉跄跄地四处乱撞。
UK ['blʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
MISTAKE 错误
intransitive
■to make a big mistake, usually because of not taking care or thinking 酿成大错，犯大错
• Police blundered by not releasing more details about the case to focus public interest. 警方因没有提供更多的详细案情以引起公众关注而酿成了大错。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
vt. 做错
 - misdo
n. 大错
 - boner, ricket

Word: appease
Front: appease
[əˈpi:z] (宝 12426/13880 -1)
Vocabulary: appease
(once / 862 pages)
v
Appease means to make or preserve peace with a nation, group, or person by giving in to their demands, or to relieve a problem, as in "the cold drink appeased his thirst."
Appease often implies abandoning your moral principles to satisfy the demands of someone who is greedy for power: think of British Prime Minister Chamberlain's attempt to appease the Nazis at Munich. The verb appease comes from the Old French apaisier, "to pacify, make peace, or be reconciled," from the phrase "a paisier," which combines a-, or "to," and pais, "peace," from the Latin pax.
WORD FAMILY
appease: appeasable, appeased, appeasement, appeaser, appeases, appeasing+/appeasable: unappeasable/ appeasement: appeasements/appeaser: appeasers/appeasing: appeasingly/unappeasable: unappeasably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Regulators should aim to enable that vision — not to appease the hotel lobby or activists who shortsightedly favor preserving the status quo.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
That, economists say, will be enough to appease ratings firms that earlier this year warned of a downgrade unless Colombia compensated for fallen oil prices.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Santos then introduced several changes to appease his critics and even sat down for a meeting with Uribe for the first time in six years.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: vt. 安抚，缓和; 对…让步; 绥靖，姑息; 满足（欲望）
时态：appeased, appeasing, appeases
分布：安抚(65%)，平息(27%)，姑息(5%)，缓和(3%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. -pease, 同peace, 和平。即安抚，使和平。
【记】ap朝向，pease和平－朝向和平发展－使平息
【反】roil（vt 激怒）；vex（vt 使烦恼）；rile（vt 使恼怒）
[ə'pi:z] formal disapproving
verb transitive
■to prevent further disagreement in arguments or war by giving to the other side an advantage that they have demanded 平息；抚慰；绥靖；姑息
• She claimed that the government had only changed the law in order to appease their critics. 她称政府修改法律仅仅是为了安抚那些批评政府的人。
vt. 使平息；使满足；使和缓；对…让步
 - quiet, content

Word: physically
Front: physically
[ˈfɪzɪkli] (六雅 3243/3486 -K)
Back: adv. 体格上，身体上; 物理上; <非正>完全地
分布：身体上地(50%)，实际上(50%)
→来自physical,肉体的。
adverb
BODY 身体
 IMPROVER
■in a way that relates to the body or someone's appearance 肉体地，身体上地
• Physically I find him very attractive. 我觉得他的相貌很迷人。
• The protestors had to be physically removed from the room (= they were taken away). 抗议人士不得不被强行赶出房间。
• The work is physically demanding (= you have to work hard in a way that makes your body tired). 这项工作非常耗费体力。
• Special holidays are available for physically handicapped/disabled people (= those lacking the full use of part of their body). 身体残障的人享有特殊假期。
['fɪz.ɪ.kli] adverb
REAL 真实的
■in a way that relates to things you can see or touch or the laws of nature 按自然规律；根本上，实际上
• No one could have climbed that wall - it's physically impossible. 没有人能爬过那道墙，那是人力所办不到的。

Word: provocative
Front: provocative
[prəˈvɒkətɪv] (研六托 7222/9872 -1)
Vocabulary: provocative
(once / 2316 pages)
adj
If something is provocative, it provokes a reaction. A provocative book might get people talking about a controversial idea. A provocative statement, such as "I hate babies," will get another kind of reaction.
The action, thought, or feeling is often a desired one, called forth on purpose. In fact, provocative is often used to describe actions or ways of dressing that cause sexual feelings. But provocative things can also call forth something unwanted: "She was angered by the provocative remarks." This adjective was borrowed from French provocatif, from Late Latin provocativus "calling forth," from Latin provocare "to call forth, challenge."
WORD FAMILY
provocative: provocatively, unprovocative+/ provocation: provocations/ provoke: provocation, provocative, provoked, provoker, provokes, provoking/provoked: unprovoked /provoker: provokers/provoking: provokingest, provokingly, unprovoking/ unprovoked: unprovokedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The daily drama is being punctuated and animated by Mr. Trump’s provocative early morning tweets.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Frankly, I think essentially that suggestion is merely provocative and not a real recommendation,” Bulova said.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
How to cover a president’s pronouncements when they are both provocative and maddeningly vague?
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 挑衅的; 刺激性的
n. 刺激物; 兴奋剂
分布：挑衅的(34%)，刺激的(20%)，挑逗的(14%)，气人的(10%)，刺激物(8%)，兴奋剂(7%)，挑拨物(7%)
→来自provoke,挑衅，激怒，-ative,形容词后缀。
激怒人的,激发人的(pro+voe+ative)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
US [-'vɑ:.kə.tˌɪv] adjective
MAKE THINK 启发性的
■causing thought about interesting subjects 引发思考的，启发性的
• The programme will take a detailed and provocative look at the problem of homelessness. 这个节目将以启发性的视角详细审视无家可归这个问题。
UK [prə'vɒk.ə.tɪv] US [-'vɑ:.kə.tˌɪv] adjective
MAKE ANGRY 煽动的
■causing an angry reaction, usually intentionally （通常指故意地）使人生气的，挑衅的，煽动的
• a provocative question/remark 挑衅性的问题／评论
• In a deliberately provocative speech, she criticised the whole system of government. 在一次有意挑衅的演说中，她把整个政府体制批判了一番。
UK [prə'vɒk.ə.tɪv] US [-'vɑ:.kə.tˌɪv] adjective
SEXUAL 性
■If behaviour or clothing is provocative, it is intended to cause sexual desire （行为或衣服）挑逗性的
• She slowly leaned forward in a provocative way. 她挑逗地慢慢向前弯下身。
adj. 刺激的，挑拨的；气人的
 - incentive, stimulating
n. 刺激物，挑拨物；兴奋剂
 - stimulus, irritation

Word: dimensional
Front: dimensional
[dɪ'menʃənəl] (托 18602/15066)
Back: adj. 尺寸的; <物>量纲的; <数>因次的; 维的
分布：空间的(48%)，尺寸的(35%)，维度的(10%)，次元的(7%)
adj. 空间的；尺寸的
 - spatial, spacial

Word: savvy
Front: savvy
[ˈsævi] (宝 9659/39765)
Vocabulary: savvy
(once / 3422 pages)
nv
You are known as someone with a lot of business savvy, but only because you've managed to keep your staggering debts a secret. Which is actually pretty savvy. Someone who is savvy is shrewd and perceptive.
Most English words stem directly from other European languages, like French and Latin. Not savvy. It comes from the West Indies, a twist on the French savez vous? — “Do you know?” Savvy was first recorded in its adjective form in 1905. Synonyms for the noun form include acumen, discernment, grasp, perception, and sharpness.
WORD FAMILY
savvy: savvied, savvier, savvies, savviest, savvying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their mission: to promote Mr. Xi and the ruling Communist Party in a voice that resonates with China’s digitally savvy millennials.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
As savvy politicians, they are exploiting the American election for their own purposes.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Added senior linebacker Brandon Bell: “He’s really savvy. He moves better than you want him to. … It will definitely be a test.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: v. 知道，了解
n. 机智; 头脑; 理解; 悟性
adj. 有见识的，懂实际知识的，通情达理的
时态：savvied, savvying, savvies
分布：悟性(43%)，理解(20%)，机智的(13%)，理解能力(10%)，常识(9%)，有常识的(5%)
→加勒比混杂英语，借自法语 savez-vous,是否知道，来自 savez,知道，词源同 savant,vous,你， 词源同 rendezvous.电影《加勒比海盗》中杰克船长口头禅。
【记】savv＝saw锯，y：发明锯子的鲁班－有才智的
【反】tactless（adj 不老练的）；simplicity（n 头脑简单；直率）
['sæv.i] informal
noun uncountable
■practical knowledge and ability 常识；知识；能力
• She hasn't got much savvy. 她的水准还不够。
• business savvy 专业知识
n. 悟性；理解能力
 - savey
vt. 理解；懂
 - see, absorb, read, seize
vi. 理解；知道
 - cotton on, get at

Word: murderer
Front: murderer
[ˈmɜ:dərə(r)] (四六 5423/5115)
Vocabulary: murderer
(once / 335 pages)
n
If you’re looking for a roommate and someone writes murderer under “occupation,” you should definitely keep looking. A murderer is a person who kills deliberately and without justification.
In some instances, killing a person is considered a just or valid action — in a war, a soldier who kills another soldier is not considered to be a murderer, and people who kill in self-defense, to save themselves, are also not murderers. Killing out of anger or for money or revenge is murder, and anyone who does it is a murderer. Charles Manson is in jail for being a murderer. The Old English root of murderer is morðor, "unlawful killing."
WORD FAMILY
murderer: murderers+/ murder: murdered, murderer, murdering, murderous, murders/ murderous: murderously, murderousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You may also remember him from a citation in South Carolina church mass murderer Dylann Roof’s manifesto.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Apple clashed with the FBI when it refused to unlock an iPhone used by a murderer.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 谋杀犯，凶手
分布：凶手(58%)，杀人犯(42%)
→来自murder,谋杀，-er,人。即杀人犯。
US ['mɝ:.dɚ.ɚ] noun countable (old-fashioned female murderess)
■someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person 杀人犯，凶手
• A convicted murderer was executed in North Carolina yesterday. 昨天一名已定罪的杀人犯在北卡罗来纳州被处决。
• a mass murderer (= someone who has killed a large number of people illegally) 杀人狂
n. 凶手；谋杀犯
 - Cain, slayer

Word: calorie
Front: calorie
[ˈkæləri] (研托雅宝 -/13241 -2)
Vocabulary: calorie
(once / 4086 pages)
n
A calorie is the energy that it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade. More importantly, a calorie is a unit that you can use to measure the energy in your food.
From the Latin calor, “to heat,” a calorie is a measurement of heat energy (it may be called a small calorie or a large calorie). When you’re out of the chemistry lab, you’ll most often hear calorie in relation to the energy in food or the energy you burn through exercise. It will also usually be referred to in the plural, as calories. This makes sense: just one calorie won’t make any difference in what you weigh, but many calories will!
WORD FAMILY
calorie: calories
USAGE EXAMPLES
The effects of small imbalances between calories eaten and calories burned are more pronounced when people deliberately lose weight, Dr. Hall said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
One group ate a fairly typical American diet, consuming about 3,000 calories a day, high in animal proteins with few fruits and vegetables.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The same ambiguity surrounds menu-labeling rules, which require chain establishments that serve prepared food to also display those foods’ calorie counts.
Washington Post(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 大卡; 千卡（食物所产生的能量单位）; 卡路里; 卡（热量单位）
分布：卡(99%)，=calory.(1%)
→来自词根cal, 热，词源同cauldron, chauffeur.
热卡[calori=heat,表示"热"]
n.卡路里(食物所产生的热量或能量单位)It is said that one piece of their bread has more that 100 calories.据说他们生产的面包一片就含有一百多卡路里.
【参】calorific（adj 产生热量的）
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
FOOD 食物
■a unit of energy which is used as a measurement for the amount of energy which food provides 卡，卡路里（测量食物所含热量的单位）
• There are about fifty calories in an apple. 一个苹果大约含有50卡路里的热量。
• An athlete in training needs a lot of calories. 进行训练的运动员需要很多热量。
• This drink can only help you to lose weight as a part of a calorie -controlled diet. 这种饮料只能作为控制热量饮食的一部分来帮你减肥。
• He found calorie -counting the best way of losing weight. 他发现计算热量摄取量是最好的减肥方法。
UK ['kæl.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun countable
HEAT 热量 specialized
■a unit of heat energy 卡，卡路里（热量单位）

Word: contradict
Front: contradict
[ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt] (高研六托雅宝 6863/6870 -1)
Vocabulary: contradict
(once / 246 pages)
v
"Contra-" usually means "against," and to contradict is to go against or say the opposite of what someone else is doing or saying. Sometimes to contradict is to frustrate with words, like when one person says "The sky is blue" and another says "No, it's azure."
Denying or distorting the truth is a big part of trying to contradict. It can be harmless verbal back-and-forth, like when a husband and wife disagree just to disagree, or contradict each other to make a humorous point, but at other times people contradict something to make another person look like a liar. Often, a person who has lied will later contradict himself by saying something different from what he said earlier — and sometimes the two sides contradict each other, and neither is actually right.
WORD FAMILY
contradict: contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictory, contradicts+/ contradiction: contradictions, self-contradiction/contradictoriness: contradictorinesses/ contradictory: contradictories, contradictorily, contradictoriness, self-contradictory
USAGE EXAMPLES
Therefore, Stanley said, Christians wrestling with parts of Scripture that seem to contradict themselves or modern science need not abandon the faith.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The AIT said the transit did not contradict the “one China” policy.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
While Trump hiring donors is not illegal, it certainly contradicts the message of his own campaign.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 反驳，驳斥; 否认; 与…矛盾，与…抵触
vi. 反驳; 否认; 发生矛盾
时态：contradicted, contradicting, contradicts
分布：反驳(95%)，与 ... 矛盾(5%)
→contra-, 相对，相反。-dict, 说，见dictator, dictionary.
反驳;矛盾(contra+dict说→反着说→反驳)[contra-表示"反对,相反"]
反驳;否认(contra反+dict→反说→反驳)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.反驳;同...矛盾,同...抵触The dictator predicted the contradiction in the dictionary.独裁者预言了字典中的矛盾.
【记】contra反，dict说－反着你的意思说－反驳
【参】contradiction（n 反驳；矛盾）；contrary（n 反面；adj /adv 相反）contradictory（adj 反驳的；n 矛盾因素；对立物）；
US [ˌkɑ:n-] verb intransitive or transitive
■(of people) to state the opposite of what someone else has said, or (of one fact or statement) to be so different from another fact or statement that one of them must be wrong （指人）反驳，否定；（指事实或声明）（与…）相矛盾，（与…）有抵触
• If you're both going to lie, at least stick to the same story and don't contradict each other! 如果你们俩都要撒谎，至少也要口径一致，不要互相矛盾！
• [R] He kept contradicting him self when we were arguing - I think he was a bit confused. 我们争论时他一直自相矛盾——我想他有点糊涂了。
• How dare you contradict (me)! 你怎么敢顶撞我！
• Recent evidence has tended to contradict established theories on this subject. 关于这一问题，最近发现的证据与即存理论有相抵触的倾向。
refute, deny, contradict, oppose
这组词都有“否定，否认”的意思，其区别是：
refute: 语气较强，强调凭推理或证据驳斥一项主张或言论。
deny: 普通用词，侧重否认意见或言论的真实性，尤指否定他人的指控或责难。
contradict: 指肯定地否认、反对或反驳某事，坚持相反的意见。
oppose: 普通的广泛用词。指不作争论或不提出论据而无理由地反对；也指任何温和、有理由的反对或否定。
vt. 反驳；否定；与…矛盾；与…抵触
 - negative, deny
vi. 反驳；否认；发生矛盾
 - deny, talk back

Word: boko

Word: contradictory
Front: contradictory
[ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri] (高六托宝 7435/7106)
Vocabulary: contradictory
(once / 1236 pages)
adjn
A contradictory statement is one that says two things that cannot both be true. An example: My sister is jealous of me because I'm an only child.
Contradictory is related to the verb contradict, which means to say or do the opposite, and contrary, which means to take an opposite view. When witnesses give contradictory accounts of crimes—one saying the assailant had a knife and the other a gun—police officers often assume that at least one of the witnesses is lying.
WORD FAMILY
contradictory: contradictories, contradictorily, contradictoriness, self-contradictory+/ contradict: contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictory, contradicts/ contradiction: contradictions, self-contradiction/contradictoriness: contradictorinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were contradictory testimonies about the shirt Rasputin was wearing.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
It is always uneven, discontinuous, reversible, contradictory, producing winners and losers, no force of nature but manmade.”
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
After a few years, Hammer was getting older and realized the role was “contradictory to the way he lived,” Chris Darnold said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 矛盾的; 反驳的; 抗辩的
n. 对立物; 矛盾因素
分布：矛盾(67%)，矛盾的(33%)
矛盾的,对立的(contradict反驳+ory)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
矛盾的(contra反＋dict说...反过来说)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
US [ˌkɑ:n.trə'dɪk.tɚ-] adjective
■If two or more facts, pieces of advice, etc. are contradictory, they are very different from each other 对立的；相互矛盾的；不一致的
• I keep getting contradictory advice - some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me to put ice on it. 我不断得到些相互矛盾的建议——有人要我对它保暖，有人叫我给它敷冰。
adj. [数] 矛盾的；反对的；反驳的；抗辩的
 - anti, conflictive

Word: greedy
Front: greedy
[ˈgri:di] (高研四六托雅 8908/8585)
Vocabulary: greedy
(once / 640 pages)
adj
Being greedy means you want more and more of something, especially money. But you can be greedy for just about anything, including food, drink, or fame.
People who are greedy are a little too interested in having something. Usually, that something is money. Rich people who keep trying to get more and more money are often accused by being greedy. A gluttonous person is greedy for food. If you're obsessed with something and can't get enough of it, you're greedy for it. This is a word for extreme, grasping, devouring behavior.
WORD FAMILY
greedy: greedier, greediest, greedily, greediness, overgreedy+/ greed: greeds, greedy /greediness: greedinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A leaked American diplomatic cable said she was the “the single most hated person” in Uzbekistan and a “greedy power hungry individual.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Another is to be less greedy in negotiating with potential licensees and commercial partners.
Science Magazine(Dec 20, 2016)
Instead, he told “Entertainment Tonight,” he will portray the son of a greedy banker who employed the childrens’ father.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 贪吃的; 贪心的; 贪婪的; 渴望的
级别：greedier, greediest
分布：贪婪的(100%)
a.贪吃的,贪婪的,渴望的Don't be so greedy.别这么贪.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■wanting a lot more food, money, etc. than you need 贪吃的；贪财的；贪婪的；贪得无厌的
• greedy, selfish people 贪婪自私的人
• He's greedy for power/success. 他贪恋权力／极度渴望成功。
adj. 贪婪的；贪吃的；渴望的
 - eager, hungry, anxious, desired, sick

Word: evidently
Front: evidently
[ˈevɪdəntli] (6339/4308 -2)
Back: adv. 明显地，显而易见; 明显地，清楚地; 错不了，毫无疑问
分布：明显地(73%)，显著地(18%)，显而易见地(9%)
['ev.ɪ.dənt.li] slightly formal
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a way that is easy to see 显然地
• He was evidently upset by the news of the accident. 显然，他听到出了事之后就非常不安。
• a thin although evidently pregnant woman 一个苗条但显然已经身怀六甲的妇女
■used to say what people believe is true 据说
• He had an accident and evidently he was driving at excessive speed. 他出了交通意外，据说事发时他超速驾驶。
adv. 显然，明显地；清楚地
 - obviously, clearly, definitely, fair, plain

Word: practitioner
Front: practitioner
[prækˈtɪʃənə(r)] (研托雅宝 4251/2676 -2)
Vocabulary: practitioner
(once / 1497 pages)
n
A practitioner is an expert who uses that knowledge as part of a profession. Every yoga practitioner started by attending an introductory class.
In practitioner, you can see the word practice, which everyone says will make you perfect. Practice can also mean the clients, daily activities, and location where a professional such as a doctor works. So a practitioner is someone who has learned everything about his or her field and is actively working in that field. So don't worry about going to the doctor — you won't be practice for this practitioner.
WORD FAMILY
practitioner: practitioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first thing about futurism that surprised me is that practitioners don’t think much about technological change.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Project ECHO’s long-distance training for physicians, their assistants and nurse practitioners mimics the mentoring that interns and residents receive at elite urban hospitals.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It also needs nurse practitioners, physicians’ assistants, and emergency medical technicians.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 从业者; 执业医生; 习艺者; 专门人才
分布：从业者(62%)，实践者(38%)
→来自practice,实践，从业。
n.实践者,从事者;(医生或律师等)开业者He is a medical practitioner.他是执业医生.
【记】源于：practice（v /n 实践）
【反】fledgling（n 无经验者）；quack（n 庸医；骗子）
US [-ɚ] slightly formal
noun countable
■someone involved in a skilled job or activity 执业者；从业人员
• Elizabeth Quan is a London-based practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine. 伊莉莎白‧康是一位在伦敦执业的中医医师。
• She was a medical practitioner (= a doctor) before she entered politics. 从政前她是个医生。
⇒ See also GP

Word: repressive
Front: repressive
[rɪˈpresɪv] (研 11423/11934 -1)
Vocabulary: repressive
(once / 5976 pages)
adj
Repressive things keep people from doing or saying what they want. Repressive controls on the press don't allow journalists to freely report the news.
It's almost always a government, or a political or social system, that acts in a repressive way. When police officers don't let citizens videotape arrests, or a society doesn't allow girls to attend school, it's repressive. Someone growing up in a repressive family might feel cautious about saying or doing the wrong things. The adjective repressive comes from the Latin root repressus, "held back or curbed," and also "checked or restrained."
WORD FAMILY
repressive: repressively+/ repress: repressed, represser, represses, repressing, repression, repressive / repressed: repressedly, unrepressed/represser: repressers/repressing: repressingly/ repression: repressions
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the readout of your model is that North Carolina is as repressive as Cuba, maybe the problem is your model rather than North Carolina.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Both used their fame to critique fame—a repressive system that kept their real selves from the world.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
The true danger of human nature is to idealize anything that’s already happened, be it the repressive 1950s or fancy-free Clinton era.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 抑制的，镇压的; 压抑的
分布：压抑的(54%)，镇压的(36%)，专制的(10%)
adjective
■controlling what people do, especially by using force （尤指透过武力进行的）镇压，压制
• a repressive military regime 残酷专制的军事政权
■preventing people from expressing their feelings 压制人们表达情感的
adj. 镇压的；压抑的；抑制的
 - depressing, suppressive

Word: purport
Front: purport
[pəˈpɔ:t] (托宝 11339/8820 -1)
Vocabulary: purport
(once / 1106 pages)
vn
Use purport when you want to convince people about something that might not be true, like when you purport that the dog ate your homework.
The verb purport can mean "to claim" — whether you mean it or not — or "to intend," like when you purport to study all night. So it makes sense that as a noun, purport means the intention or purpose, like the purport of a political candidate's speech was to get your vote. If the speech was long and hard to follow, you might be lucky just to get the purport, which here means "the main point or meaning."
WORD FAMILY
purport: purported, purportedly, purporting, purports
USAGE EXAMPLES
Turkish media also showed video purported to be of the suspect.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Here is what Hughes purported to be her logic:
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The defendants include purported Hobos boss Gregory Chester and accused gang hit man Paris Poe.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 声称; 意图; 意味着; 打算
n. 意义，要旨; 目的，意图
时态：purported, purporting, purports
分布：声称(43%)，意义(25%)，意图(20%)，意味着(4%)，大要(4%)，要旨(4%)
→pur-,向前，-port,含有，承载，词源同porter,comport.引申词义自称，标榜等。
要领;大意(pur[=per全部]+port→全部拿到一起→要领,大意)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
【记】源于：purpose（n 目的；意图）
US [pɜ˞ːˈpɔːrt/
■to pretend to be or to do something, especially in a way that is not easy to believe 声称，标榜
• They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school. 他们声称自己代表了该校大多数学生家长的期望。
• The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease. 该研究据称显示出这种疾病的发病率在上升。
• The tape recording purports to be of a conversation between the princess and a secret admirer. 这盒录音带据称是王妃和她的一个秘密爱慕者之间的谈话。
formal
noun uncountable UK [ˈpɜː.pɔːt] US [ˈpɜ˞ː.pɔːrt/
■the general meaning of someone's words or actions 大意，主旨
• I didn't read it all but I think the purport of the letter was that he will not be returning for at least a year. 我没有把信读完，但我想这封信的大意是说他至少一年不回来。
vt. 声称；意图；意指；打算
 - say, propose, think
n. 意义，主旨；意图
 - significance, intention, meaning, substance, will

Word: psychologist
Front: psychologist
[saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] (托 3014/4623)
Vocabulary: psychologist
(once / 1283 pages)
n
A psychologist is a scientist who studies the mind. Unless specified, you should assume the psychologist studies the human mind — as opposed to, for example, a pet psychologist.
A psychologist can be a researcher, who makes abstract studies of mental disorders and their treatments. Or, a psychologist can be licensed to see and treat patients, offering therapy for mental conditions or behavioral issues. The word comes from two Latin root, psyche, meaning "soul, mind, and spirit," and logia, meaning "the study of." Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist does not have a medical degree, and therefore cannot prescribe medication.
WORD FAMILY
psychologist: psychologists+/ psychological: psychologically/ psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
From 1968 until his death he was president and clinical psychologist at Behavior Service Consultants in Greenbelt.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For more tips from psychologists on how to keep resolutions, see this advice from the American Psychological Association.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough is not only a psychologist; he also writes fiction, and in describing this work he emphasizes the role of hearing voices.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 心理学研究者，心理学家
分布：名词(100%)
【记】源于：psyche（n 心智；精神）
【参】psychoanalysis（n 心理分析）
US [-'kɑ:.lə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on them 心理学家
• a child psychologist 儿童心理学家
• an educational psychologist 教育心理学家
• She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist with the Northumberland Health Authority. 她在诺森伯兰健康中心当了15年的临床心理学家。

Word: rub
Front: rub
[rʌb] (研四六托雅 2875/3231 -K2)
Vocabulary: rub
(once / 189 pages)
1vn 2n
To rub is to push firmly and repeatedly, like when you rub your sore foot. When Hamlet says, "aye, there's the rub," he's not talking about getting a massage. Rub, as a noun, is an obstacle or something in your way.
You can rub someone's aching back or rub sunblock on your arms and legs. You can also watch chunks of melting ice on a lake's surface rub against each other or complain that your new shoes rub your heels and give you blisters. Colloquially, you might rub off on your friends, or begin to influence them by your mere presence. If, however, you rub them the wrong way, you irritate or annoy them. The noun rub is not used nearly as often as the verb, but people do love to allude to Hamlet's "aye, there's the rub" line in the "to be or not to be" soliloquy, referring to the unforeseen dreams of death that haunt mankind.
WORD FAMILY
rub: rubbed, rubbing, rubs+/rubbing: rubbings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He settled each onto his workbench and rubbed beeswax into them until they darkened and turned shiny.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
He grabbed a tissue, doused it with rubbing alcohol and started furiously rubbing at his fingers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，摩擦; 用…擦; 触怒; （使）相互磨擦
vi. 接触，摩擦; 擦伤; 在困境中持续下去
n. 摩擦的动作; 表面不平; 阻碍，困难
时态：rubbed, rubbing, rubs
分布：擦(63%)，摩擦(23%)，搓(9%)，困难(3%)，障碍(1%)，惹恼(1%)
→词源不详。
v.擦,摩擦He rubbed his hands.他搓揉双手.
verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
 IMPROVER
■to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up and down repeated movement 擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓
• She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily. 她打着哈欠睡意蒙地揉着眼睛。
• He rubbed (at) the stain on his trousers and made it worse. 他去擦裤子上的污渍，结果越擦越脏。
• We rubbed some polish into the surface of the wood. 我们在木头表面刷了一些亮光漆。
• She gently rubbed the ointment in. 她轻轻揉搓使药膏渗入。
• First rub the baking tray well with butter. 先用奶油仔细涂擦烤盘。
• [+ obj + adj] Alice rubbed the blackboard clean for the teacher. 爱丽斯替老师擦干净黑板。
• Your cat keeps on rubbing itself (up) against my leg. 你的猫老是在我的腿上蹭来蹭去。
• She was rubbing her hands (together) at the thought of winning. 想到会获胜，她高兴得直搓手。
• The branches rubbed against each other in the wind. 树枝在风中相互摩挲。
• The chair legs have rubbed holes in the carpet. 椅子腿把地毯都磨出了洞。
• My new shoes are rubbing (against/on my toe) and now I've got blisters. 我的新鞋磨脚（趾），都起泡了。
• These marks will never rub off (= be cleaned off). 这些痕迹永远都擦不掉了。
• Alice rubbed the sums off (= cleaned them off) the blackboard for the teacher. 爱丽斯替老师把黑板上的算术题擦去。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub sb's nose in it
■to say or do things which make someone remember that they failed or got something wrong 揭（某人）的疮疤；不断提起（某人）以前的过失
• Sue failed her exam, so just to rub her nose in it, I put my certificate up on the wall. 休考试没有及格，所以我把自己的证书贴在墙上，就是为了让她难堪。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub salt in/into the wound
■to make a difficult situation even worse for someone 伤口上撒盐，雪上加霜（使某一困难局势对某人来说变得更糟）
• Losing was bad enough, having to watch them receiving the trophy just rubbed salt into the wound. 落败已经很糟糕了；还要看着他们接受那个奖杯，更是在伤口上撒盐。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub shoulders (with) (US also rub elbows (with)) informal
■to meet and spend time with （与某人）接触；（与某人）交往；（与某人）厮混
• She claims that she rubs shoulders with royalty all the time. 她声称她一直和王室成员有交往。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub sb up the wrong way UK (US rub sb the wrong way)
■to annoy someone without intending to （无意间）触犯（某人），惹恼（某人）
• As soon as they met they started to rub each other up the wrong way. 他们刚一见面就惹得彼此很不高兴。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub along UK informal
■If two people rub along, they work or live together in a satisfactory way 和睦；相处得好；搭档默契
• My flat-mate and I rub along okay together. 我的同屋和我相处得很好。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth down
■to rub something with a rough cloth, brush or paper until its surface is smooth, or clean and shiny 磨平；磨光；把…擦磨干净
• Rub the wood down with fine sandpaper till it is smooth. 用细砂纸把木头磨光滑。
• We rubbed the walls down with soap and hot water. 我们用肥皂和热水把墙面擦干净了。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth/sb down
■to use a cloth to dry an animal or person 将…擦干
• I used a towel to rub the dog down after his bath. 我给狗洗完澡后用毛巾把它的毛擦干。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub sth in
■to talk to someone about something which you know they want to forget because they feel bad about it 触及（某人）的痛处；提及令（某人）尴尬的事情
• OK, I made a mistake, - you don't have to rub it in. 好了，我是犯了错误——可你也没有必要哪壶不开提哪壶。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub off informal
■If a quality or characteristic that someone has rubs off, other people begin to have it because they have been with that person and learnt it from them （品质、性格等）感染，影响，传给
• His enthusiasm is starting to rub off on the rest of us. 他的热情开始感染到我们所有人。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth out UK
■to remove writing or a mark from something by rubbing it with a piece of rubber or a cloth （用橡皮、布等）擦掉，抹掉（字迹、痕迹等）
• It's in pencil, so you can rub it out if you need to. 这是用铅笔写的，这样如果你需要擦掉的话就会很容易。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sb out US slang
■to murder someone 杀掉（某人）；干掉（某人）；除掉（某人）
• He was rubbed out by the Mafia. 他被黑手党干掉了。
[rʌb] noun countable
■when you rub something 擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓
• He gave her hair a good rub to dry it. 他仔细地擦干了她的头发。
[rʌb] noun countable
the rub formal
■the particular problem that makes a situation difficult or impossible 问题，困难，障碍
• You can't get a job unless you have experience, but there's the rub, you can't get experience unless you have a job. 没有工作经验你就没法找到一份工作，但问题是，没有工作又没法获得经验。
vt. 擦；摩擦；惹怒
 - wipe, mop up
vi. 擦；摩擦；擦破
 - mop up, wipe
n. 摩擦；障碍；磨损处
 - friction, bar, obstacle, dam, let

Word: scream
Front: scream
[skri:m] (高研四六 2118/2779 -K3)
Back: vt. 尖声喊叫，拼命叫喊; 喊叫着说出; 尖叫得使变…
vi. 尖叫; 发出尖锐刺耳的声音
n. 尖叫声，惊叫声; 拼命的叫喊声; 极其滑稽可笑的人
时态：screamed, screaming, screams
分布：尖叫(78%)，尖叫声(22%)
v./n.尖声叫,喊叫着说出,(风)呼啸"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
verb
MAKE NOISE 叫声
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cry or say something loudly and usually on a high note, especially because of strong emotions such as fear, excitement or anger （尤指因恐惧、兴奋、愤怒等强烈情绪而）尖叫，惊呼
• A spider landed on her pillow and she screamed. 一只蜘蛛爬上她的枕头，她惊叫起来。
• Through the smoke, the rescuers could hear people screaming for help. 透过烟雾，救援者可以听见人们在喊救命。
• He was screaming in/with pain and begging for anaesthetic. 他痛得直叫，哀求用麻醉药。
• They screamed with laughter at her jokes. 听了她的笑话，他们大笑了起来。
• Ken screamed (out) a warning telling people to get out of the way. 肯大叫着警告人们别挡路。
• Mrs Brown screamed (= shouted angrily) at Joel for dropping the test-tube. 布朗太太生气地对着乔尔大喊大叫，因为他把试管摔破了。
• I've never found screaming (and shouting) (= shouting angrily) at my staff to be very effective. 我一直以来都认为对员工大喊大叫是没有甚么用的。
• [+ speech] "I wish you were dead!" she screamed (= shouted angrily). “我恨不得你去死！”她愤怒地叫道。
• I tried to apologize, but he just screamed abuse/obscenities at me. 我想道歉，但他却对着我破口大骂。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If a vehicle screams, it moves very quickly making a loud high sound （车）呼啸着飞驰
• The cars screamed round the bend/ past the spectators. 汽车尖啸着转弯／从观众面前呼啸而过。
intransitive
■to make a loud high sound 呼啸，发出尖叫声
• The ambulance raced round the corner with its tyres screaming. 随着轮胎发出的刺耳声音，救护车冲过街角。
[skri:m] verb
GET ATTENTION 吸引注意
intransitive (also scream out)
■If a word or image screams (out), it gets attention because it is very big or easy to notice （词语或形象）极为醒目
• 'Royal Plane Disaster!' screamed the newspaper headlines the next day. “皇家飞机失事！”，第二天报纸的头版头条用了这个令人触目惊心的标题。
intransitive
■If you say that two colours are screaming at each other, you think that they do not look attractive or pleasant together 颜色不相配／不配衬（说两种颜色不相配／不配衬，是指二者在一起时看起来不漂亮或不悦目）
• You can't wear that pink jacket with your orange skirt. They'll just scream at each other. 你不能穿那件粉红夹克来搭配那条橙色的裙子，颜色一点也不相配。
[skri:m] verb
scream (out) for sth
■to need something very much 急需
• This matter is screaming out for attention. 这件事亟待关注。
[skri:m] verb
scream yourself hoarse/silly (also scream the place down) (also scream your head off)
■to scream very loudly 大声叫喊
• I screamed myself silly on the roller coaster. 在云霄飞车上我大声尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
NOISE 声音
■a loud high sound you make when very frightened, excited or angry 尖叫，惊呼
• a scream of pain/rage/joy/laughter 疼痛／愤怒／快乐／欢笑的尖叫
• No one heard their screams. 没有人听到他们的尖叫。
• She let out a piercing/shrill scream. 她发出了一声刺耳的尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
FUN 乐趣 informal
■a person, thing or situation which is very funny 令人捧腹大笑的人（或事物、情景）
• Jane's such a scream - her jokes have me in stitches. 简真是个活宝，她讲的笑话让我乐不可支。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 尖叫；呼啸；发出尖锐刺耳的声音；令人触目惊心
 - pipe, shriek
n. 尖叫声；尖锐刺耳的声音；极其滑稽可笑的人
 - squeal

Word: shrewd
Front: shrewd
[ʃru:d] (研六托雅宝 11036/8648 -1)
Vocabulary: shrewd
(once / 326 pages)
adj
If you are shrewd in your spending, you can make a small salary go a long way. Use the adjective shrewd to describe a person or thing that is smart or clever in a practical sort of way.
The word shrewd is from a Middle English adjective formed from the noun schrewe "an evil person, a villain." This Middle English noun is an earlier form of our modern English word shrew. So shrewd and shrew are related to each other. Shrewd doesn't usually have a disapproving or negative tone, but shrew certainly does.
WORD FAMILY
shrewd: shrewder, shrewdest, shrewdly, shrewdness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wisconsin assembly Speaker Robin Vos, who was a college roommate of Priebus’s, described him as “a shrewd operator, in the best sense of the word.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Pulis is shrewd enough to want to see if the club's owners - who did not appoint him - will back him.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s her character’s job to be the rational one, the shrewd warrior who uses logic and calm in the face of nature’s thuggishness.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 精明的，敏锐的; 奸诈的，狡猾的; 有眼光的; 精于盘算的
级别：shrewder, shrewdest
分布：精明的(73%)，敏锐的(16%)，狡猾的(11%)
→来自 shrew,鼩鼱。即像鼩鼱一样的，后词义褒义化。
a.机灵的,敏锐的;精明的He is shrewd in business.他做生意很精明.
【区】shrew（n 泼妇）
【反】foolish（adj 愚蠢的）；na?ve（adj 天真的）；humiliating（adj 羞辱性的）
[ʃru:d] approving
adjective
■having or based on a clear understanding and good judgment of a situation, resulting in an advantage 明智的；精明的
• [+ to infinitive] He was shrewd enough not to take the job when there was the possibility of getting a better one a few months later. 没有接受那份工作算他聪明，因为几个月后他有可能会得到更好的。
• She is a shrewd politician who wants to avoid offending the electorate unnecessarily. 她是一个精明的政治家，想避免不必要地得罪选民。
• It was a shrewd move to buy your house just before property prices started to rise. 在房地产价格开始攀升之前购买房子是个明智之举。
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 精明的；狡猾的；机灵的
 - designing, knowing, clever, subtle
n. 精明（的人）；机灵（的人）
 - astuteness, smartness

Word: impending
Front: impending
[ɪmˈpendɪŋ] (托宝 8308/9502 -1)
Vocabulary: impending
(once / 911 pages)
adj
If something is impending, it is about to happen. If you hear thunder in the distance, you might go inside to escape the impending storm.
The word impending often refers to something threatening or frightening: impending doom, impending disaster. Something that is impending hangs over you — you might say, "I was so distracted by thoughts of my impending failure in my exams, I couldn't study." A synonym is imminent.
WORD FAMILY
impending: impendingly+/ impend: impended, impending, impends
USAGE EXAMPLES
The impending mission carries huge stakes for both SpaceX and Iridium.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
When I spoke with him last week, Mr. Kiernan did not sound like a man gnashing his teeth about the impending Trump era.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Donald Trump’s candidacy supercharged that rise like nothing before it, and his impending presidency promises much more of the same.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 即将发生的，迫在眉睫的; 迫切的; 悬挂的
v. 迫近(impend的现在分词); 悬空
分布：即将发生的(52%)，迫在眉睫的(45%)，动词impend的现在分词.(3%)
→im-,进入，使，上面，-pend,悬挂，词源同pendulum,pendant.即悬挂在上面的，引申词义迫近的，逼近的。
即将发生的(im进入+pend+ing→挂进来→即将发生的)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
【记】impend（vi 即将发生）
【区】imminent指危险或不幸的事立即就要来临
【反】remote（adj 遥远的）
adjective [before noun]
■describes an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to happen soon （通常指不愉快或不受欢迎的事件）即将发生的，逼近的
• impending disaster/doom 即将来临的灾难／劫数
• Lineker announced his impending retirement from international football before the 1992 European Championships. 莱因克尔在1992年欧锦赛之前宣布即将退出国际足坛。
adj. 即将发生的；迫切的；悬挂的
 - pressing, stringent
v. 迫近；悬空（impend的现在分词）
 - threatening

Word: insufficient
Front: insufficient
[ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃnt] (四六托宝 7113/4791 -2)
Vocabulary: insufficient
(once / 705 pages)
adj
If something is insufficient, it isn't enough. A high school diploma is very helpful for getting a job, but by itself, it's probably insufficient to land you a job as an astronaut.
Something adequate is sufficient, and something inadequate is insufficient (in- meaning "not"). If you have $100 in the bank and you try to use a debit card for a $102 purchase, even though you’re close to having enough, your funds are insufficient to cover the sale. Anything that falls short of a required amount or expected measure is insufficient, whether it's the amount of air in a bike tire or the votes needed to win an election.
WORD FAMILY
insufficient: insufficiency, insufficienter, insufficiently+/insufficiency: insufficiencies/self-sufficient: self-sufficiency/ suffice: sufficed, suffices, sufficiency, sufficient, sufficing/ sufficiency: sufficiencies/ sufficient: insufficient, self-sufficient, sufficienter, sufficientest, sufficiently /sufficing: self-sufficing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the case was dropped because of insufficient evidence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some industry and government officials are concerned current surveillance is insufficient.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不足的，不够的; 绌; 亏短; 支绌
分布：不足的(100%)
→in-,不，非，sufficient,足够的。
【记】sufficient（adj 充分的；足够的）
【反】surfeit（n 过食v 使饮食过度）
adjective
■not enough 不够的，不足的；不充分的
• insufficient information/time 不充足的资讯／时间
• [+ to infinitive] There was insufficient money to fund the project. 没有足够的资金来支持这个专案。
insufficient, inefficient, incompetent, ineffective
insufficient: 不充分的
inefficient: 效率低的
incompetent: 不胜任的
ineffective: 无效果的
adj. 不足的，不充足的
 - short, deficient, lacking, wanting
n. 不足
 - shortage, short of, lack, scarcity

Word: backfire
Front: backfire
[ˌbækˈfaɪə(r)] (10577/14304 -1)
Vocabulary: backfire
(once / 6287 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv
Use the word backfire when you talk about the sound a car makes when a small explosion in its exhaust system pops — sometimes as loudly as a gunshot.
Hearing a car's backfire can make you jump, because it makes a sharp, shot-like sound. A backfire is usually caused by unburned fuel, and it can be accompanied by a burst of flame and a brief loss of power in the vehicle, as well as a fairly loud noise. The word comes from an American English term that originally referred to a fire deliberately set to slow the progress of a prairie or forest fire.
WORD FAMILY
backfire: backfired, backfires, backfiring
USAGE EXAMPLES
If these ignite a trade war, the adverse side effects may well backfire on U.S. workers and firms.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
His assassins acted in hopes of saving the czar — and themselves — but the conspiracy backfired.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But it backfired: The public was incensed at the thought of suffering people cut off.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 发生回火; 适得其反，事与愿违的结果
n. 逆火
时态：backfired, backfiring, backfires
分布：适得其反(76%)，产生事与愿违的结果(13%)，逆火(9%)，后爆的巨大响声(2%)
US [-'faɪr] verb intransitive
BAD RESULT 坏结果
■(of a plan) to have the opposite result from the one you intended （计划）产生适得其反的结果，产生反效果
• Her plans to make him jealous backfired on her when he went off with her best friend. 她原本想令他妒嫉，没想到最后他却和她最好的朋友好上了。
UK [ˌbæk'faɪər] US [-'faɪr] verb intransitive
ENGINE 引擎
■(of an engine) to make a loud noise as a result of fuel burning too early （引擎）发生逆火
• I was woken by the sound of a truck backfiring. 货车引擎的逆火声把我吵醒了。
n. 逆火，回火
 - temper

Word: staunch
Front: staunch
[stɔ:ntʃ] (11664/11504 -1)
Vocabulary: staunch
(once / 1363 pages)
1adj 2v
As an adjective, staunch means firm. You might want to go to that concert Friday night, but your parents' staunch opposition prevents you.
Staunch is sometimes used as a verb to mean "to stop the flow of a liquid," but most usage books will tell you it's better to use the word stanch for the verb. Think of a soldier stopping and standing still, and you will understand the connection between the two meanings. The adjectival form should make you think of "stand," as in “stand firm,” or "take a stand." It comes from the French estanche meaning “watertight” and the Latin stanticare, which is probably from stans for “stand.”
WORD FAMILY
staunch: staunched, stauncher, staunches, staunchest, staunching, staunchly, staunchness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Puzder is a vehement critic of government regulation and staunch opponent of minimum wage laws and the Fight for $15 movement.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
He was a staunch proponent of keeping prices and currencies stable, as well as safeguarding the independence of central banks from political interference.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Analysts say Mr. Reid’s staunch political opposition to the proposal partly led to the Obama administration to pull the plug on Yucca Mountain in 2011.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 坚定的，坚固的; 忠诚的，可靠的; 不漏水的
vt. 止住; 止血
时态：staunched, staunching, staunches
分布：坚定的(53%)，止住(19%)，坚固的(10%)，止血(9%)，忠实可信的(3%)，=stanch.(3%)，不漏水的(3%)
→来自古法语 estanche,固定的，坚固的，防水的，来自通俗拉丁语*stanticare,坚固的，来自拉 丁语 stare,站立，建立，词源同 stand,stanch,stanchion.引申比喻义忠实的，坚定的。
US [stɑ:ntʃ] adjective
■always loyal in supporting a person, organization or set of beliefs or opinions 忠实的；坚定的
• a staunch friend and ally 忠实的朋友和盟友
• He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights. 他坚决捍卫民权，因此赢得了声誉。
UK [stɔ:ntʃ] US [stɑ:ntʃ] verb transitive (US also stanch)
■to stop something happening, or to stop liquid, especially blood, from flowing out 制止；止住（尤指出血）
• The country's asylum laws were amended to staunch the flow/flood of economic migrants. 该国修订避难法，阻止经济移民的洪流。
• Mike pressed hard on the wound and staunched the flow of blood. 麦克使劲压住伤口，止住了出血。
adj. 坚定的；忠诚的；坚固的
 - committed, loving, firm, confirmed, devoted
vt. 止住；止血
 - rein in, rein up

Word: overly
Front: overly
[ˈəʊvəli] (6079/13829 -1)
Back: adv. 过度地，极度地
分布：极度地(50%)，过度地(50%)
US ['oʊ.vɚ.li] (also over)
adverb
■too; very 太；非常；过度地，极度地
• Earlier sales forecasts were overly optimistic. 早前的销售预测过于乐观。
• His films have been criticized for being overly violent. 人们批评他的电影过于暴力。
adv. 过度地；极度地
 - unduly, immoderately

Word: handicap
Front: handicap
[ˈhændikæp] (研六托雅 8589/4399 -2)
Vocabulary: handicap
(once / 1092 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
A mental or physical disadvantage, such as blindness or a missing leg, is a handicap: something that disables you in some way. Handicaps can also be imposed artificially to even out the odds in sporting events.
A sporting handicap might be a faster horse carrying an extra weight, or a better golfer having a few strokes added to her score to make things more competitive. Sometimes fate imposes a handicap, as when bad weather handicaps your travel plans, or a strike handicaps the subway system. Handicap comes from the term hand in cap, an ancient British practice in which two bettors placed their money into a hat held by a neutral third party before a bet.
WORD FAMILY
handicap: handicapped, handicapper, handicapping, handicaps+/handicapper: handicappers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q: I can’t get a refund from Amtrak for its totally inappropriate “handicapped” room on the Empire Builder from Chicago to Glacier National Park.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re teaching little children and working with the handicapped and unwed mothers.”
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
He encouraged a life outside football and carried a single-digit handicap.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 障碍; 缺陷; 不利条件; 给弱者增加的杆数（按击球次数计数，并随参赛者的进步而减少）
vt. 妨碍，使不利; 使（某人）行动和生活不正常
时态：handicapped, handicapping, handicaps
分布：障碍(84%)，妨碍(16%)
→来自短语hand in cap,一种流行于17世纪的娱乐游戏，大致规则如下：甲乙双方有两件价值不同的物品，请丙当裁判来评估价差，然后补齐差价进行交换。同时，甲乙双方交纳保证金用手拿着放进帽子里，如果裁判丙估出的差价甲乙双方都同意的话，则他们进行物品交换，同时保证金归裁判，如果估出的差价甲乙双方都不同意的话，物品不交换，但是保证金也归裁判，如果一方同意另一方不同意，但是不同意的一方保证金归同意的一方，物品不交换，但可以避免更大程度损失。其中的关键在于裁判为使个人的利益最大化，势必要进行尽可能公正的估价，这样才会树立名声，别人才会找他，如果甲乙双方都认为裁判不公，则没人再找这个裁判。并由该游戏引申词义让步赛，如马赛，球赛，棋赛等等，以及用于指残疾人，生理缺陷的人，即需要让的人，含冒犯意。
v.妨碍n.(身体或智力方面的)缺陷;不利条件The handicapped man got a second-hand handout of shorthand handbook beforehand.残疾人事先得到了一本二手速记手册施舍品.
noun
CONDITION 情况
countable or uncountable slightly old-fashioned
■something that is wrong with your mind or body permanently （精神或肉体的）残疾，缺陷
• a physical handicap 身体残疾
• In cases of severe mental handicap, constant supervision is recommended. 对于严重的智障病人，建议进行不间断的监护。
['hæn.dɪ.kæp] noun
DIFFICULTY 困难
countable
■something which makes it difficult for you to do something 障碍，阻碍
• I found not having a car quite a handicap in the country. 我发现在这个国家没有汽车非常不方便。
['hæn.dɪ.kæp] noun
COMPETITION 竞争
countable
■a disadvantage given to a person taking part in a game or competition in order to reduce their chances of winning, or a sports event in which such disadvantages are given （让步赛中对强者施加的）不利条件；让步赛，让分比赛
• Handicaps give people with different abilities an equal chance of winning. 让步赛给具有不同能力的人同等的获胜机会。
• My current golf handicap is nine. 我现在的高尔夫让分是九杆。
['hæn.dɪ.kæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
■to make something more difficult to do 阻碍
• Rescue efforts have been handicapped by rough seas and hurricane-force winds. 救援工作受到了大浪和飓风的阻碍。
n. 障碍；不利条件，不利的因素
 - obstacle, let, bar, dam, disadvantage
vt. 妨碍，阻碍；使不利
 - let, slow

Word: composer
Front: composer
[kəmˈpəʊzə(r)] (六宝 4999/4435 -2)
Vocabulary: composer
(once / 485 pages)
n
A composer is an artist who writes music to be played or performed by musicians. A classical composer might work by writing out musical notation and trying things out on the piano.
If you're a composer, you most likely write classical, jazz, music for film, or another type of primarily instrumental music, without lyrics. A writer of popular or rock music is more likely to be called a "songwriter." A composer might compose symphonies as a profession, or write short tunes as a hobby. In Old French, composer means "put together, arrange, or write," from com-, "with," and poser, "to place."
WORD FAMILY
composer: composers+/ component: components/ compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose/ composed: composedly / composition: compositional, compositions/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet even here, and in Shore’s broader role creating the musical personality of the sketch-comedy giant, is evidence of the composer’s seriousness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
At the heart of this 1885 operetta by the librettist William Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan is a satire skewering British bureaucratic zeal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s difficult to fuse such contrasting styles, both for Mr. Marsalis as composer and the Philharmonic musicians.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （尤指古典音乐）作曲家; 调停人; 设计者
分布：名词(100%)
→来自compose, 组成。
US [-'poʊ.zɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who writes music, especially classical music （尤指古典音乐）作曲家
n. 作曲家；作家，著作者；设计者
 - writer, author, pen

Word: flirt
Front: flirt
[flɜ:t] (雅宝 8036/11807 -1)
Vocabulary: flirt
(once / 745 pages)
vn
If you're interested in someone romantically, you might flirt with them, which means to chat them up or tease them in a playful way.
Flirting is an indirect and fun way to let your crush know you're interested, like a seductive line or a few coy words. Or if there's a girl you've had your eye on, you might make a point of walking by her desk and saying hello every morning. But even if you don't have a love interest, you can still flirt. Driving carelessly is flirting with disaster: it's almost like you're toying with the idea of getting into an accident.
WORD FAMILY
flirt: flirtation, flirtatious, flirted, flirting, flirts+/flirtation: flirtations/flirtatious: flirtatiously/flirting: flirtings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gogos flirted with retirement about 10 years ago, but he’s committed to it now.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Unlike Fisher, Herman didn’t have a lovely Power 5 job at home while he flirted with suitors.
Washington Times(Nov 28, 2016)
He says a half-million Germans follow his “flirt university” blog on how to find Mr. or Mrs. Right.
Seattle Times(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 调情，打情骂俏; 玩弄; 轻率地对待; 摆动
vt. 挥动; 忽然弹出
n. 急投; 摆动; 调情的人，卖弄风情者; 急扔
时态：flirted, flirting, flirts
分布：调情(80%)，调情的人(6%)，玩弄(5%)，忽然弹出(3%)，卖弄风骚的人(3%)，掠过(1%)，轻率对待(1%)，摇动(1%)
→来自flit, 掠过，轻掠。或直接来自辅音丛bl, fl, 折腾，拍打，拟声词，词源同flap, flabby,flag. 插入字母r, 延长音，模仿调情的声音。
US [flɝ:t] verb intransitive
■to behave as if sexually attracted to someone, although not seriously 调情，打情骂俏
• Christina was flirting with just about every man in the room. 克莉丝蒂娜几乎在跟房间里的每一个男人调情。
UK [flɜ:t] US [flɝ:t] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  flirt with sth
CONSIDER
■to consider doing something, but not seriously, or to be interested in something for a short time 不认真地考虑；对…暂时感兴趣
• I'm flirting with the idea of taking a year off and travelling round the world. 我心血来潮，想放假一年去周游世界。
DANGER
■to intentionally put yourself in a dangerous, risky or difficult situation 故意冒（险）
• Like a lot of young men, he flirts with danger. 和许多年轻人一样，他喜欢冒险。
UK [flɜ:t] US [flɝ:t] noun countable
■someone who behaves as if they are sexually attracted to a lot of people 调情者，打情骂俏者
• He's a compulsive flirt. 他不能自拔地到处跟人调情。
vi. 调情；玩弄；轻率地对待；摆动
 - play fast and loose, toy with
vt. 挥动；忽然弹出
 - whisk
n. 急扔；调情的人；卖弄风骚的人
 - scammer

Word: pointless
Front: pointless
[ˈpɔɪntləs] (雅 11452/7557 -1)
Vocabulary: pointless
(once / 5099 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something's pointless, it has no use or makes no sense. Telling yourself that it's pointless to be nervous every time you fly on a plane probably won't solve your fear of flying.
Taking standardized tests in school often feels pointless, and an even more pointless exercise might be listening to your best friends argue about which 1970s rock band was the greatest. When something has a useful purpose or a good reason to exist, it has a point — and when it doesn't, it's pointless. You can also use this adjective to mean "dull" or "blunt."
WORD FAMILY
pointless: pointlessly, pointlessness+/contrapuntist: contrapuntists/ counterpoint: contrapuntist, counterpointed, counterpointing, counterpoints/ point: counterpoint, pointed, pointer, pointing, pointless, points, repoint/ pointed: pointedly, pointedness, unpointed/pointer: pointers/repoint: repointed, repointing/unpointed: unpointedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Secretary Kerry’s speech today was at best a pointless tirade in the waning days of an outgoing administration,” said Senator John McCain, Republican of Arizona.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
"It's pointless attacking one another or being split when we need to be united," Mr Macri added.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Astana, the Kazakh capital, staged Syrian peace talks in 2015, but critics said they excluded most of the mainstream opposition and so were largely pointless.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 无意义的; 不得要领的; 钝的; 无谓
分布：无意义的(81%)，不得要领的(10%)，钝的(9%)
→来自point,点，目标，-less,无，没有。
【记】point尖，要点，less：没有要点－无意义的
【参】pointer（n 能用鼻尖指示猎物所在处的猎狗）
adjective
■Something that is pointless has no purpose and it is a waste of time doing it 无意义的，空洞的
• This is a pointless exercise. 这个练习毫无意义。
• It seemed pointless to continue. 继续下去看来没有意义。
• informal It 's pointless arguing with him. 和他争辩是白费口舌。
adj. 无意义的；钝的；不尖的；不得要领的
 - empty, meaningless

Word: invariably
Front: invariably
[ɪnˈveəriəbli] (研六托雅 7099/4099 -2)
Vocabulary: invariably
(once / 375 pages)
adv
Invariably describes things that don't change and never vary — they're predictable. Many people invariably start each morning with a hot cup of coffee.
This adverb is useful when discussing things that happen all the time or don't change. In football, teams that win the Super Bowl invariably have a good defense. In schools, many students invariably struggle with writing. Invariably, the weather is hard to predict. In a lot of cases, invariably means always or almost always. You can count on things that are invariable.
WORD FAMILY
invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably +/invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying / varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And so, invariably, authors like Johnson are prone to overreach.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Such cases invariably revive calls for protections to be scrapped in favour of the old lethal approach.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
The answers, in part, invariably point to him, and his M.O.
New York Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adv. 总是; 不变的; “invariable”的派生; 无不
分布：不变地(51%)，总是(41%)，一贯地(8%)
ad.不变地,永恒地,总是His intuition is invariably correct.他的直觉常常是正确的.
adverb
■always 总，老是
• The train is invariably late. 火车总是延误。
adv. 总是；不变地；一定地
 - always, toujours

Word: lessen
Front: lessen
[ˈlesn] (四六 7650/8420 -1)
Vocabulary: lessen
(once / 527 pages)
v
To lessen is to make smaller, to reduce, or to weaken. A high school football coach might try to lessen head injuries by improving the quality of the team's helmets.
If your cold symptoms lessen, it means you're sneezing and coughing much less and can probably go to school. If the value of your Pez collection lessens, it means those plastic candy dispensers can't be sold for quite as much money on eBay. And your friend might recommend that you take a yoga class or learn to meditate, especially if she thinks you should lessen your stress and anxiety.
WORD FAMILY
lessen: lessened, lessening, lessens+/ less: lessen, lesser, lessly/lessening: lessenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This will lessen those hills and valleys of energy throughout the day and create more of a steady thrum.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“It lessens the great inequity that those just getting by day to day experience.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Newton’s lessened running threat on the other hand was an in-season development.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 变少，减少; 贬低，轻视，看不起
vt. 减少（某事物），缩小
时态：lessened, lessening, lessens
分布：减少(59%)，减轻(41%)
→less,较小，-en,使。引申词义减轻。
verb intransitive or transitive
■If something lessens or is lessened, it becomes less strong 减少，降低，减轻
• A healthy diet can lessen the risk of heart disease. 健康饮食能降低患心脏病的危险。
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
vi. 减少；减轻；变小
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: scarcity
Front: scarcity
[ˈskeəsəti] (六宝 9799/15257 -1)
Vocabulary: scarcity
(once / 1411 pages)
n
If there is a cupcake scarcity in your kitchen, there are hardly any cupcakes around, and you're not sure that any will be appearing any time soon.
The noun scarcity comes from the adjective scarce, which means "restricted in quantity or availability." So scarcity is the state of there being very little of something. During a war when shipping gets interrupted, there might be a fuel scarcity, pushing people to carpool or ride bikes instead of driving. If you're in a room full of super boring people, you might say there's a scarcity of good conversation.
WORD FAMILY
scarcity: scarcities+/ scarce: scarcely, scarceness, scarcer, scarcest, scarcity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The recent scarcity of tech offerings is likely to work in Snap’s favor.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
In addition, there was no explosion upon impact, pointing to a scarcity of fuel.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Officials also noted that there was no explosion upon impact, pointing to a scarcity of fuel.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 不足，缺乏; 稀少; 萧条
分布：缺乏(53%)，不足(38%)，缺少(9%)
→scarce,缺少的，小足的，-ity,名词后缀。
【记】源于：scarce（adj 罕见的）＝scar伤疤＋ce死：因为伤疤而死－罕见的
【反】plethora（n 过剩；多血症）；superfluity（n 额外；奢侈品）；myriad（n / adj 无数的）
US ['sker.sə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■when something is not easy to find or get 缺乏；不足；短缺
• the scarcity of skilled workers 缺乏熟练工人
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
n. 不足；缺乏
 - shortage, short of, deficiency, insufficient, need

Word: tar
Front: tar
[tɑ:(r)] (研六雅 11903/14622 -1)
Back: n. 焦油，沥青，柏油; 尼古丁; <口>水手，水兵
vt. 以焦油或沥青覆盖或涂抹（某物）
时态：tarred, tarring, tars
分布：焦油(81%)，柏油(17%)，涂以焦油(2%)
→来自古英语 teru,树脂，树胶，沥青，来自 Proto-Germanic*terwo,橡树，树，来自 deru, 橡树，树，词源同 tree,dentrology.
n.柏油,焦油vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于We use tar to make roads.我们用沥青铺路.
US [tɑ:r] noun uncountable
■a black substance, sticky when hot, used especially for making roads 煤焦油沥青，柏油（可用于铺路）
■one of the poisonous substances found in tobacco 烟碱，焦油
• a low tar cigarette 焦油含量低的香烟
UK [tɑ:r] US [tɑ:r] noun uncountable
beat/knock/whale the tar out of sb US informal
■to hit someone forcefully and repeatedly 猛揍（某人），狠揍（某人）
• The boxer knocked the tar out of his opponent. 那名拳击手狠狠地击打他的对手。
UK [tɑ:r] US [tɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
■to put tar on a surface 覆盖焦油于；铺柏油于
UK [tɑ:r] US [tɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
tar sb with the same brush
■to think that someone has the same bad qualities as another person 认为（某人与另一人）是一丘之貉
• Because they worked so closely in the same department, John was tarred with the same brush as Tim. 由于在同一个部门工作，关系又非常密切，约翰被认为跟蒂姆是一丘之貉。
UK [tɑ:r] US [tɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
tar and feather sb
■to cover someone in tar and feathers as a punishment （作为惩罚）将（某人）浑身涂满柏油并黏上羽毛
tag, tar, tap, tan
tag: 标签，货签；
tar: 柏油，焦油
tap: 水龙头，轻拍，利用，开发；
tan: 晒黑成棕褐色，鞭打；
n. [化工] 焦油；柏油；水手
 - asphalt, tarre
vt. 涂以焦油；玷污
 - cloud, pollute

Word: reproduce
Front: reproduce
[ˌri:prəˈdju:s] (研四六托 4987/4151 -K2)
Vocabulary: reproduce
(once / 297 pages)
v
To reproduce is to make more, either by having babies or creating copies. Parents and copy machines both reproduce.
To produce is "to make something," and re means “again,” so reproduce literally means to “produce again.” When animals and plants make more of their own kind, they reproduce. Plants reproduce asexually, and people reproduce through childbirth. You can also reproduce a book by printing more copies or a computer file by copying it. Reproducing always creates more of something.
WORD FAMILY
reproduce: reproduced, reproducer, reproduces, reproducing, reproduction, reproductive +/reproducer: reproducers/ reproduction: reproductions/ reproductive: reproductively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was originally published by Wired and is reproduced here with permission via Climate Desk.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Followers of the eugenics campaign believed that people they deemed genetically “unfit” shouldn’t be allowed to reproduce.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
He faithfully reproduces snapshots, often from his own youth.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 复制，重现，再版; 生殖，繁殖
vt. 使再次发生; 再现
时态：reproduced, reproducing, reproduces
分布：复制(63%)，生殖(21%)，再生(16%)
→re-,再，重新，produce,生产，繁殖。
v.生殖;翻版;繁殖;复制,仿造It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [-'du:s] verb
COPY 复制
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to produce a copy of something, or to be copied in a production process 复制；翻印；复写
• His work was reproduced on posters, leaflets and magazines. 他的作品被翻印在海报、宣传页和杂志上。
• They said the printing was too faint to reproduce well. 他们说这材料印得太模糊，无法复印清楚。
transitive
■to show or do something again 重演；重现；重做
• The new design unfortunately reproduced some of the problems of the earlier model. 很遗憾，新的设计中又出现了原来型号的一些问题。
UK [ˌri:.prə'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb
PRODUCE YOUNG 生育下一代
intransitive or transitive
■When living things reproduce, they produce young 生殖；生育；繁殖
• These plants can reproduce sexually and asexually. 这些植物既可以进行有性繁殖，也可以进行无性繁殖。
• [R] Some creatures were better at surviving and reproducing them selves than others. 有些生物的生存和繁殖能力比其他生物强。
vt. 复制；再生；生殖；使…在脑海中重现
 - generate, repeat
vi. 复制；繁殖
 - breed, increase

Word: sensitivity
Front: sensitivity
[ˌsensəˈtɪvəti] (六托宝 4452/3963)
Vocabulary: sensitivity
(once / 3912 pages)
n
Sensitivity has many shades of meaning but most relate to your response to your environment — either physical or emotional. Sensitivity to cold means you’re quick to notice the slightest chill — in the air or in another person’s actions.
A sensitivity to pollen means you’re sneezing any time it’s in the air — you just always seem to react to it. It’s the same with emotions — sensitivity means you pick up on the feelings of others. If you have great sensitivity to your classmates, then you’re aware of their needs and behave in a way that makes them feel good. If you introduce a new policy with sensitivity, that means you consider how others will react to it.
WORD FAMILY
sensitivity: sensitivities+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But since then, Mummers and the city offered voluntary sensitivity training and Mummers leaders published an open letter condemning expressions and hate and bigotry.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Patel: I found this masculinity and this sensitivity, both ends of the spectrum.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 敏感，感受性; 仪器等的)灵敏性; [摄]感光度
分布：敏感(59%)，灵敏度(39%)，多愁善感(1%)，感受性(1%)
【反】analgesia（n 痛觉丧失）－sensitivity to pain（对疼痛敏感）
US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
KINDNESS 和善
countable or uncountable
■an ability to understand what other people need, and be helpful and kind to them 善解人意的；体贴的；体谅的
• The police showed commendable sensitivity in their handling of the case. 警方在处理该案时表现出高度敏锐性，值得赞扬。
UK [ˌsent.sɪ'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
UPSETTING 不快
uncountable
■a situation, subject, etc. which needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid upsetting people （话题、形势等）敏感的，须谨慎对待的
• Such is the sensitivity of the information that only two people are allowed to know it. 这份情报极为敏感，所以只允许两个人知道。
uncountable
■the quality of being easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be upset, embarrassed or angry 神经过敏的；易被冒犯的；敏感的
• I should have warned you about her sensitivity to criticism. 我早该警告你，她对别人的批评十分敏感。
UK [ˌsent.sɪ'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
REACTING EASILY 轻易作出反应的
uncountable
■having a strong physical reaction to something 过敏
• One of the side effects of the drug is an increased sensitivity to sunlight. 这种药的副作用之一是会增强对阳光的敏感性。
■the ability to record small changes in weight, temperature, etc. 灵敏度（感应重量、温度等的微小变化的能力）
• The sensitivity of the machine provides us with extremely accurate data. 这台机器的高灵敏度提供我们极为准确的数据。
n. 敏感； [生理] 敏感性；过敏
 - susceptivity, tenderness

Word: ware
Front: ware
[weə(r)] (六托 -/9728 -1)
Vocabulary: ware
(once / 460 pages)
1n 2n 3v
Ware is a particular type of item — luster ware is a kind of ceramic with a shiny metallic finish. Fiesta ware is a brand of colorful tabletop china that first became popular in the 1930s.
The word shows up as a suffix, too — software, silverware, dinnerware — where it means articles of the same type or within the same category. A warehouse is a place where goods or raw materials are stored. When the word's plural, it means merchandise — when you display your wares in your shop, you're showing what you've got for sale.
WORD FAMILY
ware: wared, wares, waring
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fashion industry is grappling with an existential question: how to sell its wares to consumers?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Ware, who was playing for the Dallas Cowboys at the time, sent Rosalind his Pro Bowl jersey soon after Williams’s death.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Fitting, since Ware, who was playing for the Dallas Cowboys at the time, sent Rosalind his Pro Bowl jersey soon after Williams’ death.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 商品; 制品; 作…用的器皿; …室的物品
v. 小心，留意; 避免
adj. 谨慎的; 知道的
时态：wared, waring, wares
分布：制品(56%)，货物(22%)，器具(22%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ward,warrant。引申义看护的物品。
commodity, merchandise, ware, freight, goods
这组词都有“商品，货物”的意思，其区别是：
commodity: 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise: 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware: 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight: 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods: 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
n. 陶器， [轻] 器皿；制品；器具；货物
 - commodity, vessel, cargo, appliance, implement
vt. 留心；小心
 - take care, notice

Word: understate
Front: understate
[ˌʌndəˈsteɪt] (宝 12982/15122 -1)
Vocabulary: understate
(once / 3849 pages)
v
One way to think about the verb understate is as the opposite of "exaggerate." If you want to make something seem smaller or less important than it really is, you're likely to understate it.
If you don't want your grandmother to worry about you, you might be tempted to understate, or downplay, the trouble you've had finding a new job. Business owners might understate their financial problems when they're applying for a bank loan, and a new student might understate her experience speaking French so as not to embarrass her inept French teacher.
WORD FAMILY
understate: understated, understatement, understates, understating+/ interstate: interstates/misstate: misstated, misstatement, misstates, misstating/misstatement: misstatements/ overstate: overstated, overstatement, overstates, overstating/overstatement: overstatements/ restate: restated, restatement, restates, restating/restatement: restatements/ state: interstate, intrastate, misstate, overstate, restate, stated, stateless, statement, stater, states, stating, understate /stated: statedly, unstated/ statement: statements/stater: staters/understated: understatedly/ understatement: understatements
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is difficult to understate how important earning a bye was for the Chiefs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A charming, understated work directed by Claude Barras and set in an orphanage, it’s slated for U.S. release in late February.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Casually elegant — and unselfconsciously gorgeous — her understated paintings strike just the right balance between restraint and abandon.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 少说，少报; 有意识地轻描淡写
vi. 保守地说; 有意轻描淡写
时态：understated, understating, understates
分布：少说(80%)，轻描淡写地说(20%)
【记】under下，state（v 陈述），d：轻描淡写
【参】understock（n 存货不足）；underutilize（v 未充分使用）
【反】bombastic（adj 夸大的；言过其实的）－understated
US [-dɚ-] verb transitive
■to state or describe something in a way that makes it seem less important, serious, bad, etc. than it really is 对…轻描淡写；不如实陈述；避重就轻地说
• She believes the research understates the amount of discrimination women suffer. 她认为该研究对妇女所遭受的歧视轻描淡写。

Word: tense
Front: tense
[tens] (高研四六托 6263/5962 -2)
Vocabulary: tense
(once / 242 pages)
1adjv 2n
When something's stretched tight, it's tense. A rope can be tense. So can a muscle. When a person's tense, they're anxious.
When a situation is tense, you might say you could "cut the tension with a knife." When a muscle tenses up, it contracts suddenly–-a person can be said to tense up also. The opposite of tense is "relaxed." If you tense up during exams, it's probably best to learn some relaxation techniques. The brain works best when it's relaxed.
WORD FAMILY
tense: tensed, tensely, tenseness, tenser, tenses, tensest, tensing, tension, tensity, tensor+/tenseness: tensenesses/ tension: tensional, tensionless, tensions/tensity: tensities/tensor: tensors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Compositions like the tense “Spinning The Wheel” exhibited Michael’s newfound influences.
Time(Dec 26, 2016)
The atmosphere in the courtroom was tense that day.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
In the tense months before and after their deaths, Lisa Monaco, the senior counterterrorism adviser to the president, was meeting with the grief-stricken families.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 拉紧的; 肌肉绷紧的; 神经紧张的; [语]（语音）紧的
n. [语]时，时态; 〈古〉时间
v. 使或变的紧张
时态：tensed, tensing, tenses
分布：紧张的(82%)，绷紧的(6%)，拉紧的(6%)，拉紧(5%)，使紧绷(1%)
→ten-,拉长，伸长，-s,过去分格词。即拉紧的，引申词义紧张的。
n.时态v.拉紧,(使)紧张a.绷紧的,紧张的The immense expense in condensing the steam made me tense.凝结蒸汽的巨大开支使我感到紧张.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any of the forms of a verb which show the time at which an action happened （动词的）时态
• 'I sing' is in the present tense and 'I will sing' is in the future tense. I sing 是现在式，I will sing 是将来式。
[tents] adjective
NERVOUS 紧张的
 ADVANCED
■nervous and worried and unable to relax 紧张的，焦虑的
• She was very tense as she waited for the interview. 她等待面试时非常紧张。
 ADVANCED
■If a situation is tense, it causes feelings of worry or nervousness （局势）令人紧张的
• There were some tense moments in the second half of the game. 比赛下半场有几次紧张的局面。
[tents] adjective
STRETCHED 拉紧的
■(of your body or part of the body) stretched tight and stiff （身体或肌肉）僵直的，绷紧的
[tents] verb intransitive or transitive (also tense up)
■If you or your muscles tense, your muscles become stiff and tight because you are frightened or nervous, or are preparing yourself to do something （使）（身体或肌肉）绷紧，（使）变得僵直
• Don't tense your shoulders, just relax. 别缩紧肩膀，放松点。
• I could feel myself tense up as he touched my neck. 他摸我脖子时，我能感觉到自己的身体绷紧了。
tensed up
■very nervous and worried and unable to relax because of something that is going to happen 紧张的，焦虑的
• You seem very tensed up. Are you still waiting for that call? 你好像很紧张。你还在等那个电话吗？
adj. 紧张的；拉紧的
 - intense, stressed
vt. 变得紧张；使拉紧
 - get nervous
vi. 拉紧，变得紧张
 - strain, get nervous

Word: amass
Front: amass
[əˈmæs] (托宝 9638/13689 -1)
Vocabulary: amass
(once / 1900 pages)
v
Amass means bring together or assemble. It can be a real shock to enter a room and see your amassed friends shouting "Surprise!"
Although the word amass should not be confused with "a mass," as in the thing you never want to hear has been found on your lung, they both derive from the Latin massa "lump." When you think about it, this makes sense. Whether soldiers or cancer cells, things that come together to form a whole — in this case, a tumor or an army — are amassed.
WORD FAMILY
amass: amassed, amasses, amassing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The offense was an unrecognizable mess against the Giants, amassing just 284 yards and failing to account for New York’s aggressive pass rush.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
On game day, St. Thomas amassed a thirty-five-point lead before halftime.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It claimed that Mr. Obiang amassed more than $300 million in assets around the globe “through corruption and money laundering.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 积累，积聚
时态：amassed, amassing, amasses
分布：积聚(68%)，收集(32%)
→前缀a- 同ad-. mass, 大块。
【记】mass大块，堆，一团－变成大块－积聚
【参】massive（adj 巨大的）；massacre（n /v 大屠杀）
verb transitive
■to get a large amount of something, especially money or information, by collecting it over a long period 集聚，积累，大量收集（尤指钱或资讯）
• She has amassed a huge fortune from her novels. 她靠写小说慢慢积攒了一大笔钱。
• Some of his colleagues envy the enormous wealth that he has amassed. 他积聚了大笔财富，这引起了一些同事的妒忌。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
vt. 积聚，积累
 - pile up, store up

Word: commentary
Front: commentary
[ˈkɒməntri] (六托雅宝 5032/5593 -2)
Vocabulary: commentary
(once / 623 pages)
n
When the language in a work of literature such as "Beowulf" is difficult to understand, it is helpful to read from an edition that includes a commentary — an explanation or expansion or criticism added to the original material.
Editorials go hand-in-hand with commentaries, since both express a writer's opinions. Commentary can be oral as well as written. Each year, following the President's State of the Union address, you can tune into the networks for commentary from respected news anchors. In fact, political commentary has become so pervasive in our media that some feel it has replaced reporting.
WORD FAMILY
commentary: commentaries+/ comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator / commentator: commentators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were disappointments, and a noteworthy absence of keen political satire/commentary, but also a spread of worthy productions and performances.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
I follow him on Twitter, where he issues great tweet-storms containing pictures and commentary about America.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
It was difficult to ascertain what online commentary was permitted.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 解说词; 评论，评注; 注释，注解; 个人生平传记
分布：评论(89%)，注释(7%)，实况报道(3%)，现场解说(1%)
→来自comment, 评论。
US ['kɑ:.mən.ter-] noun countable or uncountable
■a spoken description of an event on the radio or television that is broadcast as the event happens （广播或电视所播事件的）评论，解说，实况报道
• The commentary on the Olympic games was much better on the other channel. 另一个频道对奥运比赛的实况报道好多了。
■a set of written remarks on an event, book or person which explains its subject or expresses an opinion on it 评论；评注；评述
• There's a good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary. 报纸上有很多艺术方面的报道，可是政治时事评述却不多。
running commentary
■(a) continuous description of events as they are happening 实况追踪报道，现场评述
n. 评论；注释；评注；说明
 - notes, explanation, legend

Word: apparatus
Front: apparatus
[ˌæpəˈreɪtəs] (研四六雅宝 6978/5318 -1)
Vocabulary: apparatus
(once / 445 pages)
n
Your apparatus is the collective equipment you use for specific purposes. For example, the apparatus used for scuba diving includes goggles, flippers, and a breathing tank, while a surgeon’s apparatus includes various scalpels and clamps. Different activities, different apparatuses.
The noun apparatus evolved from the Latin apparātus, meaning "equipment or preparation." It might refer to one item, (a breathing apparatus) or a group of items (sports apparatus). Here’s a spelling tip: often, when a word ends in -us, the plural ending changes to i — “alumnus/alumni,” “focus/foci.” However, apparatus is part of the group that doesn't change — words like “virus/viruses” or “census/censuses.” This means the plural is either apparatus or apparatuses, though the latter is more common.
WORD FAMILY
apparatus: apparatuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Xi is demanding that the propaganda apparatus step up its game.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Ergo,” Mr. Heller wrote, “the lid is a nurturing apparatus.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At the very least, officials said, protests would put additional pressure on the region’s already-stretched security apparatus.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 仪器，器械; 机器; 机构，机关; 器官
分布：装置(58%)，仪器(23%)，机构(10%)，器官(5%)，组织(4%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根par, 准备，见prepare.
仪器,设备(ap+par+atus表名词→准备好用的东西→设备)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n.器械,器具,仪器;机构,组织Having checked the parameters of the apparatus, the paralysed parasite went to the paradise by parachute.检查过仪器的参数后,瘫痪的寄生虫乘降落伞到天堂去了.
【记】1）来自拉丁语apparere，ap-＝ad-添加，parare准备，为别的事情作准备－机械2）appa读：我怕，rat老鼠，us我们。我怕老鼠吃我们－所以我们要用一些仪器设备，譬如捕鼠器。
US [-'rætˌ.əs] (plural apparatus or apparatuses)
noun
EQUIPMENT 设备
   countable or uncountable
■a set of equipment or tools or sometimes a machine which is used for a particular purpose 设备；仪器；装置；用具
• a piece of apparatus 一台仪器
• The divers checked their breathing apparatus. 潜水员检查了一下呼吸器。
UK [ˌæp.ə'reɪ.təs] US [-'rætˌ.əs] (plural apparatus or apparatuses)
noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
   countable usually singular
■an organization or system, especially a political one （尤指政治）机构，组织，机制
• The whole apparatus of communism was already falling apart. 整个国家行政机构已经土崩瓦解。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. 装置， [机] 设备； [仪] 仪器；器官
 - device, equipment, installation, furniture, facility, unit, organ

Word: elevate
Front: elevate
[ˈelɪveɪt] (研六托雅宝 6022/9646 -2)
Vocabulary: elevate
(once / 144 pages)
v
Elevate means to raise, either literally or figuratively. Think: elevator. At the end of the track meet, the team elevated their trophy for everyone to see. Their mood could only be described as elevated.
If you get promoted, you might be elevated to the rank of vice president. Having elevated levels of cholesterol in your blood means that your levels are high. In the 1950s the Pop Art movement suggested that art can be found all around us, elevating the design of a can of soup to the level of high art.
WORD FAMILY
elevate: elevated, elevates, elevating, elevation, elevator +/ elevated: elevateds/ elevation: elevations/ elevator: elevators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is high for U.S. equities by historical averages, elevated for Japan, moderate for Europe and low for emerging markets.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
They are betting that Theresa May will not deliver for the less affluent Britons whose Brexit votes helped elevate her to Number 10.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Her eyes were a cloudy white and her eye pressures were elevated - it was glaucoma.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 举起; 提高; 提升; 鼓舞
时态：elevated, elevating, elevates
分布：举起(42%)，提拔(26%)，鼓舞(13%)，变高(13%)，素养提升(6%)
→e-, 向外。-lev, 举起，轻，词源同light , lever.
举起,升高(e出＋lev+ate→举出→升高)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
vt.举起,提拔,振奋,提升...的职位Reading good books elevate one's mind.阅读好书可提高人的心灵修养.
【记】e（出），lev（举起），ave一举出一升高
verb transitive formal
■to raise something or lift something up 抬高；提高；使上升；举起
• The platform was elevated by means of hydraulic legs. 平台由液压支架抬升起来。
■to make someone or something more important or to improve something 提升；提高；改进
• They want to elevate the status of teachers. 他们想提高教师的社会地位。
• These factors helped to elevate the town into the list of the ten most attractive in the country. 这些因素提高了该镇的声望，使之成为该国十大最具魅力城镇之一。
be elevated to sth formal
■to be given a higher rank or social position 被提升为；被晋升为
• He has been elevated to deputy manager. 他已被提升为副经理。
• She was elevated to the peerage (= was given the title 'Lady'). 她被封为贵族。
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
vt. 提升；举起；振奋情绪等；提升…的职位
 - promote, upgrade, prefer

Word: debut
Front: debut
['deɪbju:] (宝 4455/4249 -3)
Vocabulary: debut
(once / 619 pages)
nv
A debut is a first appearance, a launch, or public introduction. So before you make your big debut at the office, check and make sure you don't have spinach in your teeth.
Perhaps you’ve heard of debutantes making their official debut into society, or actresses and actors making their debut on stage. A fun fact: debut and premiere are often thought to be interchangeable, but they’re not. A debut, as you now know, is a first public appearance. But a premiere, while also a “first,” isn't necessarily live. When a movie opens or an interview is broadcast for the first time, they're called premieres.
WORD FAMILY
debut: debuted, debuting, debuts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seahawks: Somehow they stunk it up against Rams in Week 2, though it was LA debut for Rams.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In his playoff debut on Saturday, Ferrell never seemed far from the football.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To coincide with Sakari’s public debut, the Buffalo Zoo also is announcing the return of the special winter admission price of $5 per person.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 初次露面，初次表演，首次出场，处女秀
v. 初次表演，初次登台
adj. 首张的，首场的，首次的
时态：debuted, debuting, debuts
分布：初次登场(61%)，首次露面(26%)，首次推出(13%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-but, 击，打，目标，词源同beat, butt. 即打向目标的，词义引申富家女子首次亮相，登上社交舞台。
【记】de去掉，but。去掉but？导演Z（平静）：你可以上台了。女演员F：but我还没准备好呢？Z（有点儿烦）：哪那么多事儿呀，快点儿！F：but我这可是第一次！Z（强忍）：谁没有第一次呀，快！F：but…，Z（已经怒了）：哪XX那么多but呀，全都给我de掉，再不上去我就X人了！！！
【参】debutante（n 初进社交界的少女）
【反】farewell performance（告别演出）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■when someone performs or presents something to the public for the first time 首演，首次公演
• She made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake. 她在《天鹅湖》中完成了她的首次职业舞台演出。
• He started as an actor, making his debut as a director in 1990. 他一开始时当演员，1990年首次担任导演。
• her debut (= first) album 她的首张专辑。
['deɪ.bju] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to perform or be introduced to the public for the first time 首演，首次登台；首次亮相
• The programme debuted last year to great acclaim. 这个节目去年首次演出就受到了广泛赞扬。

Word: contagion
Front: contagion
[kənˈteɪdʒən] (18627/34054)
Vocabulary: contagion
(once / 929 pages)
n
Have you ever noticed how when one person yawns, the people around him tend to do so as well? This phenomenon can be described as a contagion, the spreading of an emotional or mental state (in this case, fatigue).
Contagion can apply not only to the spread of emotions but also to the spread of disease. If you’re feeling sick, you should stay home to reduce the risk of contagion. (Be sure to use the word contagion when you call in sick; it’s a great opportunity to impress people with your vocabulary.) Contagion is akin to the word contagious, an adjective describing things that spread from person to person, like certain diseases... and yawning.
WORD FAMILY
contagion: contagions, contagious +/ contagious: contagiously, noncontagious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not long ago the risk of "contagion" from Greece appeared to be the mother of all worries for the EU.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
Investors will be watching developments in Italy closely as they assess the risks of an anti-euro shift and weigh the chances of contagion.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 04, 2016)
This is a world in which the contagion of fact-free words is spreading rapidly.
The Guardian(Dec 03, 2016)
Back: n. 传染; 接触传染; 道德败坏; 歪风
分布：蔓延(82%)，传染病(15%)，接触传染(3%)
传染,感染(con共同+tag+ion→共同接触到→传染)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
【记】con共同，tag接触－ion－接触容易导致传染
[kən'teɪ.dʒən] formal
noun uncountable
■when a disease is spread by touching someone or something 接触传染
• The doctor says there's no chance/danger of contagion. 医生说不存在传染的可能／危险。
n. 传染病；蔓延；触染
 - infection, epidemic

Word: outskirts
Front: outskirts
[ˈaʊtskɜ:ts] (研雅宝 8456/7565 -2)
Vocabulary: outskirts
(once / 1142 pages)
n
Some people like to live downtown. Others prefer the open spaces of the suburbs. But if you live in between the two, you are in the outskirts, the place where the city ends and the suburbs begin.
Outskirts describes the outer edge of a city or town, farthest from the center but still technically part of that place. If you had a city map, you could draw a line on all sides where crowded streets filled with apartment building and businesses begin to give way to single-family houses and country roads. You might not get a perfect circle but you will see that outskirts are those border places between the city and the little towns that surround it.
WORD FAMILY
outskirt: outskirts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although Affleck was born in California, his family moved to Cambridge on the outskirts of Boston when he was two.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Another suggestion is to bar American diplomats from using their summer retreat on the outskirts of Moscow and a warehouse south of Moscow.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Another suggestion is to bar U.S. diplomats from using their summer retreat on the outskirts of Moscow and a warehouse in the south of Moscow.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 郊外; 市郊，郊区; 从外围经过; 边缘
分布：郊区(99%)，名词outskirt的复数.(1%)
→out-,向外，skirt,裙摆，边缘。比喻用法。
郊区(out+skirts裙子;城市周边→郊区)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
n.郊区The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
【记】out外，skirt裙子，s：裙子的外边－郊区
【参】outspoken（adj 坦率直言的）；outstrip（v 超过）
N-PLURAL
市郊；郊区
The outskirts of a city or town are the parts of it that are farthest away from its centre.
例：Hours later we reached the outskirts of New York.我们几小时后到达了纽约市郊。
outskirts, suburbs
这两个名词均有“郊区、近郊”之意。
outskirts: 在现代英语中只用这个复数形式，通常指市区以外的地方。
suburbs: 侧重指与市区相接或相邻的居住区。
n. 市郊，郊区
 - suburban district, banlieue

Word: novelty
Front: novelty
[ˈnɒvlti] (研六托雅宝 7961/7558 -1)
Vocabulary: novelty
(once / 587 pages)
1n 2n
Novelty is a newness or refreshing quality. Many college freshmen enjoy the novelty of living on their own — until it comes time to do that first load of laundry.
You'll often hear people talk about the novelty of a new experience — imagine the excitement and anticipation of cracking open a novel you’ve never read before to help remember the word. But novelty is also a term for a small toy or trinket, usually mass-produced. Novelty shops sell all kinds of funny knickknacks, from personalized flashlight key chains to stuffed singing hamsters.
WORD FAMILY
novelty: novelties
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The novelty of the first three movements is incredible. Beethoven was creating the stage for the future.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The first cocktail fashions reflected the gaiety and novelty of coed drinking.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Black Lips, Novelty Daughter, Lettuce and more pop and rock concerts.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 新奇; 新奇的事物; 新颖小巧而价廉的物品
分布：新奇的经验(67%)，小装饰(33%)
→来自拉丁语novus,新的，词源同new,-ty,名词后缀。引申词义新奇，新颖。
新奇事情(novel+ty)[nov=new,表示"新的"]
新奇(novel新的)[-ty表名词,用在形容词后,把形容词变成名词]
n.新奇,新颖,新奇的事物Hard to imagine that cars were a novelty in 1900.很难想象1900年的时候, 汽车是件新奇的东西.
【记】源于：novel（n 小说；adj 新奇的）
【参】nova（n 新星）
【反】banal（adj 平凡陈腐的）；timeworn（adj 陈旧的）
US ['nɑ:.vəl.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■the quality of being new and unusual 新颖，新奇
• The novelty of these toys soon wore off and the children became bored with them. 孩子们对这些玩具的新鲜感很快就消失了，开始厌倦起来。
• In Britain in the 1950s, television had a novelty value. 在20世纪50年代的英国，电视机曾经是一种新奇的事物。
countable
■something which has not been experienced before and so is interesting 新奇的事物
• Tourists are still a novelty on this remote island. 鲜有游客造访这偏僻的岛屿。
countable
■a cheap unusual object such as a small toy, often given as a present （常作为礼物赠送的）新奇廉价的物品
• A Christmas cracker usually contains a paper hat, a joke and a novelty. 圣诞节彩包爆竹中通常装有纸帽、笑话和新颖的小玩意儿。
• a novelty item 新奇的小物件
n. 新奇；新奇的事物；新颖小巧而廉价的物品
 - newness, originality

Word: utter
Front: utter
[ˈʌtə(r)] (研四六托宝 6873/6129 -2)
Vocabulary: utter
(once / 45 pages)
1adj 2v 3v
The adjective utter is often used as an intensifier to mean "total" — often with negative connotations (like "utter failure"). As a verb, the word has a totally unrelated meaning: to speak or to articulate a sound.
If you utter something, you give it voice. You could utter a cry or utter complete sentences; either way, you are expressing yourself. However, if you declare someone an utter moron, you are saying he is a complete and total moron; not that he is a moron expressing himself. Don't confuse the spelling of utter with udder — the latter is the part of the cow that you milk.
WORD FAMILY
utter: utterable, utterance, uttered, utterer, utterest, uttering, utterly, uttermost, utterness, utters+/unutterable: unutterablest, unutterably/utterable: unutterable, utterably/ utterance: utterances/uttered: unuttered/utterer: utterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The chaebol all wrote checks, prosecutors say, usually after Mr. Ahn uttered the magic words: “The president is interested in this.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By design, Kai utters that hello once every seventeen times.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
David Bowie and Prince were fed up with our national hissy fit, our utter lack of cool.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 发出声音; 说，讲; 出版（书籍）等; [法]流通使用
adj. 彻底的，完全的，绝对的
时态：uttered, uttering, utters
分布：说(55%)，发出(14%)，完全的(13%)，绝对的(8%)，表达(5%)，全然的(5%)
→来自out的古英语书写形式比较级，更外面的，完全的，绝对的，同时由形容词作动词使用，说出，发出声音。
a.彻底的,完全的v.说,发出(声音)The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
【记】源于：outer，说出的
【反】partial（adj 部分的）；jest（n 笑话）－solemn utterance（严肃的话）；circumlocution（n 婉转曲折的陈述）－pithy utterance（精练的陈述）/utter concisely（简明的说）/straightforward utter（坦率的说）
US ['ʌ.tˌɚ] verb transitive slightly formal
■to say something or to make a sound with your voice 说；讲；出声
• She sat through the whole meeting without uttering a word. 整个会议期间她干坐着，一言不发。
UK ['ʌt.ər] US ['ʌ.tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■complete or extreme 完全的；十足的；极度的
• utter confusion/misery/chaos 极度的困惑／不幸／混乱
• utter nonsense/rubbish/drivel 一派胡言
• The meeting was a complete and utter waste of time. 这个会议完全是浪费时间。
• Lying back in the hot bath was utter bliss. 泡热水澡真是神仙般的享受。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vt. 发出，表达；发射
 - release, put, voice, project, let go
adj. 完全的；彻底的；无条件的
 - thorough, full, complete, absolute, total

Word: paperwork
Front: paperwork
[ˈpeɪpəwɜ:k] (高 6838/8494 -1)
Vocabulary: paperwork
(once / 4592 pages)
n
Any task you do that involves many pieces of paper (like paying bills or filling out forms) is called paperwork. Some jobs feel like they're nothing but paperwork.
If your teacher does paperwork while your class takes an exam, he might grade papers, fill out applications for grant money, or organize the many sheets of paper he's accumulated over the semester. When paperwork was coined in the sixteenth century, it meant "things made of paper." By the late 1800s, it came to mean "work done on paper." Paperwork is less common today, as work is increasingly done electronically — it may be time for a new word!
WORD FAMILY
paperwork
USAGE EXAMPLES
According to paperwork he filed with the state, he was owed $16,230 in unpaid wages and overtime.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But a state Supreme Court judge in Manhattan determined this week Sills didn’t get her paperwork in until April 19 - more than two months later.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s so expensive to hire the first worker—it’s grim, all the paperwork, unemployment taxes,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 文书工作; 纸上作业
分布：文书工作(100%)
→比喻用法。
US [-pɚ.wɝ:k] noun uncountable
■the part of a job which involves writing letters and reports and keeping records 文书工作
■the written records connected with a particular job, deal, journey, etc （与某一工作、交易、旅行等有关的）资料，档
• I've kept all the paperwork for the car. 我把这辆汽车的所有资料都保存下来。
n. 文书工作
 - deskwork

Word: smuggler
Front: smuggler
[ˈsmʌglə(r)] (10708/15470)
Back: n. 走私者; 走私船
分布：走私者(100%)
→smuggle,走私，-er,人。
US [-lɚ] noun countable
■someone who smuggles 走私犯；偷运者
n. [法] 走私者；走私犯；走私船
 - runner, owler

Word: wit
Front: wit
[wɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5755/5013 -2)
Vocabulary: wit
(once / 104 pages)
n
Wit is brainpower or mental ability, or the person who possesses such ability, especially when it's used humorously.
When we are scared out of our wits, we — figuratively, anyway — lose for a moment our mental faculties. When we are at our wits' end, we have run out of ideas or possible solutions to a frustrating situation. When we outwit someone, we make the smarter decision. Historical figures known for their wit include Voltaire, Oscar Wilde, and Mark Twain.
WORD FAMILY
wit: witless, wits, witticism, witty +/ witless: witlessly/ witticism: witticisms/ witty: wittier, wittiest, wittily, wittiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Survival in England’s top flight is more than a battle of wits, or even money; it is a war of information.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Like Canada itself, the gray jay is a pleasant surprise, comforting for its lack of pushiness and dramatics, endearing for its wit and poise.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
And while both are leavened with wit, they are fundamentally serious plays.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 机智; 才智，智慧; 富有机智的人; 打趣话，玩笑话
分布：机智(47%)，才智(22%)，风趣(20%)，智力(7%)，即(4%)
→来自weid,看，知道，词源同visit,wise。引申词义见多思广，智慧。
n.智力,才智,智慧The accident scared me out of my wits.那次意外吓得我惊慌失措.
【反】dullard（n 愚人）
noun
HUMOUR 幽默
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the ability to use words in a clever and humorous way （说话的）幽默风趣
• a woman of great intelligence and wit 非常聪明且说话风趣的女人
• Her conversation sparkled with her own subtle blend of wit and charm. 她的谈话透着她特有的难以言传的风趣与魅力。
• He was known for his dry / ready / sharp wit. 他以言辞尖刻而闻名。
⇒ See also wits;witticism
countable
■a person who is skilled at using words in a clever and humorous way 说话风趣的人
• Sydney Smith, a notable wit, once remarked that he never read a book before he reviewed it because it might prejudice his opinion of it. 悉尼‧史密斯，一个风趣出了名的家伙，曾说过他从来不在评论一部书之前去读它，因为这样会让他对这部书产生偏见。
[wɪt] noun
INTELLIGENCE 机智
wits [plural]
■intelligence and the ability to think quickly 机智；头脑
• She learned to survive on her wits. 她学会了靠自己的头脑生存。
[wɪt] noun
frighten/scare sb out of their wits (also frighten/scare the wits out of sb)
■to make someone very frightened 把（某人）吓得魂不附体
• Don't shout like that! You scared me out of my wits. 别那么大喊大叫！你都吓死我了。
[wɪt] noun
gather your wits literary
■to make an effort to become calm and think more clearly 镇静下来
• I spent the five-minute break between games gathering my wits and rethinking my strategy for the second half of the match. 我利用中场休息的五分钟镇静下来，并重新思考下半场比赛的战术。
[wɪt] noun
have/keep (all) your wits about you
■to be ready to think quickly in a situation and react to things that you are not expecting 保持头脑冷静；随机应变
• Cycling is potentially very dangerous in London - you have to keep your wits about you. 在伦敦骑脚踏车可能会非常危险——你必须保持头脑清醒。
[wɪt] noun
not be beyond the wit of man / sb humorous
■to be possible to achieve 没有超出人／某人的才智范围；可以实现
• It shouldn't be beyond the wit of man to arrange for them both to be there at the same time. 安排他们同时到达那里应该可以办到。
[wɪt] noun
to wit formal
■used to make clearer or more particular something that you have already said 就是；即
• Several pieces of major legislation have been introduced in the US over the past few years, to wit: the Americans With Disabilities Act, the Clean Air Act and the Civil Rights Act. 过去几年里已经有好几项重大立法在美国推行，即《美国残障法案》、《净化空气法案》和《民权法案》。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. 智慧；才智；智力
 - wisdom, intelligence, brain, mind, mentality

Word: sketch
Front: sketch
[sketʃ] (研四六托雅 5051/4945 -2)
Vocabulary: sketch
(once / 184 pages)
nv
A sketch is a rough or brief outline of something. If you hand in a sketch, instead of your full paper, don't expect to get a very high grade!
The word sketch can be used when talking about something visual, particularly a drawing. An artist might sketch a friend in an hour, and then go home and take weeks to complete the portrait. A sketch can also refer to a short verbal or narrative account. You might want to give your friend a brief sketch of what happened to you today, instead of boring her with every last detail, including the hours you spent washing and then folding your laundry.
WORD FAMILY
sketch: sketched, sketcher, sketches, sketching, sketchy +/sketcher: sketchers/ sketchy: sketchier, sketchiest, sketchily, sketchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mr. Wong was unofficially promoted to the rank of inspirational sketch artist.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 草图; 素描; 梗概
v. 草拟; 速写; 简述
时态：sketched, sketching, sketches
分布：素描(44%)，草图(37%)，速写(10%)，概述(5%)，草拟(4%)
→来自拉丁语 schedium,临时作品，来自希腊语 skhedios,临时做的，来自 segh,持有，握住， 想出，词源同 schema,scheme.引申诸相关词义。
n.素描;略图,草图;梗概v.绘略图,速写,写生When I fetched the sketch on the stretcher I found the secretary's secret.当我拿来担架上的素描时我发现了秘书的秘密.
noun countable
SIMPLE SHAPE/FORM 简单的形状／形式
 ADVANCED
■a simple, quickly-made drawing which does not have many details 草图，速写；素描
• My mother made a (pencil) sketch of my brother reading a book. 我母亲画了一张我弟弟在读书的（铅笔）素描。
■a short written or spoken story which does not have many details 短文；短剧
[sketʃ] noun countable
HUMOROUS PERFORMANCE 幽默的表演
■a short humorous part of a longer show on stage, television or radio 幽默短剧，滑稽小品
• I thought the sketch about Queen Victoria was very funny. 我觉得那部有关维多利亚女王的短剧非常有趣。
[sketʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make a sketch of something （给…）画素描；（为…）画草图
• The art students were told to sketch the landscape. 艺术专业的学生被告知要画一张实地风景素描。
• When I have some spare time, I like to sketch. 有空闲的时候，我喜欢画素描。
• The artist has sketched out a design for the new school. 这位艺术家已勾勒出了新学校的设计图。
[sketʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sketch sth out
■to give a short description of something, containing few details 概述；草拟；勾勒
• She sketched out the plan in a few brief sentences. 她用寥寥几句话概述了计划的进行。
picture, sketch, describe, represent
这组词都有“描写、描述”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。
sketch: 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。
describe: 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。
represent: 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 素描；略图；梗概
 - outline, croquis

Word: generosity
Front: generosity
[ˌdʒenəˈrɒsəti] (六宝 7952/7604)
Vocabulary: generosity
(once / 498 pages)
n
Generosity is a quality that's a lot like unselfishness. Someone showing generosity is happy to give time, money, food, or kindness to people in need.
Generosity is a quality — like honesty and patience — that we all probably wish we had more of. When you show generosity, you might give away things or money or put others before yourself. But generosity is about more than cash and stuff. When you're forgiving and gentle to people, you show generosity of spirit. If you give others help or credit, that shows generosity. The world would certainly be a better place if more people showed generosity to others.
WORD FAMILY
generosity: generosities+/ generous: generosity, generousest, generously, generousness, overgenerous, ungenerous/overgenerous: overgenerously/ungenerous: ungenerously
USAGE EXAMPLES
He, too, offered a stay in his home … This level of generosity shocked me to my core.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As I step back and consider the way this story ended, my own generosity embarrasses me.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
I was constantly stunned by Carrie’s generosity, refusing it often, which seemed to move her.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 慷慨，大方; 宽容或慷慨的行为; 丰富
分布：慷慨(80%)，大方(16%)，宽大(4%)
慷慨(gener+osity多的状态→多产生→慷慨)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
慷慨(gener产生)[-osity表名词,ose+ity组成,表示"多…的状态"]
US [-'rɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■the quality or condition of being generous 慷慨，大方
• Her friends take advantage of (= benefit unfairly from) her generosity. 她的那些朋友利用她的慷慨占她的便宜。
n. 慷慨，大方；宽宏大量
 - liberality, large-handedness

Word: analogy
Front: analogy
[əˈnælədʒi] (研六托雅宝 5913/5394 -1)
Vocabulary: analogy
(once / 473 pages)
n
When you draw an analogy between two things, you compare them for the purpose of explanation. The movie character Forrest Gump made a silly analogy famous: "Life is like a box of chocolates."
Some standardized tests still have "analogy questions," which are given in this format: A : B :: C : ___ (read "A is to B as C is to what?"). This is a more formalized version of something we do every day: compare one thing to another. It's a useful way of speaking — if a scientist explains that the earth's forests function as its lungs, we understand the analogy to mean that both trees and lungs take in important elements from the air. But when Forrest Gump says life is like a box of chocolates because you never know what you're going to get, that's a pretty brainless analogy.
WORD FAMILY
analogy: analogical, analogies, analogise, analogist, analogize, analogous +/ analogical: analogically/analogist: analogists/ analogize: analogizes, analogizing/ analogous: analogously
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some important respects, this is a bad analogy.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
But this is an inane analogy, I realize, because I do not want to touch the heart of the matter.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Paul Rankin’s Dec. 14 letter, “The science isn’t settled,” contained unsettling analogies.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 类似，相似; 比拟，类比; 类推
分布：类比(69%)，相似(16%)，类似(15%)
→前缀ana-, 向上，向后。词根log,说话，思考，同apology.
类比;类似(ana+logy讲话→再旁边讲→讲一样的东西→类似)[ana-表示"错误,在旁边,分开"]
类比;类似(ana一样+logy→说的一样→类比)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
n.类似,相似,类比,类推The jogger made an analytical analogy between the ecology and geology.慢跑者在生态学和地质学之间进行了分析类比.
【记】ana并列，log说话－并起来说－相似，类比
【参】prologue（n 序言）；epilogue（n 尾声，后记）
【反】lacking similarity（缺乏相似性）；disparate（adj 全异的）－analogous（adj 类似的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or idea 类似；类比；比拟；类推
• He drew an analogy between the brain and a vast computer. 他把大脑比作一台庞大的电脑。
• It is sometimes easier to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it with) something concrete. 有时用具体事物作比拟来阐释抽象概念会更容易些。
likeness, similarity, resemblance, analogy
这组词都有“相似，类似”的意思，其区别是：
likeness: 普通用词，指人或物从外观看去，有很明显的相似之处，或完全相似。
similarity: 指不同的人或事物在外表、特征、程度或性质等方面有某些相似之处。
resemblance: 指外观或性质有相似之处。
analogy: 指外表或实质均不相同的事物对比之下的类似之处。
n. 类比；类推；类似
 - similarity, parallelism

Word: faculty
Front: faculty
[ˈfæklti] (研四六托雅宝 1985/4038 -2)
Vocabulary: faculty
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n
A faculty refers to any of your mental or physical abilities. If you lose your faculties, you are powerless. The faculty of a school is comprised of the people who work there. Lose them, and you have a different kind of problem.
Faculty comes from the Old French word faculté, which means “skill, accomplishment, or learning.” You may have great faculties of memory, sight, mobility, charm, math, and musicality, but, as Beethoven was in the end, be robbed of your faculty of hearing. Any aptitude or ability — inborn or learned — that you have is a faculty. Also, if you go to school, your teachers make up the faculty of that school.
WORD FAMILY
faculty: faculties
USAGE EXAMPLES
The faculty of Strain-Japan say they see and appreciate these advantages.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Problems arose immediately for students, faculty and administrators.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“All media are extensions of some human faculty – psychic or physical,” he wrote.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 能力，才能; 全体教职员; <英>（大学的）专科，系; 特权，特许
分布：能力(62%)，才能(22%)，全体教员(16%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,effect.即做事情的能力，才能等。后用来指全体教职员。
n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养.
US [-tˌi] noun
ABILITY 能力
countable usually plural
■a natural ability to hear, see, think, move, etc 官能，机能
• Even at the age of 100, she still had all her faculties. 尽管年届一百高龄，她的一切身体机能仍然保持正常。
• Is he in command/possession of all his faculties (= Can he still hear, speak, see and think clearly) ? 他身体一切机能均正常吗？
countable
■a special ability to do a particular thing 能力，才能
• She has a faculty for inspiring confidence in people. 她具有激发他人信心的能力。
• Studying has certainly sharpened my critical faculties (= taught me to think carefully about things using my judgment). 学习的确增强了我的分析判断能力。
UK ['fæk.əl.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
COLLEGE 学院
countable
■a group of departments in a college which specialize in a particular subject or group of subjects （高等院校的）系，院
• the Arts/Law Faculty 文学／法学院
• the Faculty of Science 理学院
countable US
■the people who teach in a department in a college （高等院校中院系的）全体教师
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 科，系；能力；全体教员
 - ability, capacity, competence, department, power

Word: loop
Front: loop
[lu:p] (研四六托雅宝 4250/4755 -2)
Vocabulary: loop
(once / 676 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n
A loop is a roundish, coiled shape, like the shape a piece of string or rope makes when it crosses itself. To start knitting, you need to put a loop of yarn on the end of one of your needles.
Loops are ovals or circles and are often made from rope or other fibers, like the loop at the end of a cowboy's lasso. The verb loop means to form the shape of a loop in the sky; or to make a loop from string or some other material. If something "throws you for a loop," it catches you by surprise, and if you're "in the loop," you have access to information that others might not have.
WORD FAMILY
loop: looped, looper, looping, loops, loopy +/looper: loopers/looping: loopings/ loopy: loopier, loopiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
That revelation called into question to what extent Whaley is kept in the loop.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Not that Trump will be our first president who likes to operate from a closed loop.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 圈，环; [医]宫内避孕环; 回路; 弯曲部分
vt. & vi. （使）成环，（使）成圈; 以环连结; 使翻筋斗
时态：looped, looping, loops
分布：环(75%)，回路(13%)，圈(10%)，以环连结(1%)，以圈结(1%)
→来自中古英语loupe,绳索，套，词源同leap,原义可能为套动物的套索或套圈，后用来指圈，环。词义演变比较farrow,furrow,pork.
n.圈,环The troop's stoop on the loop became the top topic at the bus stop.部队在环行道上的屈服在公共汽车站成了头等话题.
noun countable
■the curved shape made when something long and thin, such as a piece of string, bends until one part of it nearly touches or crosses another part of it 圆圈，环形
• belt loops 腰带
• a loop of string 绳套
• the loop of the river 河弯，河套
• The tape ran in a continuous loop, repeating the same songs over and over. 这盒磁带处于回圈播放状态，反反复复地播放那几首歌曲。
■a type of IUD 宫内避孕器
[lu:p] noun countable
be in the loop/be out of the loop informal
■to have or not have the special knowledge or power that belongs to a particular group of people （不）是消息灵通人士；（不）是圈内人
• You can tell she's in the loop. She always knows about policy decisions before the rest of us. 她很明显是圈内人。她总是比我们所有人都更早知道政策决定。
• I've been out of the loop since I changed jobs. I didn't realize Wendy and Bob had got engaged. 我换工作之后一直消息闭塞。我还不知道温蒂和巴布已经订婚了呢。
[lu:p] noun countable
knock / throw sb for a loop US informal
■If something that happens knocks you for a loop, it upsets or confuses you because you do not expect it 使人心烦；使大为惊讶
• He knocked me for a loop when he said he was quitting his job. 他说他要辞职的时候吓了我一跳。
[lu:p] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to make a loop or curve 缠绕；弯曲
• Loop the rope over the bar. 用绳子在栏杆上缠一圈。
• Turn left where the road loops round the farm buildings. 在这条路绕过农场房屋的地方向左转。
[lu:p] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
loop the loop
■to fly in the shape of a loop in the sky 盘旋，绕圈飞行
vi. 打环； [航] 翻筋斗
 - somersault
n. 环；圈；弯曲部分； [航] 翻筋斗
 - annulus, anulus

Word: orchestrate
Front: orchestrate
[ˈɔ:kɪstreɪt] (8946/13931 -1)
Vocabulary: orchestrate
(once / 3638 pages)
v
To orchestrate is to design or organize something, like a plan or a project. You could orchestrate an orchestra or you could just orchestrate a yard sale.
An orchestra is a large group of classical musicians led by a conductor: it consists of many people playing together. Similarly, when we talk about orchestrating, someone is coordinating the activities of many people to accomplish something. The manager of an office orchestrates the business. A coach orchestrates the play of the team. Terrorist leaders orchestrate attacks. Orchestrating is like directing, and it applies to many more things than just music.
WORD FAMILY
orchestrate: orchestrated, orchestrates, orchestrating, orchestration, orchestrator+/ orchestra: orchestral, orchestras, orchestrate /orchestral: orchestrally/orchestration: orchestrations/orchestrator: orchestrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Put it on, orchestrate a big group hug, bawl together, and then put on some Prince and honor his memory with a dance party.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Yes, he’s up against the nation’s No. 1 defense, but he’s also orchestrated the nation’s No. 1 most efficient offense this season.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“He picked it, he planned it, he orchestrated it and he executed it,” prosecutors told his jury.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: vt. 把（乐曲）编成管弦乐; 和谐地安排; 精心策划
时态：orchestrated, orchestrating, orchestrates
分布：精心安排(74%)，给 ... 配管弦乐曲(13%)，使协调地结合在一起(13%)
→来自orchestra,管弦乐，-ate,使。即编排管弦乐曲，引申词义组织，安排。
US ['ɔ:r-] verb transitive often passive
MUSIC 音乐
■to arrange or write a piece of music so that it can be played by an orchestra 为管弦乐队改编（或创作）
UK ['ɔ:.kɪ.streɪt] US ['ɔ:r-] verb transitive often passive
ARRANGE 安排
■to arrange something carefully, and sometimes unfairly, so as to achieve a wanted result 精心安排；用心策划
• Their victory was largely a result of their brilliantly orchestrated election campaign. 他们的胜利主要归功于他们的选举活动策划得非常成功。

Word: coke

Word: gossip
Front: gossip
[ˈgɒsɪp] (研六托雅 6861/6049 -2)
Vocabulary: gossip
(once / 336 pages)
nv
Gossip is conversation that's light, informal, and usually about other people's business. It can be fun to gossip about others, but no one likes it when they're the subject of gossip.
You can find people just about anywhere who love to chatter about the latest rumors and stories: they're gossips who love to gossip. You've probably seen all the celebrity gossip featured in the tabloids: stories about who's dating, marrying, divorcing, or having a baby. But don't trust everything you hear — gossip isn't always accurate, and often people spread untrue gossip just to mess with someone they don't like.
WORD FAMILY
gossip: gossiped, gossiper, gossiping, gossipped, gossipping, gossips, gossipy+/ gossiper: gossipers/gossiping: gossipings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The George became a home for political debate and gossip - and Shakespeare's plays were often performed in its courtyard.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He fashioned himself into a regular in the gossip pages, playing the city’s tabloids off each other as he promoted his personal brand.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The men would kind of exchange some politics and, if we’re truthful, we probably shared some gossip, too.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 流言蜚语，谣言; 爱讲闲话的人; 谈话，闲话; 关系亲密的伙伴
vi. 传播流言，说长道短
时态：gossipped, gossiping, gossips
分布：闲话(51%)，流言蜚语(45%)，爱说长道短的人(4%)
→gos, 来自god, 上帝。sip, 姐妹，词源同sibling, sister. 即上帝的姐妹，通常指妇女们聚在一起闲聊，闲侃，引申词义流言蜚语。
n./v.(说)闲话,闲聊The gossip tossed the mossy blossom fossil.爱讲闲话者向上抛长满苔藓的花化石.
【源】由 god+sib＝related亲戚－神的亲戚－教父、教母－亲密的朋友－酒肉朋友－边喝边聊－闲聊－长舌妇goss＝goose鹅，sip（v 吸吮）－一堆鹅在sip酒聊天－讲闲话
US ['gɑ:.səp] noun
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■(a) conversation or reports about other people's private lives which might be unkind, disapproving or not true （有关别人隐私的）流言蜚语，闲言闲语，闲聊
• Her letter was full of gossip. 她信里讲的都是些闲言闲语。
• Jane and Lyn sat in the kitchen having a good gossip about their friends. 简和琳恩坐在厨房里大聊特聊自己的那班朋友。
• I don't like all this idle gossip. 我讨厌这些无聊的流言蜚语。
• I've got some juicy gossip for you. 我有些特别有趣的小道传闻告诉你。
• Have you heard the (latest) gossip? 你听到（最近流传的）那些闲言闲语吗？
countable disapproving (mainly UK gossipmonger)
■someone who enjoys talking about other people and their private lives 爱说三道四的人；喜欢散布流言蜚语的人
• She's a terrible gossip. 她是个很要命的长舌妇。
UK ['gɒs.ɪp] US ['gɑ:.səp] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to talk about other people's private lives （对别人的隐私）说三道四，传播流言蜚语
• Stop gossiping and get on with some work. 别再闲扯了，继续工作去。
• People have started to gossip about us. 人们已经开始说我们的闲话了。
n. 小道传闻；随笔；爱说长道短的人
 - essay, quidnunc
vi. 闲聊；传播流言蜚语
 - chat about, make conversation

Word: eclipse
Front: eclipse
[ɪˈklɪps] (研六托雅 7609/12521 -1)
Vocabulary: eclipse
(once / 650 pages)
nv
Have you ever seen an eclipse? That's when the sun, earth or moon cross paths and cover each other up temporarily.
A solar eclipse happens when the moon blocks our view of the sun for a bit. A lunar eclipse happens when the moon is on one side of the earth and the sun directly opposite, so the moon disappears. A TV eclipse, perhaps the most serious of all, is when your dad walks in at the most crucial part of the movie and blocks your view of the TV while he lectures about taking out the trash.
WORD FAMILY
eclipse: eclipsed, eclipses, eclipsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If reports are to be believed, 2017 will offer up what's been described as the eclipse of the century.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Some hotels are offering special packages and say they’re already getting a boost in business nearly a year before the eclipse.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The senior running back led a quartet of Falcons players who eclipsed 600 yards rushing this season.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. [天]（日、月）食; 消失，黯然失色; 漆黑
vt. 使黯然失色; 形成日（或月）食
时态：eclipsed, eclipsing, eclipses
分布：丧失(40%)，形成日或月食(15%)，没落(15%)，日或月食(15%)，使 ... 黯然失色(15%)
→ec-, 向外。-lipse, 留下，词源同leave, ellipse. 即留下一块阴影的。
日(ce[=e出]+lips+e[太阳]离开→日)[lips=leave,表示"离开"]
n.日食,月食The moon is partly eclipsed.发生了部分月蚀.
【记】lipse＝leave离开一名声离去－名声跌落；黯然失色ec出，lip嘴唇，se：癞吻死妓噘嘴亲你一下－名声跌落
【参】lapse（v 时间流逝n 失误）
【反】make distinctive（使与众不同）；make more prominent / bring to more prominent（使更加卓越）
noun
SUN 太阳
countable
■when the sun disappears from view, either completely or partly, while the moon is moving between it and the Earth, or when the moon becomes darker while the shadow of the Earth moves over it 日蚀；月蚀
• a solar/lunar eclipse 日／月蚀
• On Wednesday there will be a total/partial eclipse of the sun. 周三将有一次日全／偏蚀。
[ɪ'klɪps] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
[S or U] literary
■when something becomes less important 黯然失色
• The eclipse of the ruling political party was inevitable. 执政党大势已去，无可挽回。
• His remarkable contribution to literature has been too long in eclipse. 他对文学的杰出贡献已被人们遗忘太久了。
[ɪ'klɪps] verb
SUN 太阳
transitive
■to make an eclipse of the moon or sun 食；遮掩（天体）的光
• The moon will be totally eclipsed at 12.10 pm. 晚上十二点十分会出现月全蚀。
[ɪ'klɪps] verb
IMPORTANCE 重要性
transitive often passive
■to make another person or thing seem much less important, good or famous 掩没…的重要性（或优点、声誉等）；凌驾…之上；光芒盖过…
• The economy has eclipsed all other issues during this election campaign. 这次大选期间，经济问题成为压倒性的重大议题。

Word: fiery
Front: fiery
[ˈfaɪəri] (7833/8727 -1)
Vocabulary: fiery
(once / 364 pages)
adj
When something is very hot or intense, it's fiery. That could mean a forest fire or a fiery temper.
Any time there's fire, you have a fiery situation. This word applies to a lot more than flames, though. If you lose your temper easily, you may be called hot-headed or fiery. An intense argument — with two people yelling and carrying on — could be called fiery. Any kind of intense emotion or passion is fiery. If you're a cool customer, you're not very fiery. Also, you could say that hot Indian curry or spicy chicken wings are fiery.
WORD FAMILY
fiery: fierily, fieriness+/counterfire: counterfires/ fire: counterfire, fiery, fired, fires, firing, misfire/ fired: firedest/firing: firings/misfire: misfired, misfires, misfiring
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s about selling books, getting my message across, it’s about legacy,” said Kennedy, whose fiery zeal keeps her working full-time.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The franchise rewarded the fiery Sullivan with a three-year contract extension that will keep him with the team through 2019-20.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
People piled up red and white carnations outside the Moscow office of the Alexandrov Ensemble, popular across the world for its fiery performances.
Time(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 激烈的; 火似的; 火热的; 易燃烧的
级别：fierier, fieriest
分布：火的(30%)，炽热的(26%)，激烈的(22%)，暴躁的(17%)，辛辣的(5%)
→来自fire的古英语形容词。
adjective
RED 红的
■bright red, like fire 火红的；火一般的
• a fiery sky/sunset 火红的天空／落日余晖
['faɪə.ri] adjective
FOOD 食物的
■describes food which causes a strong burning feeling in the mouth （食物）辣的
• a fiery chilli sauce 辣味十足的辣椒酱
['faɪə.ri] adjective
STRONG FEELINGS 强烈的感觉
■showing very strong feeling 充满激情的；激烈的；火爆的
• A fiery debate ensued. 接着是一场激烈的辩论。
• a fiery temperament/temper 火爆的性情／脾气
• a fiery orator/speech 慷慨激昂的演说家／演说
adj. 热烈的，炽烈的；暴躁的；燃烧般的
 - passionate, hotter

Word: scoop
Front: scoop
[sku:p] (托雅宝 6624/8794 -2)
Vocabulary: scoop
(once / 1213 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
Most people think of ice cream when they think of the noun scoop, but journalists who get a story before others also get a scoop, and dog owners need to scoop up after their dogs or else they will get a ticket for littering.
When a newspaper reporter gets a scoop, it means they beat every other reporter to publish an important story. Other meanings of scoop come from the shape and motion of a scoop, which is hollowed out and looks kind of like a pocket. Also, if you pick up a little dog into your arms, you might say you scooped it up. Scoop is one of many words that can be a noun and a verb, even in the same sentence: when you go to an ice cream shop you can ask your server to give you one, two, or three scoops.
WORD FAMILY
scoop: scooped, scoopful, scooping, scoops+/scoopful: scoopfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anything they scoop up is spirited away to Lebanon, Jordan or Turkey.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Along with the portable scale, he brings a mortar and pestle, and metal scoops for bulk spices.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
When he was 4, he would scoop up pavement ants in front of his house and keep them in jars.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 铲，勺，水舀，铲斗; 一勺[铲]之量; 穴，凹处; 通气（或通水）口
vt. 舀; 挖空; 掏，抓取; [非正式用语]抢先获得、发布
时态：scooped, scooping, scoops
分布：勺(50%)，独家新闻(24%)，铲子(12%)，舀取(8%)，挖空(3%)，穴(3%)
→来自中古荷兰语 schope,舀水桶，来自 West Germanic*skopo,容器，来自 skep,切，分开， 词源同 ship,shape.引申词义勺，铲子等，引申比喻义抢先报道，独家新闻。
【记】把中间的OO想成勺子的顶端。
noun countable
TOOL 工具
■a tool with a deep bowl-shaped end which is used to dig out and move a soft or powdery substance 杓；铲； 球
• a measuring scoop 量匙
• an ice-cream scoop 霜淇淋杓
■the amount held by a scoop 一杓（或铲）的量
• Just one scoop of mashed potato for me, please. 请给我一球马铃薯泥就够了。
[sku:p] noun countable
NEWS 新闻
■a story or piece of news discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others 抢先报导的新闻；独家新闻
• The paper managed to secure a major scoop and broke the scandal to the world. 这家报纸设法抢先报道了重要的独家新闻，把这件丑闻公诸于世。
[sku:p] verb transitive
TOOL 工具
■to move something with a scoop or with something used as a scoop （用杓）舀；（用铲）铲
• He scooped the sand into a bucket with his hands. 他用手把沙子舀进桶里。
■to get a large number of votes or prizes 大量获得（选票或奖项）
• The socialist party is expected to scoop up the majority of the working-class vote. 人们预料社会党将赢得劳工阶级的大多数选票。
[sku:p] verb transitive
NEWS 新闻
■to be the first newspaper to discover and print an important news story 抢在…之前报导
• Just as we were about to publish the story, we were scooped by a rival paper. 正当我们打算公布这则新闻时，被另一家报社抢先了一步。
[sku:p] verb transitive
scoop the pool UK informal
■to win all the prizes that are available 囊括所有奖项
• Cuba scooped the pool in the boxing at this year's Olympics. 古巴囊括了今年奥运会拳击项目的所有奖牌。
[sku:p] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scoop sth out
■to remove something that is inside something else with a spoon 用勺舀出
• Cut the tomato in half and scoop out the seeds. 把蕃茄切成两半，挖出里面的籽。
[sku:p] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scoop sth/sb up
■to lift something or someone with your hands or arms in a quick movement （迅速）捡起，拾起，抱起
• She scooped the children up and ran with them to safety. 她一把抱起孩子们，带着他们奔向安全地带。
• I scooped up my belongings into my handbag. 我匆忙把自己的东西塞进包里。
vt. 掘；舀取；抢先获得；搜集
 - pick, dip
n. 勺；铲子；独家新闻；凹处
 - recession, cavity

Word: optic
Front: optic
[ˈɒptɪk] (雅 14580/16357 -1)
Vocabulary: optic
(once / 1307 pages)
adjn
If you describe something as optic, it has something to do with eyes or vision. Your optic nerve, for example, sends information to your brain from your eyes.
You'll most often find the adjective optic in anatomy or biology textbooks, describing the parts of an eye, or disorders involving the eye. Your optic disc is a tiny blind spot that all humans have on their eyeballs, and optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve. When it's a noun, optic is an old-fashioned, jokey way to say "eyeball." Optic comes from the Greek optikos, "of or having to do with sight."
WORD FAMILY
optic: optics +/ optical: optically/ optics: optical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officers in the bicycle unit are scheduled to get them by the end of May after police substations are wired with fiber optic cable.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The reason is that an appointment from Democratic ranks — particularly from the Senate — would be more than just good optics for the Republicans.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
A native of Steilacoom, McCarthy was 10 when doctors found a brain tumor resting on her optic nerve.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. 眼睛的，视觉的; 光学的; 镜片
分布：光学的(59%)，视觉的(41%)
→来自拉丁语opticus,眼睛的，来自希腊语ops,眼睛，来自okw,看，词源同eye,ocular,biopsy.
眼的,视力的(opt+ic)[opt,opto=sight,表示"视力"]
US ['ɑ:p-] specialized
adjective [before noun] specialized
■relating to light or the eyes 光学的；眼睛的；视觉的
• a fibre optic cable 纤维光缆
adj. [光] 光学的； [生理] [眼科] 视觉的；眼睛的
 - visual, ocular
n. 眼睛；镜片
 - eye, oculus

Word: booking
Front: booking
[ˈbʊkɪŋ] (雅 14474/4593 -2)
Back: n. 预约，预订; 挂号; 演出契约; 订货
v. 预订(book的现在分词); 预约，预定
分布：预订(56%)，预约(44%)
noun countable
■an arrangement you make to have a hotel room, tickets, etc. at a particular time in the future 预订；预约
• We made the booking three months ago. 我们三个月前就预约了。
• Julian was ill so we had to cancel the booking. 朱利安病了，所以我们不得不取消预订。
• The show had already taken £4 million in advance bookings. 这次演出已经从门票预售中赚了400万英镑。
• I filled in the booking form and sent it off. 我填好了预订表格然后寄了出去。
n. [贸易] 预订；预约；演出契约
 - reservation

Word: mutter
Front: mutter
[ˈmʌtə(r)] (研四六雅宝 4837/3481 -2)
Vocabulary: mutter
(once / 158 pages)
vn
When you mutter, you mumble under your breath, often in an angry way. You might mutter to yourself as you clean graffiti off your garage, for example.
An irritable teenager might mutter when her parents make her get off the couch and mow the lawn, and your uncle might mutter at the television every night when he watches the news. When someone mutters, she speaks in a low voice, either to herself or to another person. Mutter was originally moteren in the fourteenth century, and it comes from a Proto-Indo-European root, mut, which was most likely imitative — in other words, it sounds like its meaning.
WORD FAMILY
mutter: muttered, mutterer, muttering, mutters+/mutterer: mutterers/muttering: mutterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“How long you think he’s gonna talk for today?” one player muttered.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
After losses, some mutter, questioning plays and substitutions.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I was then asked where I worked and I lied to my fellow journalists, muttering about a blog.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 轻声低语，咕哝地抱怨; 含糊地说; 自言自语地说
n. 咕哝; 小声低语，小声抱怨; 怨言
时态：muttered, muttering, mutters
分布：咕哝(40%)，抱怨(34%)，低语(19%)，嘟哝(7%)
→拟声词，模仿嘀咕的声音，-er,表反复。
喃喃自语[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
n.喃喃而语,小声低语;抱怨v.低声说,抱怨The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
【记】读：（他）妈的－小声而含糊不清地抱怨
【区】mutton（n 羊肉）；beef（n 牛肉）；pork（n 猪肉）；venison（n 鹿肉）
【反】speak distinctly（清楚地说）
US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to speak quietly and in a low voice that is not easy to hear, often when you are worried or complaining about something 嘟囔，咕哝
• Stop muttering and speak up! 别咕哝了，大声说出来！
• He was muttering (away) to himself. 他在喃喃自语。
• Laurence muttered something about his wife and left. 劳伦斯低声说了他妻子的甚么事就离开了。
• He muttered something under his breath to the person next to him. 他压低声音对他身边的人咕哝了些甚么。
UK ['mʌt.ər] US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] noun
QUIET WORDS 低语
only singular
■(the sound of) words being said very quietly 低语（声）
• I heard the soft mutter of voices in the next room. 我听到隔壁有人轻声低语。
UK ['mʌt.ər] US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] noun
COMPLAINT 抱怨
countable
■a complaint which is made privately 嘀咕，小声抱怨
• There were mutters that other departments received more money than ours. 私下里有人发牢骚说其他部门比我们部门拿的钱多。
whisper, mutter, murmur
这组词都有“低语”的意思，其区别是：
whisper: 通常指耳语、窃窃私语。
mutter: 多指别人不易听到的低语。
murmur: 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
vi. 咕哝；喃喃自语
 - chunter
n. 咕哝；喃喃低语
 - grunt

Word: diagnose
Front: diagnose
[ˈdaɪəgnəʊz] (研六托雅宝 3832/5714 -2)
Vocabulary: diagnose
(once / 1778 pages)
v
If you diagnose a disease, you recognize it by the signs and symptoms your patient shows. Your high temperature and the green crud you keep coughing up will allow your doctor to diagnose your bronchitis.
The verb diagnose was first used in medicine, meaning "make a diagnosis," or identify a disease by observation of symptoms. Use it to describe the process of figuring it out. If you have bad gut pain, ask your doctor to diagnose your condition. You can also use diagnose for other problems, like if you diagnose poverty and malnutrition as the real causes of a student's terrible behavior, or diagnose the virus that caused your computer to crash.
WORD FAMILY
diagnose: diagnosable, diagnosed, diagnosing+/diagnosable: undiagnosable/diagnosed: undiagnosed/ diagnosis: diagnose, diagnoses, diagnostic / diagnostic: diagnostically, diagnostician/diagnostician: diagnosticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, he was diagnosed again, this time with an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But later that afternoon her physician releases a statement saying that two days earlier, Clinton was diagnosed with pneumonia.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 诊断; 判断
vi. 做出诊断
时态：diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnoses
分布：判断(100%)
→dia-, 穿过，整个的。-gn, 知道，词源同know, cognizance. 用于医学名词。
vt.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)The doctor diagnosed his illness as malaria.医师诊断他的病为疟疾.
【记】dia穿过，2，gnose知道－穿过皮肤才知道－诊断
US [ˌdaɪ.əg'noʊz] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to recognize and name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it 诊断（病症）
• The specialist diagnosed cancer. 那位专家作出的诊断是癌症。
• His condition was diagnosed as some sort of blood disorder. 他的病被诊断为某种血液病。
• She was diagnosed with/as having diabetes. 她被查出患有糖尿病。
• The electrician has diagnosed a fault in the wiring. 电工查出了一处线路故障。
vt. 诊断；断定
 - tell, figure out
vi. 诊断；判断
 - judge of, pass upon

Word: scenery
Front: scenery
[ˈsi:nəri] (高研四六托雅 8152/6478 -1)
Vocabulary: scenery
(once / 437 pages)
n
Scenery is a word for how a place looks, especially a beautiful, outdoorsy place. Also, scenery is fake background in a play.
If you go to a place with mountains, and beautiful trees, and gorgeous skies, then it's got great scenery. Scenery is the stuff you can look at outside. If a place is plain, ugly, or desolate, you might say, "Not much scenery." Also, painters and set designers create scenery for plays. In theater, scenery could represent anything: buildings, trees, or the inside of a house. If a play has a lot of different settings, then it needs a lot of scenery.
WORD FAMILY
scenery: sceneries+/ scene: scenery, scenes, scenic / scenic: scenically
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as he surveyed the spectacular scenery, with Slieve League mountain in the background and the quaint little harbour, Byrne also struck a cautious note.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“I said, ‘Gee, this is all outdoor scenery,’ ” he recalled in a video interview years afterward, adding: “I said, ‘Gee, I’m a landscape painter!’
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I said, ‘Gee, this is all outdoor scenery,’” he recalled in a video interview years afterward, adding: “I said, ‘Gee, I’m a landscape painter!’”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 风景，景色; 舞台布景; 风景画; 舞台面
分布：风景(82%)，布景(14%)，背景(4%)
→scene,景色，风光，-ery,名词后缀。
n.风景,舞台布景The scenery in the mountains is very beautiful.山里的景色非常美.
US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
COUNTRYSIDE 乡村
 ADVANCED
■the general appearance of the natural environment, especially when it is beautiful 风景，景色
• beautiful/breathtaking/spectacular scenery 美丽的／慑魂的／壮观的景色
• They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery. 他们在山顶上停了下来，欣赏起风景来。
UK ['si:.nər.i] US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
THEATRE 剧院
■the large painted pictures used on a theatre stage to represent the place where the action is （剧院的）舞台布景
UK ['si:.nər.i] US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
blend into the scenery
■to behave in the same way as people around you, so that you are not noticed 融入周围环境中，使自己不引人注目
sight, scene, scenery, view, landscape
这组词都有“景色、风景”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。
scene: 指具体的、局部的或一时的景色，可以是自然形成的，也可人工造成的。
scenery: 指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。
view: 普通和词，多指从远处或高处所见的景色。
landscape: 多指在内陆的自然风光。
n. 风景；景色；舞台布景
 - landscape, view, picture, prospect, outlook

Word: skinny
Front: skinny
[ˈskɪni] (5402/12497 -1)
Back: adj. 极瘦的，皮包骨的; 紧身的; 小气的; 皮的，皮质的
级别：skinnier, skinniest
分布：皮的(45%)，皮包骨头的(37%)，很瘦的(18%)
→skin,皮肤，-y,形容词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
adjective
THIN 瘦的 mainly disapproving
■very thin 非常瘦的，皮包骨的
• You should eat more, you're much too skinny. 你应该多吃点，你太瘦了。
['skɪn.i] adjective
FOOD AND DRINK 食品和饮料 US informal
■low in fat 低脂的
• a skinny latte 低脂牛奶咖啡
n. 机密情报；内部消息；小道消息
 - classified information, confidential information
adj. 皮的；皮包骨的；紧身的；小气的
 - cheap, leather

Word: spatial
Front: spatial
[ˈspeɪʃl] (六托雅宝 5869/5216 -1)
Vocabulary: spatial
(once / 10775 pages)
adj
Spatial describes how objects fit together in space, either among the planets or down here on earth. There's a spatial relationship between Mars and Venus, as well as between the rose bushes in the backyard.
Spatial has to do with the distance between things, so mathematicians and computer scientists love using the word. "They measured the spatial relations of ping-pong balls in the gravity-free room." It can also refer to how people perceive the objects in front of them. If you're not wearing your glasses, your spatial perception might be off. If you're a space cadet, you might wander off into space. Not surprisingly, spatial is from the Latin word spatium for "space."
WORD FAMILY
spatial: nonspatial, spatiality+/ space: spaced, spaces, spacial, spacing, spacious, spacy, spatial, subspace/spaced: unspaced/spacial: spatially/spacing: spacings/ spacious: spaciously, spaciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They targeted the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, two brain regions important for memory and spatial navigation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 07, 2016)
In any kind of travel, people mentally adjust their spatial limits to their surroundings, be it a crowded subway car or an airplane.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 07, 2016)
The technology lets researchers take spatial and geographic data — whether it's the distance between cusps or between peaks — and then quantify and analyze it.
Washington Post(Nov 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 空间的; 存在于空间的; 受空间条件限制的; 占大篇幅的
分布：空间的(100%)
→来自拉丁语 spatium,空间，词源同 space,spacial.拼写比较 vice,vitiate.
adjective
■relating to the position, area and size of things 空间的
• This task is designed to test the child's spatial awareness (= understanding of where things are in relation to other things). 这一个任务是为测试孩子的空间概念而设计的。
adj. [数] 空间的；存在于空间的；受空间条件限制的
 - dimensional, spacial

Word: sublime
Front: sublime
[səˈblaɪm] (宝 10377/11578 -1)
Vocabulary: sublime
(once / 320 pages)
1adj 2v
In common use, sublime is an adjective meaning "awe-inspiringly grand, excellent, or impressive," like the best chocolate fudge sundae you've ever had.
You might describe a spine-tingling piece of music as "a work of sublime beauty." With the, the word also functions as a noun meaning "something that strikes the mind with a sense of grandeur or power": "Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery," wrote Washington Irving. The beauty of music or nature can be awe-inspiring, but sublime is also useful for describing everything from an impressive serve in tennis to a jaw-droppingly good taste sensation.
WORD FAMILY
sublime: sublimate, sublimed, sublimely, sublimer, sublimes, sublimest, subliming, sublimity +/ sublimate: sublimated, sublimates, sublimating, sublimation / sublimation: sublimations/ sublimity: sublimities
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was sublime chanting from a choir of men and women in smart cream uniforms.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
The most sublime and insightful words, more often than not, emerge from decidedly ignoble creatures.
Slate(Dec 20, 2016)
The island is beautiful but oblique, sublime yet functionally inscrutable.
Time(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 庄严的，雄伟的; 令人赞叹的; 极端的; 傲慢的
n. 庄严，崇高; 高无上，顶点
vt. （使）升华，精练; （使）变高尚
vi. 升华; 变高尚
时态：sublimed, subliming, sublimes
分布：升华(32%)，高尚(21%)，高尚的(10%)，变高尚(10%)，壮观的(8%)，气化(8%)，非凡的(5%)，顶峰(3%)，极其的(3%)
→sub-,在下，向上，-lim,门槛，界限，词源同 limit.引申比喻义接近完美的界限，升华，使高 尚。引申词义崇高的，壮观的。
崇高的(sub在...下面+lime限制→在限制下不乱做事→崇高的)[limin,lim=threshold,表示"门槛,限制"]
【记】sub下面，lime＝limit限制－下面有人限制你，所以你精神崇高的
【参】sublimate（v 使升华；adj 高尚的）；subliminal（adj 下意识的）
【反】base＝despicable（adj 可鄙的）；ridiculous（adj 荒谬可笑的）；common（adj 庸俗的）；furtive（adj 偷偷摸摸的）『worthless』
adjective
■extremely good, beautiful or enjoyable 极好的；极美的；令人极度愉悦的
• sublime beauty 令人赞叹的美
• The book contains sublime descriptive passages. 这本书中有一些非常优美的描写段落。
■very great 非常大的；极强的
• He possesses sublime self-confidence. 他自信心很强。
[sə'blaɪm] noun
the sublime
■something that is sublime 极好之物；极美之物；绝妙之物
• A great deal of literature is only the obvious transformed into the sublime. 很多文学作品都是化腐朽为神奇。
[sə'blaɪm] noun
from the sublime to the ridiculous
■from something that is very good or very serious to something very bad or silly 从高尚到荒谬，从崇高到低俗
• The dresses in the fashion show went/ranged from the sublime to the ridiculous. 时装展上的作品良莠不齐。
adj. 庄严的；令人崇敬的；极端的；超群的
 - ultra, extreme, solemn, sacred, majestic
n. 崇高；顶点
 - height, summit, sky, peak, apex
vi. 升华；纯化；变高尚
 - rarefy

Word: sulk
Front: sulk
[sʌlk] (18787/15549 -1)
Vocabulary: sulk
(once / 868 pages)
vn
When you are displeased by something and you let your gloomy mood show, you're sulking. Do you want to bake another cake, or are you going to sulk all day about the one you dropped?
When you say someone sulks, the tone of the word suggests the person is overdoing it. You wouldn't accuse a widow of sulking at her husband's funeral, because she has a good reason to be sad and gloomy. Instead of sulking because you messed up your tuba solo during the concert, why not put your energy into practice? Or switch to violin.
WORD FAMILY
sulk: sulked, sulking, sulks, sulky +/sulkiness: sulkinesses/ sulky: sulkier, sulkies, sulkiest, sulkily, sulkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than hide in an undisclosed destination to sulk, they leaned on their buds to cheer them up.
Golf Digest(Dec 18, 2016)
There really was no reason for me to sulk, but I sulked for the rest of the afternoon.
The New Yorker(Nov 24, 2016)
Sonia sulks around her parents’ Paris apartment like any adolescent who has been grounded, but her predicament is a matter of national security.
The New Yorker(Nov 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 生气，愠怒
n. 生气，愠怒; 愠怒[生气]的人
时态：sulked, sulking, sulks
分布：生气(49%)，愠怒(38%)，不高兴(13%)
[sʌlk] disapproving
verb intransitive
■to be silent and refuse to smile or be pleasant to people because you are angry about something that they have done 生闷气；愠怒
• He's sulking in a corner somewhere because I wouldn't let him have a second bar of chocolate. 因为我不让他吃第二块巧克力，他正在某个角落里生闷气呢。
[sʌlk] disapproving
noun countable
■when someone refuses to smile or be pleasant because they are angry about something 生闷气；愠怒
• If she doesn't get what she wants she goes into a sulk just like a child. 如果她得不到自己想要的东西，她就会像个小孩一样生闷气。
• Jim's in one of his sulks again - just ignore him. 吉姆又在生闷气了——别管他。
vi. 生气；愠怒
 - pet, take offense
n. 生气；愠怒；生气的人
 - vitality, animation, pet

Word: vindicate
Front: vindicate
[ˈvɪndɪkeɪt] (托雅宝 13147/11161 -1)
Vocabulary: vindicate
(once / 719 pages)
v
Vindicate means to justify, prove, or reinforce an idea — or to absolve from guilt. If your family thinks you hogged the last piece of pie on Thanksgiving, you'll be vindicated when your younger brother fesses up.
Vindicate derives from the Latin vindicatus, which is the past tense of vindicare, meaning "lay claim to" or "avenge." When a physicist proves a theory that his colleagues derided, he vindicates it. When a lawyer clears her client's name in a trial, she vindicates him. Machiavelli argued that the results he got vindicated his tactics — in other words, the ends justified the means.
WORD FAMILY
vindicate: vindicated, vindicates, vindicating, vindication, vindicator, vindicatory+/ vindication: vindications/vindicator: vindicators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet Senator de Lima remains defiant, insisting she will be vindicated, and calling now for international intervention to investigate the drug killings.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
He added that the terrorist attack on a Christmas market in Berlin this week vindicates him.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Pelagio says he’s confident that an ongoing investigation will vindicate him.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. 维护; 证明…无辜; 证明…正确; 为…辩护
时态：vindicated, vindicating, vindicates
分布：证明 ... 正确(50%)，证明无辜(50%)
→来自拉丁语vindicare,维护，坚持，保护，防卫，vin-,力量，能力，词源同win,-dic,说，词源同diction。引申词义提供证据，反驳指责，证实。
辩护;拥护(vin力量+dic说+ate→用力量说→拥护)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
【记】vin＝vim（n 活力），dic说，ate－有活力地说－证明正确，平反vin胜利，dic说，ate：为了胜利说－证明
【区】vindictive（adj 报复性的）
【反】calumniate（v 中伤）；impugn（v 打击；驳斥）
verb transitive
■to prove that what someone said or did was right or true, after other people thought it was wrong 证明…正确；证明…是真的
• The decision to include Morris in the team was completely vindicated when he scored three goals. 莫里斯攻入了三球，证明当初将他招入队中是完全正确的。
• The investigation vindicated her complaint about the newspaper. 调查证明了她对那家报纸的投诉属实。
■to prove that someone is not guilty or is free from blame, after other people blamed them 证明（某人）无辜，澄清
• [R] They said they welcomed the trial as a chance to vindicate them selves. 他们说他们欢迎审判，那是证明他们无罪的一个机会。
vt. 维护；证明…无辜；证明…正确
 - assert, safekeep

Word: skip
Front: skip
[skɪp] (高研六托雅 4519/6911 -2)
Vocabulary: skip
(once / 254 pages)
vn
When you skip, you do a little hop from foot to foot as you move along. It's pretty common to see little kids skip down the sidewalk or across the playground.
While a happy, running hop is one kind of skip, you can also use this verb to mean "pass up" or "pass over." You might arrive late to the movies and skip the trailers at the beginning, or skip the bread basket at a restaurant so you have room for dessert later. The earliest meaning of skip, from the 1300's, is "to spring lightly," from the Old Norse root word skopa.
WORD FAMILY
skip: skipped, skipper, skipping, skips+/skipper: skippered, skippering, skippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The wrist injury last year forced Nadal to withdraw from the French Open before the third round and skip Wimbledon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many young parents, especially teenagers, skip college entirely.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 跳; 跳绳; 悄悄溜走; 快速转移
vt. 略过; 跳过; 漏过; 不做（应做的事等）
n. 跳，蹦跳; 废料桶（装工地废料，由卡车拖走）; 跳跃
时态：skipped, skipping, skips
分布：跳过(73%)，略过(10%)，跳跃(9%)，遗漏(3%)，跳读(3%)，省略(2%)
vi.略过,跳过n.跳跃vt.故意忽略;略过The kids were skipping in the park.小孩们在公园里蹦蹦跳跳.
verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move lightly and quickly, making a small jump after each step 跳，跳跃
• She watched her little granddaughter skip down the path. 她看着自己的小孙女沿着小路蹦蹦跳跳地往前走。
• The lambs were skipping about in the field. 这些小羊在田里蹦来跳去。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
JUMP 跳
intransitive (US jump rope) (skip rope)
■to jump lightly over a rope that is held in both your hands, or by two other people, and swung repeatedly under your legs and over your head as exercise or a game 跳绳
• Sports players often train by skipping. 运动员经常透过跳绳进行训练。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
LEAVE 离开
intransitive or transitive
■to leave one thing or place, especially quickly, in order to go to another 匆匆离开；跳过
• This part of the book isn't very interesting, so I'm going to skip (over) it. 书的这部分不是很有趣，所以我要把它跳过去。
• The teacher kept skipping from one subject to another so it was difficult to follow what he was saying. 老师不断地从一个话题跳到另一个话题，所以很难跟上他的讲话思路。
• We're skipping over/across/off (= making a quick journey) to France for the day. 为了赶上这一天，我们正匆忙前往法国。
• The police think that the bank robbers must have skipped (= left) the country by now. 警方认为银行劫匪现在肯定已经逃离该国了。
• She skipped off/out (= left quickly and/or secretly) without saying goodbye. 她没有告别就悄然离开了。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
AVOID 避免
transitive informal
■to not do or not have something that you usually do or that you should do; to avoid 避免；省略
• I'm trying to lose weight, so I'm skipping (= not eating) lunch today. 我正在努力减肥，因此今天不吃午饭了。
[skɪp] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 UK (US trademark Dumpster)
■a large metal container into which people put unwanted objects or building or garden waste, and which is brought to and taken away from a place by a special truck when requested 大垃圾桶，废料桶
[skɪp] noun countable
MOVE 移动
■a small light, dancing or jumping step 蹦跳
• She gave a little skip of joy. 她高兴得跳了起来。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vi. 跳跃；跳绳；遗漏；跳读
 - dance, to leap
vt. 跳过；遗漏
 - jump, clear
n. 跳跃；跳读
 - jump, spring

Word: sinister
Front: sinister
[ˈsɪnɪstə(r)] (托宝 9576/6953 -2)
Vocabulary: sinister
(once / 721 pages)
adj
People who are left-handed might feel unlucky having to use a desk designed for right-handers, but there probably wasn't any sinister, or evil, intent behind the design. Or was there?
In the 15th century, when the word sinister came into use in English, people who were left-handed were thought to be bad luck or even evil. In his play Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote of the villain holding a human skull in his sinister — i.e., left — hand. It would seem to be sinister, or wicked, enough to see a human skull in the right hand, not to mention unlucky for the person missing a head in the first place.
WORD FAMILY
sinister: sinisterly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In truth, the explanation for soaring prices is “much more straightforward and sinister — collusion among generic drug competitors,” the complaint said.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
And during his time with Death Row, Tupac’s music grew increasingly sinister.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
My classic teenage rebellion morphed into something more sinister, a wish for a new and superior set of parents who would understand me.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: adj. 危险的; 不吉祥的; 凶兆的; 险恶的
分布：邪恶的(56%)，不祥的(24%)，左边的(10%)，灾难性的(10%)
→来自古法语 sinistre,向左的，不利的，来自拉丁语 sinister,左边。词义演变来自“左”在古代 与邪恶，凶恶相联系的隐含义。比较 dextrose,右旋糖，dexterity,灵巧，灵活。
【记】sinister作为词根在左侧的，不幸的，罗马占卜时，视左侧出现的征兆为不祥sin罪孽，ister＝sister：姐姐犯错－不祥的
【参】singe（v 轻微地烧焦）哥哥犯错
US [-stɚ] adjective
■making you feel that something bad or evil might happen 不祥的，有凶兆的
• The ruined house had a sinister appearance. 那栋倒塌的房子外观给人一种不祥之感。
• A sinister-looking man sat in the corner of the room. 一个神情阴险的男子坐在房间的角落里。
adj. 阴险的；凶兆的；灾难性的；左边的
 - insidious, snaky

Word: culminate
Front: culminate
[ˈkʌlmɪneɪt] (六托雅 7686/6551 -1)
Vocabulary: culminate
(once / 907 pages)
1v 2v
The verb culminate is used to describe a high point or a climactic stage in a process. For example, the goal of a Major League baseball team is to have their season culminate in a World Series victory.
The word culminate derives from the Latin word culminatus, the past participle of culminare, which means "to top, to crown." Don’t be afraid of the Latin: it’s on your side. Knowing the Latin origin can help you remember the meaning of culminate. Use culminate when you are referring to a crowning moment or a final conclusion: “I want my experiments combining strawberry jam with burnt toast to culminate in a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.”
WORD FAMILY
culminate: culminated, culminates, culminating, culmination +/ culmination: culminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Celebrations will culminate on Dec. 6, the day Finnish Parliament declared independence in 1917 amid the turmoil of the Russian Revolution.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The evening culminates with a midnight “Copley Countdown.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One of them culminated in a summer program in Greece, where for three weeks he and his classmates studied ancient art and architecture.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 达到极点
时态：culminated, culminating, culminates
分布：达到高潮(38%)，使结束(20%)，告终(20%)，达到顶点(17%)，使达高潮(5%)
→来自拉丁语culmen,顶点，词源同hill,column.
到达顶峰[culmin=top(顶)]
【参】culmination（n 顶点；结局）
verb
culminate in/with sth
■If an event or series of events culminates in something, it ends with it, having developed until it reaches this point 以…告终；达到…的顶点
• My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and it all culminated in my deciding to change jobs. 我和老板的争吵日益恶化，直到最终我决定换工作。
• Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease. 经过多年研究，他们终于开发出一种能治愈该病的药物。
vi. 到绝顶；达到高潮；达到顶点
 - top
vt. 使结束；使达到高潮
 - fulfill, bring to an end

Word: evoke
Front: evoke
[ɪˈvəʊk] (研六托雅宝 5018/5736 -2)
Vocabulary: evoke
(once / 843 pages)
1v 2v
The verb evoke most commonly means to bring a feeling, memory, or picture into the mind. When you visit your old elementary school, the smells, sounds, and colors there can evoke memories from the past.
Similarly, a certain reaction can be evoked by words or actions, as in "His comments evoked anger in the community." A near synonym is elicit, as in "No matter how many different ways the detective questioned the suspect, he could not elicit any response. Evoke was borrowed from Latin evocare, from the prefix e- "out," plus vocare "to call."
WORD FAMILY
evoke: evocation, evocative, evoked, evokes, evoking+/ evocation: evocations/ evocative: evocatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet he also sustains an underlying sense of tension, revealing a deeper musical structure that evokes an ever-intensifying spiritual struggle.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the passion evoked by these issues suggests that something more is at stake.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The opening “Big Show” movement evokes, he says, the “brash, brassy, razzle-dazzle of our city.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 产生，引起; 唤起
时态：evoked, evoking, evokes
分布：唤起(64%)，引起(36%)
→e-, 向外。-vok, 叫，喊，词源同voice, invoke.
唤醒,唤起(e出+vok+e→喊出[思想等]→唤醒)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
vt.唤起(回忆,感情等);引起The book evoked memories of his boyhood.此书唤起了他对童年的回忆.
【记】e出，voke喊－喊出名字来－使想起
【参】provoke（vt 激怒；煽动；驱使）；revoke（vt 撤回；废除）
【反】fail to elicit（未能引起）
US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
■to make someone remember something or feel an emotion 引起，唤起（记忆或感情）
• That smell always evokes memories of my old school. 那种气味经常唤起我对母校的回忆。
• a detergent designed to evoke the fresh smell of summer meadows 主要是使人唤起夏天草地清爽气息的清洁剂
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
vt. 引起，唤起；博得
 - earn, attract, cause, produce, occasion

Word: draconian
Front: draconian
[drəˈkəʊniən] (宝 16880/19138 -1)
Back: adj. 严厉的; 苛刻的; 严酷的; 龙一样的
分布：严厉的(79%)，残酷的(21%)
→来自古希腊首位立法者Draco，他将以前口口相传的法规以法典的形式加以明确并执行。但同时，由于这部法律过于严酷，即便微小的罪行也会被处以死刑，因此衍生词义严酷的。其字面意思为眼睛锐利的，词源同dragon. 比较同时期中国的商鞅变法。
【源】Draco：德拉古（雅典政治家，制定了雅典法典，虽然因其公平受到赞扬，但因其严酷而不受欢迎）
【记】读：住口！你！（赶快找一个人发泄一下背单词的痛苦，考他几个你不会的巨难单词，如果他不会还则罢了，反之对他严厉的大喊：住口！你！）
【反】indulgent（adj 纵容的）；mild＝genial＝lenient（adj 亲切的）
US [-'koʊ-] formal
adjective
■describes laws, government actions, etc. which are extremely severe; going further than what is right or necessary （法律、政府行为等）苛刻的，严厉的，严酷的
• draconian laws/methods 严酷的法律／苛刻的方法
• He criticized the draconian measures taken by the police in controlling the demonstrators. 他批评了警方在控制示威者时采取了严厉措施。
adj. 严厉的，苛刻的
 - severe, tight, hard, harsh, rigorous

Word: rebuke
Front: rebuke
[rɪˈbju:k] (六托宝 17270/13900 -1)
Vocabulary: rebuke
(once / 557 pages)
nv
If you receive a rebuke, it means that you have been reprimanded, or scolded. You're sure to get a rebuke if you forget to do your math homework four days in a row.
The word rebuke can be a verb, meaning to sternly reprimand or scold, but it can also be a noun, because a rebuke is the result of being scolded. The root comes from the Old French rebuchier and means "to hack down," or "beat back." A rebuke, then, is meant to be critical and to chide — in today's terms, a rebuke is verbal smack-down!
WORD FAMILY
rebuke: rebuked, rebuker, rebukes, rebuking+/rebuker: rebukers
USAGE EXAMPLES
We rebuke their positions on Israel, sort of.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The visit Thursday, and one by another cabinet minister the day before, drew rebukes from neighboring South Korea and China.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some of them serve as warnings or rebukes.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 非难，指责; 制止，阻止; 使相形见绌; 惩戒
n. 非难，指责; 斥责，训斥
时态：rebuked, rebuking, rebukes
分布：指责(67%)，谴责(33%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 rebuker,击退，打回，来自古法语 rebuchier,来自 re-,向后，往回，buschier, 击，打，来自 busche,灌木，木条，词源同 bush.
【记】re反，buke＝beat一反打一严厉指责re反复，buke＝book：反复的用书本说教－严厉指责
[rɪ'bju:k] formal
verb transitive
■to speak angrily to someone because you disapprove of what they have said or done 斥责；指责；训斥
• I was rebuked by my manager for being late. 我因为迟到而遭到经理的训斥。
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
vt. 指责，非难；制止；使相形见绌
 - charge, restrain
n. 非难，指责；谴责，鞭策
 - reprehension, impugnment

Word: gallup
Front: gallup
[ˈɡæləp] (-/16623)
Back: v. 作民意调查
分布：美国统计学家(34%)，盖洛普(姓氏(33%)，盖洛普民意测验的创始人)(33%)
vt. 对…进行民意测验
 - poll

Word: lacklustre
Front: lacklustre
[ˈlæklʌstə(r)] (-/19375 -1)
Back: adj. 无光泽的; 死气沉沉的，无生气的
n. 无光泽; 死气沉沉，缺乏生气
分布：无光泽的(75%)，呆滞的(25%)
UK [ˌ-'--] US [-tɚ] adjective
■without energy and effort 缺乏生气的，懒洋洋的
• Britain's number-one tennis player gave a disappointingly lacklustre performance. 英国头号网球选手死气沉沉的表现令人失望。
adj. 无光泽的；无生气的
 - lustreless, unpolished
n. 无光泽；无生气
 - dulness, vapidity

Word: beset
Front: beset
[bɪˈset] (托雅宝 13356/11120 -1)
Vocabulary: beset
(once / 772 pages)
1v 2v
Beset means to attack from all sides––an invading army will beset a castle, or you might find yourself beset by a devastating storm.
Beset also has a very different meaning: to decorate or encrust with jewels or other ornamentation. If you are attending a ball, you may choose a gown that is beset with silver sequins, just be careful that you don't end up looking like a giant disco ball.
WORD FAMILY
beset: besets, besetting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The pop star's live appearance in New York's Times Square was beset by problems as she complained of sound difficulties and struggled to sing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The process therefore seems likely to be beset by many of the same problems that scuttled U.S. efforts to secure a settlement, Heras said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Amazon last year was beset with a scramble to deliver orders resulting from an unanticipated spike in demand.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 镶，嵌; 困扰; 包围; [航]被冰块包围
时态：beset, besetting, besets
分布：困扰(76%)，包围(14%)，镶嵌(10%)
→前缀be-, 强调。set, 放置。来自军事用语，指包围。
【记】be被动，set放置－被放在中间－被人围攻。
adjective [after verb]
■troubled (by); full (of) 困扰的；充满…的
• With the amount of traffic nowadays, even a trip across town is beset by/with dangers. 目前交通如此拥挤，即使穿城而行也充满了危险。
vt. 困扰；镶嵌；围绕
 - eat at, persecute

Word: telegraph
Front: telegraph
[ˈtelɪgrɑ:f] (高研四六托 26182/4974 -1)
Vocabulary: telegraph
(once / 283 pages)
nv
Forget about the internet! Before even the telephone was invented, the telegraph — a device used to communicate via electronic signals — was the main mode of communicating long distance. We've come a long way!
The telegraph is an outdated form of communication as far as sending long-distance messages goes. It uses an electric signal broken to create a code that then transmits over a wire and translates into a message. Alexander Graham Bell started tinkering with the telegraph and ended up inventing the first "harmonic telegraph" to transmit sound through a wire — which led to the birth of the modern telephone.
WORD FAMILY
telegraph: telegraphed, telegraphic, telegraphing, telegraphs+/telegraphic: telegraphically
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Serving for 14 years as MP for Slough, in Berkshire, he was, according to the Daily Telegraph, a "tough, astute and popular" parliamentarian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电报; 电讯; 电报机; 信号机
vt. & vi. 打电报; 流露出; 电汇; 用电报通知
vt. 用电报发送; 打电报向（某人）发指令; 电汇; 电购
时态：telegraphed, telegraphing, telegraphs
分布：电报(84%)，电报机(8%)，打电报(6%)，显示(2%)
→tele-,远的，-graph,写。引申词义电报。
电报(tele远+graph→从远方写来→电报)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
打电报(tele+graph写→用电写→电报)[tele=fur表示"远",引申为"电",电从远方来]
n.电报机,电报v.打电报,发电报I telegraphed him for help.我打电报向他求助.
US [-ə-] noun uncountable
■(especially in the past) a method of sending and receiving messages by electrical or radio signals, or the special equipment used for this purpose （尤指过去的）电报；电报机
• The news came by telegraph. 这个消息是由电报传来的。
cable, telegraph, telegram
这组词都有“电报”的意思，其区别是：
cable: 通常指通过海底电缆打的电报，也可指广义的电报。
telegraph: 侧重指通信方式和电报业各，不可数名词，表想象概念。
telegram: 常用词，指通过电报系统发出的信息，尤指具体的一份份电报。
n. [通信] 电报机，电报
 - wire, tgm
vt. 电汇；流露出；打电报给…
 - wire transfer, cable transfer
vi. [通信] 打电报
 - wire

Word: feminist
Front: feminist
[ˈfemənɪst] (托宝 4648/4648)
Vocabulary: feminist
(once / 3009 pages)
nadj
A feminist is someone who supports equal rights for women. If your brother objects strongly to women being paid less than men for doing the same job, he's probably a feminist.
If you believe that women should have the same political, social, and economic rights as men, you are a feminist. It has absolutely nothing to do with putting down men or boys in order to elevate the status of women. The word feminist comes from feminism, which originally meant simply "being feminine," or "being a woman," but gained the meaning "advocacy of women's rights" in the late 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
feminist: antifeminist, feminists+/antifeminist: antifeminists/ feminism: antifeminism, feminisms, feminist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her models wore T-shirts declaring: “We should all be feminists.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
This year, the country also saw growth of vocal feminist movements protesting against misogynist views reflected in government policies and pop culture.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
DeVoto’s view of gender equality is delightfully retro to his fans but no doubt offensive to some feminists.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 男女平等主义者，女权扩张论者
分布：女权主义者(70%)，女权主义的(19%)，主张男女平等的(11%)
女权主义者(femine女性的)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
【记】femin（女人），ist－女权运动者
【参】feminine（adj 娇柔的；女性的）
noun countable
■a person who believes in feminism, often being involved in activities that are intended to achieve change 女权主义者；女权运动者
• All her life she was an ardent feminist. 她一生都是一个充满激情的女权运动者。
• a radical feminist 激进的女权主义者
['fem.ɪ.nɪst] adjective
■relating to feminism 和女权主义有关的
• the feminist movement 女权运动
• feminist issues/literature 女权问题／女权主义文学

Word: detective
Front: detective
[dɪˈtektɪv] (高研六托雅 3793/2906 -3)
Vocabulary: detective
(once / 297 pages)
n
Whether it's a police detective who investigates crimes or a private detective hired by a husband to uncover his wife's affair, a detective is someone whose job is to find out hard-to-get information.
Detective comes from the Latin root detectus meaning to uncover or expose. Detectives detect, or discern and uncover the truth, the way a dog might detect an odor and uncover a bone. Sherlock Holmes, perhaps the most famous detective in fiction, used disguises, deductive reasoning and forensics to solve crimes. "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth," he famously said.
WORD FAMILY
detective: detectives+/ detect: detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detector, detects/ detectable: detectably, undetectable/detected: undetected/ detection: detections/ detector: detectors/undetectable: undetectably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is reportedly being interviewed by detectives investigating whether he broke the law by receiving gifts from wealthy businessmen.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Cleveland police homicide detectives investigate every child death in the city.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detectives were investigating the fatal crash that occurred Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 侦探的; 适于探测的; 用于探测的
n. 侦探
分布：侦探(95%)，侦探的(5%)
→来自detect,查明，侦查。
侦探a.侦探的(detect发觉+ive)[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
侦探(detect察觉)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
n.侦探The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to discover information about crimes and find out who is responsible for them 侦探
• a private detective 私家侦探
• detective stories 侦探故事
 IMPROVER
■used as part of the title of particular ranks in the police force 警探（用于某些级别的员警头衔）
• Detective Sergeant Lewis 路易士探长
n. 侦探
 - tec, hawkshaw

Word: contraction
Front: contraction
[kənˈtrækʃn] (托 8686/6570 -1)
Vocabulary: contraction
(once / 1339 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A contraction is the act of decreasing the size of something or shortening it, or it can be the process of becoming smaller or compressed.
The two most well-known uses of contraction involve muscles and words. A contraction of the muscle tenses it or shortens it, like when you're standing in the mirror flexing and admiring yourself. On the other hand, a contraction can also be two words that are combined, with a few letters often replaced by an apostrophe, like when we change do and not into don't.
WORD FAMILY
contraction: contractions+/ contract: contractable, contracted, contracting, contraction, contractor, contracts, contractual, contracture, subcontract/ contracted: contractedly/ contractor: contractors/contractual: contractually/contracture: contractures/subcontract: subcontracted, subcontracting, subcontractor, subcontracts/subcontractor: subcontractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authors of the report said the slight contraction in overall sales reflected “the weakened state of the global economy”.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Hackam's group is studying how the organ's nerve network coordinates these contractions and how this network might be replicated from stem cells.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Soccer is just a slangy, 19th-century English contraction of “association football,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 收缩，缩减; [语]缩略，略体，缩写; （开支等）缩减; （分娩时）子宫收缩
分布：收缩(97%)，痉挛(2%)，缩写式(1%)
→来自contract, 收缩。
收缩[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
noun uncountable
■when something becomes smaller or shorter 收缩；缩小；缩短
• Cold causes contraction of the metal. 金属遇冷收缩。
• The contraction of this muscle raises the lower arm. 这块肌肉收缩使下臂抬起。
countable
■one of the very strong and usually painful movements of the muscles in the womb that help to push the baby out of the mother's body during the process of birth （妇女分娩时宫内肌肉的）收缩，痉挛；子宫收缩
• She was having regular strong contractions every four minutes. 她每四分钟有规律地强烈宫缩一次。
countable
■a shortened form of a word or combination of words which is often used instead of the full form in spoken English （英语口语中的）缩略形式
• 'Won't' is a contraction of 'will not'. won't 是 will not 的缩略形式。
n. [经] 收缩，紧缩；缩写式；害病
 - shrinkage, necking down

Word: juice
Front: juice
[dʒu:s] (中高托雅 2310/3724 -K3)
Vocabulary: juice
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2n
Juice is a drink that's made from fruit, like orange juice or grape juice. Juice also refers to the liquid drippings of cooked meat and other food.
Some people like apple juice, while others prefer tomato juice. A much less appetizing — but necessary — type of juice is the fluid in our bodies, like digestive juices that help break down food in your stomach. Informally, you might refer to your creative strength as juice, and also use the word to mean electrical energy: "The batteries in my flashlight are out of juice."
WORD FAMILY
juice: juiceless, juices, juicy +/ juicy: juicier, juiciest, juicily, juiciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Here, he drinks a cocktail called the Hudson Duster — rye, lemon juice, amaretto — and contemplates the cadence of the average Drynuary.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He seasons the brodo with fresh thyme stalks, lemon juice and salt.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 果汁; 肉汁; 胃液
分布：果汁(84%)，汽油(5%)，肉汁(5%)，挤出汁来(2%)，精力(2%)，消化液(1%)，使有活力(1%)
→来自古法语jus,果汁，煎煮的草药，来自拉丁语ius,肉汁，汤汁，来自yeue,混合，搅拌，使发酵，词源同enzyme,zymurgy.现常用于指果汁。
n.(水果等)汁,液The children are trying to get the abstraction of the juice from an orange.孩子们企图从桔子中榨汁.
noun
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables （水果、蔬菜的）汁，液
• orange/lemon/grapefruit/carrot juice 柳橙／柠檬／葡萄／胡萝卜汁
• a carton of apple juice 一盒苹果汁
juices
■the liquid in meat 肉汁
• Fry the meat first to seal in the juices. 先把肉煎一煎锁住肉汁。
[dʒu:s] noun
POWER 力量
uncountable US slang
■power or influence 权势；影响力
• My cousin Gianni's got all the juice in this neighborhood. 我的堂哥吉安尼在这一带很有影响力。
[dʒu:s] noun
ABILITY 能力
juices informal
■energy 活力，精力，劲儿
• This early in the morning it's hard to get the creative juices flowing (= to start thinking of good ideas). 这么一大早很难想出甚么好点子。
n. （水果）汁，液；果汁
 - extract, syrup

Word: android
Front: android
[ˈændrɔɪd] (20213/18016)
Vocabulary: android
(once / 2573 pages)
n
An android is a robot that looks and acts like a human being. Sometimes they have fake skin that looks so real you can’t tell the difference. For all you know, the person sitting next to you is an android.
Life’s biggest question: What’s the difference between cyborgs and androids? Cyborgs are humans with robot parts added to them, and androids start as robots and then get designed to look like humans. The Latin root androides literally means “resembling a man,” and androids really know how to blend in. Androids mostly appear in science fiction novels and films, but who knows, maybe you’re friends with an android and you don’t even know it. Yet.
WORD FAMILY
android: androids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Around that time, the company was unveiling an update to its Android version of Apple Music.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Whether or not many people will actually buy one of the existing featurephones or forthcoming Android smartphones is another matter.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Her British Gas colleagues also raised £150 so she and her daughter were able to replace stolen goods like a laptop and three Android tablets.
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 机器人; 基于Linux平台的开源手机操作系统，主要使用于便携设备。目前尚未有统一中文名称，中国大陆地区较多人称为安卓
分布：机器人(96%)，有人类特征的(4%)
机器人[andro=male,man表示"男人"]
noun countable
■a robot (= machine controlled by computer) which is made to look like a human 人型机器人；模拟机器人
n. 机器人
 - robot, droid, Automatons

Word: intercept
Front: intercept
[ˌɪntəˈsept] (托宝 7069/8651 -1)
Vocabulary: intercept
(once / 583 pages)
1v 2n
When you intercept a pass in football, you grab the ball that your opponent had thrown to a member of his own team. To intercept is to stop something from reaching its intended destination.
If a national intelligence agency intercepts a telephone call being sent from one terrorist cell to another, they stop the message and also learn a bit about what's going on in the terrorist world. If you're planning a surprise party for your friend and she arrives a half hour early, you might run to intercept her while everyone rushes to hide.
WORD FAMILY
intercept: intercepted, intercepting, interception, interceptor, intercepts+/interception: interceptions/interceptor: interceptors
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fourth-year veteran, Hyde intercepted a pass at the goal line intended for Golden Tate with 1:35 left in the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the next play, Allen lobbed a weak pass toward Grimes, which was intercepted.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Kirk Cousins’ stepped up in the pocket, threw over the middle and Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie stepped in front to intercept.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 拦截，拦住; 截球; 截击; 拦阻
n. （数学）截距; 截击，拦截; 截听; 拦截者
时态：intercepted, intercepting, intercepts
分布：拦截(82%)，截取(11%)，阻止(3%)，截距(3%)，妨碍(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-cept,拿，握，词源同capable,capture.引申词义阻截，拦截。
拦截,阻止(inter在...中间＋cept拿住→拦截)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
截取,截击[cept=take拿取]
【记】inter中间，cept拿，抓住－从中间抓住－拦截；抢断
US [-tɚ-] verb transitive
■to stop and catch something or someone before they are able to reach a particular place 拦截，截住
• Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Latin America. 执法人员截获了一批从拉丁美洲运来的毒品。
• Batistuta intercepted Neville's pass and scored the third goal. 巴迪斯图达断下纳维尔的传球，射入了第三个球。
vt. 拦截；截断；窃听
 - block tackle, hold up

Word: averse
Front: averse
[əˈvɜ:s] (托宝 20377/18536 -1)
Vocabulary: averse
(once / 1513 pages)
adj
To be averse to something is to be opposed to it on moral, philosophical or aesthetic grounds: my father is averse to people smoking cigarettes in the house, but he would not be averse to your smoking a cigar.
Averse comes from a Latin word, aversus, which means "turned away from." To be averse to something is to shun it, turn away from it, or dislike it. Some people are averse to the use of cilantro in any food that comes near them, some others are averse to wearing itchy wool sweaters, and others are averse to any form of exercise. Aversions are really very personal.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
adverse / averse
Adverse and averse are both turn-offs, but adverse is something harmful, and averse is a strong feeling of dislike. Rainstorms can cause adverse conditions, and many people are averse to rain.
Adverse describes something that works against you, like a tornado or a computer crash, and is usually applied to things. It's often followed by the word effects:
More significantly, he has shown that if such ageing cells are selectively destroyed, these adverse effects go away. (Economist)
The pact was intended to limit the adverse effects of climate change but only obliged developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (Scientific American)
Averse is usually applied to feelings, attitudes, or people. It's a strong feeling of opposition — it's a big "no thanks" and it's often followed by to. Averse also goes with risk to describe people (or banks) who don't like taking them:
Balth isn't averse to including human beings in his work. (Seattle Times)
Nevertheless, Ms. Fishbein is not averse to a large sociable gathering. (New York Times)
Your survey shows that banks are more risk-averse than they used to be. (Business Week)
If it's a force of nature working against you, use adverse. Kick out the "d" and a person can be averseto or againstanything, like rainy days or gambling.
WORD FAMILY
averse: aversely
USAGE EXAMPLES
To be fair, he wasn’t entirely averse to the idea.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Institutional investors who buy and sell in large quantities are getting increasingly averse to trading intra-day on traditional exchanges when volumes are light.
Reuters(Dec 21, 2016)
The vendors are pushy but friendly and not averse to talking about life as you bargain.
New York Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 不乐意的; 反对的; [植]与茎方向相反的
分布：反对的(59%)，厌恶的(41%)
反感的(a坏+vers+e→往坏转→反感的)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
【记】1）a一再，verse转－头一再转－反对的2）读：啊！味儿死。味儿死了！味儿死了！这是谁呀？真没素质，放P都不带说一声的，讨厌！司机停车！我要下车！真烦！
【参】adverse（adj 不利的）；controversy（n 论争，论战）
US [-'vɝ:s] adjective [after verb]
■strongly disliking or opposed to 反对的；嫌恶的；不愿意的
• Few MPs are averse to the attention of the media. 没有几个下院议员不愿受到媒体关注。
• I'm not averse to (= I like) the occasional glass of champagne myself. 我乐得偶尔自己来一杯香槟。
adj. 反对的；不愿意的
 - anti, unwilling

Word: doubtful
Front: doubtful
[ˈdaʊtfl] (四六托雅 9015/4664 -2)
Vocabulary: doubtful
(once / 224 pages)
adj
When you're doubtful about something, you're not sure about it. You might feel doubtful about the picnic you've planned if the forecast calls for torrential rain.
Whether you're uncertain, undecided, or suspicious, you can describe yourself as doubtful. You'll be doubtful about your taxi driver's sense of direction when you pass the same building for the third time. You might also be doubtful about whether or not to try skydiving. Doubtful means "full of doubt," and doubt is from the Old French doter, "doubt or be afraid," with a Latin root, dubitare, "to question, hesitate, or waver in opinion."
WORD FAMILY
doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness+/ doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly /doubter: doubters/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/ doubtless: doubtlessly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lillard was listed as doubtful for the game with that sprained left ankle.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Chris Paul was listed as doubtful for the Phoenix Suns game Monday night at Staples Center with a sore left hamstring.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The friend looks doubtful: “Well, it doesn’t seem very much to me – sniggering and tittering.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 难以预测的; 难以预料的，未定局的; 怀疑的，拿不准的; 不明不白
分布：怀疑的(60%)，可疑的(32%)，不确定的(8%)
可疑的,怀疑的(doubt+ful)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
adjective
 ADVANCED
■If you are doubtful about something, you are uncertain about it 怀疑的，有疑虑的；不能确定的
• The teacher is doubtful about having parents working as classroom assistants. 这位老师对由家长担任课堂助教一事拿不定主意。
 ADVANCED
■If a situation is doubtful, it is unlikely to happen or to be successful 不大可能的
• It is doubtful whether/if they ever reached the summit before they died. 他们死前不太可能到过山顶。
• It was doubtful that the money would ever be found again. 再找到那些钱不太可能了。
uncertain, questionable, doubtful, ambigous
这组词都有“怀疑的，不确定的”的意思，其区别是：
uncertain: 多指因缺乏证据或了解而捉摸不定，也指因不能预料而不能作出选择。
questionable: 通常指怀疑某行为是否恰当，或指有根有据的怀疑。
doubtful: 指对某个问题持积极怀疑的，有疑问的态度，强调缺乏确信。
ambigous: 指因缺乏明确感或因为有各种不同的解释而值得怀疑。
adj. 可疑的；令人生疑的；疑心的；不能确定的
 - suspicious, questionable

Word: expulsion
Front: expulsion
[ɪkˈspʌlʃn] (雅宝 11268/10166 -2)
Vocabulary: expulsion
(once / 1422 pages)
n
Don't ever make a joke about a bomb on an airplane, if you don't want to risk expulsion. Expulsion is being kicked out of something, like a club, a school, or an airplane.
If a Girl Scout ate all the cookies she'd already sold, she might face expulsion from her Girl Scout troop, and an unruly high school student who threatens to hit a teacher risks expulsion from school. Historically, many religious and minority groups faced expulsion from countries where their beliefs weren't tolerated. In fact, the Latin root word of expulsion is expellere, "to drive out."
WORD FAMILY
expulsion: expulsions+/ expel: expelled, expelling, expels, expulsion
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Obama ordered the expulsion in response to alleged hacking of the US Democratic Party and Clinton campaign during the 2016 presidential election.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
On Thursday, Obama ordered the expulsion of 35 Russian diplomatic personnel and the closure of estates in Maryland and New York used by embassy staff.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
On Long Island, meanwhile, the expulsions were being treated largely as a passing dispute.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 驱逐; 开除; 排出; 喷出
分布：驱逐(63%)，开除(29%)，排气(8%)
→来自expel, 驱逐。
驱逐(ex出+puls+ion→推出去→驱逐)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
【记】expulse（v 逐出；开除）；源于：expel（v 驱逐；开除；排出）pel＝pul＝pull推
noun countable or uncountable
MAKE LEAVE 驱逐
■(the act of) forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organisation or country 驱逐，赶走；开除
• They threatened him with expulsion from school. 他们威胁要把他从学校开除。
• This is the second expulsion of a club member this year. 这是今年俱乐部第二次开除成员了。
[ɪk'spʌl.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
AIR/LIQUID 空气或液体
■(the act of) forcing air or liquid out of something 呼出；排出；喷出
n. 驱逐；开除
 - ouster, exclusion

Word: piano
Front: piano
[piˈænəʊ] (中高雅宝 3299/3449 -K2)
Vocabulary: piano
(once / 229 pages)
nadvadj
A piano is a large musical instrument that you play by pressing black and white keys on a keyboard. Most people play a piano with their fingers, but Jerry Lee Lewis played with his fingers, feet, elbows, and, ahem, backside.
A piano makes a sound when each key moves a small hammer that strikes a metal string. The inside of a piano looks kind of like a harp. Pianos are vital in many kinds of music, from classical to pop, and in the case of Lewis, boogie-woogie. Piano comes from the original Italian name for the instrument: piano e forte, "soft and loud." Piano is also the musical notation that tells the player that something should be played quietly.
WORD FAMILY
piano: pianism, pianist, pianistic, pianos+/pianist: pianists/pianistic: pianistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The turntable, the Technics SL-1200, may not enjoy the name recognition of, say, Fender electric guitars or Steinway pianos.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The gentle piano music starts as the doorbell chimes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Small stages display his purple Yamaha piano and a collection of vintage costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 钢琴; <美俚>囚犯工作席; 轻奏乐段
分布：钢琴(99%)，轻柔地(1%)
→缩写自pianoforte.
钢琴(pian轻柔＋o)[-o 1.表名词"人,物或状态"2.表名词,用于音乐术语]
n.钢琴The typist plays Typhoon on the piano in a typical style.打字员以典型的风格在钢琴上演奏"台风".
【反】forte（adj 强音的）
US [-oʊ] (plural pianos)
noun countable or uncountable IMPROVER
■a large musical instrument with a row of black and white keys which are pressed to play notes 钢琴
• We're buying a new piano. 我们准备买一架新钢琴。
• I play the piano. 我会弹钢琴。
• mainly US or specialized She used to play piano in a jazz band. 她以前在一支爵士乐队演奏钢琴。
• The music was written for piano. 这首乐曲是为钢琴谱写的。
• We all joined in the song, with Pat at the piano] on piano. 我们合唱了那首歌，派特用钢琴伴奏。

Word: outdoor
Front: outdoor
[ˈaʊtdɔ:(r)] (研四六 3614/5384 -K2)
Vocabulary: outdoor
(once / 1002 pages)
adj
Things that are outdoor belong outside. Your slippers aren't outdoor shoes, but your snow boots are definitely outdoor shoes.
A picnic is an outdoor meal, and a sculpture garden is often an outdoor area of a museum. Bird watching, surfing, and snowball fights are all outdoor activities, and if you're an outdoor enthusiast you probably enjoy them more than watching TV or baking cookies. The adjective outdoor was first used in the 1740s, with the related adverb outdoors following in the 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
outdoor
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Now 21 games later, the NHL will tell you the outdoor showcases are here to stay.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 户外的，露天的; 喜欢户外活动的; （医院等）院外的; 室外
分布：户外的(53%)，露天的(25%)，野外的(15%)，喜爱户外活动的(7%)
a.室外的,野外的They keep their dog in an outdoor kennel.他们把狗养在户外狗房中.
US [-ˌdɔ:r] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■existing, happening or done outside, rather than inside a building 户外的，室外的，露天的
• an outdoor swimming pool/festival 室外游泳池／庆典
• outdoor clothes 户外穿的衣服
■liking or relating to outdoor activities, such as walking and climbing 喜欢户外活动的；户外活动的
• Sara's not really the outdoor type. 莎拉算不上是那种真正热衷于户外运动的人。
adj. 户外的；露天的；野外的（等于out-of-door）
 - weather, out of door

Word: colossal
Front: colossal
[kəˈlɒsl] (托雅宝 12711/13816 -1)
Vocabulary: colossal
(once / 1014 pages)
adj
Colossal describes something so large it makes you say, "Whoa!" You might have a colossal amount of homework, or see a colossal pyramid while vacationing in Egypt.
Colossal can refer to an item's physical size, like a giant redwood tree, but it can also be used to describe the force or scope of something — like the colossal force of a thunderstorm that knocked down the redwood tree, or the colossal scope of your school project on the history of the redwoods that seems like it will never, ever end. It comes from the Greek word kolossos, meaning "gigantic statue."
WORD FAMILY
colossal: colossally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These are the men who will soon occupy the highest civilian offices in America’s colossal national security state.
Salon(Dec 22, 2016)
How did a film with a classic Will Smith vehicle implode so colossally?
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
I’m more concerned conceptually with how to power such a colossal battle station and how to generate gravity for everyone on board.
Salon(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 巨大的; <口语>异常的
分布：巨大的(100%)
→来自colossus, 巨型雕像。
【记】co共同，los＝lose丢，所有人都丢钱，那么数量一定是巨大的。
US [-'lɑ:.səl] adjective
■extremely large 巨大的，庞大的
• In the centre of the hall stood a colossal wooden statue, decorated in ivory and gold. 大厅中央矗立着一尊用象牙和黄金装饰的木质巨型雕像。
• They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house. 他们对这房子漫天要价。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 巨大的；异常的，非常的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro, intense

Word: navigation
Front: navigation
[ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 8237/7152 -1)
Vocabulary: navigation
(once / 461 pages)
n
Navigation is all about figuring out how to get somewhere. If you are lost, hopefully your cell phone can act as a navigation device.
You're most likely to come across the noun navigation when you're learning to sail a boat or pilot a ship or airplane. Large vessels that travel long distances often need some help in planning a route and following it, and that's exactly what navigation is all about. The Latin word navigare, "to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," is at the root of navigation, and it in turn comes from navis, "ship."
WORD FAMILY
navigation: navigational, navigations+/ circumnavigate: circumnavigated, circumnavigates, circumnavigating, circumnavigation/circumnavigation: circumnavigations/ navigable: navigability, unnavigable/ navigate: circumnavigate, navigable, navigated, navigates, navigating, navigation, navigator /navigational: navigationally/ navigator: navigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those features—along with Wi-Fi, navigation systems and so many sensors—are paving the road for our connected, driverless future.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Over time, Google said, it will probably allow users to send directions to their phone for step-by-step navigation.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The merger created a larger global navigation chart for Norwegian, which primarily sailed in the Caribbean, Alaska and Europe.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 航行（学）; 航海（术）; 海上交通
分布：导航(84%)，航行(10%)，航海(6%)
n.航海,航空;导航,领航By the navigation of microwave, the navy paved a pavement on the wavy sea.借助微波导航,海军在多浪的大海上铺了一条路.
noun uncountable
■the act of directing a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to another, or the science of finding a way from one place to another 领航（术）；导航（术）
• In the past, navigation depended on a knowledge of the positions of the stars. 过去，导航在很大程度上依靠对星星位置的认识。
• Mechanics discovered problems with the plane's navigation system. 机械师发现了飞机导航系统所出的问题。
n. [航] 航行； [水运] 航海
 - salling, siling

Word: howl
Front: howl
[haʊl] (高研六托雅 8380/10307 -2)
Vocabulary: howl
(once / 297 pages)
vn
To howl is to make a long, sad, crying sound. You might howl every once in a while, but it's more common to hear wolves and dogs let loose and howl, especially in the presence of a full moon.
Terribly sad or fearful people howl, and wolves howl to communicate with each other. Your dog might howl at the sound of a passing fire truck, which also makes a noise with its siren that you can call a howl. Before the 1400s, the word was houlen, a word that probably emerged as an imitation of the way a howl sounds.
WORD FAMILY
howl: howled, howler, howling, howls+/howler: howlers/howling: howlingly, howlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
DOUGLASVILLE, Ga. — “Caliente!” the director Lee Daniels howled toward Naomi Campbell, across the waiting room of a decommissioned county jail.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“Be N-I-OI-EE-U-I-SSSS!” she howls, absolutely wrecking the premise of civil discourse.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
It strolled in like it owned the gym, raising its arms as it triumphantly paced in front of the crowd, eliciting cheers and howls.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 哀号，吼叫
vi. 嚎叫，咆哮; 哀嚎; <俚>开心地狂笑; <俚>狂欢
n. 嗥叫; 嚎哭; <俚>及其可笑的事物
时态：howled, howling, howls
分布：嚎叫(65%)，高声叫喊(9%)，长嚎(9%)，啸鸣(9%)，大声哭(4%)，吼叫着说出(4%)
→拟声词，模仿嚎叫的声音。
n.怒吼,嗥叫vi.(风等)怒吼,咆哮The boy howled with laughter.那男孩高声狂笑.
verb
PERSON/ANIMAL 人／动物
intransitive
■If a dog or wolf howls, it makes a long, sad sound （狼、狗）长嚎，嗥叫
• In the silence of the night, a lone wolf howled. 在寂静的夜里，一只孤独的狼在嚎叫。
intransitive or transitive
■to make a loud sound, usually to express pain, sadness or another strong emotion （通常因痛苦、悲伤或其他强烈情感而）号叫，哀号
• An injured dog lay in the middle of the road, howling with/in pain. 一只受伤的狗躺在路中间，痛苦地嚎叫着。
• We were howling with laughter. 我们放声大笑。
• figurative The opposition howled down the government's proposal (= shouted loudly to express disapproval). 反对党大声抗议，反对政府的提案。
[haʊl] verb
WIND 风
intransitive
■If the wind howls, it blows hard and makes a lot of noise （风）呼啸
• Is there someone outside, or is it just the wind howling in the trees? 是有人在外面，还是只是风在树林里呼啸？
[haʊl] noun
countable
■a long, loud, sad sound 号叫声；喊叫声；呼啸声
• the howl of the wind in the trees 树林中风的呼啸声
• He leaves his dog shut up in the house all day, and we can hear its howls. 他一整天都把他的狗关在屋子里，我们能听到它的嚎叫声。
• She let out a howl of pain. 她痛得大声哀号。
countable usually plural
■a strong expression of emotion, such as anger or disagreement 感情迸发；怒吼，愤怒的表示
• Plans to build a new supermarket have been greeted with howls of protest from local residents. 建一座新超市的计划受到当地居民的强烈抗议。
roar, bark, growl, howl
这组词都有“吠，叫”的意思，其区别是：
roar: 指狮子的吼叫。
bark: 指发出刺耳的汪汪声，系典型的狗吠。
growl: 指被激怒的狗发出低长的咆哮声，以示威胁。用于人时，指咆哮着喊叫，怒冲冲地发牢骚。
howl: 指声音响亮，拖得很长，如哀愁的哭声。用于人时，指大喊大叫。
vi. 咆哮；怒吼；狂吠
 - gnar, huff and puff
n. 嗥叫；怒号；嚎哭
 - bluster

Word: photography
Front: photography
[fəˈtɒgrəfi] (六 3986/5389 -K2)
Back: n. 摄影，摄影术; 一组照片
分布：摄影(100%)
→来自photography,照相。
US [-'tɑ:.grə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the activity or job of taking) photographs or films 摄影；摄影业；照片
• She's doing an evening class in photography. 她在夜校学摄影。
• The film won an award for its photography. 该影片获得了一项摄影奖。
n. [摄] 摄影；摄影术
 - photo shoot, camerawork

Word: princess
Front: princess
[ˌprɪnˈses] (研四六 6039/2691 -K4)
Vocabulary: princess
(once / 103 pages)
n
A princess is the daughter of a king or queen, or the wife of a prince. Some children like to have princess parties because they get to wear fancy dresses, tiaras, and little plastic high heels.
In countries that are monarchies, rulers are born into their positions and are typically called kings and queens. If they have a daughter, she’s a princess. Women who marry into these families can also become princesses. The popular image of a princess might be Cinderella dressed for the ball, but modern princesses look a lot more like ordinary people. Princess is the feminine form of prince, from the Latin princeps, "chief leader."
WORD FAMILY
princess: princesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"That's our cousin, and she's one of the princesses," Philip Cameron said, lying on his back on the sidewalk.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
News of Fisher’s death shocked fans into a new reality - one without their beloved Princess Leia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At first it was pretty standard fare: She posed, framed by feathers, as a glittering pop princess through a pristine, apparently lip-synced “Auld Lang Syne.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 公主; 王妃（王族女性成员）; 女巨头，女名家; <古>女王
分布：公主(88%)，王妃(9%)，公爵夫人(2%)，贵妇(1%)
→来自prince,王子，-ess,表阴性。
n.公主,王妃Since then the sincere princess has known the principal principle.从那时起诚实的公主就知道该主要原理.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an important female member of a royal family, especially a daughter or granddaughter of a king and queen, or the wife of a prince （孙）公主；王妃；亲王夫人
• Lady Diana Spencer became Princess Diana when she married Prince Charles. 戴安娜•斯宾塞女士在与查理斯王子结婚后成为戴安娜王妃。
n. 公主；王妃；女巨头
 - infanta, rani

Word: rag
Front: rag
[ræg] (高研四六宝 6662/5984 -2)
Vocabulary: rag
(once / 246 pages)
1n 2vn 3nv 4v 5n
A torn bit of old fabric is a rag. You might use a rag to dust the bookshelf or scrub the bathtub, but you wouldn't want to wear one.
If your clothes are torn and dirty, they're also rags, and from the sense of "worthless scrap," trashy or low quality newspapers have also long been called rags. A rag is also a somewhat annoying joke, and to rag someone is to annoy or harass them. The phrase "from rags to riches" describes a classic and deeply satisfying storyline: the tale of a poor person who becomes gloriously rich.
WORD FAMILY
rag: ragged, ragging, rags+/ ragged: raggeder, raggedest, raggedly, raggedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now it’s your turn to rag on the other party’s leadership every day, hour or minute.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Beneath the steel sink and commode, I keep a bath towel spread open across the floor, which I use as a floor rag.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Also on the bill is the lighter side of Graham, with her upbeat last work, “Maple Leaf Rag,” plus two Center for the Arts premieres.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 破布; 碎布; 破旧衣服; 碎片
vt. 嘲笑，捉弄; 糟蹋，欺负; 指责，欺负人
时态：ragged, ragging, rags
分布：破布(62%)，碎布(26%)，破衣服(12%)
→来自古诺斯语 rogg,破布，粗糙的纺织物，来自 reue,撕开，粉碎，词源同 ruin,rough,rug.
n.抹布,破布,碎布The ragged man drags a waggon of rag fragments.那个衣衫褴褛的人拉着一货车破布碎片.
noun countable
CLOTH 布
■a torn piece of old cloth 旧布；破布；抹布
• I keep these rags for cleaning the car. 我把这些旧布留下来擦汽车用。
US for * duster
rags [plural]
■clothes that are old and torn 破旧衣服
• an old man dressed in rags. 衣衫褴褛的老人
• Their clothes were in rags (= torn). 他们的衣服又破又旧。
[ræg] noun countable
NEWSPAPER 报纸 informal
■a newspaper or magazine which is considered to be of bad quality 质量低劣的报纸（或杂志）；低俗小报；粗制滥造的杂志
• He had his picture taken for some local rag. 他为一家地方小报拍了照片。
[ræg] noun countable
COLLEGE EVENT 大学活动
■in Britain, a series of entertaining events and activities organized by college students once a year to collect money for charity （英国大学生每年组织的）慈善募捐活动
[ræg] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a piece of ragtime music 雷格泰姆乐曲
[ræg] verb transitive (-gg-) old-fashioned informal
■to say things which are funny but a little unkind 戏弄；嘲笑；对…搞恶作剧
• They ragged him about his girlfriend. 他们拿他的女朋友取笑他。
n. 破布；碎屑
 - clast, trashiness
vt. 戏弄；责骂
 - rate, fool with

Word: onerous
Front: onerous
[ˈəʊnərəs] (宝 15400/13976 -1)
Vocabulary: onerous
(once / 5030 pages)
adj
If one teacher gives you three hours of homework a night, that's rough. But if all of your teachers do it, that makes the task of completing your homework an onerous one, to say the least. If something is onerous, it is very difficult to deal with or do.
A near synonym is burdensome. In legal usage, onerous describes a contract or lease that has more obligations than advantages. Onerous derives from Middle English, from Old French onereus, from Latin onerōsus, from onus "burden." In English, an onus is a task or duty that is onerous, or very difficult.
WORD FAMILY
onerous: onerously, onerousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, we’ve observed that many people find the exercises onerous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The process is lifesaving, but also onerous, often requiring that patients be tethered to a machine for hours at a time, three times a week.
New York Times(Dec 25, 2016)
But he said too many regulations on banks and other industries are onerous and “corporations see themselves at war with the government.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 繁重的; 麻烦的; 负有义务的
分布：繁重的(100%)
→来自拉丁语onus的所有格oneris,负担，重担，词源同onus.引申词义费力的，艰巨的。
繁重的;费力的[oner=load,表示"负担"]
【记】oner负担（on er在背上的东西），ous多－繁重的
【参】exonerate（v 无罪释放）；onus（n 责任；负担）
US ['ɑ:.nɚ-] formal
adjective
■difficult to do or needing a lot of effort 繁重的；麻烦的；艰巨的
• the onerous task of finding a peaceful solution 寻找和平解决方案的艰巨任务
• the onerous duties of motherhood 为人母的繁重职责
adj. 繁重的；麻烦的；负有义务的；负有法律责任的
 - heavy, tight

Word: renounce
Front: renounce
[rɪˈnaʊns] (托宝 10656/9856 -1)
Vocabulary: renounce
(once / 455 pages)
v
To renounce is to officially give up or turn away from. People on a diet usually renounce pizza and chocolate cake, for example.
The transitive verb renounce is a stronger, more formal way of saying that you reject or disown something. A prince who's tired of the royal life could renounce his title and become a commoner, or a senator who wanted to become an independent would have to renounce his political party ties. You'd be wise to heed the wisdom of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who said: “To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties.”
WORD FAMILY
renounce: renounced, renouncement, renounces, renouncing, renunciant, renunciation +/renouncement: renouncements/ renunciation: renunciations, self-renunciation
USAGE EXAMPLES
If we renounce our faith in these things, where do we put it instead?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Did I understand what it meant to renounce my mother tongue?
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Did they want me to also renounce all earthly possessions and swaddle myself in rough linens?
Salon(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 放弃，抛弃; 拒绝，否认; 宣布与…决裂，断绝关系; 垫牌
vi. 放弃; 垫牌
n. 牌戏中的垫牌
时态：renounced, renouncing, renounces
分布：声明放弃(84%)，与...断绝关系(16%)
→re-,向后，往回，-nounc,说话，通知，词源同 announce,denounce.即收回已经说过的话，引申 词义声明放弃，摒弃。
否认;抛弃(re反+nounce→反过来说→否认)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
【记】re反，nounce讲话－反过来宣布－放弃
【参】denounce（v 公开指责）；enounce（v 宣言，发音，表达）
【反】claim（v 要求；声称拥有）；embrace（v 拥抱；信奉）
[rɪ'naʊnts] formal
verb transitive
■to say formally or publicly that you no longer own, support, believe in or have a connection with something 声明放弃；宣布放弃；弃绝
• Her ex-husband renounced his claim to the family house. 她的前夫宣布放弃对家里房子的所有权要求。
• Gandhi renounced the use of violence. 甘地声明放弃使用暴力。
vt. 宣布放弃；与…断绝关系；垫牌
 - break up with, finish with

Word: biologist
Front: biologist
[baɪˈɒlədʒɪst] (托 5075/9220)
Vocabulary: biologist
(once / 2610 pages)
n
A biologist is a scientist who focuses on living organisms, including plants and animals. Wildlife biologists might specialize in studying African elephants.
Biologists study a wide variety of life forms, from single-celled organisms to primates, and conduct research in many different areas, from the spreading of pathogens to the details of evolution. A marine biologist studies sea creatures and a microbiologist might study algae or bacteria. The word biologist is rooted in the Greek bios, or "life."
WORD FAMILY
biologist: biologists+/ biological: biologically/ biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the transmitter eventually detached, likely because of old boat strike scars, so biologists didn’t attach another one.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
During the post-mortem examination, the marine biologist will be trying to establish if the whale's death was caused by humans.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The biologists say they decided to name the darter after Obama because of his focus on clean energy and environmental protection.
Science Magazine(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生物学家
分布：生物学家(100%)
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun countable
■a scientist who studies biology 生物学家

Word: wobbly
Front: wobbly
[ˈwɒbli] (14785/14895 -1)
Back: adj. 摇摆的; 颤动的; 不稳定的; 歪斜的
n. 世界产业工会会员
分布：不稳定的(67%)，摆动的(27%)，生气(6%)
US ['wɑ:.bl-] adjective
MOVING 移动
■likely to wobble 摇摇晃晃的
• a wobbly ladder/table 摇摇晃晃的梯子／桌子
• I've been in bed with flu and my legs are still feeling all wobbly. 我因流感而卧床休息，腿仍然感觉摇摇晃晃的。
• "Look, I've got a wobbly tooth," said my little daughter, proudly. “瞧，我有一颗牙活动了。”我的小女儿骄傲地说道。
• humorous I'm trying to tone up my wobbly bits (= fat areas of the body) generally. 我正设法减掉身上的肥肉。
UK ['wɒb.l.i] US ['wɑ:.bl-] adjective
NOT CERTAIN 不确定的 informal
■uncertain what to do or changing repeatedly between two opinions 拿不定主意的；动摇的；（在两种观点间）变来变去的
• Last week I felt sure I was doing the right thing but I've started to feel a bit wobbly about it. 上周我很肯定自己做对了，可是现在我觉得有点不肯定了。
UK ['wɒb.l.i] US ['wɑ:.bl-] noun UK informal
throw a wobbly
■to become extremely angry and upset 非常愤怒；极不高兴
• My parents threw a wobbly when they found out I'd had a party while they were away. 当父母发现我趁他们不在的时候举行聚会，他们非常不高兴。
adj. 不稳定的；摆动的；歪斜的
 - unstable, volatile

Word: browser
Front: browser
[ˈbraʊzə(r)] (9689/25100)
Vocabulary: browser
(once / 2323 pages)
1n 2n
A browser is a looker: either a program that lets you surf the Internet or a person in a store who just looks around without buying.
This is a word that has to do with looking around, otherwise known as browsing. You probably use web browsers, which allow you to see websites on a computer. But you could also be a browser if you go to a store and just look around. Being a browser is a good way to kill time, but as soon as you make a purchase, you've gone from being a browser to being a customer.
WORD FAMILY
browser: browsers+/ browse: browsed, browser, browses, browsing/browsing: browsings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the most recent transfer window, it averaged almost one million browsers per day.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
SAN JOSE, Calif. — They limit their kids’ screen time, set filters on their browsers and banish digital devices from the dinner table.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This would mean closing down your browser – another bitter irony of the internet is that it doubles up as a hellhole of unrealistic beauty ideals.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 浏览程序; 浏览器（用于在互联网上查阅信息）; 浏览图书报刊者; 逛商店的人
分布：食草动物(100%)
US ['braʊ.zɚ] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
 ADVANCED
■a computer program that makes it possible for you to read information on the Internet 浏览器
• a Web browser 网页浏览器
UK ['braʊ.zər] US ['braʊ.zɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
■someone who browses, for example through books or goods for sale 浏览者，随意观看（商品）（或翻阅书本）者
n. [计] 浏览器；吃嫩叶的动物；浏览书本的人
 - broswer

Word: chongqing

Word: blade
Front: blade
[bleɪd] (研四六托宝 3148/4000 -K2)
Vocabulary: blade
(once / 341 pages)
1n 2n
A blade is a very sharp metal edge of a tool. A good cooking knife should have its blade sharpened regularly.
Knives, swords, and razors have blades, metal edges so fine and thin that they can cut and slice. The shoulder bone is sometimes called a "shoulder blade," and a piece of grass is also a blade. In fact, the original meaning of the Old English blæd was "leaf," and then "something resembling a leaf." In the 14th century, the word was applied to swords, based on their shape — similar to a leaf or blade of grass.
WORD FAMILY
blade: bladelike, blades
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tip of the blade should be parallel to the dominant shoulder.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say troopers on an investigative team searched the home in Blades on Thursday.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The new year might end up being a banner year for the director of the original Blade Runner, Ridley Scott.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 刀片，剑; （壳、草等的）叶片; 桨叶; 浮华少年
分布：叶片(62%)，刀刃(20%)，刀锋(10%)，桨叶(8%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，生长，繁茂，同blow. 原指生长的叶子，叶片，后指刀片。
n.刀刃,刀片;桨叶;草叶,叶片The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
noun countable
FLAT PART 平面
 IMPROVER
■the flat part on a knife or similar tool or weapon, with a very thin edge used for cutting 刀身；刀片；刀刃
• a sword with a steel blade 钢剑
• a packet of razor blades 一包剃须刀片
■a wide flat part on a tool or machine, used to push back water or air （机器上推动水或空气的）桨叶，桨身
• a propeller blade 螺旋桨
• windscreen wiper blades 挡风玻璃水拨；雨刷
■used in the names of other objects which are flat, thin and sometimes long, like a blade 叶片状物
• a shoulder blade 肩胛骨
• a blade of grass 草叶
[bleɪd] noun countable
MAN 人 old use
■an attractive and confident young man 有吸引力、自信的年轻男子
• a dashing young blade 一个精神抖擞，潇洒自若的年轻人
n. [植] [脊椎] 叶片； [机] 刀片，刀锋；剑
 - sword, vane

Word: tidy
Front: tidy
[ˈtaɪdi] (中高研四六雅宝 9867/6376 -K2)
Vocabulary: tidy
(once / 724 pages)
1adjvn 2adj
Use the adjective tidy for something that is neat and clean. If your desk were more tidy, you would be able to find your computer.
Tidy (or tidy up) also means “to clean up” and is also a noun for a container for small objects, like scraps or sewing materials. These senses of tidy have a formal or even old-fashioned note. (We’re more likely to say clean, organize, or bin now in everyday conversation.) A less informal use is as an adjective, meaning “large.” If you can put the word tidy before your profit or the sum in your bank account, it’s a good thing.
WORD FAMILY
tidy: tidied, tidier, tidies, tidiest, tidily, tidiness, tidying, untidy+/untidiness: untidinesses/untidy: untidier, untidiest, untidily, untidiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
What’s magical about “Paterson” — and what may frustrate those seeking a tidier, prosier experience — is its refusal to settle for clear answers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
His heists grew in finesse, and were always tidy and efficient.
The New Yorker(Dec 22, 2016)
“Silence” is as visually striking as you might expect, but also overly tidy, clean and decorous, despite its tortured flesh, its mud and its blood.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 整洁的，整齐的; （数量）相当大的; 相当好的; 健康的
n. 盛零碎物品的容器; 椅子的背罩
vt. & vi. 使整洁; 弄整齐; 使有条理; 整理，收拾
时态：tidied, tidying, tidies
分布：整理(43%)，收拾(26%)，整洁的(19%)，整齐的(10%)，使整洁(2%)
→来自 tide,时令，季节，-y,形容词后缀，对应 timely.即适时的，当令的。引申词义情况好的， 整洁的，整齐的。
a.整洁的,整齐的v.整理,收拾The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
【反】slovenly（adj 懒散的；不修边幅的）
adjective
ORDERED 整齐的
 IMPROVER
■having everything ordered and arranged in the right place, or liking to keep things like this 整齐的；整洁的，有条理的
• The house was clean and tidy. 房子干净整洁。
• My flatmate isn't very tidy. 我的室友不怎么爱整洁。
• neat and tidy 整整齐齐
• a tidy solution 条理分明的解决方法
['taɪ.di] adjective
LARGE 大的
[before noun] informal
■(of amounts of money) large （款额）巨大的
• His business deals make him a tidy sum. 他做生意赚了一大笔钱。
['taɪ.di] noun
a desk/car/sink, etc. tidy
■a small container for a few objects, that makes it easier for you to keep your desk, car, etc. tidy 写字枱杂物箱／汽车杂物箱／洗涤槽的过滤网罩等
['taɪ.di] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a place or a collection of things tidy 整理；收拾
• Tidy (up) these papers before you leave, please. 请把这些档整理好再走。
• I'm tired of asking you to tidy your room (up). 老是叫你收拾房间，我都厌烦了。
• Have you tidied up yet, kids? 孩子，你们收拾好了吗？
['taɪ.di] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tidy sth away
■to put things back in drawers, cupboards and other places where they are kept, after you have used them 将…收起来，将…放回原处
• The children were expected to tidy away their toys before bedtime. 孩子们要在睡觉前把玩具收拾好。
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
adj. 整齐的；相当大的
 - considerable, ordered, regular, straight
vt. 整理；收拾；弄整齐
 - arrange, sort things out
vi. 整理；收拾
 - sort things out, put in order

Word: certify
Front: certify
[ˈsɜ:tɪfaɪ] (研雅 7042/12018 -1)
Vocabulary: certify
(once / 416 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To certify is to provide proof for something or to license someone, like a lawyer. You can certify a lawyer or certify that someone’s insane. Either way, when you certify something, you make it official.
To certify is to have evidence that something is true, to make certain. If you certify that you own a house, you prove it's yours. Vouching for a friend can certify that the friend is a good person. Professionals like lawyers, doctors, and accountants must be certified. Being certified assures others that the person is qualified. Certify also refers to declaring someone legally insane, so make sure your doctor is certified by the medical board, not the loony bin.
WORD FAMILY
certify: certifiable, certificate, certification, certificatory, certified, certifies, certifying, decertify+/certifiable: certifiably/ certificate: certificated, certificates, certificating/certification: certifications/certified: uncertified/decertify: decertified, decertifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Holcomb’s office says that Klutz will be the first certified public accountant to be Indiana auditor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While paying for the meals herself keeps things “interesting” financially for the certified nursing assistant who just started working full-time again, it doesn’t matter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But when the national popular vote was certified, the major national pollsters were nearly redeemed.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （尤指书面）证明; 发证书给…; 证明（某人）患有精神病; 颁发（或授予）专业合格证书
时态：certified, certifying, certifies
分布：证明(67%)，保证(18%)，证实(13%)，颁发证书(2%)
→来自词根cert, 确定，见certain.
证明;保证[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
vt.证明,证实;发证书(或执照)给His report was certified correct.他的报告被证明是无误的.
US ['sɝ:.tˌə-] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to state something officially, usually in writing, especially that something is true or correct （通常以书面形式）证明，证实
• [+ (that)] I hereby certify (that) the above information is true and accurate. 兹证明上述情况属实准确无误。
• [+ noun/adj] The driver was certified (as) dead on arrival at the hospital. 刚送到医院，司机就被证实死亡。
• The meat has been certified (as) fit for human consumption. 已证实该肉品适合人食用。
transitive
■to state officially that someone is mentally ill 正式证明（某人）患有精神病
• As a young man, he had been certified and sent to a hospital for the mentally ill. 他年轻时证实患有精神病，并被送到了精神病院。
certify, testify, verify, rectify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify: v.证明，声称是真的。
 • He certified it was his wife's handwriting.   他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
testify: v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。
 • He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.   由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify: v. (用事实)证实或核实。
 • I verified the store's address by calling to check it.   我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
rectify: v.改正，纠正；整顿。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
v. 证明；保证
 - seal of, give evidence of

Word: subordinate
Front: subordinate
[səˈbɔ:dɪnət] (研六托雅 9779/6201 -2)
Vocabulary: subordinate
(once / 359 pages)
nadjv
Subordinate means putting one thing below another––a subordinate is someone who works for someone else, and to subordinate means to place or rank one thing below another. "We subordinate our desire for popcorn to our desire to keep watching the movie."
The ordinate part of subordinate refers to an ordering of things, and sub- means "lower." "In the army, a private is subordinate to an officer, whether that officer is his direct commander or not." When it's a noun or adjective, the word is pronounced "suh-BOR-duh-nit," and when it's a verb, "suh-BOR-duh-nate."
WORD FAMILY
subordinate: insubordinate, subordinated, subordinately, subordinateness, subordinates, subordinating, subordination +/ insubordinate: insubordinately/ insubordination: insubordinations/ subordination: insubordination, subordinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theologians do this, he said, to justify biblical gender roles in which women are subordinate to men.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“While he was at the top of the organization, the evidence does not show that he was as involved...as his subordinates were,” Fox wrote.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
It was the latest in a string of mishaps caused by Ms Raggi’s choice of subordinates.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 级别或职位较低的; 下级的; 次要的; 附属的
n. 部属; 部下，下级
vt. 使…居下位，使在次级; 使服从; 使从属
时态：subordinated, subordinating, subordinates
分布：次要的(32%)，下级的(22%)，属下(20%)，使服从(13%)，附属物(10%)，把 ... 放在次要(3%)
→sub-,在下，-ordin,安排，顺序，词源同 order,ordinary.引申词义隶属的，从属的。
附属的(sub+ordin顺序＋ate→顺序在下→附属的)[sub-①表示"在下面,次一等,副手"②表示"接近,靠近"]
附属的;服从的n.部下(sub下面+ordin+ate→顺序在下→附属的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.下级的,次要的,附属的n.属下v.服从The subordinate coordinates are in accordance with that set by the cordial chorus.从属坐标与热心的合唱团的设定值一致.
【记】sub下面，ord＝order，inate－在下面听order－附属的
【参】subordinacy（n 下级地位）；subordination（n 从属；部下）
【反】peer（n 同等的人；贵族）；principal（n 负责人）
US [-ˈbɔːr-/
■having a lower or less important position 从属的，下级的；次要的
• a subordinate role 配角
• subordinate status 从属地位
• The individual's needs are subordinate to those of the group. 个人需求必须从属于集体需求。
noun countable UK [səˈbɔː.dɪ.nət] US [-ˈbɔːr-/
■a person who has a less important position than you in an organization 下属，下级
• He left the routine checks to one of his subordinates. 他把例行检查交给了一个下属负责。
verb transitive UK [səˈbɔː.dɪ.neɪt] US [-ˈbɔːr-/
■to put someone or something into a less important position 使从属于，使处于次要地位
• Her personal life has been subordinated to her career. 她将个人生活置于事业之下。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate
这组词都有“次等”的意思，其区别是：
minor: a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
 • We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.   我们对合同中的一切问题，甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。
inferior: a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低；当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
 • Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.   产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary: a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。
 • My job is of secondary importance to my health.   我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
subordinate: a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
 • He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.   她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
n. 下属，下级；部属，属下
 - inferior, underling
adj. 从属的；次要的
 - dependent, secondary, supporting, minor, peripheral

Word: airliner
Front: airliner
[ˈeəlaɪnə(r)] (11899/15969 -1)
Back: n. 客机，班机
分布：客机(96%)，定期班机(4%)
US ['erˌlaɪ.nɚ] noun countable
■a large passenger aircraft 大型客机，班机
n. [航] 班机；大型客机
 - liner, scheduled flight

Word: erosion
Front: erosion
[ɪ'rəʊʒn] (研六托雅 5930/4884 -1)
Vocabulary: erosion
(once / 2559 pages)
n
The Grand Canyon is a monumental example of erosion—the entire canyon was carved by the flow of the Colorado River, which slowly dug the canyon out of stone over the course of eons.
Erosion is the wearing away of sand, soil, or rock by water or wind. But it also has a metaphorical sense. The erosion of standards for behavior in society means that our grandparents would be shocked by what passes for good manners today.
WORD FAMILY
erosion: erosions+/ erode: eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion, erosive
USAGE EXAMPLES
To minimize erosion, terrain, soil structure and rainfall are also considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For years, the dams starved the area of sediment, so homeowners armored the shoreline with concrete, riprap, and rows of boulders to prevent erosion.
The New Yorker(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损; 烧蚀; 磨蚀; 糜烂
分布：侵蚀(80%)，腐蚀(20%)
侵蚀,腐蚀(e+ros+ion)[rod,ros=bite,表示"咬"]
n.腐蚀,磨损;削弱,减少The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
【反】accretion（n 增加）－reduction in substance caused by erosion（由侵蚀引起地物质减少）
N-UNCOUNT
（气候等的）侵蚀，腐蚀
Erosion is the gradual destruction and removal of rock or soil in a particular area by rivers, the sea, or the weather.
例：As their roots are strong and penetrating, they prevent erosion.它们的根十分粗壮而且扎得很深，从而避免了受侵蚀。
例：...erosion of the river valleys.河谷的侵蚀
N-UNCOUNT
（权威、权利、信心等的）逐渐丧失，削弱
The erosion of a person's authority, rights, or confidence is the gradual destruction or removal of them.
例：...the erosion of confidence in world financial markets.对世界金融市场心灰意冷
例：...an erosion of presidential power.总统权力的削弱
N-UNCOUNT
（支持的）减少;（价值的）降低;（货币的）贬值
The erosion of support, values, or money is a gradual decrease in its level or standard.
例：...the erosion of moral standards.道德沦丧
例：...a dramatic erosion of support for the program.对该项目的支持大幅减少
n. 侵蚀， [化学] 腐蚀
 - corrosion, eating away

Word: erstwhile
Front: erstwhile
[ˈɜ:stwaɪl] (宝 18074/14300 -1)
Vocabulary: erstwhile
(once / 5235 pages)
adjadv
If your dad used to play in a punk band, but is now a computer programmer, you could call him an erstwhile punk rocker. Erstwhile means "former."
Erstwhile comes from Old English and is a formal way to say "former." You can go to your class reunion 20 years after you graduate high school and see your erstwhile friends. That means that they had been your friends, but you lost touch with them, so that they weren't friends of yours anymore. Can you think of some people that you wish were erstwhile classmates of yours?
WORD FAMILY
erstwhile: erstwhiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
The turmoil and difficulties he experienced moved him to turn the tables on his erstwhile comrades.
Seattle Times(Dec 09, 2016)
They were the first words directly attributed to the erstwhile prince since his father’s passing.
Time(Dec 02, 2016)
Her mayonnaise story culminates on a sweltering Greek island vacation with a group of boisterous friends, her husband, and her erstwhile lover.
Washington Post(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 从前的; 以前的; 原来的; 往昔的
adv. 从前; 往昔地
分布：从前的(63%)，往昔的(37%)
→erst, 最早的，ere最高级。
【记】erst＝earliest（adj 早的；初期的）erst读：饿死他，while（n 一会儿conj 当…的时候；虽然）：当饿死他的时候－那已经是从前的事了，想想3年自然灾害……
US ['ɝ:st-] formal
adjective [before noun]
■previous; former 以前的，先前的；过去的
adj. 以前的；从前的；往昔的
 - previous, former, ago
adv. 以前；往昔地
 - previously, ago, formerly, back

Word: cubic
Front: cubic
[ˈkju:bɪk] (高四六托 7772/10327 -1)
Back: adj. 立方体的
n. [数]三次曲线（方程式，多项式，函数）
分布：立方体的(56%)，立方的(44%)
['kju:.bɪk] specialized
adjective
■used in units of volume to show when the length of something has been multiplied by its width and height （体积单位）立方的
adj. 立方体的， [数] 立方的
 - cuboid

Word: funnel
Front: funnel
[ˈfʌnl] (托雅 10793/15381 -1)
Vocabulary: funnel
(once / 1600 pages)
nv
The cone-shaped tool you use to pour liquid into a small hole is a funnel. The swirling winds of a tornado make the shape of a funnel. This is why they are called funnel clouds.
You can also use the word metaphorically to describe something that goes from wide to narrow while moving. If six lanes of traffic must funnel through a tunnel, you'll probably see a traffic jam. And if you photographed the scene from above, the cars would make a triangular shape, as if they formed a flat funnel. If a company is funneling money into research and development, it is spending lots of money in that department. Funnel cake is made by pouring batter through a funnel in to hot oil. Yum!
WORD FAMILY
funnel: funneled, funneling, funnelled, funnelling, funnels
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Blank Face LP” paints life as a funnel from one system to another: school to jail.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He says Trump doesn’t need to funnel his comments through mainstream media outlets.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now federal officials allege he funneled $600 million in fraudulent claims to this impoverished pocket of Appalachia, and the government turned off the spigot.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 漏斗; （轮船，火车等的）烟囱; 漏斗状物; [矿]通风井
vt. & vi. 把…灌进漏斗; 使成漏斗状; 成漏斗形; 使汇集
时态：funnelled, funnelling, funnels
分布：漏斗(81%)，烟囱(11%)，使成漏斗状(4%)，经过漏斗(1%)，漏斗状物(1%)，形成漏斗状(1%)，使经过漏斗(1%)
→缩写自拉丁语infundibulum, 工厂灰斗或漏斗。in-, 使，进入，-fund, 注入，词源同foundry, -bulum, 工具格后缀。后也用于指烟囱。
noun countable
TUBE 管子
■an object which has a wide round opening at the top, sloping sides, and a narrow tube at the bottom, used for pouring liquids or powders into containers with narrow necks 漏斗
• When you've ground the coffee, use a funnel to pour it into the jar. 磨好咖啡后，用漏斗将其倒入罐中。
['fʌn.əl] noun countable
ON A SHIP/TRAIN 轮船／蒸汽火车上 (US also smokestack)
■a vertical metal pipe on the top of a ship or steam train through which smoke comes out （轮船或蒸汽火车上的）烟囱
['fʌn.əl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to put something, or to travel, through a funnel or something that acts like a funnel （使）流经漏斗；（使）经过漏斗形口子
• The wind funnels down these narrow streets. 风吹过狭窄的街道。
• The children funnelled along the corridor into the school hall. 孩子们沿走廊涌进学校礼堂。
• If you funnel the oil into the engine, you're less likely to spill it. 如果你用漏斗往引擎里注油，就不太可能洒出来。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to send something directly and intentionally 运送；输送
• No one knows who has been funnelling weapons to the terrorists. 没人知道是谁一直在向恐怖分子输送武器。
n. [化学] 漏斗；烟囱
 - hyponome, hopper

Word: greenery
Front: greenery
[ˈgri:nəri] (14777/15133 -1)
Back: n. 温室，草木
分布：绿色植物(57%)，绿树(33%)，暖房(10%)
温室(green绿色+ery)[-ery 1.表名词"场所,地点"2.表名词"行为,情况"]
noun uncountable
■green plants or branches, especially when cut and used as decoration （尤指剪下来做装饰物的）青枝绿叶，绿色植物
n. 绿色植物；温室
 - heated housing, glasshouse

Word: glamorous
Front: glamorous
[ˈglæmərəs] (托宝 8060/7828 -2)
Vocabulary: glamorous
(once / 4232 pages)
adj
Movie stars look glamorous when they walk down the red carpet in their designer gowns. Glamorous means full of glamour, beauty, and excitement.
Glamorous comes from the Scottish gramarye meaning "magic, enchantment, spell." See a glamorous woman walking down the street and you might be captivated or enchanted by her beauty. A person can appear or act glamorous. An event like a really over-the-top party can be glamorous. Or a lifestyle that one chooses for herself can be glamorous, full of parties and swanky events.
WORD FAMILY
glamorous: glamorously, unglamorous+/glamor: glamorise, glamorize, glamorous, glamors/glamorise: glamorisation/glamorization: glamorizations/glamorize: glamorization, glamorized, glamorizes, glamorizing/unglamorous: unglamorously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Glamorous Cypress Point, Alister Mackenzie's masterpiece woven through cypress, sand dunes and jagged coastline, wasn't always the darling of America's 100 Greatest.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Georgia Tech beat the Tar Heels three days after struggling to beat one of their less glamorous neighbors: North Carolina A&T.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Her glamorous mother starred in Orson Welles’s Touch of Evil, but is forever the doomed woman in the shower in Psycho.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 富有魅力的; 迷人的; 富于刺激的; 独特的
分布：迷人的(76%)，富有魅力的(24%)
【记】源于苏格兰语glamour（n /glamor魔力；魅力）
US [-ə-] (mainly UK informal glam)
adjective
■attractive in an exciting and special way 有魅力的；令人向往的；富于刺激的；独特的
• a glamorous woman/outfit 迷人的女子／华丽的套装
• a glamorous job 令人向往的工作
• She was looking very glam. 她看上去美极了。
adj. 迷人的，富有魅力的
 - killing, taking, engaging, charming, fascinating

Word: faint
Front: faint
[feɪnt] (研四六托雅 4117/3694 -K2)
Vocabulary: faint
(once / 77 pages)
1adj 2vnadj 3adj
Something faint has no courage or vigor. If you suddenly round the corner and see a gang of bullies staring straight at you, chances are you'll feel faint.
Faint comes from the French feindre, for being cowardly or shirking duties. We usually use it to mean without great strength. If you faint, you pass out, from low blood supply to your brain. If you feel faint, you feel weak. Faint also means dim or vague. If you're staring out to sea, you might see the faint outline of an approaching ship. If you really can't remember the answer to something, say you "haven't the faintest idea."
WORD FAMILY
faint: fainted, fainter, faintest, fainting, faintingly, faintly, faintness, faints+/faintness: faintnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, a faint siren stirs inside of Couch Slouch that something is amiss when student-athletes renege on their part of the covenant.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Afterward, Obama expressed his hope, however faint, that Trump’s Presidency would be “successful.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And at last, on the ruddy faces of the five spectators, faint smiles appeared.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 微弱的，模糊的; 软弱的; 无勇气的; 将昏倒似的
vi. 头晕，昏过去; 渐渐不明，消失
n. 昏厥，昏倒
时态：fainted, fainting, faints
分布：微弱的(53%)，昏倒(15%)，模糊的(14%)，昏厥(13%)，无力的(5%)
→来自古法语feint, 来自feign, 假装，虚构，欺骗。引申词义底气不足的，微弱的，虚弱的。
a.微弱的;不明显的;暗淡的n./v.昏倒;昏晕I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
【反】stentorian（adj 声音洪亮的）
adjective
SLIGHT 轻微的
 ADVANCED
■not strong or clear; slight 微弱的；不清晰的；微小的
• a faint sound/noise/smell 微弱的声音／隐约的声响／淡淡的气味
• The lamp gave out a faint glow. 灯发出微弱的光。
• She gave me a faint smile of recognition. 她认出了我，向我淡淡一笑。
• There's not the faintest hope of ever finding him. 没有丝毫找到他的希望。
• She bears a faint resemblance to my sister. 她和我姐姐长得有点像。
• I have a faint suspicion that you may be right! 我隐约觉得你可能是对的！
not have the faintest idea informal
■used to emphasize that you do not know something 根本不知道
• "Is she going to stay?" "I haven't the faintest idea." “她要留下来吗？”“我一点也不知道。”
• I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about! 我根本不知道你在说甚么！
[feɪnt] adjective
BECOMING UNCONSCIOUS 快要晕倒似的
feel faint
■to feel weak, as if you are about to become unconscious 虚弱无力；感到晕眩；快要晕倒似的
• She felt faint with hunger. 她饿得头昏眼花。
[feɪnt] adjective
Faint heart never won fair lady. old-fashioned saying
■used to tell someone that they must make a lot of effort if they want to achieve something difficult 要想啃下硬骨头，必须费点力气。／一分耕耘，一分收获。
[feɪnt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down 昏厥；晕倒
• He faints at the sight of blood. 他一见血就晕。
• I nearly fainted in the heat. 我差点热得昏了过去。
• She took one look at the hypodermic needle and fainted (dead) away (= became unconscious immediately). 她一看到注射针头就昏了过去。
[feɪnt] noun only singular
■when someone suddenly becomes unconscious 昏厥
• On receiving the news, she fell into a dead faint. 听到消息，她昏死过去。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
adj. 模糊的；头晕的； [医] 虚弱的；衰弱的
 - fuzzy, weak, dark, vague
vi. 昏倒；变得微弱；变得没气力
 - pass out, flake out
n. [中医] 昏厥，昏倒
 - asphyxy, swound

Word: obstruct
Front: obstruct
[əbˈstrʌkt] (研托雅宝 10703/9467 -1)
Vocabulary: obstruct
(once / 511 pages)
v
When you obstruct something, you block it. If you’re gobbling down your pizza, a chunk of crust you didn’t chew so well might obstruct your airway and you'll choke.
Obstruct also means to get in the way so that you hide something from view. That fast food tower being built next to your beach house will obstruct your lovely ocean vistas. And that scene gives you a vivid illustration of the Latin roots the word comes from: ob- "against," and struere, "build." You can also obstruct something or someone by putting up a roadblock, literal or figurative: when you park yourself by the exit door, you obstruct everybody's way out.
WORD FAMILY
obstruct: obstructed, obstructer, obstructing, obstruction, obstructive, obstructor, obstructs+/ obstructed: unobstructed /obstructer: obstructers/ obstruction: obstructionism, obstructions/ obstructionism: obstructionist/obstructionist: obstructionists/ obstructive: obstructively/obstructor: obstructors/ unobstructed: unobstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the lawsuit, filed on behalf of Senegal’s widow, claims deputies misrepresented facts and obstructed the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That all ended in April when Morel pleaded guilty to obstructing justice.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Court records show Worthington was previously charged on Aug. 10 for second-degree robbery, possessing a firearm after a felony conviction and obstructing an officer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 阻塞; 堵塞; 阻碍; 阻止
vi. 阻塞; 妨碍; （给…）设置障碍
时态：obstructed, obstructing, obstructs
分布：妨碍(50%)，阻塞(40%)，阻隔(10%)
→ob-,相对，对着的，-struct,堆积，建造，词源同structure,construct.即堆在对面的，引申词义障碍，阻碍，阻挠等。
妨碍(ob反+struct→反建设→妨碍)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.阻隔,阻塞(道路,通道等)n.阻碍物,障碍物The road was obstructed by a fallen tree.道路被一棵倒下的树挡住了.
【记】ob反，struct建造一建造反效果的东西一阻塞
【反】facilitate（v 使容易）；abet（v 教唆）unocclude（adj 空的）－obstructed（adj 堵塞的）
【参】obstruction（n 阻挠，障碍）；obstructionist（n 妨碍者）
verb transitive
■to block a road, passage, entrance, etc. so that nothing can go along it, or to prevent something from happening correctly by putting difficulties in its way 阻塞，堵塞，阻挡（道路、通道、入口等）；阻碍，妨碍
• After the earthquake many roads were obstructed by collapsed buildings. 地震过后，许多道路都被倒塌的建筑物堵住了。
• Her view of the stage was obstructed by a pillar. 一根柱子挡住了她的视线，她看不见舞台。
• An accident is obstructing traffic on the M11. 一场事故堵塞了11号高速公路上的交通。
■to try to stop something from happening or developing 阻碍；阻止，阻挠；妨碍
• to obstruct a police investigation 阻挠警方的调查
• He got five years in prison for withholding evidence and obstructing the course of justice. 他因隐藏证据、妨碍司法而被判入狱5年。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
vt. 妨碍；阻塞；遮断
 - let, violate
vi. 阻塞；设障碍
 - plug up, block up

Word: habitat
Front: habitat
[ˈhæbɪtæt] (研托宝 3221/4609 -2)
Vocabulary: habitat
(once / 1732 pages)
n
Your habitat is the environment you are accustomed to living in. Zoos usually try to mimic the habitats of the animals they keep, housing bats in a nocturnal house and monkeys in a cage with trees to climb and swing from.
The origins of habitat aren't exactly what you would expect. The word goes back to the Latin habitare meaning "to live or dwell," which itself goes back to habere meaning "to have or own." It seems logical that if you own a place, it is your home. Habitat is usually used with animals and plants that live in and are adapted to a specific environment. In nature, orchids and banana plants live in a warm, humid habitat.
WORD FAMILY
habitat: habitats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Threats include illegal hunting, international trade in skins and habitat loss.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Landowners who allow access to their properties receive a “minimal” lease payment and help with habitat restoration.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Sage grouse live in 11 Western states, but their numbers are down significantly because of habitat loss.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （动物的）栖息地，住处; 产地; 经常发现某种事物的地方
分布：栖息地(90%)，产地(10%)
→词源同habitable,适宜居住的。
(动植物)居住地(habit+at表示地方→住的地方)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
n.(动物的)栖息地,(植物的)产地That country is the habitat of heroin.那个国家是海洛因的产地.
noun countable or uncountable
■the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives （动植物的）生长地，栖息地
• With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural habitat. 大片林地被砍伐，很多野生动物在失去它们的天然栖息地。
n. [生态] 栖息地， [经] 产地
 - home, production place

Word: limb
Front: limb
[lɪm] (研四六托雅宝 3643/3978 -2)
Vocabulary: limb
(once / 168 pages)
1n 2n
Willing to pay an arm and a leg for those World Series tickets? Then you're willing to give up two of your limbs for the season's biggest baseball games.
Arms, legs, wings, flippers — these are all examples of limbs. But we shouldn't leave out the trees. They've got plenty of large branches or limbs as well. In fact, when you expose yourself to potentially negative consequences in order to help someone else, it's called "going out on a limb" — like crawling out on a big tree branch. Not a flipper.
WORD FAMILY
limb: forelimb, limbless, limbs+/forelimb: forelimbs/limbless: limblessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
No limb he or she can’t hit on the way down.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 肢，翼; 大树枝; 分支; 枝干
vt. 割断…的四肢，肢解; 砍树枝
分布：肢体(78%)，树枝(13%)，枝干(5%)，肢解(4%)
→来自古英语lim,肢，翼，树枝，来自lei,变，转，词源同leg,进一步来自skel,弯，转，词源同scoliosis,isosceles.
n.肢,翼,大树枝In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
【区】limp（v 跛行）
noun countable
■an arm or leg of a person or animal, or a large branch of a tree 肢体；树枝，树杈
• The accident victims mostly had injuries to their lower limbs (= legs). 事故受害者大多腿上都有伤。
• an artificial limb 假肢，义肢
[lɪm] noun countable
out on a limb
■having an opinion which is different from most people's and is unpopular （意见）未得到众人赞同的，孤立的
• She's going out on a limb in criticizing her own party leadership. 她对自己所在党的领导提出的批评并没有得到大多数人的赞同。
shoot, bough, branch, limb
这组词都有“枝”的意思，其区别是：
shoot: 指植物或灌木刚长出的新枝、嫩枝或嫩芽。
bough: 指主枝或粗大强壮的枝。
branch: 普通用词，泛指树木比bough小一些的大枝或小枝，也可用于引申意义。
limb: 多指主枝或大枝。
n. 肢，臂；分支；枝干
 - extremitas, offshoot

Word: reconsider
Front: reconsider
[ˌri:kənˈsɪdə(r)] (7758/7678 -1)
Vocabulary: reconsider
(once / 1799 pages)
v
When you reconsider something, you think about it again or in a new way. You might decline your grandfather's invitation to the circus, but then reconsider when you see that Gunther the famous lion tamer is showing up.
When you reconsider, you usually end up changing your mind about your initial decision or opinion. Your neighbor might be planning to vote for a candidate you dislike; however, if you do a good enough job arguing in favor of a different candidate, she might reconsider her vote. The Latin root of consider is considerare, "look at closely," or "observe the stars." Reconsider adds the "again" prefix re-.
WORD FAMILY
reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable/ consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smith nearly retired in 2015 but an Achilles injury in November of that year prompted him to reconsider.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Progressives should reconsider the assumption that social mobility is the answer to inequality.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps instead of dismissing the religious beliefs of those who oppose liberty, more elites should reconsider the faith that upholds it.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 重新考虑; 重新审议
vi. 重新考虑
时态：reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders
分布：重新考虑(98%)，再斟酌(2%)
→re-,再，重新，consider,考虑。
US [-kɑ:n'sɪd.ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to think again about a decision or opinion and decide whether you want to change it 重新考虑；重新审议
• He begged her to reconsider but she would not. 他求她重新考虑，可她不愿意。
• We have reconsidered your proposals and we have decided to go ahead with the deal. 我们已经重新考虑了你的建议，决定继续这笔交易。
vt. 重新考虑；重新审议
 - dig over, second thoughts
vi. 重新考虑
 - dig over, second thoughts

Word: rename
Front: rename
[ˌri:ˈneɪm] (9242/8668 -1)
Back: vt. 给…重新取名，改名
时态：renamed, renaming, renames
分布：重新命名(75%)，改名(25%)
→re-,再，重新，name,命名。
verb transitive
■to give something a new name 重新命名；给…改名
• You must rename the file before you save it. 保存之前，你必须对档重新命名。
• The ship was sold, painted and renamed the 'Suez Star'. 这艘轮船被出售后油漆一新，并改名为“苏伊士之星”号。
vt. [计] 重新命名，改名
 - rechristen

Word: stave
Front: stave
[steɪv] (13673/18430 -1)
Vocabulary: stave
(once / 1508 pages)
nv
A stave is the crosspiece between the legs of a chair or a wooden slat forming the side of a barrel. In music, it's the five lines you write notes on.
Stave comes from the word staff, as in a walking stick. You're most likely to encounter the word stave if you're learning woodworking. If someone "staves in" a door, they've broken a hole in it. You also might hear the idiom "stave off," which means to hold off for a short time.
WORD FAMILY
stave: staved, staves, staving
USAGE EXAMPLES
This sitcom returns from its winter hiatus, with the Hecks spending their New Year staving off a zombie apocalypse.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Despite the looming production-rate cut next summer, all this extra work should stave off some of the job losses on the 777.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Who is better suited to the task than a man able to stave off machetes with the power of a few pictures and his words?
Nature(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 狭板; 梯级; 诗句; 五线谱表
vt. 延缓; 在…上打洞; 压扁
vi. 破碎; 穿孔
时态：staved, staving, staves
分布：避开(37%)，桶板(13%)，穿孔(10%)，诗句(10%)，诗节(6%)，快步走动(6%)，五线谱表(6%)，敲破(6%)，挡开(3%)，窄板(3%)
→回构自 staves,棍，棒，来自 staff 的复数形式。比较 knife,knives.
noun countable UK (US staff)
■the five lines and four spaces between them on which musical notes are written 五线谱
[steɪv] verb (staved or stove, staved or stove)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stave sth in mainly UK
■to push or hit something such as a door or other surface so that it breaks and falls towards the inside 使（门等）向内凹陷；撞坏；压坏
• A couple of teenagers were trying to stave in our shed door. 几个少年正企图撞坏我们小屋的门。
• The front of the ship was stove in where it had hit the rock. 船首撞上礁石，陷进去了一块。
[steɪv] verb (staved or stove, staved or stove)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stave sth/sb off
■to stop something bad from happening, or to keep an unwanted situation or person away, usually temporarily （通常指暂时地）挡住，阻止，避开；延缓
• We were hoping to stave off these difficult decisions until September. 我们希望将这些难以抉择的事延缓到九月份。
n. 狭板；梯级；诗句；五线谱表
 - step, rundle
vt. 延缓；击穿；凿孔于；压扁
 - wait, suspend
vi. 破碎；穿孔
 - fall to pieces, come apart

Word: showdown
Front: showdown
[ˈʃəʊdaʊn] (9973/15319 -1)
Back: n. 摊牌; 一决胜负; 紧要关头
分布：摊牌(98%)，最后的胜负对决(2%)
US ['ʃoʊ-] noun countable
■an important argument which is intended to end a disagreement that has existed for a long time 决定胜负的大辩论；摊牌
• The President is preparing for a showdown with his advisers over his plans to reform the economy. 总统正在作准备，打算就他的经济改革计划和资政顾问们进行最后的放手一搏。
• Millions of dollars were spent on lawyers in a courtroom showdown between the two companies. 两家公司在法庭的最后一战光在律师身上就花了数百万美元。
n. 摊牌；紧要关头；最后一决胜负
 - tight spot, tight corner

Word: canary
Front: canary
[kəˈneəri] (宝 19242/12048 -1)
Back: n. [动]金丝雀; 淡黄色; （十六世纪流行于法国及西班牙的）加那利舞; 加那利白葡萄酒
分布：金丝雀(93%)，加那利舞(5%)，加那利白葡萄酒(2%)
→来自拉丁词Insula Canaria, 狗岛（大西洋岛屿），词源同cynic,canine。因在该岛上首次发现而得名。
【源】canary原产于加那利（Canary）群岛，颜色从浅绿到黄色。
【记】和chicanery（n 强词夺理，欺骗）一起记。Chi拼：吃，canery＝canary。－吃金丝雀－一种魔术－欺骗
US [-'ner.i] noun countable
■a small yellow bird which is well known for its singing, and is sometimes kept as a pet in a cage (= box made of wire) 金丝雀
n. [鸟] 金丝雀；淡黄色
 - serin, Kanariya

Word: foil
Front: foil
[fɔɪl] (六托雅宝 6713/8897 -2)
Vocabulary: foil
(once / 1033 pages)
1v 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
You can serve as a foil to someone if you show them to be better than you by contrast. If you can't dance but your friend Lisa can, you can be a foil to Lisa's grace.
If you're having trouble remembering this definition, think about a shiny piece of tin foil. It reflects an image back to you, so if you're a foil to someone, their image is reflected off of you in a positive light. Your brother's mediocre grades might serve as a foil to your intelligence. As a verb, if you foil someone's plans or attempts to do something, you cause them to fail. Your brother will be really mad if you foil his plans to hide his mediocre report card from your parents.
WORD FAMILY
foil: foiled, foiling, foils, foliate+/foliate: bifoliate, foliated, foliating, foliation/foliation: foliations
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Melbourne, police foiled a “significant” Islamic State-inspired Christmas Day terror plot.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
But a lack of progress in his recovery foiled those plans.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Most of the artwork is printed on aluminum panels, although one artist incorporates aluminum foil into mixed-media canvases.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 箔，金属薄片; 陪衬，陪衬物; （镜底的）银箔，（宝石等的）衬底; （船）翼
vt. 用…陪衬，衬托; 铺箔于; [建]给…加上叶形饰; 挫败，使受挫折
时态：foiled, foiling, foils
分布：箔(92%)，挫败(4%)，陪衬物(1%)，钝头剑(1%)，击退(1%)，阻挠(1%)
→来自拉丁语folia, 叶子，词源同foliage. 用来指箔纸。foil 挫败
【记】foil＝fail（v 失败）－阻挠
【反】implement（v 贯彻；执行）
noun
METAL SHEET 金属片
uncountable
■a very thin sheet of metal, especially used to wrap food in to keep it fresh （尤指用来包裹食品以保鲜的）箔
• tin/silver foil 锡／银箔
• UK aluminium/ USaluminum foil 铝箔
[fɔɪl] noun
COMPARISON 比较
countable
■something or someone that makes another's good or bad qualities more noticeable 陪衬物，衬托
• The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William. 剧中年迈、愤世嫉俗的人物角色正好衬托出威廉的天真单纯。
[fɔɪl] noun
SWORD 剑
countable
■a thin light sword used in the sport of fencing （击剑运动用的）花剑
[fɔɪl] verb transitive
■to prevent someone or something from being successful 挫败，阻止，制止
• The prisoners' attempt to escape was foiled at the last minute when police received a tip-off. 由于警方收到密报，囚犯的越狱企图在最后一刻被挫败。
vt. 衬托；阻止，挡开；挫败；贴箔于
 - defeat, dispute, stem, block
n. [材] 箔，金属薄片；衬托，烘托； [建] 叶形片
 - tole

Word: mull
Front: mull
[mʌl] (13242/19022 -1)
Vocabulary: mull
(once / 4913 pages)
1v 2v 3n
The verb mull means to think deeply about something, the way you might mull over your choice of what college to attend.
When you mull something over, you ponder or seriously consider it. You could mull over what aid organization to donate money to following a natural disaster, or mull over what to study in college. People are most likely to mull over important decisions, but you can use the word mull, almost always with over, any time you're giving serious consideration to something. A completely different meaning of mull is "to heat, sweeten and spice," as when you make mulled cider.
WORD FAMILY
mull: mulled, muller, mulling, mulls+/muller: mullers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Homeland Security Department is mulling over adding election systems to that list.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The New York Times reports aides close to the president-elect are mulling ways to distribute the assets of his charitable organization and shut it down.
Time(Dec 24, 2016)
They held ceremonial white candles and swigged mulled wine from plastic cups.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. （加糖，香料等）烫热（酒等）; 深思熟虑; 磨碎
n. 混乱; 细软薄布
时态：mulled, mulling, mulls
分布：岬(38%)，思索(29%)，加糖和香料并烫热(11%)，乱糟糟(11%)，混合(11%)
→来自中古英语mullyn,磨粉，来自mel,磨，锤打，词源同mill,mallet.引申词义认真琢磨， 反复思考。
verb transitive
■to heat wine or beer with added sugar and spices （加糖和香料等）将（葡萄酒或啤酒）制成热饮
• mulled wine 烫热的葡萄酒
[mʌl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mull sth over
■to think carefully about something for a long time 仔细思考，反覆考虑
• I need a few days to mull things over before I decide if I'm taking the job. 在决定是否做这份工作前，我需要几天时间仔细考虑。
vt. 研磨；思索或思考某事物；使醉
 - grit, pulverize
n. 混乱；软薄布
 - disorder, chaos, confusion, turmoil, involvement
vi. 深思熟虑
 - contemplate

Word: upshot
Front: upshot
[ˈʌpʃɒt] (17364/14268)
Vocabulary: upshot
(once / 3912 pages)
n
The upshot of an action is the end result, whatever happens last as a consequence of the original action. The upshot of reading this sentence is that you will understand what the word upshot means.
In the 16th century, the last arrow launched in an archery competition was called the upshot. Like that final arrow, the upshot is the conclusion, the outcome. Sure, you can eat ice cream really fast, but the upshot is that you’ll have a brain freeze. The upshot of eating ice cream slowly is that it will melt. Decisions, decisions.
WORD FAMILY
upshot: upshots
USAGE EXAMPLES
The upshot is that mayoral candidates who qualify for public financing are likely to end up with about $379,000 during the campaign.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
She gained 17 points among white postgraduates, according to Upshot estimates, but just four points among whites with a bachelor’s degree.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The upshot of all this is an online information stream in China where nothing is considered to be authoritative.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 07, 2016)
Back: n. 结果
分布：结果(82%)，结局(12%)，要点(6%)
→来自射箭行话，最后一射，引申词义结局。
【记】up上，shot射箭。原指：射箭比赛的最后一射
N-SING
（通常指意外的）结果，结局
The upshot of a series of events or discussions is the final result of them, usually a surprising result.
例：The upshot is that we have lots of good but not very happy employees...结果是我们有很多优秀然而却不太快乐的员工。
例：So the upshot is we're going for lunch on Friday.结果是我们周五一起去吃午餐。
n. 结果，结局；要点
 - outcome, product, result, conclusion, event

Word: splurge
Front: splurge
[splɜ:dʒ] (宝 18415/37793)
Vocabulary: splurge
(once / 11554 pages)
vn
To splurge is to indulge yourself. You can also go on a splurge if you spend a lot or act extravagantly in another way.
Anyone might have a cupcake. If you have 10 cupcakes, that's a splurge. When you go on a splurge or are splurging, it usually applies to money. Splurging happens when you see a lot of things you want — or even one very expensive thing — and buy it, even though you might not be able to afford it. When you splurge, you're going wild in some way. A splurge is sometimes called a binge.
WORD FAMILY
splurge: splurged, splurges, splurging
USAGE EXAMPLES
And since it is New Year’s Eve, why not splurge with Champagne and chanterelles!?
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
All told, the whimsical splurge will run a little less than 1 percent more than last year, largely because of slow economic growth.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
However, the Chinese infrastructure splurge was meant in part to offset weak economic growth.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. <非正>乱花钱，糟蹋钱，挥霍
vt. & vi. 乱花（钱），糟蹋（钱），挥霍
时态：splurged, splurging, splurges
分布：挥霍(73%)，炫耀(18%)，乱花(9%)
→可能来自 splash 和 surge 的合成词，或直接来自拟声词，模仿水流的声音，引申比喻义挥霍， 浪费。
【记】spl＝splash（v 溅）＋surge（n 巨浪）－像泼水般花钱－挥霍
US [splɝ:dʒ] informal
verb intransitive or transitive
■to spend a lot of money on buying goods, especially expensive goods; splash out 乱花（钱）；挥霍（尤指购买奢侈品）
• I feel like splurging (out) on a new dress. 我想花大钱买件新衣服。
vi. 挥霍；卖弄
 - piss away, to squander
n. 挥霍；炫耀
 - display, profuseness
vt. 挥霍；夸耀
 - air, sport, consume

Word: reminiscent
Front: reminiscent
[ˌremɪˈnɪsnt] (7515/7669 -2)
Vocabulary: reminiscent
(once / 1931 pages)
adj
If your uncle tells you that your outfit is reminiscent of the way your mother dressed when she was young, it means your clothes remind him of your mother. Hopefully that doesn't mean your mother is still dressing you.
Reminiscent traces back to the Latin for "remember." If a house is reminiscent of your childhood home, it makes you remember your childhood home. Reminiscent can have a good or bad implication. If you tell someone that her paintings are reminiscent of a chimp's finger paintings, obviously that's not so good. But if you tell her that they're reminiscent of Dali, well that might be better.
WORD FAMILY
reminiscent: reminiscently+/ reminisce: reminisced, reminiscence, reminiscent, reminisces, reminiscing/ reminiscence: reminiscences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Current A.N.T.S president Desire Solano’s load this semester is reminiscent of an ant carrying something twice its size.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The drink’s color is reminiscent of her signature red hair.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
This adventurous kids podcast, reminiscent of old-time radio dramas, is gripping listening for young and old.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 怀旧的; 回忆往事的; 使人联想…的
n. 回忆录作者
分布：怀旧的(46%)，回忆录作者(24%)，回忆者(21%)，引人联想的(9%)
[ˌrem.ɪ'nɪs.ənt] formal
adjective
reminiscent of sb/sth
■making you remember a particular person, event or thing 使人想起…的；使人回忆起…的
• That song is so reminiscent of my adolescence. 那首歌勾起了我对青少年时代的无限回忆。
adj. 怀旧的，回忆往事的；耽于回想的
 - nostalgic, retrospective
n. 回忆录作者；回忆者
 - memorialist

Word: scourge
Front: scourge
[skɜ:dʒ] (宝 14709/14639 -1)
Vocabulary: scourge
(once / 867 pages)
nv
A scourge is a whip — or anything else that is punishing and dreadful. You could confront "a scourge of corruption" or "a scourge of hunger."
As a verb, scourge means to cause suffering. Not surprisingly, it comes from the old French word meaning "to whip." A dictatorship could scourge and oppress its citizens, and an infectious disease could scourge an entire community. When you see scourge, think "suffering."
WORD FAMILY
scourge: scourged, scourger, scourges, scourging+/scourger: scourgers
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he was 7, Mr. Rodriques’s house got infested with German cockroaches, the common household scourge.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
So what is it like to be one of the fighters of this scourge?
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Brockes’s libretto identifies the soldiers who scourge Jesus as Jews—a departure from the New Testament.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 天灾，灾难; 鞭子; 苦难的根源
vt. 鞭打; 重惩，重责; 使痛苦; 严惩
时态：scourged, scourging, scourges
分布：灾难(34%)，鞭子(26%)，折磨(15%)，祸患(15%)，使痛苦(7%)，严惩.(3%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 escorge,鞭子，来自古法语 escorgier,鞭打，鞭刑，可能来自拉丁语 excoriare, 剥皮，来自 ex-,向外，corium,皮肤，兽皮，来自 sker,砍，切，分开，词源同 shear,excoriate. 引申词义灾害，祸害。参照 Scourge of God,上帝之鞭，原指欧洲人对西汉时期入侵欧洲的匈 奴王的称号，后指元朝时再次入侵欧洲的成吉思汗。
【记】s死，courge＝courage（n 勇气）：受到scourge的人没有courage就s。scour（v 擦亮），urge（v 敦促），如果没有scour就scourge你。
US [skɝ:dʒ] noun countable usually singular
■something or someone that causes great suffering or a lot of trouble 祸害，祸根；麻烦制造者
• the scourge of war 战争之苦
• Aids has been described as the scourge of the modern world. 爱滋病已被称为现代社会的灾难。
UK [skɜ:dʒ] US [skɝ:dʒ] verb transitive
■to cause great suffering or a lot of trouble 祸害，祸根；麻烦制造者
• The country has been scourged by (= has suffered very much because of) famine in recent years. 近年来这个国家遭受了大饥荒的苦难。
vt. 鞭打；蹂躏；严斥；痛斥
 - hide, whip up
n. 鞭；灾祸；鞭子；苦难的根源
 - disaster, misfortune

Word: curiosity
Front: curiosity
[ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti] (研四六托 4518/5059 -2)
Vocabulary: curiosity
(once / 145 pages)
n
Curiosity is the urge you feel to know more about something. If you find a diary in a coffee shop, curiosity will make you want to look inside — but respect for the writer's privacy may convince you not to.
Curiosity is the state of being curious: inquisitive, wondering, ready to poke around and figure something out. The word used to mean "very, very careful," and only in the last few hundred years turned into a word expressing the desire to know more. Maybe that's because when you're poking around in secret business, you need to be very, very careful. We also call weird things curiosities, like a phone shaped like a duck, or a shark in a jar.
WORD FAMILY
curiosity: curiosities+/ curious: curiosity, curiouser, curiousest, curiously, curiousness, incurious, overcurious/ incurious: incuriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an exercise in more than just curiosity.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But that information would need lots of interpretive work to produce anything more than anecdotal curiosities.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 好奇心，爱打听的癖性; 奇人; 奇物，古玩; 奇特性
分布：好奇(60%)，好奇心(39%)，稀奇的人或物(1%)
好奇心(curi关心)[-osity表名词,ose+ity组成,表示"多…的状态"]
n.好奇心;古董,古玩The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【记】curi关心，osity状态－什么都关心－好奇心
US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
INTEREST 兴趣
uncountable
■an eager wish to know or learn about something 好奇心；求知欲
• to arouse/excite/satisfy someone's curiosity 引起／激发／满足某人的好奇心
• I'm burning with curiosity - you must tell me who's won! 我心急火燎地想知道——你一定要告诉我是谁赢了！
• She decided to call her ex-boyfriend out of curiosity. 她出于好奇决定给以前的男友打电话。
• "Why do you ask?" "Oh, just idle curiosity (= for no particular reason)." “你为甚么要问？”“哦，不过是好奇而已。”
UK [ˌkjʊə.ri'ɒs.ɪ.ti] US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
STRANGE OBJECT 奇特的物品
countable
■something that is interesting because it is rare and unusual 奇品，珍品；新奇罕有的事物
• Cars like mine are curiosities nowadays. 像我拥有的这种车如今实属罕见了。
• I kept this old pot for its curiosity value (= the interest it has because it is unusual). 我留着这个旧罐子，因为它很特别。
UK [ˌkjʊə.ri'ɒs.ɪ.ti] US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
Curiosity killed the cat. saying
■said to warn someone not to ask too many questions about something 好奇害死猫；过于好奇会惹祸上身
n. 好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩
 - treasure, pearl

Word: diversification
Front: diversification
[daɪˌvɜ:sɪfɪ'keɪʃn] (托 13436/10411)
Vocabulary: diversification
(once / 10516 pages)
n
Diversification is the opposite of sameness. Use diversification to describe the goal achieved by a store that started with deli sandwiches and now offers gourmet coffee, muffins, soups, and salads.
If a group seeks diversification, it wants to attract people of different ages from various backgrounds. If your financial adviser tells you that your stock portfolio needs diversification, this means you need to have stocks from a variety of companies and different industries. In other words, things should be more diverse. Use that to remember how to pronounce the word: Say diverse, then add if-ick-a-shun.
WORD FAMILY
diversification: diversifications+/ diversified: undiversified/ diversify: diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a nutshell, it involves using diversification, and sometimes borrowed money, to find an optimal balance between risk and return.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
A fund does offer diversification, though, which is a plus.
Seattle Times(Dec 10, 2016)
The move is a vote of confidence in platinum in addition to a strategic diversification away from the often difficult operating environment in South Africa.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 变化，多样化; 多种经营
分布：多元化(100%)
VERB
增加…的品种;从事多种经营;（使）多样化
When an organization or person diversifies into other things, or diversifies their range of something, they increase the variety of things that they do or make.
例：The company's troubles started only when it diversified into new products...当公司增加新产品时，麻烦才开始的。
例：Manufacturers have been encouraged to diversify...制造商们被鼓励要做到产品多样化。
n. [贸易] 多样化；变化
 - variation, shift, change, turn, mutation

Word: fingerprint
Front: fingerprint
[ˈfɪŋgəprɪnt] (7263/12184 -1)
Back: n. 指纹，指印
vt. 采指纹
时态：fingerprinted, fingerprinting, fingerprints
分布：指纹(88%)，特征(10%)，取指纹(1%)，鉴别特征(1%)
US [-gɚ-] noun countable (informal print)
■the pattern of curved lines on the end of a finger or thumb, which is different in every person, or a mark left by this pattern 指纹；指印
• His fingerprints were all over the gun. 枪上到处都是他的指纹。
• The police have taken fingerprints from every man in the neighbourhood. 警方已经提取了附近所有男子的指纹。
■* a fingermark
UK ['fɪŋ.gə.prɪnt] US [-gɚ-] verb transitive
■to record the pattern of someone's fingerprints 纪录指纹
• We would like to fingerprint every one of your employees. 我们希望获取你们的每一位员工的指纹。
n. [法] [特医] 指纹；手印
 - dactylogram, finger mark

Word: pandemic
Front: pandemic
[pænˈdemɪk] (宝 14231/43313)
Vocabulary: pandemic
(once / 8615 pages)
adjn
Remember the 2009 swine flu? That was a pandemic — an illness that swept over much of the globe.
People fear pandemics, and with good reason. The black plague that ran through Asia and Europe in the 1300s is believed to have killed as much as half of Europe's population, between 75 and 100 million folks. The word comes from ancient Greek — pan (meaning "all") and demos (meaning "people"), or simply put — all the people. Of course, people across the globe suffer from the seasonal flu, and many die from it. But it isn't considered a pandemic because it is generally harmless to the healthy.
WORD FAMILY
pandemic: pandemics
USAGE EXAMPLES
His travels throughout the Caribbean unleashed the first of a series of deadly pandemics that swept the Caribbean and Central America.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“We also play a board game called Pandemic,” Oatman said.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
Countries should submit to objective, published, external evaluations of their surveillance capacity and pandemic preparedness; self-reports of progress are not acceptable.
Nature(Dec 04, 2016)
Back: adj. （疾病）大流行的; 普遍的，全世界的
n. （全国或全球性）流行病，大流行病
分布：流行病(93%)，全国流行的(7%)
→pan-,全部，所有，-dem,人民，词源同democracy,demotic.即全民传染的。
大范围流行的(pan+dem人民＋in→人民广泛(染病)→广为流行的)[pan-表示"广泛的"]
广泛流行的(pan到处+dem+ic→到处流行的)[dem(o)=people,表示"人民,人们"]
【记】pan全部，dem人民，ic－涉及全部民众的－大范围流行的
【参】epidemic（adj 传染的）；endemic（adj 地方性的）
[pæn'dem.ɪk] specialized
adjective
■(of a disease) existing in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals or plants （疾病）大规模流行的，广泛蔓延的
• In some parts of the world malaria is still pandemic. 在世界上一些地区疟疾仍在广泛流行。
[pæn'dem.ɪk] specialized
noun countable
■a pandemic disease 大流行病
• a pandemic of influenza 流感大爆发
• an influenza pandemic 流感大爆发
adj. [医] 全国流行的；普遍的
 - widespread, universal, ruling, generalized

Word: imprisonment
Front: imprisonment
[ɪm'prɪznmənt] (托 9862/4411)
Back: n. 关押，监禁; “imprison”的派生
分布：关押(83%)，禁锢(17%)
【记】imprison（vt 监禁；关押）；prison（n 监狱）
N-UNCOUNT
关押;监禁;坐牢
Imprisonment is the state of being imprisoned.
例：She was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.她被判处 7 年监禁。
例：...the prospect of imprisonment.坐牢的可能性
n. [法] 监禁，关押；坐牢；下狱
 - prison, durance

Word: redistribution
Front: redistribution
[ˌri:dɪstrɪ'bju:ʃn] (宝 13781/10347)
Vocabulary: redistribution
(once / 962 pages)
n
If your boss gives all your coworkers a hundred dollars, but only gives you a nickel, you might ask for a redistribution — another try at dividing things up, and hopefully with more cash for you this time.
Here, the suffix re- means “once more,” and the Latin root of distribute translates to “divide up.” To divide up something one more time, that’s redistribution. Often redistribution refers to money being spread out more evenly so everyone can have the same amount. In a society where the poor keep getting poorer, and the rich have more money than ever, a plan for the redistribution of wealth would be a welcome idea. Unless you’re rich.
WORD FAMILY
redistribution: redistributions+/distributary: distributaries/ distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute / distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distribution: distributional, distributions/ distributive: distributively/ distributor: distributors/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the effect of this version of job destruction will be harsh, and require redistribution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The land redistribution program initially failed and crippled an economy that was then-dominated by agriculture.
Time(Dec 05, 2016)
The governor said: "Redistribution and fairness also mean turning back the tide of stateless corporations."
BBC(Dec 05, 2016)
Back: n. 重新分配
分布：重新分配(92%)，再区分(8%)
【记】re重新，distribution（n 分配）
VERB
重新分配;再分配
If something such as money or property is redistributed, it is shared among people or organizations in a different way from the way that it was previously shared.
例：Wealth was redistributed more equitably among society...财富实现了在社会中更加公平地再分配。
例：Taxes could be used to redistribute income.税收可以用来对收入进行再分配。
n. [经] 重新分配
 - reapportionment, repartition

Word: troublesome
Front: troublesome
[ˈtrʌblsəm] (高研四六托 9839/9603 -1)
Vocabulary: troublesome
(once / 637 pages)
adj
If something is troublesome, it annoys you or gives you difficulty. Your troublesome old car, for example, might be unreliable and have a history of breaking down at the most inconvenient moments.
Use the adjective troublesome to describe things — or people — that are worrisome or inconvenient. A troublesome stomach virus will keep you home from work, and a troublesome teenager is a constant source of anxiety and frustration for his parents. The word troublesome adds the suffix some, "tending to or causing," to trouble, which has a Latin Latin root, turbidare, "make trouble or make turbid." Turbid, by the way, means "muddy or full of confusion."
WORD FAMILY
troublesome: troublesomely, troublesomeness, troublesomest+/ trouble: troubled, troubler, troubles, troublesome, troubling, troublous/troubled: troubleder, troubledly, untroubled/troubler: troublers/ troubling: troublingly/troublous: troublously/untroubled: untroubledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is still carrying all the troublesome volumes, but owner Paul Tang says it is seeing far fewer customers than at this time last year.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Xinhua noted a "troublesome start" to 2016, probably referring to a sharp fall in the yuan and worry about China's slowing economy roiling markets worldwide.
Reuters(Dec 26, 2016)
The troublesome aspect to all of this is the lack of new cadets entering the ranks.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 令人讨厌的; 令人烦恼的; 引起麻烦的; （孩子等）难管的
分布：讨厌的(51%)，棘手的(25%)，令人烦恼的(15%)，困难的(9%)
→trouble,麻烦，-some,形容词后缀。
a.令人烦恼的,讨厌的Her poor English is very troublesome for her.英语不好使她很苦恼.
adjective
■causing a lot of problems for someone 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；麻烦的，棘手的
• Her hip has been troublesome for quite a while, and she'll probably need surgery on it. 她的髋部有很长一段时间都不舒服，可能需要动手术。
• The negotiations have proven more troublesome than any of us expected. 谈判比我们所有人事先想像的都要棘手。
adj. 麻烦的；讨厌的；使人苦恼的
 - tight, evil, rank, unpleasant

Word: slick
Front: slick
[slɪk] (宝 7846/14127 -2)
Vocabulary: slick
(once / 1298 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3n 4n 5n
Slick means smooth or slippery, but it can also describe a smooth, effortless style. How did that Girl Scout talk you into buying so many boxes of cookies? It must have been her slick sales pitch.
A great salesman is often described as slick — he or she seems more like a friend than someone trying to sell you something. Things that are smooth and glossy can also be called slick, like the surface of a glass table or an icy patch on the sidewalk. Slick is also a verb, meaning "to smooth," like when you slick back your hair. The oldest meaning of slick is shiny, and in the 1620s, it was even the name of a kind of cosmetic.
WORD FAMILY
slick: slicked, slicker, slickest, slicking, slickly, slickness, slicks+/slicker: slickers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Mr. Braith’s mosaic, he is clad in a slick red blazer and carrying his signature Braithophone, alto and soprano saxophones melded into one.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
From Bournemouth’s point of view it was brilliantly worked, full of slick passing and fluid movement that encapsulates what Eddie Howe’s side are all about.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He owns a slick Canon, a Leica manual rangefinder and, as of Christmas, a Polaroid.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 光滑的; 熟练的，灵巧的; 机灵的，聪明的; 华而不实的
n. 光滑之处; [机]平滑器; [机]修光工具; 一层浮油
vt. 使光滑，使光亮; 使美观; 使齐整; 占…的便宜
adv. 灵活地; 聪明地; 熟练地，巧妙地
时态：slicked, slicking, slicks
分布：光滑的(76%)，海面浮油(14%)，使平滑(5%)，顺利地(5%)
→来自古英语-slician,使光滑，来自 Proto-Germanic*slikana,滑动，来自 sleig,滑动，来自 slei,滑的，词源同 slime,slip.引申诸相关词义。
【记】s死，lick（v 舔）：舔粗糙的东西容易流血而死，所以还是舔光滑的东西。Slice是slick的。
【反】viscid（adj 粘的；粘质的）
adjective
■operating or performing skilfully and effectively, without problems and without seeming to need effort 熟练自如的，娴熟的
• Manilow gave the slick, polished performance that we've come to expect. 正如我们所期望的那样，马尼洛的表演挥洒自如、技艺精湛。
• A slick pass from Eaves to Brinkworth set up the goal. 布林克沃斯接伊夫斯的妙传射门成功。
■disapproving
■skilful and effective but with no sincerity or value 油滑的，华而不实的
• It's that sort of slick sales talk that I mistrust. 那种油腔滑调的推销宣传正是我所不相信的。
[slɪk] noun countable
OIL 油
■an oil slick
[slɪk] noun countable
MAGAZINE 杂志 US for glossy magazine
[slɪk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cause hair to be smooth and close to the head by brushing it flat, often using a substance to make it stick 使（头发）光滑，使亮滑
• He'd slicked his hair back with gel and he was wearing a new suit. 他抹了发胶将头发向后梳平整，穿上了一套新西装。
adj. 光滑的；华而不实的；聪明的；熟练的；老套的
 - intelligent, experienced, smooth, skilled, wise
n. [机] 平滑器；修光工具；通俗杂志
 - smoother, soother
adv. 灵活地；聪明地
 - flexibly, agilely
vt. 使光滑；使漂亮
 - smooth
vi. 打扮整洁
 - sleek

Word: admirable
Front: admirable
[ˈædmərəbl] (高托 10469/8547 -2)
Vocabulary: admirable
(once / 206 pages)
adj
Someone who deserves your admiration can be described as admirable. Your friend who saves homeless kittens in his spare time? An admirable person.
An action can be admirable, like when you stop to help someone who's slipped and fallen on an icy sidewalk. A person can also be admirable, like your uncle who works building schools in Sri Lanka. If you admire someone for a good reason, that makes them admirable, or deserving of your respect and admiration. When you pronounce admirable, you stress the first syllable, ad, unlike admire, which has the emphasis on the last syllable, mire.
WORD FAMILY
admirable: admirability, admirableness, admirablest, admirably+/ admiration: admirations/ admire: admirable, admiration, admired, admirer, admires, admiring/ admirer: admirers/admiring: admiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gerstein’s recording is an admirable achievement, but it does not quite transcend Liszt’s keyboard acrobatics to reach a higher plane of musical expression.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Ms. Merkel’s response to the refugee crisis was admirable, but sustainability, especially political sustainability, of the policy must now be the objective.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
It is a scam admirable for its complexity, if not its morality.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 令人钦佩的; 极好的，绝妙的; 值得赞扬的; 可贵
分布：令人钦佩的(90%)，令人赞赏的(10%)
【记】admire（v 赞美；羡慕）
adjective
■deserving respect or approval 可钦佩的；值得羡慕的；令人赞赏的
• I think you showed admirable tact/restraint/self-control in your answer. 我认为你在回答问题时表现出的机敏／克制／自控令人敬佩。
• The police did an admirable job in keeping the fans calm. 警方在控制球迷的激动情绪方面表现可嘉。
adj. 令人钦佩的；极好的；值得赞扬的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great

Word: asteroid
Front: asteroid
[ˈæstərɔɪd] (托宝 6181/27005 -1)
Vocabulary: asteroid
(once / 2973 pages)
1n 2adj
An asteroid is a large, irregularly shaped object in space that orbits our Sun. If one of these giant rocks ends up on a collision course with Earth, we are in for big trouble.
An asteroid is like a comet. However, while comets are mostly made of ice, asteroids are made up of rock or even metal. This makes them dangerous because they can cause a lot of damage if they collide with a planet. The craters on the Moon were formed by asteroids and some think it was an asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs. Around a million asteroids are located between Mars and Jupiter in an area called the “asteroid belt.”
WORD FAMILY
asteroid: asteroidal, asteroids
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the asteroid hit, “dinosaurs were basically caught holding bad cards—a dead man’s hand,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Unlike the path of an asteroid, whose motion is determined by the relatively simple laws of gravitational mechanics, climate is horribly complex.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
This allowed a team led by Thomas Prettyman at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, to measure hydrogen at the asteroid's surface.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. [天]小行星; 海盘车; 海星
adj. 星状的
分布：小行星(98%)，星状的(1%)，海盘车(1%)
US [-tə.rɔɪd] noun countable
■one of many rocky objects, with widths from over 900 kilometres to less than one kilometre, which circle the sun 小行星
n. [天] 小行星； [无脊椎] 海盘车；小游星
 - planetoid, sunstar
adj. 星状的
 - stellated, astroid

Word: catalan

Word: ourselves
Front: ourselves
[ɑ:ˈselvz] (中高 1766/1994 -K3)
Back: pron. “myself”的复数; 我们自己; （把）我们自己
分布：我们自己(100%)
pron.[反身代词]我们自己;我们亲自We made ourselves a little house.我们为自己建造一幢小房子.
US [ˌaʊɚ-] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the reflexive form of the pronoun 'we' （we 的反身形式）我们自己
• We promised ourselves a good holiday this year. 我们给自己许下诺言，今年要好好度个假。
• Will we be able to do it ourselves or will we need help? 我们自己能做呢，还是需要有人帮忙？
• It's a big garden, but we do all the gardening (by) ourselves (= without other people's help). 花园很大，但所有的园艺工作都由我们自己做。
• The hotel was very quiet so we had the swimming pool all to ourselves (= we did not have to share it with other people). 饭店很清静，所以我们独自享用游泳池。
■formal
■used to emphasize the subject （强调主语）我们自己，我们自身，我们亲自
• We ourselves realize that there are flaws in the scheme. 我们自己意识到这个方案有瑕疵。
UK [ˌaʊə'selvz/ UK [ˌɑ:-] US [ˌaʊɚ-] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  ourselvesRemember: plural reflexive pronouns end in -selves. Don't write 'ourself', write ourselves :
✗ We had to carry our bags ourselfs.

Word: insecurity
Front: insecurity
[ˌɪnsɪ'kjʊərətɪ] (8267/9474)
Vocabulary: insecurity
(once / 3576 pages)
n
Insecurity is a feeling of uncertainty, a lack of confidence or anxiety about yourself. Put aside your insecurities and start acting like the smart, capable person you are!
Insecurity is the word for what you are probably feeling when you walk into the cafeteria on your first day at a new school and everyone else already has someone to sit with. But soon you will make friends and forget about your insecurities. It can also describe the state of being open to danger or threat. The economy may have you worried about job insecurity. Or maybe it's the insecurity of a rocky relationship that keeps you up at night.
WORD FAMILY
insecurity: insecurities+/ insecure: insecurely, insecureness, insecurity / secure: insecure, secured, securely, secureness, securer, secures, securest, securing, security /secured: unsecured/securer: securers/ security: securities
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is a comfort in that, and I think it plays into deeper insecurities many of us are experiencing.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
So you get your insecurities challenged from both angles.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Meanwhile, Mr. Putin, with his large nuclear inventory and even larger insecurities, is a problem to be managed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 不安全; 不牢靠; 局促不安; 无把握
分布：不安全(91%)，不牢靠(4%)，心神不定(3%)，局促不安(2%)
ADJ-GRADED
缺乏自信的;对自己无把握的
If you are insecure, you lack confidence because you think that you are not good enough or are not loved.
例：In effect she is punishing her parents for making her feel threatened and insecure...实质上她是在惩罚父母,因为他们让她感觉受到威胁,没有安全感。
例：Most mothers are insecure about their performance as mothers.大多数母亲对自己为人母的表现都不是很自信。
ADJ-GRADED
不安全的;无保障的;有危险的
Something that is insecure is not safe or protected.
例：...low-paid, insecure jobs...报酬低、无保障的工作
例：Cellular phones are inherently insecure, as anyone can listen to and record conversations.手机天生就不安全,因为任何人都可以听到并录下谈话。
n. 不安全；不牢靠；无把握；心神不定
 - unsafety, precariousness

Word: turbulence
Front: turbulence
[ˈtɜ:bjələns] (托 10503/10090)
Vocabulary: turbulence
(once / 4228 pages)
n
Use the noun turbulence to describe instability or disturbance. If you’re on an airplane during a storm, turbulence is that horrible thing that is causing the plane (and your stomach) to bounce around.
The word turbulence can be used to refer to atmospheric instability, such as sudden, unpredictable air movements resulting from a storm, but the word has a broader meaning as well and you will often hear it used to describe any situation characterized by unrest and disorder. If your stocks are fluctuating wildly in price, that could be a result of turbulence in the stock market. If last year was filled with unpredictable change, you could describe it as a year of great turbulence.
WORD FAMILY
turbulence: turbulences+/turbulency: turbulencies/ turbulent: nonturbulent, turbulence, turbulency, turbulently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Watching live with the audience is like being in a plane in turbulence,” he said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
His photos bridged the cultural distance between the razzle-dazzle of 1960s film and the growing turbulence of social change.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
“But the ocean is all about flux and turbulence and movement.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 骚动，骚乱; [物]湍流; （海洋、天气等的）狂暴; 动荡
分布：湍流(60%)，动荡(31%)，骚乱(4%)，狂暴(3%)，喧嚣(2%)
→turbulent,混乱的，动荡的，-ence,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
骚乱(turb+ulence)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
【记】turb搅动，ulence：搅乱－骚乱
【反】tranquility（n 宁静）
US ['tɝ:.bjə-] noun uncountable
CONFUSION 骚乱
■a state of confusion without any order 骚乱，骚动；动荡，混乱
• The era was characterized by political and cultural turbulence. 在那个时代里，政治和文化都动荡不安。
• There are signs of turbulence ahead for the economy. 有迹象显示经济不久将要出现动荡。
UK ['tɜ:.bjʊ.lənts] US ['tɝ:.bjə-] noun uncountable
AIR/WATER MOVEMENT 气体／水的活动
■strong sudden movements within air or water （气体或水形成的）紊流，湍流
• We might be experiencing some turbulence on this flight due to an approaching electrical storm. 由于前面有雷暴向我们袭来，我们的飞机可能会遇到不稳定气流。
n. 骚乱，动荡； [流] 湍流；狂暴
 - disturbance, disorder

Word: paradoxical
Front: paradoxical
[ˌpærə'dɒksɪkl] (研 12379/12338)
Vocabulary: paradoxical
(once / 2811 pages)
adj
“You have to spend money to make money.” That’s a paradoxical statement used by people in business, and it seems to say two opposite things that contradict each other, but if you think about it, it’s actually kind of true.
Paradoxical is an adjective that describes a paradox, something with two meanings that don’t make sense together. Its Greek roots translate to “contrary opinion,” and when two different opinions collide in one statement or action, that’s paradoxical. In Shakespeare’s play "Hamlet," Hamlet’s mother marries the man who killed Hamlet’s father, but she doesn’t know it. As Hamlet plots to kill the murderer to protect his mother, he says this paradoxical phrase: “I must be cruel to be kind.”
WORD FAMILY
paradoxical: paradoxically+/ paradox: paradoxes, paradoxical
USAGE EXAMPLES
In this paradoxical state, we are so much more connected and alone at the same time.
Salon(Dec 24, 2016)
It’s a paradoxical moment in the history of the death penalty in the United States.
The New Yorker(Dec 21, 2016)
It remains one of the great texts of American journalism: ironically, it gains an extra and paradoxical credibility from being un-fact-checked and unmediated.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 矛盾的; 反常的，荒谬的; 反论的，反面议论的; 似非而是的
分布：似是而非的 矛盾的 诡论的(100%)
【反】common（adj 共同的；普通的）
ADJ-GRADED
自相矛盾的；似矛盾而（可能） 正确的
If something is paradoxical, it involves two facts or qualities which seem to contradict each other.
例：Some sedatives produce the paradoxical effect of making the person more anxious...一些镇静剂适得其反，加重了患者的焦虑。
例：We were a team of individuals — as paradoxical as that sounds.我们是一个保持了个体的团队——尽管这听起来自相矛盾。
paradoxical, incompatible
paradoxical: 似乎矛盾的，似是而非的
incompatible: 不兼容的，不协调的
adj. 矛盾的；诡论的；似非而是的
 - contradictory, conflictive

Word: summary
Front: summary
[ˈsʌməri] (高研四六雅宝 4917/2708 -K2)
Vocabulary: summary
(once / 472 pages)
adjn
A summary gives a short overview, or the main points, of something longer. She talked for days about the 800-page romantic novel, but her boyfriend's summary was "Girl meets boy, boy meets girl, boy rides horse into sunset, girl meets new boy. The end."
Summary is a noun, and "summery" is an adjective, but they sound alike and both describe something short. A summer feels like a short piece of a long year, and a summary is a short statement about a longer piece. When a long speech or writing needs retelling in a short amount of time, a summary sums up the meaning in much fewer words. Often a book cover has a summary of what's inside, and an introduction has a summary of the main points in a chapter.
WORD FAMILY
summary: summaries, summarily, summarise, summarize +/summarise: summarisation, summarised, summarises, summarising/ summarize: summarization, summarized, summarizes, summarizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here is a summary of some of the high points, from my perspective.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In summary: the manager did his job, but was let down by the pesky players.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
British officials said they regarded Mr. Kerry’s speech as a thoughtful summary of longstanding British and European concerns about the direction of Israeli politics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 摘要，概要; 总结，一览
adj. 概括的，总结的; 即刻的，立即的
分布：摘要(50%)，总结(47%)，概要的(1%)，简略的(1%)，即决的(1%)
→来自 sum,总结，概括，-ary,形容词后缀。
摘要：大纲{summ+ary→内容总和→摘要)[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.摘要,概要a.概括的,简略的The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable (formal summation)
 IMPROVER
■a short clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something 总结，概要，摘要
• At the end of the news, they often give you a summary of the main news stories. 在新闻结束的时候，他们常常会总结一下主要的新闻内容。
UK ['sʌm.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■done suddenly, without discussion or legal arrangements （未经讨论或法律程式）立即的，速决的，草率的
• summary arrest/dismissal/execution 立即逮捕／解散／执行
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
adj. 简易的；扼要的
 - condensed, terse
n. 概要， [图情] 摘要
 - abstract, brief, resume

Word: parcel
Front: parcel
[ˈpɑ:sl] (高研四六雅 7729/4933 -2)
Vocabulary: parcel
(once / 496 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4v
A parcel is a part of something, or a division. It can also be a package or a collection of things wrapped together.
Parcel comes from the Anglo-Norman word for "part." Often when we use parcel to mean a part, we're talking about land, which is divided into definable (and purchasable) tracts. As a verb, parcel means to divide something into parts, just as after trick-or-treating you might parcel your candy stash into piles of chocolates, peppermints, or toffees. If you're selling the family farm, you might parcel it into four small plots.
WORD FAMILY
parcel: parceled, parceling, parcellation, parcelled, parcelling, parcels+/parcelling: parcellings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They’ve been working with county officials for two years now on the building’s height, lighting and parking on the parcel of land they bought.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The FBI is looking at a parcel nearby to headquarter 11,000 employees.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Bancroft, who donated the initial parcel, got to see the park grow: He died in 1988, at the age of 95.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 包袱，包裹; （土地的）一块; 一批，一群; （货物的）一宗
vt. 分，区分; 把…划成部分后分配; 给…打成包裹; 把…拼在一起
时态：parcelled, parcelling, parcels
分布：包裹(95%)，分配(2%)，打包(2%)，部分(1%)
→来自古法语parcele,来自拉丁语particula,小块，小包，来自part,部分，分开，-ula,小词后缀。引申词义小包裹。
包裹(parc部分+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.包裹,邮包,部分v.打包,捆扎,分配The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US ['pɑ:r-] noun countable
TO SEND 寄
 IMPROVER mainly UK (mainly US package)
■an object or collection of objects wrapped in paper, especially so that it can be sent by post 包裹，邮包
• a food parcel 一包食品
• The parcel was wrapped in plain brown paper. 那个包裹是用普通牛皮纸包着的。
UK ['pɑ:.səl] US ['pɑ:r-] noun countable
LAND 土地 mainly US specialized
■an area of land 一块土地
• a 60-acre parcel 一块60英亩的土地
UK ['pɑ:.səl] US ['pɑ:r-] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
UK ['pɑ:.səl] US ['pɑ:r-] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] parcel sth out
■to divide something and give the separate parts to different people 把…分发出去；分配
• The bigger farms were parcelled out after the revolution in 1973. 1973年革命后，较大的农场都被划成小块分了出去。
• She parcelled out the gifts to the other children. 她把礼物分给其他孩子。
UK ['pɑ:.səl] US ['pɑ:r-] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] parcel sth up mainly UK
■to wrap something and make it into a parcel 把…打包，捆扎
• Parcel up the tins and we'll send them off tomorrow. 把这些罐头包好，我们明天就把它们寄出去。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [邮] 包裹，小包
 - package, bindle
vt. 打包；捆扎
 - package, enlace

Word: evaluation
Front: evaluation
[ɪˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn] (六宝 2354/2732)
Vocabulary: evaluation
(once / 3308 pages)
n
An evaluation is an appraisal of something to determine its worth or fitness. For example, before you start an exercise program, get a medical evaluation, to make sure you're able to handle the activity.
At the heart of the noun evaluation is the root word value, which means "worth." So an evaluation is an examination to find the worth of something. We do this every day — maybe making an evaluation of the prices in a store to decide whether or not to shop there. We might get an appraisal of our property, which is an evaluation to determine its worth in preparation for taking out a mortgage. Evaluation is vital in planning our lives.
VOCABULARY SHOUT-OUT
Would You Prefer a "Quiz," "Diagnostic," "Test," or "Evaluation"?
Recently a math teacher and Facebook friend of Vocabulary.com posted to her Facebook page: "Would you rather take a 'quiz,' 'diagnostic,' 'test,' or 'evaluation?'"
Responses were clear. One commenter wrote, "Quiz sounds fun. The others are all waiting to judge me." Another weighed in, "Quiz, of course. the others are work."
Why are three of these synonyms seen as negative while another is a clear favorite? A quick look at just the first paragraph of the blurbs for these words in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary explains. Let's start with the traditional test.
Here's the more generalized evaluation.
Diagnostic, our blurb explains, suggests you might be sick.
And finally, here's quiz, the clear favorite. Why? Because, as our blurb explains, it's fun!
Negative and positive associations with words are important. Learning them is just one more reason to look up a word you already know to learn more before you use it.
They can even help you do better on standardized tests such as the SAT. Here, we explain what to do when you know the positive or negative association, but not the meaning of a word in a test-taking situation.
WORD FAMILY
evaluation: evaluations, underevaluation+/ evaluate: evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluative, evaluator, reevaluate /evaluator: evaluators/ reevaluate: reevaluated, reevaluating, reevaluation
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Thursday, Gergel ordered another psychiatric evaluation of Roof over the weekend.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The association alleged state law requires an environmental impact evaluation before approval of such a plan.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But in the letter, Pasztor said she was competent and would refuse to see another doctor for mental health evaluations.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 估价; <数>赋值; 估计价值; [医学]诊断
分布：评价(93%)，估价(7%)
VERB
评估;评价
If you evaluate something or someone, you consider them in order to make a judgment about them, for example about how good or bad they are.
例：They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the needs of the individual situation...他们首先会派一些训练有素的护士来评估每个病人的需求。
例：The market situation is difficult to evaluate.市场状况难以评价。
n. 评价； [审计] 评估；估价；求值
 - appraisal, valuation, assessment, estimate, judgement

Word: clog
Front: clog
[klɒg] (托宝 9458/11478 -1)
Vocabulary: clog
(once / 1582 pages)
1nv 2nv
A clog is a blockage, or something that gets in the way. A clog in your kitchen sink might mean you have to call a plumber before you can wash your dishes.
A clog obstructs water from flowing through pipes, and it can also be figurative, like a clog in your city's restaurant inspection system that makes it impossible for people to open new cafes. When clog is a verb, it means to cause such a hindrance. A completely different kind of clog is a heavy, wooden-soled shoe. In the 14th century, a clogge was a "lump of wood," and the verb first meant, "hinder with a block of wood."
WORD FAMILY
clog: clogged, clogging, clogs, unclog+/unclog: unclogged, unclogging, unclogs
USAGE EXAMPLES
They clogged running lanes and ensured that Kelley struggled to find daylight.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Crimson Tide’s bulky defensive linemen firmly held their ground at the point of attack while the linebackers quickly clogged the hole.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
On the drive home, Bob was schooling me again in all things Kiwi: “Pop your clogs” means “to die an untimely death.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 木底鞋; 障碍
v. 阻碍; 堵塞
时态：clogged, clogging, clogs
分布：阻塞(53%)，木屐(17%)，妨碍(12%)，障碍(12%)，跳木屐舞(4%)，结块(2%)
→词源同clump,clod,clout.原指大块状东西，后词义明确为木屐这一物体。
【记】log（n 大原木）放在路中间阻碍通过。
US [klɑ:g] verb intransitive or transitive (-gg-)
■to (cause something to) become blocked or filled so that movement or activity is difficult （使）阻塞，（使）堵塞；塞上
• The roads are clogged with holiday traffic. 节假日期间，马路上堵满了车辆。
• Eating too much fat causes your arteries to clog (up). 摄入过多脂肪会导致动脉栓塞。
• Leaves are clogging (up) the drain. 树叶堵塞了下水道。
UK [klɒg] US [klɑ:g] noun countable usually plural
■a type of shoe made of wood, or with the top part made of leather and the bottom part of wood 木底鞋；木屐
v. 阻塞；障碍
 - choke with, plug up
n. 障碍；木底鞋
 - obstacle, let, bar, dam, stop

Word: excel
Front: excel
[ɪkˈsel] (研六托雅宝 7055/8675 -1)
Vocabulary: excel
(once / 63 pages)
v
If you excel at math, you are doing it better than anyone else. You might even be moving so much faster than the rest of your class, you're put into a special, accelerated math program.
Excel derives from the Latin excellere, which is all about going beyond the high. Someone who excels at the violin might practice five hours a day because they are striving for excellence, meaning outstanding-ness. You could describe their performance as excellent, or fantastic. That doesn't mean you yourself want to practice five hours a day. Excel means to stand out, and some of us are pretty happy standing right where we are.
WORD FAMILY
excel: excelled, excellent, excelling, excels+/excelled: unexcelled/ excellence: excellences/excellency: excellencies/ excellent: excellence, excellency, excellenter, excellentest, excellently
USAGE EXAMPLES
The girl flourished, excelling as a girl scout and athlete, and playing French horn and bass viola in the Burbank Youth Symphony.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But on the court, her game continued to excel.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
In time, she not only taught herself English, but also started to excel in school.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 优于，擅长
vi. 胜过
时态：excelled, excelling, excels
分布：优于(54%)，胜出(23%)，超过(23%)
→ex-, 向外。-cel, 升出，升高，词源同hill, column, culminate.
vi.胜过其他;擅长vt.胜过,优于Dick excels all his classmates in mathematics.狄克在数学方面优于全班同学.
【记】excellent（adj 卓越的；极好的）Excel（微软公司生产的表格处理软件）
[ɪk'sel] (-ll-)
verb intransitive
■to be extremely good at something 擅长，善于；突出
• Rebecca always excelled in languages at school. 瑞贝卡上学时学语言一直都出类拔萃的。
excel yourself
■to do something better than you usually do 比平常做得好；超水准的发挥
• The British team have excelled themselves this year to reach the finals. 英国队今年超水准发挥，打入了决赛。
surpass, exceed, excel
这组词都有“超过、胜过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: 多用以强调优点、长处、技能或质量等方面的超过。
exceed: 既可指超出权利、权力的限度、管辖范围，或超过规定的时间范围，又可指在数量、程度或大小等方面的超过。
excel: 指在成绩、成就或学识上胜过他人。
vt. 优于，胜过；擅长
 - overcome, cap

Word: investigative
Front: investigative
[ɪnˈvestɪgətɪv] (6853/11650 -1)
Vocabulary: investigative
(once / 4626 pages)
adj
The adjective investigative is useful for describing any kind of activity that involves getting to the truth or gathering facts. It's used a lot to talk about writers who dig deeply to find out what's true about their subjects.
You'll come across this word a lot in the context of the phrase "investigative journalist" — a reporter who works hard asking questions and following leads to get to the truth of a topic. Most often, the reporting requires all of this digging because someone — a person, company, or government — is trying to hide information or keep the facts of the story secret. It's not only reporters who do investigative work; a spy or a detective needs investigative skills as well.
WORD FAMILY
investigative: investigatively+/ investigate: investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigative, investigator, investigatory/ investigation: investigations/ investigator: investigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
MBN also works with the Board of Pharmacy’s investigative unit on pharmacy burglary cases.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The investigative reporting is as strong as the film-making, fearless and commanding.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say troopers on an investigative team searched the home in Blades on Thursday.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 调查性质的; 研究的; 爱调查研究的
分布：调查的(77%)，调查性质的(23%)
→来自investigate,调查，侦查。
US [-tˌɪv] (formal investigatory)
adjective
■intended to examine a situation in order to discover the truth 调查研究的；侦查的
• Children are encouraged to take an investigative approach to learning. 鼓励孩子进行探究性学习。
• the investigatory panel 调查小组
adj. 研究的；调查的；好调查的
 - researchful, disquisitive

Word: mayoral
Front: mayoral
['meərəl] (14425/39017)
Back: adj. 市长的
分布：市长的(100%)

Word: tusk
Front: tusk
[tʌsk] (宝 16945/21007)
Vocabulary: tusk
(once / 1839 pages)
nv
A tusk is the long, pointed tooth seen on some animals, such as elephants, walruses, or hogs. Animals that have tusks can use them for protection against predators.
Tusk rhymes with dusk. A tusk is a tooth that grows outward from an animal's mouth. How is a tusk different from a fang? Fangs are used to seize prey and bite and tear. Tusks, on the other hand, are used for defense and even as tools for digging or, in the cause of the walrus, for holding steady while on ice.
WORD FAMILY
tusk: detusk, tusker, tusking, tusks+/tusker: tuskers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nor should the leopard skin, the narwhal tusk and the whale meat.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Years ago, he lent his name to billboards in Chinese cities that showed horrific piles of tusks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Years ago, he lent his name to large billboards appearing in Chinese cities that showed horrific piles of tusks.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （象等动物的）长牙; 獠牙; 尖形物; 尖头
vt. 用牙抵（或刺），用牙掘（或撕）
adj. 有獠牙的，有长牙的
时态：tusked, tusking, tusks
分布：长牙(40%)，獠牙(23%)，以牙刺戳(15%)，尖形物(15%)，以牙掘(7%)
→来自古英语 tusc,犬牙，磨牙，来自 Proto-Germanic*tunthskaz,牙齿，来自 dent,牙齿，词 源同 tooth,dentist.拼写去鼻音化。
noun countable
■either of the two long pointed teeth which stick out from the mouth of some animals such as elephants （大象等动物的）长牙
n. 长牙；尖头，尖形物
 - sharp, cusp

Word: speedy
Front: speedy
[ˈspi:di] (托 9690/7734 -1)
Vocabulary: speedy
(once / 247 pages)
adj
Speedy means super fast! If you're a speedy driver, you keep your foot on the gas pedal and zip by all the slowpokes. Speedy is also the nickname for a cartoon who is “the fastest mouse in Mexico.”
Anything that's speedy moves with rapid speed, whether it's a bullet train or a waiter bringing coffee before you’ve even finished ordering it. If your brother sends you on an errand, he might call, "Be speedy!" especially if you're known for taking your time. The Old English root of speedy is spedig, which curiously means "wealthy." A now old fashioned meaning of "speed," in fact, was "success" or "prosperity.”
WORD FAMILY
speedy: speedier, speediest, speedily, speediness+/ speed: sped, speeded, speeder, speeding, speeds, speedy /speeder: speeders/speeding: speedings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Typically, a running back who can be used in the slot is of the smaller and speedier variety.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“We wish Buzz a speedy recovery,” the London-based White Desert said in a statement.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Next up, a high-powered Washington offense featuring quarterback Jake Browning and speedy receiver John Ross.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 快的，迅速的; 敏捷的
级别：speedier, speediest
分布：快速的(44%)，迅速的(25%)，立即的(11%)，高速的(10%)，敏捷的(10%)
→speed,速度，迅速，-y,形容词后缀。
adjective
■quick 快速的，迅速的
• He's a very speedy worker. 他做起事来很迅速。
• We need to take speedy action/make a speedy decision. 我们需要迅速采取行动／迅速作出决定。
• Everyone is hoping for a speedy end to the conflict (= hoping that an end to it will happen quickly). 每个人都希望冲突可以尽快结束。
• We wished her a speedy recovery from her illness (= that she would get better quickly). 我们祝福她尽快康复。
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. 快的；迅速的；敏捷的
 - quick, rapid, fast, forward, ready

Word: burger
Front: burger
[ˈbɜ:gə(r)] (雅 7267/12186 -1)
Vocabulary: burger
(once / 10794 pages)
n
A grilled beef patty on a bun is called a burger. Lunch at a fast food restaurant often consists of a burger and fries.
You can use the word burger as a casual shorthand for hamburger, which is ground or minced beef that's fried and served on a bun. A burger can also be made of other ingredients, like turkey or tofu or lamb. In fact, if you shape food into a patty, grill it, and put it on a roll or bun, you can call it a burger. The word was first used in 1939, from hamburger.
WORD FAMILY
burger: burgers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A beloved Midwestern burger chain landed in downtown Seattle with a resounding thud, according to a controversial review by food writer Bethany Jean Clement.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Perhaps a section of upscale goods like goji berries, bison burgers and recycled toilet paper alongside a more down-home selection of everyday staples.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In July, she asked him to meet for burgers at the Lockdown Bar & Grill, a prison-themed bar in Chicago.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 汉堡包; 无牛肉馅的三明治
分布：名词(100%)
→衍生自hamburger, 汉堡包，来自德国城市Hamburg.
US ['bɝ:.gɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■meat or other food pressed into a round, flat shape and fried 汉堡包；（汉堡式的）夹心饼
• a burger and chips 一份汉堡包和薯条
• a hamburger 汉堡包
• a veggieburger 蔬菜馅饼
n. 汉堡包（等于hamburger）
 - hamburger, beefburger

Word: flout
Front: flout
[flaʊt] (托宝 19665/13849 -1)
Vocabulary: flout
(once / 3136 pages)
v
To flout is to scorn or show contempt for. "I flout the law and the concept of civilian safety by making a concerted effort to jaywalk every time I cross a street."
Oddly enough, when flout came into existence in the 1550s, it had a much different sense to it than it does now; it's believed that it evolved from the Middle English flowten “to play the flute." As a verb, it means to scorn, as in, for example, to scorn a law, person, or social norm by defying it. As a noun, it is a contemptuous remark or insult. Wrote William Shakespeare, “Flout 'em, and scout 'em; and scout 'em and flout 'em; Thought is free.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
flaunt / flout
Flaunt is to show off, but flout is to ignore the rules. Rebels do both — they flaunt their new pink motorcycles by popping a wheelie, and flout the law by running a red light.
Flaunt means to work it, to preen like a peacock. You could flaunt your new Harley, your wealth, or even your bright colors:
Prosperous Chinese are less shy about flaunting their wealth than people in other countries. (Economist)
Daffodils flaunted golden cups at their more gorgeous neighbors, the tulips. (Lucy Foster Madison)
Flout, on the other hand, means to show a blatant disregard or contempt for. If you scoff when told what to do, you flout the rules. Here are some rules being flouted in the news:
In other words, the euro zone is based on a gentleman's agreement that's widely flouted. (Salon)
Baseball's rulebook is routinely ignored, flouted and evaded. (New York Times)
The problem is that people use flout to mean flaunt. If you mix up the words in the sentences above, the meaning changes. It would be weird to flout your wealth or your golden color. Garner's Modern American Usage identifies this error at widespread: it can be seen in the writing of well-educated people. However, Garner advises (and we concur) that the distinction between flaunt and flout be preserved.
WORD FAMILY
flout: flouted, flouter, flouting, flouts+/flouter: flouters
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are a country of laws. School authorities, however noble their intentions, should not, directly or indirectly, encourage flouting of those laws.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The flouting of the international order would logically lead to nuclear proliferation, Putin wrote back in 2013.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
When Khan becomes the king, Reza Shah, he begins “flouting Iranian tradition, and the changes would prove devastating.”
New York Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 嘲笑; 轻视; 愚弄
vt. 嘲笑; 藐视; 愚弄
vi. 对…表示轻蔑
时态：flouted, flouting, flouts
分布：藐视(48%)，轻视(23%)，嘲笑(21%)，嘲弄(8%)
→词源不详。可能来自flute, 笛子，长笛。原指吹笛的人，引申词义藐视，瞧不起。可能是来自人们心目中艺术家的清冷，高傲。
【记】fl＝fly，out出去－飞出去－不再服从命令－藐视
verb transitive
■to intentionally not obey a rule, law, or custom 公然藐视，无视，违背（规定、法律或习俗）
• Many motorcyclists flout the law by not wearing helmets. 许多骑摩托车的人无视法律，不戴头盔。
• The orchestra decided to flout convention/tradition , and wear their everyday clothes for the concert. 管弦乐队决定一改传统，在音乐会上穿日常服装。
n. 嘲笑；轻视；愚弄
 - despite, derision
vt. 嘲笑；藐视；愚弄
 - scoff at, laugh at
vi. 嘲笑；表示轻蔑
 - laugh at, make a mockery of

Word: dread
Front: dread
[dred] (研四六托雅 9181/8728 -2)
Vocabulary: dread
(once / 68 pages)
nadjv
The noun dread describes the fear of something bad happening, like the dread you feel when walking alone on a deserted street in the dark.
Dread is a feeling of fear, but it can also be the desire to avoid something. For example, many people feel dread at the very thought of speaking in front of an audience. As a verb, dread means "to fear or not want something to happen," like students who did not study and as a result, dread getting their graded tests back. As an adjective, dread means "frightening or terrifying," like a dread monster.
WORD FAMILY
dread: dreaded, dreadful, dreading, dreadingly, dreadly, dreads+/ dreadful: dreadfulest, dreadfully, dreadfulness/dreadfulness: dreadfulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m dreading the unpredictability,” said John J. Lynch III, Main Line’s president and chief executive.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
And we watched as dread turned to doom on the heels of the worst mass shooting in American history at Orlando’s Pulse nightclub.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
As dread and social conflict built through the fall, it was hard for many of us to think much about music at all.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 害怕，担心; （古语）敬畏
n. 恐惧，畏惧; 令人恐惧的事物
adj. 可怕的
vi. 十分害怕
时态：dreaded, dreading, dreads
分布：恐惧(65%)，担心(19%)，惧怕(12%)，恐怖的(2%)，使人敬畏的(1%)，可怕的人或事(1%)
→缩写自古英语ondraedan, 谏言，建议放弃，来自ond-, 相对，相反，词源同anti-, -raedan, 建议，辩理，词源同reason, read. 即劝阻，恐怖的结果，引申义恐惧，惧怕。
v./n.恐惧,担心The dreadful tread on the meadow broke the deadly deadlock.草场上可怕的践踏声打破了致命的僵局.
【源】原来用作动词指阅读（read）恐怖小说，后来阅读所有的东西都用了read，而dread就成了恐怖的意思。见到dead就会dread
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happen 对…感到恐惧；害怕；担心
• He's dreading his driving test - he's sure he's going to fail. 他在为驾照考试而担心——他觉得自己肯定过不了。
• [+ -ing verb] I'm dreading having to meet his parents. 因为不得不见他的父母，我很害怕。
dread to think
■used to say that you do not want to think about something because it is too worrying 不愿想；不敢想
• I dread to think what would happen if he was left to cope on his own. 我不敢想像，如果让他自己去应付会怎么样。
[dred] noun uncountable
■a strong feeling of fear or worry 恐惧，害怕；忧虑
• The prospect of working full-time fills me with dread. 可能要实行全日工作制，这让我很担忧。
• I live in dread of bumping into her in the street. 我每天都害怕在街上碰见她。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 恐惧；可怕的人（或物）
 - fear, terror
vi. 惧怕；担心
 - worry, concern about/for/over
vt. 惧怕；担心
 - worry, concern about/for/over
adj. 可怕的
 - terrible, horrible, awesome, fearful, dire

Word: bolt
Front: bolt
[bəʊlt] (研四六雅宝 4899/5051 -2)
Vocabulary: bolt
(once / 294 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4nv 5adv
We love words that sound like what they mean, and bolt is no exception. It's a quick, sharp word that either means to move quickly or refers to a stroke of lightning, as in "lightning bolt."
The god Zeus was fond of tossing bolts of lightning down upon mortals who angered him. If you were one of those mortals, you'd have been smart to bolt inside as soon as the rain began. To bolt is to run as quickly as you can. Racehorses are often described as bolting out of the gate. Other uses of bolt include the lock in your door, the act of locking that lock, and what a dog does when it gulps down his food.
WORD FAMILY
bolt: bolted, bolting, bolts, unbolt+/unbolt: unbolted, unbolting, unbolts
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the athletic competition, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt becomes the first athlete ever to win the men’s 100-meter final wearing flip-flops.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sitting bolt upright, laboring to breathe, was the poet Robert Lowell.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Bolt then tweeted to confirm it was indeed him, with Henry replying to him apologising and telling him to call again soon.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 螺栓，螺钉; 闪电，雷电; 门闩; 弩箭
vt. 筛选; 囫囵吞下; （把门、窗等）闩上; 突然说出，脱口说出
vi. （门窗等）闩上，拴住; 冲出，跳出; （马等的）脱缰; 囫囵吞下
adv. 突然地; 像箭似地; 直立地
时态：bolted, bolting, bolts
分布：螺栓(80%)，门闩(10%)，狼吞虎咽(3%)，弩箭(3%)，闩住(1%)，挺直地(1%)，用螺栓固定(1%)，一卷布(1%)
→来自PIE *bheld, 击，打。可能同bill, 击，咬，鸟嘴。
n.螺栓,(门,窗的)插销v.闩(门),关窗,拴住The nursery teacher made the children sit bolt upright.幼儿园的老师让孩子们笔直地坐着.
【参】bolted（adj 脱离的＝separated）
US [boʊlt] noun countable
LOCK 锁
■a metal bar on a door or window that slides across to lock it closed （门窗上的）插销，闩
• I closed the window and drew the bolt (= slid the bolt across). 我关上窗户，拉上了插销。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
SCREW 螺栓
■a screw-like metal object without a point which is used with a nut to fasten things together 螺栓
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
LIGHTNING 闪电
■a flash of lightning that looks like a white line against the sky 闪电，霹雳
• The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning. 我们隔壁的房子被闪电击中了。
⇒ See also thunderbolt
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
ROLL 卷
■a length or roll of cloth or wallpaper （布或墙纸的）一匹，一卷
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
WEAPON 武器
■a type of short arrow shot from a crossbow (= a type of weapon) 弩箭；方镞箭
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速行动
make a bolt for somewhere
■to try to escape by running towards something 逃向…
• The thief tried to make a bolt for the exit. 小偷想从安全出口溜走。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
a bolt from/out of the blue
■something completely unexpected that surprises you very much 出人意料的事情；睛天霹雳
• The news of his marriage was a bolt from the blue. 他结婚的消息真是出人意料。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive
■to move very fast, especially as a result of being frightened （尤指因受到惊吓而）奔跑，快跑
• Frightened by the car horn, the horse bolted. 那匹马受到汽车喇叭的惊吓，飞奔了起来。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
EAT 吃
transitive (also bolt down)
■to eat food very quickly 匆匆咽下；囫囵吞下
• Don't bolt your food like that - you'll get indigestion. 别那样狼吞虎咽——会消化不良的。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
LOCK 锁
intransitive or transitive
■to lock a door or window by sliding a bolt across 闩上（门或窗）
• Have you locked and bolted the door? 你把门锁上闩好了吗？
• The door bolts on the inside. 门从里面闩上。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
SCREW 螺栓
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something in position with a bolt 用螺栓固定
• On a ship the furniture is often bolted to the deck. 轮船上的家俱往往用螺栓固定在甲板上。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bolt sth on
■to add an extra part or feature 添加，增加
• Other insurers will allow you to bolt on critical illness cover to standard life cover. 其他保险公司允许在标准人寿保险承保范围中增加重大疾病。
n. [机] 螺栓；闪电；门闩；弩箭
 - lightning, levin
vi. 逃跑；冲出
 - do a guy, make a break for it
adv. 突然地；直立地
 - suddenly, sharp, abruptly

Word: upbeat
Front: upbeat
[ˈʌpbi:t] (9397/20777 -1)
Back: adj. 积极乐观的; 愉快的，高兴的
n. 上升; 弱拍; 兴旺
分布：乐观的(89%)，上升(11%)
→up, 向上，beat, 击打。原为音乐术语，乐声激昂曲调，引申词义乐观的。
[ʌp'bi:t] ['--] informal
adjective
■full of hope, happiness and good feelings 乐观的；快乐的；积极向上的
• Live music and a parade set an upbeat mood for the official opening. 活泼的音乐和列队表演使开幕礼的气氛轻松欢快。
Opposite downbeat
n. 兴旺；上升；弱拍
 - health, rise, upgrade, raise, ascension
adj. 乐观的；上升的
 - optimistic, rising, climbing, upward

Word: booster
Front: booster
[ˈbu:stə(r)] (8144/14487 -1)
Vocabulary: booster
(once / 4625 pages)
1n 2n 3n
If you’re a big fan and promoter of something or someone, you're a booster. Go team! A booster provides support, like a kid’s booster seat, a follow-up dose of medicine, or a booster rocket that launches the Space Shuttle.
Boosters of teams, groups, or organizations often form official clubs to coordinate their fundraising and event planning. Another kind of booster is an engine or rocket that's the first stage of launching a space vehicle into orbit. And in medicine, a booster is a second (or subsequent) dose of a vaccine that helps the initial dose work better. All of these boosters assist, encourage, or boost in some way.
WORD FAMILY
booster: boosters+/ boost: boosted, booster, boosting, boosts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The SLS booster and Orion capsule are being built by what are called “legacy” space companies such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fiber cables also require fewer booster boxes, because signal strength stays strong over many more miles.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ricks, a longtime tourism booster and ad agency executive, says he’ll bring an “unfamiliar eye” to Nebraska’s travel promotion efforts.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. （电器的）增压机; 助推器，多级火箭的第一级; 热情的支持者
分布：助推器(79%)，支持者(11%)，辅助药剂(10%)
US [-stɚ] noun countable
IMPROVEMENT 改进处
■something which improves or increases something 促进提高的事物；起推动作用的事物
• a confidence/morale booster 对信心／士气的激励
UK ['bu:.stər] US [-stɚ] noun countable
ENGINE 器械
■an engine on a spacecraft that gives extra power for the first part of a flight （太空船的）推进器
• a rocket booster 火箭推进器
UK ['bu:.stər] US [-stɚ] noun countable
DRUG 药品
■an extra small amount of a drug given to strengthen the effect of the same drug given some time before, to protect a person from illness （增强药效的）辅助药剂
• a polio booster 小儿麻痹症辅助药剂
n. 升压机；支持者；扩爆器
 - advocate, supporter

Word: brook
Front: brook
[brʊk] (研四六托宝 22189/10248 -1)
Vocabulary: brook
(once / 336 pages)
1n 2v
A brook is a small stream. On a hot day, you might enjoy wading in a babbling brook. As a verb, brook is a rather stuffy word for "put up with." The lord of the manor might say, "I will brook no trespassing on my land."
Brook is tailor-made for talking about what you won't stand for—it's always "brook no..." If you brook no criticism of your friend, it means you won't let people speak ill of her. If you brook no brooks, it means you've developed a bizarre stream-hating fetish and will spend the rest of your days trying to stop their flow.
WORD FAMILY
brook: brooked, brooking, brooklet+/brooklet: brooklets
USAGE EXAMPLES
She did bounce back, appearing in, among other pictures, Albert Brook’s 1996 comedy Mother.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
The Sachem High School East student was transported to Stony Brook University Hospital for treatment of hip fractures.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Brook Lopez added 20 points for the Nets, who played without Jeremy Lin again but avoided a third consecutive defeat.
Washington Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: vt. 容忍，忍受
n. 小溪
时态：brooked, brooking, brooks
分布：溪(79%)，小河(15%)，忍受(6%)
→词源不详，可能来自break, 分开。
n.小溪vt.[常用于否定句或疑问句]容忍The matter brooks no delay.此事刻不容缓.
【记】小河要容忍泛滥，或者断流的痛苦。
【反】refuse to tolerate（拒绝容忍）
noun countable
■a small stream 小溪，小河
• I could hear the sound of a babbling brook. 我可以听见小溪潺潺的流水声。
[brʊk] verb formal
brook no sth /not brook sth
■to not allow or accept something, especially difference of opinion or intention 不容忍，不接纳（尤指异议）
• She won't brook any criticism of her work. 她不能容忍任何对她工作的批评。
stream, brook, river
这组词都有“江、河”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 泛指大小河流，也可专指小溪。
brook: 指小河，尤指发源于山泉的小河。
river: 泛指一般的江河。
vt. 忍受；容忍
 - stomach, go, abide, stand, tough
n. 小溪；小河
 - creek, rivulet

Word: stringent
Front: stringent
[ˈstrɪndʒənt] (托宝 9188/8793 -1)
Vocabulary: stringent
(once / 2072 pages)
adj
That teacher's demands are stringent — she wants the homework typed in her favorite font, on special paper, and each essay must be exactly 45 lines!
While the word stringent might seem foreign, if you're afflicted with pimples, you'll know the word astringent. An astringent causes your skin to tighten like it's shrinking your pores. This tightening, constricting feel describes stringent with regard to rules. Stringent safety procedures prevent accidents in a dangerous work environment. And restaurants must adhere to stringent health regulations.
WORD FAMILY
stringent: stringency, stringently+/stringency: stringencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Starting a few years ago, large banks began requiring their top law firms to undergo data-security audits and meet stringent standards.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
We’ve put stringent requirements on colleges before they get to do a bachelor’s degree.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
"Financial regulation should be progressively more stringent for firms of greater importance," Tarullo said at the time.
Reuters(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 严格的; 迫切的; （货币）紧缩的
分布：严格的(94%)，银根紧的(5%)，紧迫的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stringere, 拉紧， 绑紧， 压缩， 来自 strenk, 紧的， 拉紧， 绑紧， 词源同 strict,string,strong.引申词义严格的，严厉的，紧缩的等。
紧迫的(string+ent→拉紧的→紧迫的)[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
【记】源于：string（n 细绳）把string拉紧－紧的stri作为词根是紧的意思。
【参】astringent（n 收敛剂；adj 收敛性的）
【反】lax（adj 松的；松懈的）
adjective
SEVERE 严重的
■having a very severe effect, or being extremely limiting 严重的；严格的，苛刻的
• The most stringent laws in the world are useless unless there is the will to enforce them. 除非能够坚持严格执法，否则即使是世界上最严苛的法律也毫无用处。
• We need to introduce more stringent security measures such as identity cards. 我们需要采取更为严格的安全措施，例如发放识别证。
• Stringent safety regulations were introduced after the accident. 事故之后制定了严格的安全规范。
['strɪn.dʒənt] adjective
LIMITING MONEY 限制钱的 specialized
■involving not enough money being available for borrowing as a result of firm controls on the amount of money in an economy 紧缩的，银根紧的
• Already low living standards have been worsened by stringent economic reforms. 紧缩财政的经济改革使得原本就低落的生活水准雪上加霜。
adj. 严厉的；迫切的；银根紧的
 - severe, tight, hard, harsh, pressing

Word: hardship
Front: hardship
[ˈhɑ:dʃɪp] (高研四六托 6922/6378 -2)
Vocabulary: hardship
(once / 462 pages)
n
If something is a hardship, it causes suffering or unpleasantness. After all the hardship you endured while training for the marathon, you really hope that you’ll do well — or at least finish!
The word hard in hardship is a tip-off to its meaning: something that’s a hardship is hard. It could be hard work that you do for a larger goal — like training for the marathon — or it could be a situation that’s hard to endure. If you lose your job, you could end up experiencing financial hardship. Sometimes a hardship is something that just happens, like the hardship people suffer following a disaster.
WORD FAMILY
hardship: hardships
USAGE EXAMPLES
All of these hardships are, in some way or another, connected to government regulations.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
More often it means living with relatives or friends due to the family suffering a disaster or economic hardship.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Pilar Fernandez, 101, suffered hunger and hardship during the war years alongside her nine brothers and sisters.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 艰难; 困苦; 艰难情况; 造成困苦与苦难的原因
分布：艰难(60%)，困苦(40%)
→hard,艰难的，-ship,抽象名词后缀。
苦难(hard艰难的)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.艰难,困苦We are ready to face any hardship.我们准备好了面对任何艰难.
US ['hɑ:rd-] noun countable or uncountable
■(something which causes) difficult or unpleasant conditions of life, or an example of this 艰苦，困难
• economic hardship 经济困难
hardship, difficulty
这组词都有“困难”的意思，其区别是：
hardship: 侧重指生活上令人难以承受的艰难困苦，如疾病、贫穷等磨难。
difficulty: 指需大量思考和技巧或努力才能克服的任何困难。
n. 困苦；苦难；艰难险阻
 - affliction, bitterness

Word: technician
Front: technician
[tekˈnɪʃn] (研四六雅 4831/6423 -2)
Vocabulary: technician
(once / 2046 pages)
n
A technician is someone who has knowledge and training in a technical process. If you are having trouble with your computer network, you might have to call in a network technician to get it sorted out.
A technician knows all of the ins and outs (the technicalities) of a specific process. A computer technician knows all about how computers work and how to fix them. Likewise an automotive technician (a mechanic) knows all about cars and how to fix them. Technician is not always associated with technology. If a painter or a musician is trained in various artistic, or musical techniques, he or she can also be called a technician.
WORD FAMILY
technician: technicians+/ technique: technician, techniques
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He enlisted in the Army in 1942 and served in England and France as a surgical technician with the 108th General Hospital, a medical unit.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Bill Broeksmit, a behind-the-scenes technician with an acute sense of the rights and wrongs in finance, was not.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 技术人员; 技师; 技巧纯熟的人
分布：技术员(62%)，技师(38%)
→来自 technical,技术的，-ian,人。
n.技术员,技师,技工Mary is training to be a technician.玛丽正在接受培训,准备成为一名技术员.
noun countable
■a worker trained with special skills, especially in science or engineering 技术员，技师
• a laboratory technician 实验室技术员
[tek'nɪʃ.ən] noun countable
■a person whose technique is very good 技艺精湛者，巧匠
n. [劳经] 技师，技术员；技巧纯熟的人
 - lab-technician

Word: bonanza
Front: bonanza
[bəˈnænzə] (托 13870/13031 -1)
Vocabulary: bonanza
(once / 5749 pages)
n
An unexpected increase in tourism to a small town could be a bonanza for the locals. Bonanza means "a sudden opportunity to make money."
Bonanza is a noun that means "a sudden rush of wealth or good fortune," but in a more scientific sense it means "a rich source of a precious metal." So, if you happen to strike gold in your backyard, that would be a bonanza on both fronts. "Boom towns" that sprung up during the California Gold Rush were created by a bonanza. More casually, bonanza can mean something like "a big to-do," or an extravaganza.
WORD FAMILY
bonanza: bonanzas
USAGE EXAMPLES
And on Monday, a California man was arrested and accused of killing his younger brother in Bonanza, Oregon.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But this duck blind, owned by Pheasant Bonanza, is different.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Over the years, he flew to Canada to fish, to Boulder, Colo., and all over the Midwest, piloting “Cubs to Bonanzas and everything in between.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （突然的）财源; 意想不到的幸运; 富矿脉
分布：富矿带(74%)，带来好运的事物(13%)，暴富之源(13%)
→来自西班牙语。来自词根bon, 好，见bonus. 美国19世纪中期淘金热时的流行词。-anza, 同-ance.
noun countable
■a situation from which large profits are made 获利之道；发财的机会
• The rise in house prices meant that those who were selling enjoyed a bonanza. 房价的上升意味着那些卖房者发了大财。
• April was a bonanza month for car sales. 四月份是汽车销售的旺季。
■a large amount of something good 繁荣；兴盛
• The magazine will hold another fashion bonanza in the spring. 该杂志将在春天再举办一次盛大的时装节。
n. [矿业] 富矿带；带来好运之事；幸运
 - mercy, lady luck

Word: grief
Front: grief
[gri:f] (研六雅宝 4092/4332 -2)
Vocabulary: grief
(once / 128 pages)
n
Grief means intense sorrow. You feel grief if something terribly sad happens, like if your dog dies or if your childhood sweetheart breaks up with you.
The word grief comes from the Latin word gravare, which means to make heavy. Gravare itself comes from the Latin word gravis, which means weighty. So think of grief as a heavy, oppressive sadness. We associate it most often with mourning a loved one's death, but it can follow any kind of loss.
WORD FAMILY
grief: griefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Arrival” handles that grief differently, ultimately arguing that there is a humanity in sadness.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a period of indescribable grief, Mr Scully-Sloan felt alone.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
It started as a spontaneous and very real outpouring of shock and grief over the killing.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悲伤; 悲痛; 悲伤的事
分布：悲痛(72%)，忧伤(28%)
→来自拉丁语gravis, 重的，沉重，词源同grave, gravity.
悲伤,心情沉重[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.悲伤,悲痛;悲伤的事,悲痛的缘由I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
【参】grievance（n 委屈；冤情；不平）
【反】console（v 安慰）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■very great sadness, especially at the death of someone （尤指某人之死引起的）悲痛，悲伤，悲哀
• Her grief at her son's death was terrible. 丧子之痛使她肝肠寸断。
• Newspapers should not intrude on people's private grief. 报纸不应再去侵扰那些正承受丧亲之痛的人们。
• newspaper pictures of grief -stricken relatives 报纸上刊登的悲痛欲绝的亲属的照片
come to grief
■to suddenly fail in what you are doing, often because you have an accident （常因事故而突然）惨遭失败；遭受不幸
• The Italian champion was in second position when he came to grief on the third lap. 跑到第三圈时，处在第二位置上的义大利卫冕冠军突然马失前蹄。
give sb grief informal
■to criticize someone angrily 怒斥（某人）；责骂（某人）
get grief informal
■to be criticized angrily 被怒斥；挨骂
• I got a load of grief off Esther because I was ten minutes late. 我因为迟到十分钟被埃丝特臭骂一顿。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
n. 悲痛；忧伤；不幸
 - disaster, evil

Word: downfall
Front: downfall
[ˈdaʊnfɔ:l] (12590/11133 -1)
Vocabulary: downfall
(once / 1316 pages)
n
A downfall is a sudden drop in status or strength. You might be winning at Monopoly until your opponents decide to team up against you, which leads to your downfall.
Poor political decisions can result in the downfall of a government or party, and an economic depression can lead to the downfall of businesses and banks. A more literal, but less common, kind of downfall is when rain or snow falls down to the ground: "The downfall of snow will make the roads slippery tonight." The "decline in strength" meaning has been in use since the 14th century.
WORD FAMILY
downfall: downfalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wartford, hamstrung by injuries, looked exhausted and contributed to its own downfall with poor defending.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sunday’s poll: What was the biggest factor in the Huskies’ downfall against Alabama?
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Her critics say she brought about her own downfall.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. （雨等的）大下特下; （家，国等的）没落; 垮台
分布：垮台(93%)，衰落的原因(5%)，暴雨(2%)
US [-fɑ:l] noun only singular
■(something that causes) the usually sudden destruction of a person, organization or government and their loss of power, money or health 衰败；倒台，垮台；垮掉的原因
• Rampant corruption brought about the downfall of the government. 腐败横行导致政府垮台。
• In the end, it was the continual drinking that was his downfall. 不断酗酒最终搞垮了他的身体。
n. 垮台；衰败；落下；大雨
 - corrosion, falling, drop

Word: denominate
Front: denominate
[dɪˈnɒmɪneɪt] (宝 32750/27197)
Back: vt. 命名，称呼
时态：denominated, denominating, denominates
分布：命名(60%)，称…为(40%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-nom, 命名，词源同name. 即命名，取名字。
给…命名(de给予+nomin+ate→给予名称)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
【记】nomin名称
【参】nominate（vt 提名；命名）；nominal（adj 名义上的；有名无实的）
vt. 为…命名；把…称作…
 - christen, refer to as

Word: dusty
Front: dusty
[ˈdʌsti] (高 5298/6602 -1)
Vocabulary: dusty
(once / 533 pages)
adj
When you call something dusty, it's either literally covered in dust or so old and unoriginal that it might as well be.
You can use a feather duster to clean off dusty surfaces, but if something is a dusty color, that just means it's got a grayish tint to it, like dusty pink or dusty blue. If something has been around for a really long time and it's worn-out, stale, or unoriginal, you can also call it dusty. If you're a stand up comedian whose been working the same act for thirty years, chances are your jokes are getting a little dusty.
WORD FAMILY
dusty: dustier, dustiest, dustily, dustiness+/ dust: dusted, duster, dusting, dustlike, dusts, dusty /duster: dusters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Generally, meteors occur when Earth passes through dusty comet trail.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Dusty Baker added 16 points on four treys.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The once-invulnerable Logan is shown alone, backed by dusty deserts and rusting equipment.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 布满灰尘的; 尘状的; 浅灰色的; 枯燥无味的
级别：dustier, dustiest
分布：满是灰尘的(100%)
adjective
■covered in dust 布满灰尘的
• Heaps of dusty books lay on the floor. 一堆堆落满灰尘的书籍摊在地板上。
• We drove along the dusty road. 我们在尘土飞扬的道路上行驶。
■slightly grey in colour 略带灰色的，浅灰色的
• dusty pink 土灰粉红色

Word: hormone
Front: hormone
[ˈhɔ:məʊn] (托宝 4416/6640 -2)
Vocabulary: hormone
(once / 2040 pages)
n
Use the noun hormone to describe a message-sending chemical sent out by glands in the human body, which make you hungry or moody or ready to fight.
All living organisms have hormones, though the ones in plants are very different than those in people. Hormones are part of the endocrine system, which works throughout the body to send signals we need to stay alive and healthy. A hormone is secreted in a pregnant woman when it's time for her baby to be born, for example, and hormones remind us when we need to eat. The Greek root, hormon, means "that which sets in motion."
WORD FAMILY
hormone: hormonal, hormones+/hormonal: hormonally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her group is testing a drug that, in animals at least, acts like leptin, a hormone that controls hunger.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
The drug developer’s long-acting version of human growth hormone failed in a late-stage clinical study.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Her work focuses on plant hormones and plant development.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 荷尔蒙; 激素
分布：激素(74%)，荷尔蒙(26%)
→来自希腊语horman,驱动，使移动，来自er,移动，使。古希腊著名医生Hippocrates用来指人体中一种重要的生命元素，后19世纪英国生理学家Ernest Henry借用该希腊词来指荷尔蒙。
【记】horm冲动，兴奋－荷尔蒙
【参】horme（n 有目的之行动）
US ['hɔ:r.moʊn] noun countable
■any of various chemicals made by living cells which influence the development, growth, sex, etc. of an animal and are carried around the body in the blood 荷尔蒙，激素
• male and female hormones 雄性和雌性激素
• growth hormones 生长激素
n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙
 - incretion, corticosteroids

Word: pious
Front: pious
[ˈpaɪəs] (六托宝 12776/10165 -1)
Vocabulary: pious
(once / 274 pages)
adj
If someone is deeply religious and visibly follows all the moral and ethical codes of his religion, he is pious. Don't become a priest if you're not prepared to live a pious life.
Pious comes from the Latin pius, which means dutiful. It doesn't always have to be used to talk about organized religion. If someone believes deeply in something, and lets everyone see it through their behavior, then they are pious, whether they're pious Christians or pious environmentalists. It differs from its synonym devout, which implies deep religious sentiment, whereas pious emphasizes the public display of feeling.
WORD FAMILY
pious: impious, piousest, piously, piousness+/ impious: impiously, impiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Marissen discerns a theological message: the Jews’ curse is borne by all and, on pious reflection, turns into a blessing.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
She dares him to judge her, and when he does, she strikes back, dismissing his naïve, pious criticisms of her turbo-capitalist lifestyle.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
He professes to be fighting decadence because he is a pious Muslim.
BBC(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 虔诚的，信神的; 伪善的; 尽责的，孝敬的; 可赞的，好心的
分布：虔诚的(85%)，伪善的(9%)，不太可能实现的(6%)
→来自拉丁语pius,尽责的，忠诚的，虔诚的，来自pei,崇拜，敬佩，词源同piety,pity.词义贬义化为伪善的。
adjective
RELIGIOUS 信奉宗教的
■strongly believing in religion, and living in a way which shows this belief （对宗教）虔诚的
• She is a pious follower of the faith, never missing her prayers. 她是个虔诚的信徒，从来不耽误祷告。
['paɪ.əs] adjective
PRETENDING 假装的 disapproving
■pretending to have sincere feelings 假虔诚的；伪善的；虚伪的
• Quit the pious apologies - I know you don't really care. 别假惺惺地道歉了——我知道你并非真的在乎。
pious hope UK
■something which is unlikely to happen 不可能实现的希望，不切实际的希望
adj. 虔诚的；敬神的；可嘉的；尽责的
 - religious, good

Word: strangely
Front: strangely
[ˈstreɪndʒli] (6783/5683 -K)
Back: adv. 奇妙地; 怪异地; 不可思议地; 异常的
分布：奇怪地(44%)，奇妙地(28%)，不可思议地(28%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is unusual, unexpected or difficult to understand 不寻常地；奇怪地；不可思议地
• She was strangely calm - I found it quite disturbing. 她出奇地平静——我觉得很不安。
['streɪndʒ.li] adverb
strangely enough
■used to remark that something is surprising but true 奇怪的是，真奇怪
• Strangely enough, when it came to the exam I actually felt quite relaxed. 奇怪的是，考试来临了，我倒感到很放松。
adv. 奇怪地；奇妙地；不可思议地
 - queerly, anticly

Word: misuse
Front: misuse
[ˌmɪsˈju:z] (雅 12039/9793 -1)
Back: vt. 使用…不当; 把…派作不正当的用途; 虐待; 滥用
时态：misused, misusing, misuses
分布：滥用(68%)，误用(32%)
→mis-,坏的，错的，不好的，use,使用。
错用;虐待(mis坏+use→用坏→错用)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
verb transitive /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/
■to use something in an unsuitable way or in a way that was not intended 错用，误用；滥用；盗用
• She was accused of misusing company funds. 她被指控盗用公司资金。
noun countable or uncountable /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/
■when something is used in an unsuitable way or in a way that was not intended 滥用
• This new computer system is completely unnecessary and a misuse of taxpayers' money. 这个新的电脑系统完全没有必要，是滥用纳税人的钱。
• the misuse of power/drugs 滥用权力／药物
vt. 滥用；误用；虐待
 - abuse, strain
n. 滥用；误用；虐待
 - punishment, abuse

Word: calendar
Front: calendar
[ˈkælɪndə(r)] (研四六托雅 4689/4695 -2)
Vocabulary: calendar
(once / 580 pages)
nv
A calendar is a chart that organizes the year into days, weeks or months. It's also a list of appointments or activities, like the calendar for the club that lists when the bands are playing.
A calendar might hang on your refrigerator, where you can scribble your appointments on the squares. If you have something scheduled every day of the week, your calendar is full. In that case you might keep track of your dates with a calendar on your computer (or phone). Don't misspell it with an er ending, or you're referring to a machine that presses cloth. If you remember that "DAys" are in calenDArs, then you'll know to end it with a DAr.
WORD FAMILY
calendar: calendared, calendaring, calendars, calendric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congress adjusted its calendar to work more, with several five-day work weeks in the House as it races to deliver on election promises.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first scenario presented a hypothetical man called Jeff who “works long hours and his calendar is always full.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
According to the calendar, the Ducks will kick off 2017 by playing host to the Philadelphia Flyers on Sunday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 日历; 历法; 日程表; （一年之中的）重大事件（或重要日期）一览表
vt. 把…记入日程表中; 把…列入表中; 为（文件等）作分类索引; 将…排入日程表
时态：calendared, calendaring, calendars
分布：日历(76%)，历法(12%)，日程表(10%)，一览表(1%)，把 ... 列入日程表(1%)
→来自词根cal, 叫喊，词源同claim.源自古罗马时期在月初第一天进行收帐，后代指日历。
日历(calend一天+ar)[-ar 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物"]
日历[calend=first day(每月第一天)]
n.日历,月历I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a printed table showing all the days, weeks and months of the year 日历
■the system used to measure and arrange the days, weeks, months and special events of the year according to a belief system or tradition 历法
• the Christian/Jewish/Chinese calendar 基督教／犹太教／中国历法
■a list of events and dates within a particular year that are important for an organization or for the people involved in a particular activity 大事记；年历；重大事件一览表
• the political/school/sporting calendar 政治／学校／赛事日程表
n. 日历； [天] 历法； [管理] 日程表
 - daily schedule, ephemeris

Word: unskilled
Front: unskilled
[ˌʌnˈskɪld] (14484/8991 -1)
Back: adj. 不熟练的; 不需要特殊技能的; 不擅长的; 拙劣的
v. 不熟练，无技能(unskill的过去式和过去分词形式)
分布：不熟练的(71%)，拙劣的(21%)，未成熟的(8%)
adjective
■Unskilled people have no particular work skills, and unskilled work does not need any particular skills （人）无技能的；（工作）无需特殊技能的
• unskilled workers 不熟练工人
• unskilled labour/work/jobs 不需要特殊技能的劳动／工作／岗位
adj. [劳经] 不熟练的；拙劣的；无需技能的
 - nonproficient, unpracticed

Word: innocence
Front: innocence
[ˈɪnəsns] (宝 5397/5678 -2)
Vocabulary: innocence
(once / 349 pages)
1n 2n
Innocence means you’ve done nothing wrong. You’ve broken no laws, committed no sins, and are not guilty of any morally evil act. Well done.
In a courtroom, a defendant might announce their innocence, claiming they did not commit whatever crime they’re accused of. Innocence is very important in many religions, where your moral purity decides what happens to your soul after you die. The word comes from the Latin innocentia, which means “not harming” and someone with innocence will not harm themselves or others, at least not on purpose. Remember that there are no ss in innocence, so spell it with two cs.
WORD FAMILY
innocence: innocences+/innocency: innocencies/ innocent: innocence, innocency, innocently, innocents
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The loss of a child is a loss of innocence, of idealism,” Heisserer adds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Relieved at my innocence, but amused by my stupidity, they laughed for roughly 17 years.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He was convicted of bribery and extortion and served 19 months in prison, but he maintained his innocence and wrote a book about his experience.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 清白; 天真无邪; 无罪的人
分布：无罪(43%)，清白(38%)，天真无邪(10%)，无知(9%)
→来自innocent,无辜的，天真的。
无害;天真(in+noc+ence)[noc,nox=hurt,poison,表示"伤害,毒"]
无罪,天真(in无+noc伤害+ence...无罪)[-ence表名词"性质,状态"]
【记】innocent（adj 清白的；无罪的）in里面，no没有，cent硬币：口袋里没有硬币怎么会是小偷呢？他是无辜的。
【反】guilt（n 罪行；罪过）；culpable（有罪的）－innocent（adj 清白的）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone is not guilty of a crime, or does not have much experience of life and does not know about the bad things that happen in life 无罪；天真；无辜
• She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her. 她辩白自己是无辜的，但没有人相信她。
• He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty). 他被带走时仍在申辩说自己无辜。
• She has a child-like innocence which I find very appealing. 她有一种孩子般的天真，我觉得很吸引人。
n. 清白，无罪；天真无邪
 - clean hands, blamelessness

Word: hydrocarbon
Front: hydrocarbon
[ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑ:bən] (六 13630/13189 -1)
Back: n. <化>碳氢化合物，烃
分布：碳氢化合物(100%)
→hydro-,氢，carbon,碳。引申词义碳氢化合物。
US [-droʊ'kɑ:r-] noun countable
■a chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon, such as in oil or petrol 烃，碳氢化合物
• hydrocarbon emissions 碳氢化合物的排放

Word: inspect
Front: inspect
[ɪnˈspekt] (高研四六托 5031/4286 -3)
Vocabulary: inspect
(once / 149 pages)
v
When you inspect something, you look at it carefully. When you're buying a used car, you should inspect it inside and out, and if you don't know much about what goes on under the hood, you should have a mechanic inspect it, too.
Inspect means literally "to look into," and includes the Latin root that you find in lots of other words related to "look" — spectacle, respect, and spectator for instance. If you work in a restaurant, you may see a health department official come to inspect the operation, to make sure everything is clean and the food is stored and cooked properly and that the restaurant doesn't have any health code violations that might make your diners sick.
WORD FAMILY
inspect: inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspector, inspects+/ inspection: inspections/ inspector: inspectors, inspectorship/inspectorship: inspectorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Medical examiners visually inspected the corpse, which was found dressed in a shirt, sweater and pants.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Once it’s received, the site inspects what you’ve got, and sends you cash—usually in the form of a PayPal transfer or a check.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 检查，检验; 视察
vi. 进行检查; 进行视察
时态：inspected, inspecting, inspects
分布：检查(86%)，视察(14%)
→in-,进入，使，-spect,看，词源同spectator,respect.引申词义检查，巡视。
检查;视察(in内+spect→看进去→视察)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
vt.检查,调查,视察He inspected the car for defects.他详细检查车子有无故障.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially about their quality or condition 检查；审视
• After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage. 撞车后，两辆车的司机都下来检查各自的车有无损坏。
• She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully. 她举起钞票，对着光仔细检查。
 ADVANCED
■to officially visit a place or a group of people in order to check that everything is correct and legal 视察；检阅
• An official from the Department of Health will be inspecting the restaurant this afternoon. 今天下午卫生部的一名官员要来视察这家餐馆。
• The King inspected the troops. 国王检阅了部队。
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
vt. 检查；视察；检阅
 - examine, review, visit

Word: quadruple
Front: quadruple
[kwɒˈdru:pl] (14449/19519 -1)
Vocabulary: quadruple
(once / 3660 pages)
adjvn
When something is made up of four parts, you can describe it using the adjective quadruple, like a young gymnast's quadruple somersault.
A common use of quadruple is in the medical term "quadruple bypass," which is a type of heart surgery that involves all four chambers of the patient's heart. You can also use quadruple to mean "four times as many," as when you order a quadruple-shot latte, with four shots of espresso. The Latin root word quadruplare, "make fourfold," comes from the suffix quadri-, or "four."
WORD FAMILY
quadruple: quadrupled, quadruples, quadruplicate, quadrupling, quadruply+/quadruplicate: quadruplicated, quadruplicates, quadruplicating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Searches for plane tickets from Beijing to southern China, including coastal locations like Hainan province, quadrupled this week, Qi said.
Reuters(Dec 21, 2016)
It is not enough, he says: “What the system needs is a quadruple bypass.”
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
The Lockheed-Martin F-35 fighter jet is the most expensive military hardware program in history and is scheduled to quadruple production during Trump’s administration.
The Guardian(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: adj. 四重的; 四倍的; 由四部份组成的
n. 四倍
vt. & vi. 使乘四或被四乘
时态：quadrupled, quadrupling, quadruples
分布：四倍(62%)，四倍的(23%)，成四倍(10%)，四部分的(5%)
→quadr-,四，-ple,倍数，词源同triple.
US [kwɑːˈdruː-/
■to become four times as big, or to multiply a number or amount by four （使）成为四倍；（使）以四相乘
• The number of students at the college has quadrupled in the last ten years. 在过去十年内，该大学的学生人数增加了三倍。
• We expect to quadruple our profits this year. 今年我们打算把利润增加三倍。
adjective predeterminer UK [ˈkwɒd.rʊp.lֽ] US [kwɑːˈdruː.plֽ]
■four times as big
• a quadruple measure 四倍大小
• We have had quadruple the number of applicants we expected. 申请人数是我们预计的四倍。
■involving four parts, people, places, etc 包括四部分、四人、四个地方等的
• a quadruple fracture of his thumb 他的拇指有四处骨折
adj. [数] 四倍的；四重的
 - fourfold

Word: secession
Front: secession
[sɪˈseʃn] (14688/17439 -1)
Vocabulary: secession
(once / 1981 pages)
1n 2n
The noun secession refers to a big break-up — a formal split, an official “Good-bye to you!” — among political entities. If France has really, truly had it with the European Union, then a French secession movement may be in order.
You could think of secession as a kind of divorce for governments, an official and often lasting split between an alliance, federation, or other political group. Secession is the noun version of the verb secede (meaning to withdraw from an organization), and when a secession takes place the group doing the seceding makes a formal departure from the original group. A famous example of political secession happened right before the American Civil War, when eleven southern states withdrew from the U.S. government over the issue of slavery.
WORD FAMILY
secession: secessionism, secessions+/ secede: seceded, secedes, seceding, secession /secessionism: secessionist/secessionist: secessionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some of them began wondering if there was something to the secession idea after all.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Scotland, which voted heavily to stay in the E.U., looks ready to revisit the secession vote that narrowly failed to pass two years ago.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Spain’s constitution doesn’t permit a referendum or the secession of a region.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 退出，脱离; 分离; [史](1861年美国南方十一州的)脱离联邦
分布：脱离(68%)，分离(32%)
→来自 secede,退出，脱离，-ss,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
N-UNCOUNT
(从国家、大集团的)退出，脱离，分离
The secession of a region or group from the country or larger group to which it belongs is the action of formally becoming separate.
例：...the Ukraine's secession from the Soviet Union.乌克兰之退出苏联
n. 脱离；分离
 - separation, disengagement