图书在版编目（CIP）数据

思维模式与翻译：揭示英语的奥秘/陆国强著．——上海：上海外语教育出版社，2012

ISBN 978-7-5446-2495-4

Ⅰ．①思… Ⅱ．①陆… Ⅲ．①英语-翻译-研究 Ⅳ．①H315.9

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2011）第194211号

前言

本专著以科学发展观为指导，秉承“贵在创新、重在实践”的原则（Creativity is a key to value in academic research whereas the focus is on a combination of theory and practice），企盼在英汉互译学术研究理论和实践上有所发展、有所突破。本书有几大亮点（highlights），其中最具“挑战思维，绽放异彩”的是：概念表达必须在语流中结构化（convert concepts into structures in the stream of speech）。

作者在句法结构研究上注重语义、语用和社会文化在思维模式（models of thought）上的整合，即把概念表达融合成一个有机的统一体（integrate concepts into a united and organic entity）。

The organization of conceptual structures is hardwired into the human brain（概念结构的组织能力是人脑与生俱来所固有的）。这一论断相当于乔姆斯基的语言能力（linguistic competence），本书作者提出了创新理论“概念能力”，这一个理念已在《英汉概念结构对比》一书中得到了充分的陈述。现以一些经典实例加以说明。

概念表达结构化切中了当前英汉互译中的时弊：机械式逐字对应法（mechanical word-for-word correspondence）

我们享受公费医疗。

原译文：We enjoy free medical care.

参考译文：We are entitled to free medical care.

******　******

我们须要在各方面深化改革

原译文：We need to deepen reform in all fields of endeavour.

参考译文：We need to deepen our commitment to (or step up) reform in all fields of endeavour.

******　******

我们必须采用积极措施打击恐怖主义。

原译文：We must take active measures to fight terrorism.

参考译文：We must be proactive in fighting terrorism (or take proactive measures to fight terrorism).

在思维模式的层次上，用概念结构处理语言对比，这在理论和实践上别具一格，独树一帜。

思维模式指的是人脑用概念结构处理语言认知（cognitive processing）的模式。

每种语言都有自己的概念系统，因而每种语言的思维模式都有自己的特征。从方法论上来分析，英语的思维模式特征是关系词凸现结集（connective-prominence nexus），而汉语的思维模式特征是动词凸现结集（verb-prominence nexus）。前者指的是英语概念结构以关系词集中见长。英语中表现关系的词或词组有：介词短语、关系代词、关系副词、连接词、非限定动词（动词不定式、分词、动名词）及其词组（如born of、resulting in等）。动词凸现结集指的是汉语概念结构以动词集中著称。汉语的词形缺乏变化，且介词又相对来说较贫乏，再说也不存在非限定动词；词语在句子中的语法作用主要靠词序来决定，词序的安排主要取决于动词在句子里的分配位置。

根据两种语言的不同思维模式，现提出以下方法来处理两种语言的转换。

1. 利用逆向思维方式（converse thinking），把一种语言转换成另一种语言

进行语言对比时，必须善于变换思维模式，借助逆向思维模式实现两种语言的顺利转换。具体地说，汉译英时在透彻理解语义的基础上要摆脱汉语思维模式的干扰，转到英语思维模式上来；英译汉时在透彻理解语义的基础上，要摆脱英语思维模式的纠缠，转到汉语思维模式上来。

你干那种事真是缺德。

原译文：You really lack morality in doing that.

参考译文：That was very wicked of you.

******　******

原译文是典型的汉语思维模式，而参考译文是典型的英语思维模式。

******　******

She will be remembered as an unrelenting opponent of racial discrimination.

原译文：她将作为一名种族歧视不屈不挠的反抗者纪念。

参考译文：人们会永远怀念这位为反对种族歧视而不屈不挠斗争的战士。

原译文是典型的英语思维模式，而参考译文是典型的汉语思维模式。

2. 利用整体处理法，变换思维模式

与个体处理法（an atomistic approach）相反，整体处理法（a holistic approach）强调整体的重要性以及部分之间的依赖性（Holism stresses the importance of the whole and the interdependence of parts）。这种方法在语言处理时注重从宏观上考虑句法、语义、语用、逻辑和社会文化等五大要素，并从微观上力求形式和意义的统一（match form to meaning），如to walk into这一习语作“不慎陷入或招致”解［to walk into a trap（误入陷阱）］。to walk into a trap是一种静态结构，但在实际语境中，这一表达方式经常与right或just连用，形成一种动态的概念结构：He just (or right) walked into my trap（他恰好中了我的计）。再如，to wallow in money（在钱里打滚；非常富有）这一结构出现在句子中就发展为一种动态的概念结构：They're absolutely wallowing in money（他们真是腰缠万贯）。例证中用了进行时且再加上了absolutely一词，整句显得语言地道，行文流畅。

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读者不妨先试译以下例句，然后再参照用整体处理法把例句译成的英文：

凡需中转的旅客请到机场服务台办理手续。

Would all transfer passengers please report to the airport transfer desk?

******　******

要查询或提意见，请拨打免费电话：1-888-737-7347。

For questions or comments, please call us toll-free at 1-888-737-7347.

上述例证说明，运用整体处理法来探讨英汉对比就是用概念结构来变换思维模式。

3. 激活概念联想机制，实施两种语言对接

在第二语言习得过程中，最大的问题是词语的联想搭配。每种语言都有自己的概念联想机制。善于对两种不同的概念机制进行对比是实施两种语言对接（linguistic docking）的关键。

定货　place an order

给某人处方　give sb. a prescription

开一张支票　draw a check

给某人动手术　perform an operation on sb.

上述词语的联想搭配是一种静态结构，是激活概念联想机制的第一步，但这并不能确保语言使用的正确性。根据英语思维模式的特征（关系词凸现结集），有必要使静态结构发展为动态结构（a dynamic structure），即在线概念结构（an on-line construction）。具体地说，上述静态结构必须放置句中扩展为运行中的结构（a structure in operation），并存储在人脑的概念结构联想机制中。

******　******

我们向该厂定购了三台车床。

We placed an order for three lathes with the factory.

医生给我开了个止痛药方。

The doctor gave me a prescription for pain-killers.

他向纽约一家与他有往来的银行开了一张500美元的支票。

He drew a check for $500 on his New York bank.

她将为他施行肺癌切除手术。

She will perform an operation on him for cancer of the lung.

英语例句中关系词结集十分明显，充分体现了英语概念结构的特征。根据概念理论与概念表现的理论，激活（activate）概念联想机制就是激活概念结构联想机制。

第一章　立论依据

一、概念能力

The basic organization of conceptual structures is hardwired into the human brain（概念结构的基本组合像一根根金属丝串联在人脑中）。

这一论断意指概念结构的基本组合是人脑内在固有的，同时也说明人脑天生就有调控概念结构的能力，而且这种能力是内在的和自动的（innate and automatic）。这种能力也可称作概念能力（conceptual competence），具体地说，就是人脑用概念思维并用概念结构处理语言的能力（the competence to think and process a language in terms of conceptual structures）。

Chomsky的语言能力（linguistic competence）指人脑对语法结构的下意识认识，而概念能力则指人脑对概念结构的认识。［Conceptual competence refers to a person's subconscious knowledge of the rules governing the formation of conceptual structures in his or her first language as distinguished from linguistic competence (a person's subconscious knowledge of the rules governing the formation of syntactic structures in his or her first language). The former also denotes a person's competence to process a language in terms of conceptual structures rather than syntactic structures.］

Chomsky认为，人们头脑中内在语法知识就是语言能力，而我们从认知语义学（cognitive semantics）的视角看问题，认为人们头脑中内在的概念结构知识是概念能力，即元认知能力（mega-cognition）。具体地说，这是用概念结构进行思维的能力，即每个人脑中内在地掌握了本族语的概念结构，从而能正确地解释（interpret）和生成（generate）语言信息。这种概念能力实际上是一种语言感（a sense of language），或者说是一种语言直觉（linguistic intuition）。

现举例说明这种概念能力。

******　******

我们享受公费医疗。

原译文：We enjoy free medical care.

参考译文：We are entitled to free medical care.

******　******

我们需要在各方面深化合作（改革）。

原译文：We need to deepen cooperation (reform) in all fields of endeavour.

参考译文：We need to deepen our commitment to cooperation (reform) in all fields of endeavor.

******　******

我们必须采取积极措施打击恐怖主义。

原译文：We must take active measures to fight terrorism.

参考译文：We must be proactive in fighting terrorism. ［We must take proactive measures to fight terrorism.］

三句原译文反映了第二语言习得者一种典型的常规思维模式，即在用词或结构形式上一味追求词性、词序和词义的机械式对应（mechanical correspondence），这是一种对号入座的思维方式，其致命的缺陷是把第一语言的概念结构强加于第二语言的概念结构上，其结果是语法结构绝对正确，而概念结构在形式和意义上不相匹配，因此这种英语被斥之为中国式英语（Chinglish）。从汉语思维模式来看，这三句原译文是无懈可击的，但从英语的思维模式来分析，在形式和意义上均存在着问题。以英语为母语的人（a native speaker of English）一看就能凭借概念能力（即语言感或语言直觉）作出判断，认为上述译文的概念结构在语义的衔接（semantic cohesion）和概念连贯（conceptual coherence）上均有缺陷，enjoy与free medical care、deepen与reform、active与measures搭配均有缺陷。enjoy与free medical care缺乏语义相容性（semantic compatibility）。enjoy总是与具有“愉快”的语义特征的词语连用，free medical care与enjoy在语义上不相容，导致概念的不连贯。第一句应把enjoy改为are entitled to。第二句在英语概念结构系统中deepen与reform的搭配使用是不成立的，只能说deepen a river，或deepen one's understanding，而不能说deepen cooperation（reform），两者之间必须插入具有语义衔接作用的词语。这个心理空位（mental space）应让our commitment to来填补，即to deepen our commitment to cooperation（reform）。第三句以英语为母语的读者对这一结构不理解，认为概念表达不确切，应将active改为proactive。

上述三句参考译文均出自英美专家笔下或摘自英美报刊或原著，充分证明概念能力是内在的和自动的。实至名归的翻译家均有调控概念能力的高超艺术，使译文语言地道，行文流畅。

******　******

今年（2008）纪念中国改革开放30周年。

原译文：This year (2008) marks the thirtieth anniversary of the reform and opening-up of China.

参考译文1：This year (2008) marks three decades since the opening-up of China through economic reforms.

参考译文2：This year (2008) marks the thirtieth anniversary of the opening-up of China through economic reforms.

原译文在句法结构上无法挑剔，但从概念能力来看未能遵循英语思维模式运行的轨迹，因而语言显得不自然，读上去佶屈聱牙；而参考译文的语言表达方式既自然而又得体。这说明译者驾驭语言的能力已达到了炉火纯青的地步，行文显得酣畅淋漓。

上述概念能力彰显在意义构建（meaning construction）中。

二、概念映射（conceptual mapping）

mapping一词系数学术语，译成汉语为“映射；映像；对应；变换”，其中“映射”和“变换”经常交替使用，意指：设A与B是两个集，如果按照某个对应法则，使A的每一个元素在B中有一个确定元素与它对应，称这个对应法则从A到B中的“映射”或“变换”（英语释义：a rule of correspondence established between sets that associate each element of a set with an element in the same or another set）。

这个术语用conceptual mapping实指两个概念按照对应法实施映射或变换。

There is no vaccine against this form of computer virus.

Vaccine1相当于数学术语——常数（constant），在语言学中称作无记项（unmarked item），指在语言中常用的词语，亦称本义。vaccine一般用来指“牛痘苗；疫苗；菌苗”，如：There is no vaccine against HIV infection（目前尚未有预防艾滋病病毒感染的疫苗）。随着时代的发展，此词经历了语义演变或嬗变（semantic shift），衍生出新义，即Vaccine2，作“预防计算机病毒的疫苗；预防病毒的电脑程序”解，Vaccine1（本义）和Vaccine2（转义）之间存在着对应关系，通过概念接口（against this form of computer virus），使vaccine从Concept1到Concept2中实现了映射。通俗地说，一个词在人脑思维过程中由一种概念变换成另一种概念，即由本义变换成转义或由无记项变成有记项。这个例子说明概念映射只有在对应规则下才能形成。

概念映射是一种概念变换（conceptual change），即人脑在用概念思维过程中按照对应法则从心理空位1（Mental Space1）到心理空位2（Mental Space2）的变换。这是一种无所不在的思维方式，语言的理解和表达取决于概念映射成功与否。概念映射是启动或激活概念形成机制的第一步。

（1）借代式映射（metonymic mapping）

当甲事物同乙事物不相类似但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这种方式叫借代（metonymy），如以Washington指称美国，以the sword指称军事力量（military power）。借代式映射指以乙事物的名称取代甲事物的必要条件是两个概念之间存在着借代式对应关系，如the sword （Concept1）原指“剑”，转指“军事力量”。

I've come to you bringing (or holding out) an olive branch. I think we ought to stop quarrelling.（我是来与你讲和的，我觉得我们应该停止争吵。）

句中an olive branch原指“橄榄枝”，现指“和平的象征”，Concept1与Concept2构成借代式映射关系，由乙事物的名称取代甲事物。

The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in 1968.

句中Czechoslovakia一词原指国名，现用来指称1968年捷克斯洛伐克事件，“国名”和“事件”这两个概念之间存在借代式映射关系（用“国名”指称“事件”），即从A到B中的映射或变换。

（2）隐喻式映射（metaphorical mapping）

隐喻是一种比喻，用一种事物暗喻另一种事物，其主要特点是比喻的本体和喻体之间不用like或as这一类词作为媒介，如：Life is a short summer（人生苦短，犹如夏天，稍纵即逝）。隐喻式映射是一种最常用的概念变换思维模式。

They are allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives.

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U.S. influence and prestige nosedived in Africa.

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They came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.

第一句中leapfrog原义为“蛙跳”，这里作“跃过”解。第二句中nosedive原指“垂直俯冲”，这里转义为“骤然下降”，相当于汉语习语“一落千丈”或“江河日下”。第三句中的prune原指修剪树枝，这里引申为“紧缩”。

（3）类比映射（analogical mapping）

类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近义词。类比映射通过一个词的某个成分与另一个词的某个成分相对应的关系实现概念转换，如telethon（马拉松式电视广播节目）、talkthon（马拉松式谈话或座谈节目）均与marathon类比而成。再如由black list（黑名单）衍化出white list（白名单，指准予上演的短剧的名单）和gray list（灰名单，指明文查禁但仍不属不合法的人或物）。

三、概念整合（conceptual integration）

类比映射旨在解释（interpret）或解码语言信息，这是生成（generate）语言信息的前提（conceptual integration presupposes conceptual mapping）。表述简化一些，这一论断意指只有在语流中（in the stream of speech）透彻理解并确切界定语义基础上才能实施概念整合。

概念整合强调整体的重要性和各个成分之间的依赖性，并把各个元素组合或融合成有机的统一体（to organize or blend all the elements into an organic，united whole），以便语言应用达到形式和意义的完美结合。这是人脑用概念结构思维并用概念结构处理语言的过程。

概念整合可以用下列流程图加以说明：

He was playing Mozart.

This film is vintage Chaplin.

人脑用概念思维的第一步是找出和弄清两个概念之间的映射（vintage与Chaplin连用时体现了两种概念之间的对应关系）。如果不理解vintage Chaplin这一概念结构，整句的意思就无法确定。人脑用概念思维的第二步是概念整合。概念整合就是把图中五大结构模式融合为一个有机的整体，并对存储在脑中的各种图式结构（schemata）加以整合。在弄清了概念映射关系的基础上（vintage Chaplin=representing the best work of Chaplin），需要从句子整体上理顺vintage Chaplin与其他词语之间的关系（如this film，is）。Chaplin是影坛上赫赫有名的幽默大师，与vintage连用十分贴切。再有主语是this film，谓语是is，经概念整合就形成了层创结构（an emergent conceptual structure）。概念整合用于语言的生成和解释（generation and interpretation），是一种动态的递归式整合（a type of dynamic，recursive integration）。具体地说，人脑从认知角度处理语言（cognitive processing）时，总是在实际语言环境中能动地、递归地调节（regulate）、补充（replenish）和更新（update）存储着的知识结构。

The way of defusing the middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy was vintage Kissinger.

句中vintage Kissinger在结构上与vintage Chaplin相同，但意义却不同，这时就得启动概念机制，调整和更新原有的图式结构（vintage Chaplin），并从整体上结合句中其他成分（the way of defusing the Middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy）进行分析和推论，并对语言知识结构和背景知识结构作递归式整合。Kissinger是以穿梭外交而著称的美国外交家，他采用的方法独树一帜，如defusing the Middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy交代了时代背景；从语言知识结构来分析，vintage Kissinger可用英语解释为typical（or characteristic）of Kissinger，意指“（这种处理危机的方法）纯属基辛格独创”，再结合句中其他成分（the way of ... was）构建意义并经逻辑推理，谋求形式和意义的统一，整句可意译成英语：It is typical of Kissinger to defuse the Middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy。这一例句也可以通过概念整合转换成汉语：通过穿梭外交化解中东危机乃是典型的基辛格外交方式。

综上所述，从两种语言的思维模式转换的视角，概念能力是促使两种语言的概念结构系统启动和运行的原动力（prime mover）和催化剂（catalyst）。

第二章　思维模式

思维模式（models of thought）指用概念思维并用概念结构处理语言的模式（models or constructs for thinking in concepts and processing a language in terms of conceptual structures）。以概念结构为切入点进行思维的模式实指认知思维模式（cognitive models of thought）。每种语言都有自己独特的思维模式，两种语言的互译实际上是两种语言的思维模式转换。

一、思维模式的组合

思维模式系由句法模式（syntactic models）、语义模式（semantic models）、语用模式（pragmatic models）、逻辑模式（logical models）和社会文化模式（sociocultural models）等五大元素融合而成。思维模式的组合可以概括成两大类：一类是语言和思维的融合；另一类是语言和文化的融合。

1. 语言和思维的融合

从思维模式的视角来看，这种融合指语言和逻辑思维的结合，两种语言的转换实际上是逻辑思维结构上的转换。现举例加以说明如下：

英→汉

Her eyes lit up with joy.

原译文：她的眼睛因喜悦而目光炯炯。

参考译文：她因喜悦而目光炯炯。

His eyes shone with excitement.

原译文：他的眼睛激动得闪光。

参考译文：他激动得两眼闪光。

******　******

中→英

他爱好用黏土制作模型。

原译文：His hobby is to model in clay.

参考译文：He models in clay as a hobby.

上述参考译文均在英汉思维模式转换上比原译文高出一筹，显得自然而又传神。

2. 语言和文化的融合

从思维模式的视角来看，这种融合指语言和文化的结合。这一结构聚焦于用语言传递社会文化信息，是在高层次思维模式上实施两种语言的转换。

This piece of music is vintage Brahms.

这首曲子是勃拉姆斯的代表作。

The way of defusing the Middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy was vintage Kissinger.

通过穿梭外交化解中东危机是典型的基辛格外交方式。

上述vintage Brahms和vintage Kissinger这两种结构中vintage一词，原为名词，作“收获季节采得的葡萄所酿制的酒”解。随着语义的嬗变（semantic shift），此词转化为形容词，衍生出新义，作“经典的；优秀的；第一流的；别出心裁的；独创的”解。vintage Brahms=representing the best work of Brahms; vintage Kissinger=(it is) typical of Kissinger to defuse the Middle East crisis through shuttle diplomacy。

语言文化融合在结构上的研究有助于促进国与国之间的沟通和互动（communication and interaction）。

二、思维模式的启动和运行

思维模式的启动和运行主要倚重于概念结构系统（a system of conceptual structures）在实际语言文化环境中的变换或转换。在英汉互译过程中，存储在脑中概念结构系统越完整，检索出来的译文质量就越高。现举例说明如下：

汉→英

他记忆力强（差）。

He has a good (bad) memory.

******　******

你逃出来真是万幸。

You had a very lucky escape.

******　******

他玩牌一向手气很好。

He's always lucky at cards.

******　******

她的黑色长发披散在肩上。

Her long, black hair was loose about her shoulder.

******　******

她尽管经验最少，但教得最好。

She's the best teacher though she has the least experience.

******　******

价格若有变动，不再另行通知。

Prices are subject to variation without notice.

英→汉

A shorter working hour had been proposed to mollify the effects of the new working arrangement.

现在又有人提出缩短一周的工作时间，来减少新的工作安排的负面影响。

******　******

Look through your examination paper for any small mistakes before you hand it in.

你交试卷前要仔细检查一下，不要放过任何细小的错误。

******　******

The garden is sweet with the scent of thyme.

花园里散发着麝香草的芳香。

******　******

The floor was tacky with fresh wax.

地板上刚上过蜡，有点黏脚。

******　******

Her question was serious enough to deserve a thoughtful response.

她是一本正经提出问题的，回答时应该深思熟虑。

******　******

She made herself unpopular by being pushy.

她好逞强，爱出风头，所以人缘不好。

综上所述，概念结构系统在实际语言环境中运行的精髓是：突破了英汉互译过程中普遍存在的机械式的逐字对应译法（mechanical word-for-word correspondence）的框架，而在结构上实施逆向思维（reverse thinking），即英译汉时在彻底理解的基础上把英语思维模式脱胎换骨地转换成汉语思维模式，而汉译英时在彻底理解基础上剥去源语的语言外壳（deverbalize the source language），改换成英语思维模式。

三、概念结构

概括地说，概念结构由语言知识结构和非语言知识结构组成。具体地说，是语言知识图式结构（the formal schemata）、逻辑知识图式结构（the logical schemata）和社会文化图式结构（the sociocultural schemata）合成。语言知识结构和非语言知识结构的图式化（schematize）指知识结构的系统化。每种语言都有自己独特的图式化的概念结构系统（a system of conceptual structures）。英汉互译成功的关键是实现两种概念结构系统的顺利转换。

认知语言学家对概念结构下的定义是在线结构（an on-line construction）。本书的作者把在线结构引申为“在线、实时结构”（an on-line, real-time structure），并认为概念结构有三大特性（动态性；在线性；实时性），而且在思维模式运行时呈现递归性（recursiveness）。简而言之，概念结构是一种运行中的递归式图式结构（the recursive schemata in operation）。

现举例说明如下：

英→汉

After he failed to win first prize, he came a good second (or was a strong second).

他虽屈居亚军，但所取得成绩与冠军几乎不相上下。

******　******

A society that is highly stratified has clear divisions between different social groups.

在一个阶层高度分化的社会，不同社会阶层壁垒分明。

******　******

The temperature outside was in the 40's, and people entered the refuge of air-conditioned rooms with sighs of relief.

室外气温高达40多度，人们忙不迭地逃进有空调的房间才松了一口气。

******　******

In (or As) an unexpected sequel to the leaders' meeting, new trade agreements between the two countries have been announced.

两国领导人的会晤取得了意料之外的成果，双方宣布签订了新的贸易协定。

******　******

They did not dare to challenge the sacred cow of parliamentary democracy.

他们把议会民主奉为神明，不敢提出质疑。

汉→英

在比赛的最后关头，他与金牌失之交臂。

The gold medal slipped from his grasp in the last moments of the race.

******　******

他只名列第六，那当然意味着与决赛无缘。

He finished only sixth — that surely means goodbye to a place in the final.

本公司采取的措施果断而有力，从不敷衍失职。

There are no half measures with this company.

******　******

她设法见缝插针，把修修补补安排在带孩子上学和上班之间这一段时间里。

She managed to sandwich the repairs in between taking the kids to school and starting work.

******　******

起初她觉得这工作很难，但现在已驾轻就熟了。

She found the job difficult at first, but she's really getting into her stride.

******　******

有些人觉得很难适应退休生活，但他却能安之若素。

Some people find retiring difficult, but he has taken it in his stride.

综上所述，概念结构的精髓在于在线性、实时性和递归性的组合（The quintessence of a conceptual structure consists in a combination of on-lineness, real-timeness and recursiveness）。这一论断的真谛是：概念表达需要在真实的语言环境中结构化，并灵活机动地调节好概念结构中词语之间的关系。此外，汉语或英语用词精当起到了画龙点睛之作用。

第三章　思维模式的特征

思维模式的特征指思维模式倚重概念结构系统运行时呈现的特征。每种语言都有自己独特的概念结构系统，且按照一定的规律运转，实施两种语言在概念衔接和概念连贯上的对接（docking）和转换（conversion）是英汉互译的关键。现分别陈述一下英汉两种语言思维模式最显著的特征。

一、英语思维模式的特征

一般来说，英语思维模式运行的特征是侧重于常规的说法：形合（hypotaxis），即语义的合成主要通过外显形标记（如who、when、gerund、infinitive、participle等）连接词来实现。从认知语义学的视角来分析，英语连句的语义合成是通过网络节点（network nodes），把概念结构的成分用节点串联成一个有机的统一整体。现用下列流程图加以说明。

这张图表明：用节点把以关系词凸现结集为特征的概念结构串联起来，最终形成层创结构，这就是英语思维模式造句规律。

从认知语义学的视角来分析，用网络节点合成概念结构就是关系词凸现结集（connective-prominent nexus），其特征是语义合成主要通过关系词这个外显形的标记来实现。也可以说，这是以形合（hypotaxis）为主的思维模式。英汉互译时，两种语言的思维模式必须经过反复的转换后实现，才能确保行文酣畅淋漓。

英→汉（由关系词凸现结集转化为动词凸现结集）

She did not remember his father who died when she was three.

她三岁死了父亲，记不起他了。

******　******

The isolation of the rural world because of distance and lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information.

由于距离远且交通工具缺乏，农村社会与世隔绝，这种隔绝又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

******　******

I was on my way home from tramping about the streets, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the Mathews Gallery.

我挟着画稿在街上兜了一圈，回家的路上无意中发现自己逛到马太画廊的门口。

******　******

Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depression at coming to Prague.

汉→英（由动词凸现结集转化为关系词凸现结集）

他五岁的时候生了一场伤寒病变成了聋子。

He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.

综合所述，英语思维模式的特征可以归纳为三大点。

1. 关系词凸现结集（to bring into focus connective-prominent nexus）

汉→英

小汽车迂回盘旋，穿过村庄爬越峡谷，沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。

The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.

******　******

约翰被他老子逼急了，也就顾不得老婆的叮嘱，说出了事情真相。

Hard pressed by his father, John told the truth in spite of his wife's warning.

从以上的例证中可以看出，英语中以关系词为中心的概念结构与汉语中以动词为中心的概念结构形成鲜明反差。

2. 不按时间顺序或逻辑顺序搭建概念结构

Engels spoke with the authority and confidence, born of forty years' closest friendship and intellectual intimacy, during which he had grasped, as no other man had, the full significance of Marx's teachings.

由于四十年最亲密的友谊和思想契合①，恩格斯对马克思学说的意义比任何人都了解得彻底。他就是以这四十年所给他的资格和②信心说了这些话的。

******　******

有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求能得到帮助。

There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who travelled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bing. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang's help.

3. 严格遵循英语思维模式的运行规律

严格遵循英语思维模式的运行规律，不受汉语词语在结构配置上的制约，突破词性、词义和词序整合而成的框架，并力求语言精练，言简意赅，用词精当，文字得体。

汉→英

就是那边那个人——我敢拿脑袋打赌。

That's him over there — I'd stake my life on it.

******　******

他是在装疯卖傻。

He was just acting crazy.

这一特征可以细分为三点：

①语义解码（meaning decoding）

只有在确切地把握住句子结构的意义上，才能生成正确的概念结构。

汉→英

赢得奥运代表队的资格

他已赢得奥运代表队的资格。

He has won a place in the Olympic team.

******　******

借题发挥（a critical comment made about somebody or something; a sideswipe）

他的讲话不错，可他还是忍不住借题发挥攻击了对手。

It was a good speech, but he couldn't resist taking a sideswipe at his rival.

******　******

生不逢时（used to say that one fails to live, work, etc. in an easy and natural way with the society）

有时我觉得很寂寞，好像生不逢时。

There were times when I was lonely and felt like I didn't fit in.

******　******

主动请缨（to offer to do something without expecting any reward; volunteer to do sth.）

他们决定主动请缨参军。

They decided to join the army on their own initiative.

他们主动请缨参加救援队伍。

They volunteered their services to the rescue workers.

******　******

泰然处之（to not allow sth. to annoy, embarrass, or upset you; take sth. in stride）

他对我的批评泰然处之。

He took my criticism in stride.

②语义表达

语义表达主要指思维模式在句子结构上不受汉语词语的制约，摆脱汉语思维模式的干扰，并力求表达方式生动形象。

汉→英

脚踩两条船（to be involved in or connected with two different or opposing groups; have (or keep) a foot in both camps）

要在这笔交易中确保自己得到好处，唯一的办法就是脚踩两条船。

The only way to make sure of one's own gain in the deal is to have a foot in both camps.

******　******

豪言壮语（brave words, often ones that are meant to seem impressive to other people; heroics）

记住，说起话来，别那么豪言壮语，只要到那儿去干我们的活就行了。

Remember, no heroics, we just go there and do our job.

******　******

无名英雄（used to say that a person is not praised or famous but deserves to be so; an unsung hero）

美国总统奥巴马感谢教师甘当无名英雄。

President Obama thanked teachers for being unsung heroes.

******　******

打乱阵脚［to make someone unable to do sth. effectively by not allowing him or her to give his or her attention to it; knock (or throw, keep) sb. off stride］

为了打乱民主党的阵脚，总统提出了几个限制政府补贴的建议。

In an attempt to knock the Democrats off stride, the President offered several proposals to limit government subsidies.

③语义联想（semantic association）

语义联想指概念结构的联想，细分为同义（或近义）联想、反义联想和相关联想。

A. 同义（或近义）联想

a. He praised him for his courage.

We commended the chef on the excellent meal.

b. It is your responsibility as well as ours.

It is as much our responsibility as yours.

It is both our responsibility and yours.

B. 反义联想

a. His illness disabled him from pursuing his studies.

His recovery enabled him to pursue his studies.

******　******

b. It seemed that even doing his own laundry was beneath his dignity.

It's difficult to stand on (or preserve) your dignity when you have no job and no house.

C. 关联结构联想

Three builders put in (or submitted, made) tenders for our new garage. （三家建筑公司投标承建我们的新车库。）

Firms were invited to tender for the construction of the new motorway.（各家公司应邀投标承建高速公路。）

Our company has won the tender for the new sports complex.（本公司中标承建新体育中心。）

（详见第四章激活概念结构联想机制）

综上所述，可用厚积薄发加以概括。人脑中储存的概念结构越多，汉译英的质量越高。关键之关键是手勤口勤，反复实践，不断丰富和充实思维模式。

英语思维模式的特征最终可归结为语义解码（semantic decoding）和语义编码（semantic encoding），即先把概念解码成动态的、递归式概念结构（to decode concepts into dynamic and recursive conceptual structures），再给概念编码成动态的、递归式结构动态的、递归式概念结构（to encode concepts into dynamic and recursive structures）。简而言之，就是语义编码倚重于语义解码，语言的清晰依赖思维的清晰（The clarity of language depends on the clarity of thought）。

二、汉语思维模式的特征

汉语思维模式造句的特征是动词凸现结集（verb-prominent nexus）。具体地说，即侧重于意合（parataxis）。从认知语义学角度来分析，汉语造句的规律是语义合成主要通过无显形标记的动词（词组）来实现。

汉语思维模式的特征可以归纳为三大点。

1. 动词凸现结集

从目标语（英语）的思维模式中解脱出来，构建源语（汉语）的框架，促使思维模式的转换聚焦于动词凸现结集（to bring into focus connective-prominent nexus）。

英→汉

Secret information allowed the police to be ready and waiting when robbers came out of the bank.

原译文：秘密情报使得警察可以等待，候着抢劫犯从银行出来。

参考译文：根据情报警方早有准备，严阵以待，等着银行抢劫犯出来一举擒获。

******　******

Jim had such a high opinion of his own abilities that he hardly blinked at the idea of winning first prize.

原译文：吉姆认为自己很有能力，所以赢得头奖眼睛没有眨一眨。

参考译文：吉姆自视颇高，甚至认为赢得一等奖不在话下。

以下例证省略原译文，直接提供参考译文。

******　******

She's the best teacher though she has the least experience.

她尽管经验最少，但教得很好。

******　******

Her long, black hair was loose about her shoulders.

她的黑色长发披散在肩上。

******　******

She gazed ruefully in the mirror for her graying.

她凝视着镜中自己日渐花白的头发，不由得感慨万千。

******　******

He is a real little tin god.

他真是小人得势。

******　******

The Pearl Tower offers a wonderful panorama of Shanghai.

从明珠塔俯瞰，上海壮丽的景色尽收眼底。

******　******

The heavy rain had turned the pitch into a quagmire.

大雨滂沱，球场变得一片泥泞。

2. 搭建概念结构

按时间顺序或逻辑顺序搭建概念结构，而以逆向思维的模式实施英译汉在结构上的转换。

She made herself unpopular by being pushy.

她好逞强，爱出风头，所以人缘不好。

******　******

His face was lined with age.

他因年老而脸上布满皱纹。

******　******

It was cruel the way he mocked her hopes of marriage and happiness.

他嘲笑她对婚姻和幸福抱有不切实际的幻想，这实在太不近人情了。

******　******

The isolation of the rural world because of distance and lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

由于距离远且交通工具缺乏，农村社会与世隔绝，这种隔绝又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

上述例证表明，汉语语义表达方式在时间顺序或逻辑顺序上与英语语义表达方式形成鲜明的反差。

3. 遵循汉语思维模式运行规律

遵循这一规律时应不受英语词语在结构配置上的制约，充分发挥汉语思维模式动词凸现结集的作用，不断地在结构上加以调整，并力求语言精练，言简意赅，用字精当而又得体。

英→汉

For Karpov, who committed a horrible blunder in a good position before the end of the first session of play, the game was a tragedy. A careless 35th move led to his giving up his rook for a bishop, the kind of “own goal” which would make even a casual club player hang his head in anguish.

这场比赛对卡波夫来说是一个悲剧，因为他在第一轮比赛快结束处于有利地位时犯了一个严重错误。一时疏忽走错的第三十五步逼得他丢车保象，这是咎由自取的败着，犹如足球比赛中踢出了一个“乌龙球”，即使一位漫不经心的俱乐部棋手看了也会痛惜不已。

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Henry Alfred is an extravaganza — all by himself. At fifty-one, after only five years in Washington, this energetic balancer of power has emerged from the relative obscurity of a Harvard professorship to become the most celebrated and controversial diploma of our time. He has come to be recognized as the very portrait of American diplomacy, the way George Washington is identified with the dollar bill.

亨利·艾尔弗雷德·基辛格是一个怪杰——一个自己一手打出天下的怪杰。这位精力充沛的纵横捭阖的专家今年刚51岁，在华盛顿才五年，却已从一个不甚著名的哈佛大学教授一跃而成为我们这个时代最负盛名也易最招物议的外交家。他是美国外交的标记，犹如乔治·华盛顿头像之为一美元钞票的标记一样。

结构调整：

has emerged from the relative obscurity of a Harvard professorship ...

从一个不甚著名的哈佛大学教授一跃而成为……

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He has come to be recognized as the very Portrait of American diplomacy, the way George Washington is identified with the dollar bill.

他是美国外交的标记，犹如乔治·华盛顿头像之为一美元钞票的标记。

用词精当：

Henry Kissinger is an extravaganza — all by himself.

亨利·艾尔弗雷德·基辛格是一个怪杰——一个自己一手打天下的怪杰。

******　******

this energetic balancer of power ...

这位精力充沛的纵横阖合的专家……

第四章　英汉思维模式互动转换

英汉思维模式互动转换指思维模式上两种语言的互动转换（interactive conversion of one language to another in terms of models of thoughts）。每种语言都有独特的概念结构系统，且自成一体（self-contained），本章主要探讨两种语言互译时概念结构系统的运行规律，并以充分的概念结构数据加以论证，最终以揭示翻译奥秘（to unlock the secrets of translation）为目标。

一、概念表达结构化

概念表达指在语流（the stream of speech）中需要结构化。具体地说，就是要把概念转变为结构。第二外语习得者的通病是记住一个个单词而不知道如何把概念表达出来，结果是事倍功半或形成认知障碍。英汉互译时的关键是在思维模式上下工夫，摆脱源语概念结构的束缚，转到目标语的概念结构上来。

1. 经典例证

stepping stone n. something that helps you to progress toward achieving something, esp. in your work 敲门砖；进身之阶；垫脚石

那是涉足更赚钱行业的敲门砖。

It was a stepping stone to a more lucrative career.

布朗利用这个政府职位作为达到其他政治目的的敲门砖（或阶梯）。

Brown used the government position as a stepping stone to other political goals.

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course n. the direction in which someone or something moves（移动的）方向

为了避开暴风雨，飞机不得不改变航向。

The plane had to change course to avoid the storm.

为了使独木舟保持正确的航向，我们不得不拼命划桨。

We had to paddle hard to keep the canoes on course.

那条小船莫名其妙地偏离航向150多英里。

The boat had somehow gotten more than 150 miles off course.

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court n. a building or room where all the information concerning a crime is given so that it can be judged 法庭

在获释后的几周内，这个女孩又因非法侵入而重上法庭。

Within weeks of being released, the girl was back in court for trespassing.

我的房东威胁要把我告上法庭。

My landlord is threatening to take me to court.

我们的经理不想把这件事闹上法庭。

Our manager doesn't want this thing to go to court.

约翰的案子庭外解决了。

John's case was settled out of court.

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kick against the pricks to hurt oneself by persisting in useless resistance or protest 螳臂挡车；以卵击石

你再上诉，只能是螳臂挡车。

In appealing the case again, you will just be kicking against the pricks.

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swallow one's pride (to do something even though one would usually feel ashamed to do it) 忍气吞声，放下面子

游手好闲的布罗斯·弗里曼，今年十九岁……曾声称干粗活有失尊严，可最终还是放下面子去当帮厨了。

Layabout Bruce Freeman, the 19-year-old ... who said labouring was beneath his dignity, finally swallowed his pride and got a job as a kitchen porter.

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hold (or take) captive

to take or keep (sb.) as a prisoner 俘虏；关押

这些男子被关押在一座废弃的车库里长达3天。

The men were held captive in an abandoned garage for three days.

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hold (or take) prisoner

to take sb. by force and keep sb. somewhere, for example during a war: 拘押；俘虏。

乔治参加了第二次世界大战，并被德军俘虏。

George fought in World War Ⅱ was held prisoner by the Germans.

上述例证中的划线部分均表示一般的思维模式的运行，说明人脑是如何以概念结构进行思维，即用英语进行思维（think in terms of English）。

以下例证中的划线部分表示英语中的独特思维模式的运行。

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航天英雄返回地面后在北京受到热烈欢迎。

The heroic astronauts returned to a rousing welcome in Beijing.

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上证指数攀升到3600点，涨幅为76点或0.7％。

The Shanghai composite index climbed 76 points, or 0.7%, to 3600.

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根据媒体的评述，世界上最大的经济实体在金融危机之后趋向稳定，为此股票上涨。

Stocks rose on comments that the world's largest economy is stabilizing after the financial crisis.

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韩国证券指数星期五收盘时上涨了1591.41，涨幅为1.71％。

The Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) finished up 1.71% at 1591.41 points on Friday.

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这场比赛本该是他赢的——真是功亏一篑。

He should have won the match — it was a near miss.

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他是在装疯卖傻。

He was just acting crazy.

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到医院时，他的心率搏动已恢复正常。

His heart rate was back to normal by the time he reached the hospital.

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他在演讲比赛中获得第二名。

He finished second in the speech contest.

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甚至连联邦调查局都没找到逃犯。

Even the FBI has come up empty (or empty-handed) in its search for the escaped criminal.

2. 触类旁通

世界上物以稀为贵。

Rarity is a key to value in the world.

贵在创新，重在理论联系实践。

Creativity is the key to (the) value whereas the focus is on a combination of theory and practice.

成功的关键是创新。

The key to success is innovation.

提高技能是掌握英语的关键。

Developing skills is the key to mastery of English.

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掌握了学习英语的技巧就能事半功倍。

Getting the trick of learning English is half the battle.

掌握了这个本领就能事半功倍。

Getting the knack is half the battle.

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你最期待的事往往姗姗来迟。

What is most expected is always slow in coming.

你最不期待的事往往不请自来。

What is least expected is always uncalled for (or uninvited).

机遇总是在你最不经意间来临。

An opportunity usually presents itself when it is least expected.

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人生总是备尝艰辛（或酸楚）和欢乐。

Life is always found to be both a bed of thorns and a bed of roses.

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一生中不可能事事称心如意。

It is impossible that everything's coming up roses in one's life.

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不可否认一些美国工人将因自由贸易而蒙受损失。

There's no denying that some U.S. workers will suffer from free trade.

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夕阳无限好。

There is nothing like the glow of the sunset.

最佳的治疗莫过于心理和情绪调节。

There is nothing like emotive and psychological adjustment in medical treatment.

上述几种概念结构均以实词（substantive）为中心，其他搭配词语均受实词制约。现以虚词为核心的概念结构（expletive-based conceptual structure）加以说明。

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if anything　要说有什么区别的话；甚至正相反；甚至还不如说（表示说话时在意义上的一种转折：

肯定这不是进步；正相反，我们比以前退步了。

It certainly wasn't an improvement. We were, if anything, worse off than before.

我看还不如说他更像他的父亲。

I'd say he was more like his father, if anything.

他不瘦，甚至可以说发胖了。

He's not thin — if anything, he's rather on the plump side.

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for that matter　而且；也；就此而言（用于补充或语气递进的陈述）

一则我不知道，二则我也并不在意。

I don't know, and for that matter, I don't care.

他冷得直打哆嗦，我也是。

He's shaking with cold. So am I, for that matter.

这篇课文学生难以理解，就是教师也应付不了。

The text is difficult for the students or the teachers, for that matter.

二、激活概念结构联想机制

联想（association）的认知机制的重要组成部分，也是认知处理（cognitive processing）中不可或缺的环节。

语义联想局限于词项与词项之间的联想，这是一种低层次联想。只有把这种联想扩展为概念结构联想（高层次联想）才能激活概念机制。人脑在用概念思维过程中总是以概念结构来处理形式和意义的匹配问题。如blame和reprimand作为同义词或近义词储存在脑中成为一种静态（static）同义结构。这种结构无法被用来对语言信息进行认知处理（cognitive processing）。当然，这种低层次联想也是不可或缺的，是概念结构联想的前提。把低层次联想转化为高层次联想的最佳选择（optimum selection）是概念结构化（conceptual structuralization），即用结构形式表达概念。现以blame（指责）和reprimand（申斥）两词为例来展示概念结构的运作。

The husband reprimanded his wife for the failure of their marriage.

The husband blamed the failure of their marriage on his wife.

上述例证中划线部分均为动态的递归式结构（a dynamic, recursive structure）。这种在线结构（an on-line construction）需要反复操练才能扎根于人脑并储存在人脑概念结构数据库中。

1. 同义概念结构联想

I'll try to persuade him to accept my way of thinking.

I'll try to bring him round to my way of thinking.

我会设法说服他接受我的看法。

（1）两个词（或词组）同义或近义，结构形式有相同之处，也有不同之处。

We praised him for his courage.

Critics praised the work as highly original.

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We commended the chef on the excellent meal.

He was highly commended for his organizational skills.

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The husband reprimanded his wife for not conducting herself properly.

The military court ordered him to be reprimanded for failing his duty.

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The writer accused the critic of failing to do justice to his maiden work.

At the meeting he charged his opponent with evasion of the basic issues.

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The teacher rebuked the student for being impudent.

He reproached me with (or for) extravagance.

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They made a decision to abandon the project. (formal)

They decided to walk out on the project.

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Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. (written)

They have to pay fines for overdue books.

（2）一个词的分布位置不同，出现在不同的语言环境中可能形成同义结构。例如：

It is a wonder that he did not lose his way in the dark.

For a wonder he did not lose his way in the dark.

We wonder that he did not lose his way is the dark.

以上三种结构都表示同一概念，但表达方式不同，第一句用了外位结构（extrapositive structure）；第二句用了状语结构；第三句用了动词+宾语从句结构。

（3）一个词在句中的功能变换也形成同义结构。例如：

He analysed his arguments ingeniously.（状语）

He analysed his arguments in an ingenious manner. （定语）

He was ingenious in analysing his arguments. （表语）

（4）Geoffrey Leech和Jan Svartvik在A Communicative Grammar of English中从语体角度比较同义结构：

When his father died, Pete had to get another job.

After his father's death, Pete had to change his job.

On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek an alternative job.

第一句中When his dad died是一个时间状语从句，与After his father's death这一词组构成同义结构，后者又与另一个词组on the decease of his father构成同义结构，两者不同之点在于一个用了after，另一个用了on。从语体色彩来分析，第一种结构比较随便，用于非正式场合；第二种结构比较拘谨，只限于正式场合。

善于用概念结构思维，将同义结构存储在脑中，并加以整理归纳，必然使语言表现力精彩纷呈，如：It is not only our responsibility, but also yours.这一句可有以下几种同义结构：

It is your responsibility as well as ours.

It is as much our responsibility as yours.

It is both our responsibility and yours.

英语中表示这种并列关系的同义结构比较多，试比较以下两组句子：

Learning to use new words is both interesting and valuable.

Learning to use new words is at once interesting and valuable.

Learning to use new words is as interesting as it is valuable.

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The foot of a man bears the same relation to his body as does the base of a mountain to the whole mountain.

Just as the foot of a man is part of his body, so the base of a mountain is to the whole mountain.

The foot of a man is to his body what the base of a mountain is to the whole mountain.

汉语中常用“与其……不如……”这一种结构，英语中也有以下两种相应的同义结构：

He is more of a participant than a spectator.

He is not so much a spectator as a participant.

2. 反义概念结构联想

英语中有句话：Everything is known and better understood by its contrary. 这句话也适用于英语学习和研究。有的词很难记，不易掌握。例如refractory一词比较生僻，如记住其反义词docile或tame，使之与refractory发生联想，便不难记住。再如，evanescent一词可与long进行反义联想，并通过句子Art is long and time is evanescent来记，这样便能留下深刻印象。这种词与词之间的反义联想与同义联想一样有助于扩大词汇量，但未能确保语言使用精确性，因此有必要从词的反义联想发展为反义结构的联想。

反义结构与同义结构不同，结构方式有异同之处，但表达的意义却相反。这种结构的联想与搭配有密切关系。下文分两点来讨论这个问题。

（1）结构方式相同，表达的意义相反

easy和difficult与of连用，形成反义结构：

He is easy of access.

He is difficult of access.

confident和diffident与of连用，形成反义结构：

He is confident of success.

He is diffident of success.

earn和cost后面均可跟双宾语，形成反义结构：

His honesty earned him respect and admiration.

His lack of courage cost him the benefits of spiritual and financial backing from his colleagues.

long和short与on连用，构成反义结构：

He is long on ambition but short on will.

quick和slow与of、at、in等介词或动词不定式连用，构成反义结构：

He is quick of apprehension.

He is slow of apprehension.

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He is quick at arithmetic.

He is slow at arithmetic.

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He is quick in action.

He is slow in action.

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He is quick to learn new things.

He is slow to learn new things.

wise和silly用于外位结构形成反义结构：

It was wise of you to give up smoking.

It was silly of you to make a mistake.

（2）结构方式不同，表达的意义相反

dissent from; assent to:

He dissented from the decision.

He assented to the decision.

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disable ... from ...; enable ... to do ...:

His illness disabled him from pursuing his study.

His recovery enabled him to pursue his study.

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discourage ... from ...; encourage ... to do ...:

He discouraged me from making the experiment.

He encouraged me to make the experiment.

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charge ... with ...; acquit ... of ...:

They charged him with forgery.

They acquitted him of forgery.

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put off ... until ...; bring forward to ...:

They have decided to put off the meeting until Thursday.

They have decided to bring the meeting forward to Tuesday.

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live up to ...; fall short of ...:

The elected lived up to the electors' expectations.

The elected fell short of the electors' expectations.

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compatible with ...; alien to ...:

What is compatible with capitalism is alien to socialism.

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keen on; averse to:

He is keen on oil painting.

He is averse to oil painting.

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dependent on; independent of:

The clarity of language is dependent on the clarity of thought.

An objective law is independent of man's will.

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different from; identical with:

Your approach to the problem is different from mine.

Your views are identical with his.

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upside-down; the right way up:

Had he hung the picture upside-down or had he hung it the right way up?

三、关联概念结构联想

关联概念结构联想以一个概念为轴心展开联想，由轴心辐射出的结构形成关联概念结构的网络（a network of relevance-driven conceptual structures）。

如以专利（patent）这一概念结构为轴心展开联想，有可能激活联想机制，引出一连串关联概念结构。

They have taken out a patent for their invention. （他们取得了发明的专利。）

This new machine is protected by patent; the inventor has taken out a patent on it.

It's my patent. （那是我的发明专利。）

These are our patent drugs. （这些是我们的专利药物。）

They are applying for a patent to protect their invention. （他们正在申请专利以保护自己的发明。）

We held a patent on this new computer. （我们对这种新电脑拥有专利权。）

Patents have been running out on these drugs. （这些药物的专利权正在先后到期。）

The patent runs out in two years' time. （专利权两年后到期。）

再以保险（insure）这一概念为轴心拓展联想，可以引起下列概念结构。

She insured herself (or her life) for $100,000. （她为自己保了10万美金的人寿保险。）

They insured their house against fire. （他们给自己的房屋保了火险。）

Is your house insured against fire? （你的房屋保了火险吗？）

Are you insured against all risks? （你是不是给自己保了综合险？）

His wife works in insurance. 他的妻子从事保险（工作）。

When his father died, he received $200,000 in insurance. （父亲去世后，他得到20万美金的保险金。）

Does your insurance cover damage by flooding? （你买的保险中包括水灾险吗？）

Have you taken out (life) insurance? ［你办理了（人寿）保险没有？］

The insurance on our house is very high. （我们付的房产保险费很高。）

She has $100,000 fire insurance on her house. （她给自己的房屋保了金额为10万美金的火险。）

There is no health service in the region, but most people carry insurance.

［这地区没有保健机构，不过大多数人都有了（健康）保险。］

People without insurance had to pay their own repairs. （未投保者需自付修理费。)

四、以话语为核心的概念结构（discourse-based conceptual structures）联想

以话语为核心的概念结构是宏观结构（macro-structure），系由一句句微观结构（micro-structure）融合而成，彰显了高层次思维模式运行的轨迹，同时也反映了在文本中承上启下的概念表达在语流中结构化的过程。

现以例证加以说明。

英译汉

There is a very real conflict between the values of the police and those of the bohemian marijuana smoker. For whereas the policeman values upright masculinity, deferred gratification, sobriety and respectability, the bohemian embraces values concerned with overt expressivity in behaviour and clothes, and the pursuit of pleasure unrelated to — and indeed disdaining — work. The bohemian in fact threatens the reality of the policeman. He lives without work, he pursues pleasure without deferring gratification, he enters sexual relationships without undergoing the obligations of marriage, he dresses freely in a world where uniformity in clothing is seen as a mark of responsibility and reliability.

警察的道德标准同放荡不羁的大麻吸食者的人生哲学完全是针锋相对的。警察崇尚正直刚毅、不贪图一时之快，处事严肃认真，为人正派体面；而放荡不羁的人则认为个人的行为举止和衣着穿戴均可以随心所欲，肆无忌惮，另一方面又喜欢寻欢作乐，把工作抛置脑后，甚至不屑一顾。放荡不羁的人实际上并不把警察放在眼里。他们要生活不干活；他们追求享乐，可是什么都贪图一时之快；他们只管与异性发生关系，可是不愿履行结婚的义务。他们在一些需要穿戴整齐以示本人的品格高尚、忠实可靠的地方却衣冠不整。

译者卓有成效地处理了宏观概念结构与微观概念结构之间的关系。原文主要论述警察和大麻吸食者的两种不同的价值观。译文在紧扣这个主题的基础上对微观结构（特别是词语的义值）作出了精确的判断，并用地道的汉语表达出来。只有透彻地理解了词语在句中隐含的深层意义，才能对表层意义作变通处理。如conflict一词按词典作“冲突、抵触”解，现将a very real conflict译成“完全是针锋相对的”。又如deferred gratification译成“不图一时之快”相当贴切，虽然与词典释义不相应；defer原指“推迟”，gratification作“满意；满足”解，如果按词典释义去硬译就无法传达原意。再如sobriety和respectability根据两个词的义值分别译成“处事严肃认真”和“为人正派体面”，是一种比较理想的译法，既保持了原意，又使行文流畅。上述一段译文充分说明了语言对比中判定和界定义值（sematic value）的重要性。

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汉译英

太阳刚刚下了地平线，微风一阵阵地吹上人面，怪痒痒的。苏州河的浊水变成了全绿色，轻轻地，悄悄地，向西流去。黄浦的夕潮不知怎的已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河两岸的各条船只都浮得高高地，舱面比码头还高了约莫半尺。风吹来外滩公园里的音乐，却只有那炒豆似的铜鼓声最分明，也最叫人兴奋。暮霭挟着薄雾笼罩了外白渡桥的高耸的钢架，电车驶过时，这钢架下横空架挂的电线时时爆出几朵碧绿的火花。从桥上向东望，可以看见浦东的洋栈像巨大的怪兽，蹲在暮色中，闪着千百只小眼睛时的灯光，向西望，叫人猛一惊的，是高高地装在一所洋房顶上而且异常庞大的霓虹电管广告，射出火一样的赤光和青磷似的绿焰：Light, Heat, Power！

（茅盾：《子夜》）

The sun had just sunk below the horizon and a gentle breeze caressed one's face.① The muddy water of Soochow Creek, transformed to a golden green, flowed quietly westward.② The evening tide from the Whangpoo had turned imperceptibly, and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high, their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.③ Faint strains of music were borne on the wind from the riverside park, punctuated by the sharp, cheerful patter of kettledrums.④ Under a sunset-mottled sky, the towering framework of Garden Bridge was mantled in a gathering mist.⑤ Whenever a tram passed over the bridge, the overhead cable suspended below the top of the steel frame threw off bright, greenish sparks.⑥ Looking east, one could see the warehouses of foreign firms on the waterfront of Pootung like huge monsters crouching in the gloom, their lights twinkling like countless tiny eyes.⑦ To the west, one saw with a shock of wonder on the roof of a building a gigantic neon sign in flaming red and phosphorescent green: Light, Heat, Power!

“剥去源语（source language）的语言外壳，保留释意实体（an interpretative entity）”

这是法国口译专家的创新理论和实践，但同样适用于笔译，其关键是要剥去源语（如汉语）的语言外壳（to deverbalize the Chinese language）而保留其语义实体（semantic entity）。

汉译英

去年以来她一直失业，可是你还向她讲你被提升的事，你一点也不知道为别人设身处地想一想。

It was very insensitive of you to talk about your promotion when she's been unemployed since last year.

译者用insensitive一词来表达“不为别人设身处地想一想”这一概念，但这个词语是在一个特定的概念结构（It was insensitive of you to tell ...）中表示这一特定意义的，因而在用法和句子结构上达到了相容性。

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这家报纸谈论什么世风日下，但那完全是伪善的表示，因为它的版面上满是色情的照片。

This newspaper is always talking about the decline of moral standards, but that's sheer humbug, because it is full of pornographic pictures.

译文中的the decline of moral standards与“世风日下”并非等值，但非常成功地达到了近似值，表达了原文的意思。此外，用that's sheer humbug译“那完全是伪善的表示”非常贴切，与上文always talking about ...这一结构在语义上达到和谐一致。

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他似乎对自己的论点确信无疑，但是我故意唱反调，提出不同意见，把他搞糊涂。

He seemed very sure of his arguments, but I played the devil's advocate to confuse him.

译文用了play the devil's advocate这一习语囊括了“故意”、“提出不同意见”等的含义。

摄影师定价太高，以致无人问津。

The photographer priced himself out of the market by charging so much.

以上译文再次说明必须从概念结构着手，把用词和句法结构融合成一个概念整体。例如，在考虑“无人问津”时不是先找其对应译法，而要从原文的整体结构来分析，然后选择确当的词语和句法结构并使之浑然一体。

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这星期我没有收到彼得的信，不过话得说回来，我也没有给他寄信。

I haven't had a letter from Peter this week, but come to think of it, I haven't written to him recently.

“不过话得说回来”是一种口语表达方式，从整体概念出发，须找到与之相般配的概念结构。but come to think of it这一结构非常合适，使整句译文的形式和意义达到完美的结合。

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奖以重金的选美比赛刺激了我们每个人的赌博心理，在天桥上走一圈就有三千英镑到手，这可真不赖啊！

Beauty contests with big money at stake appeal to the gambling streak in us all; $3,000 for grabs for a stroll along the catwalks can't be all bad.

译者采用了整体概念整合法，用beauty contests with big money at stake这一概念结构的使用更显出译者的英语功底深厚，又如appeal to the gambling streak in us all在概念衔接中起到了关键作用，再如can't be all bad在语言使用上达到了炉火纯青的地步。

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日本人对某个市场感兴趣，就采用了人海战术，向该地区派出大量的商务代表团和行情调查组。

In any market that arouses their interest, the Japanese use jinkai senjitsu (human-sea tactics), inundating the area with trade delegations and survey groups.

译者在概念连贯和概念关联上下了功夫，先对原文的结构加以重新组合，并在语言知识传递性上颇有创意，用inudating the area with trade delegations and survey groups来衬托人海战术，真是文理贯通，一气呵成。

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这次代表大会的竞选结果极可能会爆出冷门，因为有大约二十几位代表至少态度不明朗，他们掌握着决定性选票。

The race could come down to a garrison finish at the convention, with decisive votes in the hands of perhaps two dozen or delegates whose predilections are still unknown.

译文中用The race could indeed come down to a garrison finish at the convention表达“这次代表大会……爆出冷门”这一结构的隐含意义（implicature）真是文情并茂。译者谙熟英语关系词凸现结集（connective-prominence nexus）这一特征（with decisive notes ..., whose predilections ... still unknown），把整体概念整合得完美无缺。

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刀剑威逼顺者少，好言劝说人皆服。

Swords conquer some, but words subdue all men.

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她很聪明，但称她是个天才未免太夸张了。

She's very clever, but it's stretching it a bit to call her a genius.

译者从全局观点（global perspective-taking）处理语用，用but ... a genius来译“但称她……太夸张了”，把全文整合得天衣无缝，无懈可击。

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她一向沉默寡言，但现在可真活跃了，跟谁都谈得来。

She used to be so quiet, but now she's really coming out of her shell and chatting to everyone.

译者用了come out of one's shell这一习语使英译文的文体显得生动活泼。最精妙之处是用了进行时态并括进了really这一副词，语言之简洁有力跃然纸上。

五、词义、词性和词序的整合

英语具有一词多义和多性的特点，且词序又灵活多变，因此必须在思维层次上转换两种语言的概念结构，切忌寻找机械式对应译法。下文以实例加以说明。

英译汉

The incident reflects on his honesty.

英语学习者往往把reflect on这一词组理解为“深思；考虑；反映；表明”这四种释义孤零零地存储在脑中。由于这几个概念未结构化，一接触到以上的例句就不加思索地译成：

这件小事反映了他的诚实。

译者由于不理解reflects on his honesty这一在线概念结构的隐形含义（implicature），在语义解释上铸成大错。句中reflect on这一词组的英语解释为cause doubts about，意指“引起对……表示怀疑”，这就是在线语义解释。

正确的译文应是：

这件小事引起人们对他的诚实表示怀疑（这件小事说明他这个人并不诚实）。

The unemployment figures reflects badly on the government's policies.

句中reflect badly on的英语释义为cause (sth.) to be seen or considered in an unfavorable way，英汉词典的释义为“给……带来不良影响”，这是一种显形含义（explicature）。但这仅仅是静义的语义解释，用于两种语言转换中尚须加以微调（fine-tune），使之转化为动态的语义解释，以确保行文流畅，语言地道。这一句的原译文：

失业数字给政府带来很坏的影响。

译者并未掌握reflect badly on the government's policies这一结构的确切含义，而是过分倚重汉语解释，无法从常规的思维中解脱出来。“给政府带来很坏的影响”与“失业数字”搭配使用在概念表达上缺乏连贯性，似有文理不通之嫌。从概念衔接和概念连贯的高度来处理词义、词性、词序的整合，整句可译成：

这些数字说明政府政策未见成效。

利用同样的思维方式，可以将下列的句子译成文理通顺的汉语。

Your figures reflect well on your ability as a salesman.

你的销售额说明你作为销售员才干出色。

这一译文的高明之处在于思维过程中实施语义移位（或换位）（semantic transposition），即突破了原文中词性和词序的框架，将词义、词性、词序融合为有机的整体。

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The mountains loomed blue-green over the valley.

影影绰绰的苍翠群山俯视着山谷。

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I had an argument with a tedious little man who wouldn't accept my card because the signature on it was my husband's.

我和一个蛮不讲理的家伙争吵了一番，他拒不接受我的信用卡，因为上面的签名是我丈夫。

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As a token of our gratitude for all that you have done, we would like you to accept this small gift.

你们鼎力相助，帮了不少忙，我们谨以此小小礼物聊表谢意，请笑纳。

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She spoke in a voice taut with anger.

她气得说话声都走调（走样）了。

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It was a tame film in comparison to some she's made.

这部影片与她制作的其他几部相比未免相形见绌。

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They made a tame attempt to reform the political system.

他们对政治体制的改革是浅尝辄止。

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Don't the roses smell sweet!

这玫瑰花真香！

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Isn't the baby sweet!

这孩子真可爱！

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After being with a tour group all week, I was glad to return to the seclusion of my own home.

整个星期一直与旅游团在一起，现在回到自己宁静的家，我真是高兴。

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After he failed to win first prize, he came a good second (or was a strong second）.

他虽屈居亚军，但所取得的成绩与冠军几乎不相上下。

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They were shipwrecked off the coast of Newfoundland.

他们在纽芬兰的海面上遭受海难。

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The waves rolled on, a mighty show.

波涛滚滚，蔚为壮观。

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If the artist signed the painting, it must be genuine.

如果画家在画上署了名，这幅画必定是真迹。

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You needn't worry if I stayed up all night — it's no skin off your nose or back.

我一夜未睡你不必担心——这不关你的事。

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He is executive (or managerial) timber.

他是行政管理（经营管理）的人才。

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He is presidential timber.

他是个当总统的人才（他具有总统的才干）。

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That book is good (or dull) reading.

那本书是种有趣（枯燥）的读物［那本书读起来令人兴趣盎然（索然寡味）］。

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The lecture was more razzle-dazzle than substance.

演讲夸夸其谈，华而不实。

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These files make heavy (interesting) reading.

这些档案读起来艰涩费劲（其味无穷）。

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I ran into the refuge of the crowd.

我奔进人群以求庇护。

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By a strange exercise of double-think, he seems to have felt simultaneously fulfilled and frustrated.

由于双重思想的作祟，他似乎同时既感到满足，又感到沮丧。

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Test-based education is a recipe for disaster.

应试教育后患无穷。

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The government is fighting a rearguard action against the mass of public opinion.

政府冒天下之大不韪负隅反抗。

六、概念结构化的语言表达方式

把概念转变为结构的前提是必须熟练地驾驭英汉两种语言，且在高层次的思维模式上下工夫，语言需千锤百炼，不断地拓展政治、经济、科学技术、社会文化等知识面，并提高艺术人文素养。

顺利实施两种语言互译中转换（conversion）和对接（docking）的关键在于：不断地交替学习和使用知识，力求语言表达灵活多变，达到炉火纯青的地步，并确保行文酣畅淋漓。

本书作者自始至终坚持以下一种理念：

知识的力量不在于广博而在于广泛应用。（The power of knowledge does not consist so much in its wide spectrum as in its wide application.）

现以经典例证说明如下。

该城市的地震为里氏震级7.3。

The earthquake in the city measured (or registered) 7.3 on the Richter scale.

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如果我们不整治医疗保健系统，美国将步通用汽车公司的后尘。

If we do not fix our healthcare system, America may go the way of General Motors.

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断言万事如意纯属欺人之谈。

It would be disingenuous in the extreme to conclude that everything is coming up roses.

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他这个人干起活来一不做二不休——向慈善事业捐款不捐则已，一捐就是一大笔。

He's not a man who does things by halves — either he donates a huge sum to the a charity or he gives nothing.

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他喜欢耍弄小聪明，这套把戏我很熟悉，就是不让他知道罢了。

I was on to his little game, but I don't want him to know（耍弄小聪明也可译成to play one's little game）.

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五星期太长了，夜长梦多，什么事情都可能发生。

Five weeks was a lifetime. Anything could have happened.

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她好逞强，爱出风头，所以人缘不好。

She made herself unpopular by being so pushy.

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他们要我们行为规范，廉政行事，一尘不染。

They want us to conform, to be lily-white.

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我因坎坷一生碌碌无为而遗憾。

I regret my few achievements in a troubled life.

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他笑了，晶莹洁白的牙齿和他黝黑的皮肤形成对照。

He laughed, his teeth bright against his dark skin.

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坏消息不胫而走。

Ill news comes apace.

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这完全是庸人自扰。

It was all much ado about nothing.

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财来运转，我们赢了。

Fortune turned the tables, and we won.

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斯科特原打算第一个到达南极，但是阿蒙森却已捷足先登。

Scott aimed to get to the South Pole first, but Amundsen beat him to it.

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如果我们在这种情况下还能保持政策一成不变，那我们简直都成了智多星了。

We would all be masterminds if we had our policy cut and dried.

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他们的富有是虚有其表。

Their affluence is more apparent than real.

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人非圣贤，孰能无过。

I err in good company［One errs in one's good company］.

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那是井蛙之见。

That's a myopic (narrow-minded) view (outlook, attitude).

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他因得宠而获此职位，并非有什么一技之长。

He obtained his position more by favor than by merit or ability.

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他好生健忘，自己为了赌马，每月总要输掉一半工资，而现在却责怪她挥霍浪费——这只算得以五十步笑百步。

When he blames her for wasting money he conveniently forgets that he regularly loses half his own wages by betting on the wrong horses — it's the pot calling the the kettle black, I'd say.

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我们双方只有开诚布公地摊开来谈才能达成协议。

We can only reach agreement if we both put our cards on the table.

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该委员会无权恫吓整个城市，市长不会买它的账。这是政治上针锋相对的最强姿态。

The committee has no right to threaten an entire city because its mayor won't fall into line. That's political hardball at its roughest.

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他们的表演技巧使观者叹为观止。

Their skill is fascinating to watch.

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你为了帮助公司而接受低工资真是难能可贵。

It was noble of you to accept a lower salary to help the company.

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他装作若无其事的样子。

He behaved as if nothing had happened.

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我认为，你对我不是以诚相待。

I don't think you are straight with me.

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他饱经忧患沧桑。

He is no stranger to misfortune.

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这种安排纯然为了因人设事。

It is nothing but a make-work arrangement.

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他要舍弃一切时髦的东西而归真返璞。

He wants to give away all his modern possessions and return to nature (or revert to type).

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父亲对孩子们很严格，他们必须言听计从。

Their father is strict with his children and they have to toe the line (or fall into line).

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他编织谎言，结果作茧自缚。

He was entrapped in the web of his own lies.

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这出新上演的喜剧妙趣横生。

The new comedy is a riot.

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比较年轻的人才脱颖而出。

Younger talents have come to the fore.

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查理已经无路可逃，正在背水一战。

With his back to the wall, Charlie was fighting fiercely.

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不过，上星期政府曾发表过看法，确信衰退的局面至少已经走出谷底。

Last week, however, the Administration was confident the recession had at least bottomed out.

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他不费吹灰之力完成了任务。

He got the job done in a breeze.

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我们跳舞时默默无言，但却心心相印。

We danced in communicating silence.

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我们现在已经欲罢不能，只能继续干到底了。

We have passed (or reached) a point of no return.

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他笑里藏刀。

Malice lay behind his smile.

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这次行动也许只是虚张声势。

The action may have more form than substance.

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这种恶毒的谎言纯然是暗箭伤人。

Such a vicious lie was nothing but a stab in the back.

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他虽然其貌不扬，但却很有才气。

Though unpossessing to look at, he is highly intelligent.

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这位作家的第一部小说一炮打响（一炮而红）。

The writer clicked with his first story.

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言多必失。

Much bubbling is not without offence.

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刀剑威逼顺者少，好言劝说人皆服。

Swords conquer some, but words subdue all men.

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从上述这句话和上述的故事看来，东南部在地理方面可谓得天独厚。

As this comment and the fable suggest, geography itself had been kind to the Southeast.

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只要发生一个错误，全部时间和金钱将付诸东流。

A single mistake and all that time and money would go down the drain.

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警察决定对那个小偷采取欲擒故纵的手法。

The policeman decided to play cat and mouth with the thief.

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他们急功近利。

They're only interested in a quick profit.

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在这篇文章中，他的观点被认为与尼采的著作一脉相承。

His ideas were equated in this article to the writings of Nietzsche.

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一着走错，全盘皆输。

One false move may lose the game.

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这道菜烹调得恰到好处。

The dish was cooked to perfection.

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他是经过改造的罪犯，然而仍有故态复萌了。

He's a reformed criminal who may yet backslide.

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他克制不住自己，又故态复萌了。

He could not help himself and reverted to his former manner.

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莫扎特早在童年时代已崭露头角。

Mozart blossomed as a composer very early in life.

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他同伙伴势不两立。

He and his partner are at daggers drawn.

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她与同事们水火不相容。

She's at daggers with her colleagues.

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有备无患。

Preparedness averts peril.

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惩罚以儆效尤。

His punishment will be a deterrent to others.

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校长决定开除该生以儆效尤。

The headmaster decided to make an example of the pupil and expel him from the school.

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很多人说缓和国际局势的论调已是明日黄花。

Many people say that détente is now a dead letter.

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利物浦队在该赛季足球联赛中独占鳌头。

Liverpool finished the season (at the) top of the football league.

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在电视摄像机前，他显得踌躇满志。

He was in his glory in front of the television cameras.

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他是个风度翩翩的青年。

He was a prepossessing young man.

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他们愚弄过我们，我们要以其人之道还治其人之身。

We will pay them back for the trick they played on us.

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从未受过伤的人常爱嘲笑别人的伤疤。

He jests at scars that never felt a wound.

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你干预此事就是在我的责任范围内越俎代庖。

By interfering in this matter you are poaching on my preserve.

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他起初和我合作，后来改弦易辙，和道森合伙了。

He cooperated with me first, then pulled a switch and buddied up to Dawson.

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他口若悬河。

He has eloquence on tap.

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你的骗局已经戳穿——这一下你得承担后果了。

You've been caught cheating — now you must face the music.

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贵族对待平民趾高气扬，不可一世。

The nobles treated the common people with haughty contempt.

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他出尔反尔，背弃早先的诺言。

He backpedalled on his earlier promise.

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你不必那么一意孤行。

You are being unnecessarily perverse.

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每个有头脑的人都知道这是司空见惯的官场欺骗。

Everybody with a brain in his head knew that this was the usual bureaucratic shuck.

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这两位网球手今年将摆开架势一决雌雄。

The two players will square off this year for a tennis shootout.

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他不是那种对雇员斤斤计较的人。

He wasn't the sort to nickle and dime his employees.

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他没有资格向人家发号施令。

He isn't in a position to call the shots.

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是谁创造发明了这种论资排辈的“轮流任职法”？

Who invented the law of Buggins's turn (promotion based on seniority rather than on merit)?

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这家伙喝得酩酊大醉，大声嚷嚷，向警察寻衅。

The guy was bombed. He yelled and turned upon the police.

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你有没有这个胆量，敢在大庭广众中试验这种新材料？

Don't you have enough balls to try out this new material in front of a real audience？

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社交生活成了政治、经济和宗教之间纵横捭阖的一种平衡行动。

Social life becomes a balancing act between politics, economics and religion.

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他贪得无厌而导致身败名裂。

His greed led to his downfall.

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年青的一代显示出中国芭蕾舞后继有人。

The younger generation shows that the future of Chinese ballet is in safe keeping.

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这两种说法如出一辙。

The two accounts are precisely the same.

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他说的那句话是言不由衷的。

He made the remark with tongue in cheek.

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报纸小题大做，一再提起那位政治家的过失。

The newspaper keeps dragging up the politician's mistake.

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希望咱们时来运转，从今以后不再有那么多的艰难困苦。

Let's hope our luck is on the turn and that from now on we won't have so many difficulties.

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招待会上酬酢不止。

The vintage flowed freely during the reception.

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你想告诉警察说他错了？你去说吧（悉听尊便）！

You want to tell the cop he's wrong? Be my guest!

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该党在选举获胜后如日中天。

After its election victory, the party was on the crest of a wave.

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别倚老卖老！

Don't use your age to prove your superiority!

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红颜易逝。

Beauty fades like a flower.

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他是个见风使舵的政客。

He is a temporizing politician.

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我们相互厌恶，但似乎冤家路窄，偏偏经常碰头。

We loathe each other, yet we seemed doomed constantly to meet.

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他们大肆攻击，指责布莱尔虚伪、道貌岸然。

They went ballistic, accusing Blair of everything from sanctimony to hypocrisy.

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他的经营技巧和她的设计才能相辅相成。

His business skill complements her flair for design.

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战乱使人萍水相逢。

The fortunes of war create strange bedfellows.

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他的论据峰回路转，使他的发言难以理解。

The twists and turns of his arguments made his speech very difficult to understand.

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最使人啼笑皆非的是我根本不喜欢她。

The crowning (or most extreme) irony was that I didn't even like her.

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这些建筑物与周围的自然环境相融合，浑然一体。

The buildings are well integrated with the landscape.

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她侮辱了他，气得他粗鲁地反唇相讥。

Her insult stung him into making a rude reply.

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学生需要打基础，而不是好高骛远，学些艰难的内容。

The students need to go to basics, not move up to esoteric stuff.

（好高骛远译成英语为a high-flyer）

参考文献

1. Croft, William & Cruse, D. Alan. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

2. Evans, Vyvyan & Green, Melanie. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

3. Favconnie, G & Turner, M. (1999). Metonymy and Conceptual Integration. In Metonymy in Language and Thought. Edited by Klaus-Uwe Panther and Gänter Radden. Amsterdam: John Bejamins, pp.77-90.

4. Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. (2002). The Way We Think. Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. (Ch. 16, pp.309-352). New York: Basic Books.

5. Fauconnier, G. (1999). Mapping in Thought Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.

6. Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. (1994). Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces. Cognitive Science Report, UCSD.

7. Gibbs, R. (2000). Making Good Psychology out of Blending Theory. Cognitive Linguistics, 11-3/4, pp.347-358.

8. Kroll, J. F. & Sunderman, G. (2003). Cognitive Processes in Second Language Acquisition: The Development of Lexical and Conceptual Representations. In C. Doughty & M. Long (Eds.), Handbook of Second Language Language Acquisition.

9. Miller, N., & Kroll, J.F. (2001). Lexical access in bilingual production. Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Bilingualism, Bristol, UK.

10. Sunderman, G, & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Development of lexical processing for words in a second language. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA.

11. 陆国强．现代英语构词［M］．上海：上海译文出版社，1981.

12. 陆国强．现代英语词汇学［M］．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1983.

13. 陆国强，周仲良．英汉和汉英语义结构对比［M］．上海：复旦大学出版社，1999.

14. 陆国强．英汉概念结构对比［M］．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008.